805:
188:, and these horses often are popularly called "wild" horses. Feral horses are descended from domestic horses that strayed, escaped, or were deliberately released into the wild and remained to survive and reproduce there. Away from humans, over time, these animals' patterns of behavior revert to behavior more closely resembling that of wild horses. Some horses that live in a feral state but may be occasionally handled or managed by humans, particularly if privately owned, are referred to as "
143:
227:, though occasionally a few less-dominant males may remain with the group. Horse "herds" in the wild are best described as groups of several small bands who share the same territory. Bands are normally on the small side, as few as three to five animals, but sometimes over a dozen. The makeup of bands shift over time as young animals are driven out of the band they were born into and join other bands, or as young stallions challenge older males for dominance. However, in a closed
2066:
34:
131:
154:
852:
belonging to their owners. A proportion of them are halter-broken, and a smaller proportion broken to ride, but simply turned out for a while for any of a number of reasons (e.g., a break in training to allow them to grow on, a break from working to allow them to breed under natural conditions, or
957:
are impacted in different ways by feral horses. Where feral horses had wild ancestors indigenous to a region, a controlled population may have minimal environmental impact, particularly when their primary territory is one where they do not compete with domesticated livestock to any significant
973:
If a feral population lives close to civilization, their behavior can lead them to damage human-built livestock fencing and related structures. In some cases, where feral horses compete with domestic livestock, particularly on public lands where multiple uses are permitted, such as in the
1025:, which, depending on the nation and other local conditions, may include capturing excess animals for adoption or sale. In some nations, management may include the often-controversial practice of selling captured animals for
844:(Fell Pony), and the New Forest. Similar horse and pony populations exist elsewhere on the European continent. These animals, however, are not truly feral, as all of them are privately owned, and roam out on the
479:
1490:
1520:
1240:
307:, evolved in North America, but the wild horses of today are the offspring of horses that were domesticated in Europe. In the Western United States, certain bands of horses and
428:
Modern types of feral horses that have a significant percentage of their number living in a feral state, though domesticated representatives may exist, include these types,
390:, in an area of roughly 145 km (56 sq mi). These animals, which descend from horses set free by their owners in the 1950s, enjoy a protected status since 2010.
1395:
1186:
1598:
538:
781:
300:. Others may have been deliberately brought to various islands by settlers and either left to reproduce freely or abandoned when assorted human settlements failed.
231:(such as the isolated refuges in which most feral horses live today), to maintain genetic diversity, the minimum size for a sustainable free-roaming horse or
1498:
1528:
645:
556:
312:
1861:
622:; these individuals wander the high-altitude grassland up to 4700 m above sea level. The origin of this highly endangered herd is not well-known.
471:
184:
horse is not a wild animal in the sense of an animal without domesticated ancestors. However, some populations of feral horses are managed as
893:
1097:
1247:
1067:
2110:
2001:
1894:
1793:
1403:
1464:
1798:
1550:
Nimmo, D. G.; Miller, K.; Adams, R. (2007). "Managing feral horses in
Victoria: A study of community attitudes and perceptions".
1377:
Long, J. L. 2003. Introduced
Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence (Cabi Publishing) by John L. Long (
1633:
1595:
990:, and advocates for feral horses recommending reduction in the numbers of domestic livestock allowed to graze on public lands.
2105:
966:, or if the population is allowed to exceed available range, there can be significant impacts on soil, vegetation (including
1275:
Nimmo, D. G.; Miller, K. K. (2007). "Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in
Australia: A review".
1170:
1851:
1803:
98:
412:
has the largest population in the world, with about 400,000 horses. The
Australian name equivalent to the mustang is the
70:
2100:
1943:
1382:
1047:
982:, with commercial interests often advocating for the removal of the feral horse population to allow more grazing for
117:
656:. Feral Horses are believed to be the descendants of horses kept on the island from the time of Dutch occupation in
296:, Canada. Some of these horses are said to be the descendants of horses that managed to swim to land when they were
542:
77:
315:. There are about 300,000 horses today in multiple land jurisdictions across the country, including tribal lands.
1856:
401:, a basaltic plateau in the southern central part of the island. The population is composed by about 700 horses.
1314:
55:
2061:
1889:
853:
retirement). In other cases, the animals may be government-owned and closely managed on controlled reserves.
84:
1884:
1728:
751:
51:
2016:
2011:
1938:
1866:
1131:"The Wildlife Profession's Duty in Achieving Science-Based Sustainable Management of Free-Roaming Equids"
1017:. These populations manage to thrive with careful management that includes using the animals to promote
66:
1841:
1626:
1130:
277:
2026:
1846:
1738:
1991:
1214:
1187:"Pušteni da slobodno žive u prirodi: Livanjski divlji konji — jednistvena atrakcija u Europi"
664:
264:. Isolated populations of wild horses occur in a number of places in the United States, including
2095:
1820:
1104:
614:
A small population of feral horses lives in the foothills of
Cordillera Real next to the city of
524:
249:
44:
712:
1904:
1836:
1030:
1021:
to support the local economy. Most sustained feral populations are managed by various forms of
387:
1075:
978:, there is considerable controversy over which species is most responsible for degradation of
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2031:
1899:
1619:
975:
608:
324:
1923:
1559:
1425:
1142:
532:
1033:
is also sometimes used, though it is expensive and has to be repeated on a regular basis.
8:
1673:
729:
342:, and is a herd of about 79 horses descended from animals that escaped army camps during
248:
The best-known examples of modern day "wild" horses are those of the
American West. When
91:
1563:
1146:
603:
Small wild horses are established in the páramos of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in
959:
677:
571:
455:
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1678:
1580:
1571:
1378:
1331:
1310:
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1002:
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994:
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528:
510:
506:
367:
In County Kerry, Ireland, wild bog ponies have been known since at least the 1300s.
265:
135:
482:
or
Alberta Wildie, in the foothills of the Eastern Slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
1698:
1693:
1575:
1567:
1284:
1150:
930:, a German pony that lives in a wild herd in Westphalia with little help by humans.
793:
728:, predominantly domesticated, but the biggest feral herd in the world lives in the
398:
224:
804:
252:
reintroduced the horse to the
Americas, beginning with the arrival of the Spanish
2069:
2043:
2038:
1778:
1708:
1703:
1602:
1174:
1167:
1026:
993:
Certain populations have considerable historic or sentimental value, such as the
903:
772:
261:
1439:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1733:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1042:
950:
857:
849:
825:
500:
417:
927:
742:, mostly domesticated, but a feral population of about 180 animals roams the
441:
2084:
2048:
1981:
1973:
1763:
1718:
1357:
933:
863:
552:
253:
177:
1605:. USDA National Wildlife Research Center Symposia. Retrieved on 12 May 2008.
920:, predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in the western
906:, predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in the area of
142:
1986:
1788:
1683:
1006:
889:
681:
632:
575:
565:
561:
492:
343:
297:
289:
708:
1953:
1948:
1928:
1914:
1748:
1596:"Potential use of contraception for managing wildlife pests in Australia"
967:
878:, predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in northern
869:
809:
776:
733:
699:
649:
579:
496:
394:
293:
285:
158:
1246:. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries. June 2009. Archived from
334:) is found in the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere reserve of
1996:
1963:
1815:
1810:
1743:
1688:
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739:
593:
304:
212:
189:
20:
1129:
Schoenecker, Kathryn A.; King, Sarah R. B.; Messmer, Terry A. (2021).
936:, Scotland; predominantly used for riding, driving, and pack purposes.
872:, England; predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds.
866:, England; predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds.
1958:
1191:
979:
963:
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907:
875:
767:
743:
657:
653:
409:
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228:
1491:"Daily Post: Latest North Wales news, sport, what's on and business"
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360:
281:
1013:
that lives on a small refuge within the municipal boundaries of
223:, and immature horses of both sexes. There is usually one herd
1758:
1753:
983:
917:
837:
820:: They are gathered each year to remove foals and assess stock.
817:
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716:
615:
598:
487:
413:
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375:
607:
and are believed to have descended from introductions made by
1642:
1010:
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832:
live in apparently wild conditions in various areas, notably
747:
725:
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379:
339:
335:
308:
257:
232:
181:
173:
153:
147:
829:
220:
216:
162:
1300:
1298:
1611:
949:
producers often at odds with horse aficionados and other
845:
19:
For information on never-domesticated horse species, see
215:, are usually made up of small harems led by a dominant
1295:
1309:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
1128:
1329:
1304:
256:
in the 15th century, some horses escaped and formed
1396:"Wild horse sanctuary for Sri Lanka's Delft Island"
1305:Dobbie, W. R.; Berman, D.; Braysher, M. L. (1993).
557:
Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971
313:
Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1521:"Meet the last horsemen of these paradise islands"
1168:Dibru-Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere reserve
945:Feral populations are usually controversial, with
750:. Other populations roam the eastern parts of the
323:The only truly wild horses in existence today are
1270:
1268:
860:, in marshes of the Rhone delta, southern France.
358:, a population of free-ranging horses, known as
2082:
1549:
1241:"Pest animal risk assessment — Feral Horse"
416:, descendants of horses brought to Australia by
1426:"The Independent Spirit of Turkey: Wild Horse"
1402:. Horse Talk. 26 December 2013. Archived from
1265:
472:Free-roaming horse management in North America
1627:
958:degree. However, in areas where they are an
370:More than 700 feral wild horses live in the
1440:"Konik - Equus caballus var. konik | World"
1274:
1068:"American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign"
1634:
1620:
1005:with a delicate coastal ecosystem, or the
364:, lives in the northern mountain chains.
238:
16:Free horses of domesticated horse ancestry
1579:
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1794:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics
970:), and animals that are native species.
803:
152:
141:
129:
1594:Bomford, M., & O'Brien, P. (1993).
1552:Ecological Management & Restoration
1307:Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral horses
1122:
327:native to the steppes of central Asia.
2083:
1103:. The Wildlife Society. Archived from
423:
1615:
940:
219:, containing additional mares, their
195:Feral horses live in groups called a
799:
397:, a wild species which inhabits the
303:Many prehistoric horse species, now
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1465:"Grote grazers Oostvaardersplassen"
693:, a feral horse native to northern
211:. Feral horse herds, like those of
13:
1527:. 20 December 2018. Archived from
1195:(in Croatian). HINA. 2 August 2015
1135:The Journal of Wildlife Management
14:
2122:
1944:Mountain and moorland pony breeds
1355:
1215:"Sezione del cavallo della Giara"
1048:List of BLM Herd Management Areas
2065:
2064:
1572:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2007.00375.x
892:, lives in a semi-feral herd in
543:Nemaiah Valley, British Columbia
330:A modern wild horse population (
32:
2111:Introduced mammals of Australia
1588:
1543:
1513:
1483:
1457:
1432:
1418:
1388:
1371:
1349:
1323:
1219:Museo del Cavallino della Giara
235:population is 150–200 animals.
43:needs additional citations for
1233:
1207:
1179:
1161:
1090:
1060:
138:on Assateague Island, Virginia
1:
2062:Lists of horse-related topics
1098:"Feral Horses: Get The Facts"
1053:
2106:Mammals of the United States
1729:Glossary of equestrian terms
752:Brecon Beacons National Park
452:; threatened with extinction
7:
1036:
555:, legally protected by the
243:
10:
2127:
1852:Ancient and Imperial China
1641:
667:and other places in Turkey
531:off the coast of southern
404:
278:Cumberland Island, Georgia
18:
2057:
1972:
1913:
1875:
1829:
1739:List of equestrian sports
1717:
1649:
1358:"lavradeiros Feral Horse"
1330:SMS VSIP Consulting Inc.
1072:wildhorsepreservation.com
1029:or simply shooting them.
896:on the Swedish Island of
848:and forests under common
349:
2101:Mammals of North America
828:, herds of free-roaming
539:Elegesi Qiyus Wild Horse
311:are protected under the
284:Island off the coast of
782:Marquesas Islands horse
525:Cumberland Island horse
318:
239:Feral horse populations
1601:20 August 2010 at the
821:
480:Alberta Mountain Horse
393:In Sardinia lives the
388:Bosnia and Herzegovina
165:
150:
139:
1581:10536/DRO/DU:30007265
1444:world.observation.org
976:Western United States
953:advocates. Different
807:
609:Spanish conquistadors
260:herds known today as
156:
145:
133:
1173:11 June 2010 at the
713:Doñana National Park
146:Feral horses of the
52:improve this article
1862:Indian subcontinent
1564:2007EcoMR...8..237N
1531:on 24 December 2018
1406:on 29 November 2016
1400:www.horsetalk.co.nz
1147:2021JWMan..85.1057S
1078:on 21 November 2011
730:Oostvaardersplassen
663:Yılkı horse in the
424:Modern feral horses
180:stock. As such, a
136:Chincoteague ponies
1895:American Civil War
1650:Equine science and
1155:10.1002/jwmg.22091
960:introduced species
941:Population impacts
822:
678:Danube Delta Horse
646:Delft Island Horse
572:Sable Island horse
513:off the coasts of
456:Namib desert horse
378:Mountain, between
325:Przewalski's horse
172:is a free-roaming
166:
151:
140:
2078:
2077:
1277:Wildlife Research
1031:Fertility control
1003:national seashore
999:Assateague Island
995:Chincoteague pony
800:Semi-feral horses
790:Marquesas Islands
652:or Delft Island,
529:Cumberland Island
511:Assateague Island
507:Chincoteague Pony
292:off the coast of
268:off the coast of
266:Assateague Island
128:
127:
120:
102:
2118:
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2067:
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1622:
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1585:
1583:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:. Archived from
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1429:
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1386:
1375:
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1366:
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1321:
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1272:
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1262:
1260:
1258:
1253:on 16 March 2011
1252:
1245:
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1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
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1202:
1200:
1183:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1141:(6): 1057–1061.
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1074:. Archived from
1064:
794:French Polynesia
680:, in and around
665:Kızılırmak Delta
541:(Cayuse) in the
399:Giara di Gesturi
338:, in north-east
157:Feral horses in
123:
116:
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109:
103:
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2119:
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1890:Napoleonic Wars
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1603:Wayback Machine
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1501:on 9 March 2012
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1469:Staatsbosbeheer
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1462:
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1110:on 5 March 2012
1107:
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1079:
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1065:
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943:
904:New Forest pony
882:, particularly
802:
773:Kaimanawa horse
746:hills of North
732:reserve in the
568:, United States
551:in the western
535:, United States
521:, United States
503:, United States
426:
407:
352:
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246:
241:
124:
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104:
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2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Types of horse
2093:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2058:
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2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
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2024:
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2009:
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1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
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1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
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1864:
1859:
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1826:
1824:
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1818:
1813:
1808:
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1784:Horse training
1781:
1776:
1774:Western riding
1771:
1769:English riding
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1761:
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1741:
1736:
1734:Horse industry
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1696:
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1681:
1676:
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1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1647:
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1639:
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1631:
1624:
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1558:(3): 237–243.
1542:
1512:
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1417:
1387:
1370:
1348:
1322:
1315:
1294:
1283:(5): 408–417.
1264:
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1121:
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1057:
1055:
1052:
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997:that lives on
951:animal welfare
942:
939:
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867:
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858:Camargue horse
850:grazing rights
826:United Kingdom
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501:North Carolina
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475:
467:
463:
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437:
432:, and breeds:
425:
422:
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332:janghali ghura
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245:
242:
240:
237:
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2003:
2000:
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1995:
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1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Gaited horses
1937:
1935:
1932:
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1332:"Wild Horses"
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69: –
68:
67:"Feral horse"
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2091:Feral horses
2032:Winged horse
2027:White horses
1933:
1924:Horse breeds
1915:Horse breeds
1905:World War II
1789:Horse racing
1674:Conformation
1590:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1494:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1399:
1390:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1325:
1306:
1280:
1276:
1255:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1221:(in Italian)
1218:
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1197:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
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1138:
1134:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1071:
1062:
992:
972:
944:
890:Gotlandsruss
823:
682:Letea Forest
633:Misaki horse
597:in northern
592:
576:Sable Island
566:North Dakota
562:Nokota horse
493:Banker horse
469:
427:
408:
392:
369:
366:
359:
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344:World War II
331:
329:
322:
302:
290:Sable Island
247:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
178:domesticated
169:
167:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
1954:Stock horse
1949:Sport horse
1934:Feral horse
1929:Draft horse
1900:World War I
1847:Middle Ages
1535:24 December
1410:29 November
1363:19 December
1257:17 December
968:overgrazing
928:Dülmen pony
894:Lojsta Moor
870:Exmoor pony
808:Semi-feral
777:New Zealand
734:Netherlands
700:Giara horse
650:Neduntheevu
594:Lavradeiros
580:Nova Scotia
497:Outer Banks
395:Giara Horse
298:shipwrecked
294:Nova Scotia
286:Puerto Rico
213:wild horses
170:feral horse
159:Tule Valley
2085:Categories
1997:Hippomancy
1964:Wild horse
1816:Equitation
1811:Horse show
1744:Horse tack
1694:Management
1679:Coat color
1652:management
1495:northwales
1471:(in Dutch)
1316:0644252863
1225:10 January
1054:References
962:, such as
740:Welsh Pony
420:settlers.
190:semi-feral
78:newspapers
21:Wild horse
2044:Symbolism
2039:Sacrifice
2002:Mythology
1959:Warmblood
1917:and types
1885:East Asia
1837:Evolution
1799:medalists
1722:and sport
1709:Slaughter
1704:Valuation
1699:Nutrition
1192:Novi list
1027:slaughter
980:rangeland
964:Australia
947:livestock
908:Hampshire
876:Fell pony
768:Australia
744:Carneddau
709:Marismeño
658:Sri Lanka
654:Sri Lanka
470:see also
444:, in the
430:landraces
410:Australia
372:foothills
250:Europeans
229:ecosystem
2070:Category
1669:Breeding
1664:Behavior
1599:Archived
1475:10 March
1449:10 March
1171:Archived
1037:See also
1009:pony of
955:habitats
922:Pyrenees
834:Dartmoor
816:common,
704:Sardinia
695:Portugal
637:Cape Toi
605:Colombia
582:, Canada
545:, Canada
519:Maryland
515:Virginia
450:Ethiopia
448:region,
356:Portugal
274:Maryland
270:Virginia
262:mustangs
244:Americas
225:stallion
186:wildlife
108:May 2015
2049:Worship
2022:Unicorn
2012:Chinese
2007:Centaur
1992:Fiction
1974:Culture
1877:Warfare
1857:Britain
1830:History
1821:Therapy
1779:Driving
1764:Harness
1659:Anatomy
1560:Bibcode
1336:fonv.ca
1143:Bibcode
1114:4 April
1023:culling
1019:tourism
1015:Kushima
912:England
898:Gotland
884:Cumbria
880:England
842:Cumbria
824:In the
814:Porlock
786:Ua Huka
758:Oceania
711:in the
691:Garrano
686:Romania
620:Bolivia
549:Mustang
533:Georgia
495:on the
484:Alberta
460:Namibia
446:Kundudo
418:British
405:Oceania
361:garrano
305:extinct
282:Vieques
92:scholar
2017:Nordic
1987:Burial
1804:venues
1759:Saddle
1754:Bridle
1684:Genome
1643:Horses
1525:Travel
1505:21 May
1381:
1341:21 May
1313:
1199:6 June
1082:21 May
1007:Misaki
984:cattle
918:Pottok
838:Exmoor
830:ponies
818:Exmoor
764:Brumby
717:Huelva
672:Europe
616:La Paz
599:Brazil
488:Canada
436:Africa
414:brumby
384:Kupres
376:Cincar
350:Europe
309:burros
288:, and
134:Feral
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1251:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1011:Japan
988:sheep
846:moors
748:Wales
726:Konik
721:Spain
641:Japan
380:Livno
340:India
336:Assam
258:feral
233:burro
221:foals
207:, or
205:harem
182:feral
174:horse
148:Namib
99:JSTOR
85:books
1689:Gait
1537:2018
1507:2015
1477:2023
1451:2023
1412:2016
1379:ISBN
1365:2015
1343:2015
1311:ISBN
1259:2010
1227:2024
1201:2017
1116:2012
1084:2015
1001:, a
627:Asia
517:and
382:and
319:Asia
272:and
217:mare
201:band
197:herd
163:Utah
71:news
1982:Art
1749:Bit
1576:hdl
1568:doi
1285:doi
1151:doi
986:or
812:on
784:on
775:in
766:in
715:in
702:in
648:on
635:in
618:in
574:on
564:in
527:on
509:on
499:of
458:in
374:of
354:In
209:mob
192:".
176:of
54:by
2087::
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1297:^
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115:(
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96:·
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48:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
