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In many ways, Ferdinando was the opposite of his brother who preceded him. Approachable and generous, he set out to rule mildly. He re-established the justice system and was genuinely concerned about the welfare of his subjects. During his reign, Tuscany revived and regained the independence his
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Ferdinando I De Medici, Document
Inviting Jewish Merchants to Settle in Livorno and Pisa, in Italian, Manuscript on Vellum, Florence, Italy, 10 June 1593 (fac-simile)
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Henry showed no appreciation for these favours, and
Ferdinando let the relationship cool, maintaining his cherished independence. He supported
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was fairly large; it included 600,000 crowns in cash as well as jewellery with a value of 50,000 crowns. Also, the rights of the
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Translators, Interpreters, and
Cultural Negotiators: Mediating and Communicating Power from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era
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For the first two years of his reign, he retained his position as cardinal, but he gave it up in order to marry
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Ferdinando's foreign policy attempted to free
Tuscany from Spanish domination. After the assassination of
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The greatest cultural achievement in
Florence during Ferdinando's reign was the introduction of
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1283:"A Servant of Two Masters: The Translator Michel Angelo Corai as a Tuscan Diplomat (1599â1609)"
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He also dreamed of a small
African empire, and then considered the possibility of a colony in
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Ferdinando strengthened the Tuscan fleet, and it saw victories against pirates on the
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in 1600, his court sponsored a lavish performance of one of the first notable operas,
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He improved the harbour Cosimo I had built and diverted part of the flow of the
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Ferdinando was the fifth son (the third surviving at the time of his birth) of
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Federici, Federico M. (2014), Federici, Federico M.; Tessicini, Dario (eds.),
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1485:. Later generations are included but the grand duchy was abolished in 1860.
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in 1562 at the age of 13, but was never ordained into the priesthood. At
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in Rome. He acquired the large collection of antiquities established by
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Hibbert, Christopher (1979). "XXI". In
Pelican History of Art (ed.).
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443:, died in 1587, Ferdinando succeeded as grand duke at the age of 38.
431:. These were subsequently divided among the various Medici estates.
35:
201:
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14. Luis
Pimentel y Pacheco, 1st Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo
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616:, which his father had conquered. Ferdinando sought to reconquer
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Ferdinando fostered commerce and gained great wealth through the
401:
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15. Juana Osorio y BazĂĄn, 1st
Marquise of Villafranca del Bierzo
678:(1590â1621), who succeeded as Grand Duke of Tuscany; he married
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MarĂa Osorio y
Pimentel, 2nd Marquise of Villafranca del Bierzo
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as well as other persecuted foreigners. He established the
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654:. A few months before his death, Ferdinando organised an
470:), which published numerous books in the Arabic script.
1325:"Italians in Brasil, of Matteo Sanfilippo (in Italian)"
1013:
Fadrique Ălvarez de Toledo y EnrĂquez, 2nd Duke of Alba
546:
were transferred to Christina after the death of Queen
335:
from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother
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of France and thus assumed by future Medici rulers.
1544:
Prince Filippo "Filippino", Grand Prince of Tuscany
355:
Ferdinando I de' Medici as Cardinal (1562 to 1589).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
18:
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1289:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 81â104,
620:for the Christians and had similar designs on the
419:, he proved an able administrator. He founded the
534:in 1589. The couple had a large reception at the
504:to Europe. For the wedding of Ferdinando's niece
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427:in 1584, as well as other works of art like the
1268:Art and power: Renaissance festivals, 1450-1650
398:Pedro Ălvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca
1477:Generations are numbered from the children of
975:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
489:, which allowed the flatlands around Pisa and
329:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
2100:
1948:
1455:
441:Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
364:Evangelium Sanctum Domini Nostri Jesu Christi
481:, which aided commerce between Florence and
485:. He fostered an irrigation project in the
2490:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
2107:
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1962:
1955:
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855:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
390:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
311:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
142:
1386:Works by or about Ferdinando I de' Medici
593:to get him to accept Henry's conversion.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1351:The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici
1280:
557:
358:
350:
1395:Works by or about Grand Duke of Tuscany
1348:
27:Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609
14:
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1713:Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary
1678:Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne
1353:. Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 279â281.
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710:Filippino (1598â1602), died unmarried
701:Francesco (1594â1614), died unmarried
685:Eleonora (1591â1617), died unmarried
331:(30 July 1549 â 3 February 1609) was
1701:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1560:Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
746:Ancestors of Ferdinando I de' Medici
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3198:17th-century grand dukes of Tuscany
3193:16th-century grand dukes of Tuscany
2114:
1783:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1622:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1617:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany
1513:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1371:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
713:Lorenzo (1599â1648), died unmarried
24:
3037:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
2869:Painters, sculptors and architects
1672:Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau
1498:Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1469:
693:Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
25:
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1766:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1596:Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1358:
1274:
553:
3208:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
2942:Poets and other literary figures
2502:
1534:Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1377:Works by Ferdinando I de' Medici
1364:
569:(Monument of the Four Moors) in
34:
1601:Francesco Maria, Duke of Rovere
1539:Cardinal Carlo, Bishop of Ostia
1069:13. Isabel de ZĂșñiga y Pimentel
643:in 1607 and against a superior
268:Claudia, Archduchess of Austria
45:needs additional citations for
3178:16th-century Italian cardinals
1695:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
1317:
1259:
1248:
1237:
731:Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
725:(1604â1648), married first to
477:river into a canal called the
13:
1:
3188:17th-century Italian nobility
3183:16th-century Italian nobility
3120:Stories set to music: "opera"
1924:* also an archduke of Austria
1654:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1230:
666:in order to create a colony.
658:under the command of Captain
606:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
585:in his struggles against the
434:
370:, 1590, with Arabic types of
346:
737:
258:Catherine, Duchess of Mantua
7:
2896:Michelangelo and the Medici
2740:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
2690:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
1719:Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
1580:Leopoldo, Governor of Siena
719:(1600â1633), died unmarried
707:(1595â1666), died unmarried
662:to northern Brazil and the
525:
339:, who presumably died from
10:
3229:
2963:Humanists and philosophers
2715:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
1889:Prince Franz Karl Salvator
1570:Mattias, Governor of Siena
1103:
990:
864:
758:
680:Maria Maddalena of Austria
567:Monumento dei Quattro Mori
3102:
3066:
3050:
3024:
2999:
2983:
2962:
2941:
2868:
2861:
2815:
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2748:
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2524:
2517:
2500:
2482:
2464:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
2456:
2425:
2309:
2283:
2262:
2214:
2191:
2147:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
2129:
2122:
1970:
1921:
1904:
1851:
1810:
1775:
1758:
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797:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
778:
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136:
69:"Ferdinando I de' Medici"
1818:Prince Leopold Ferdinand
1707:Charles, Duke of Teschen
1039:Pedro de Toledo y ZĂșñiga
669:
536:Villa di Poggio a Caiano
3213:Italian Roman Catholics
2695:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
2426:Bishops and archbishops
1836:Prince Leopold Salvator
1824:Prince Joseph Ferdinand
1295:10.1057/9781137400048_6
729:and had issue, then to
3042:Order of Saint Stephen
2923:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
2216:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
1964:Grand dukes of Tuscany
1895:Prince Hubert Salvator
1830:Prince Peter Ferdinand
1801:Prince Johann Salvator
1795:Prince Ludwig Salvator
1415:Francesco I de' Medici
581:in 1589, he supported
574:
447:brother had given up.
385:
356:
263:Carlo, Bishop of Ostia
223:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2842:Cappella dei Principi
2749:Fountains and gardens
2201:Alessandro "The Moor"
2183:Alessandro "The Moor"
1842:Prince Franz Salvator
1737:Prince Rainier Joseph
1660:Prince Charles Joseph
1565:Cardinal Giovan Carlo
1483:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1422:Grand Duke of Tuscany
727:Federico della Rovere
691:(1593â1629), married
561:
532:Christina of Lorraine
464:Medici Oriental Press
362:
354:
333:Grand Duke of Tuscany
286:Ferdinando de' Medici
233:Christina of Lorraine
155:Grand Duke of Tuscany
3007:Emilio de' Cavalieri
2970:Pico della Mirandola
2928:Jacopo della Quercia
2903:Bernardo Buontalenti
2886:Filippo Brunelleschi
2876:Bartolomeo Ammannati
2725:Palazzo delle Vedove
2157:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
1871:Prince Leopold Maria
1789:Prince Karl Salvator
1479:Francesco de' Medici
1432:Cosimo II de' Medici
1373:at Wikimedia Commons
771:Giovanni il Popolano
647:the following year.
548:Catherine de' Medici
54:improve this article
3032:Medici coat of arms
2954:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
2417:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
1877:Prince Franz Joseph
1725:Prince Anton Victor
949:Lucrezia de' Medici
626:Michel Angelo Corai
608:in his against the
600:in his campaign in
598:Philip III of Spain
579:Henry III of France
468:Typographia Medicea
458:became a haven for
377:Typographia Medicea
2761:Villa di Pratolino
2137:Cosimo "The Elder"
656:expedition in 1608
583:Henry IV of France
575:
510:Henry IV of France
497:to be cultivated.
425:Andrea della Valle
396:, the daughter of
386:
357:
164:19 October 1587 â
148:Ferdinando in 1590
3155:
3154:
3094:Arazzeria Medicea
3020:
3019:
2908:Leonardo da Vinci
2881:Sandro Botticelli
2857:
2856:
2797:San Piero a Sieve
2498:
2497:
2397:Bernardo Salviati
2387:Giovanni Salviati
2193:Dukes of Florence
2152:Piero "The Brief"
2142:Piero "The Gouty"
2130:Lords of Florence
2082:
2081:
2031:Francesco Stefano
1930:
1929:
1503:Cardinal Giovanni
1438:
1437:
1429:Succeeded by
1381:Project Gutenberg
1369:Media related to
1304:978-1-137-40004-8
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1094:Eleanor of Toledo
697:Governor of Siena
591:Pope Clement VIII
439:When his brother
406:Kingdom of Naples
394:Eleanor of Toledo
326:
325:
321:Eleanor of Toledo
290:
289:
206:Duchy of Florence
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3220:
3130:Pazzi conspiracy
3089:Venus de' Medici
3079:Medici porcelain
2949:Agnolo Poliziano
2866:
2865:
2624:Poggio Imperiale
2522:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2438:Bernardo Antonio
2412:Ferrante Gonzaga
2263:Queens of France
2127:
2126:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1883:Prince Karl Pius
1859:Prince Gottfried
1575:Prince Francesco
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1412:Preceded by
1404:
1403:
1399:Internet Archive
1390:Internet Archive
1368:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1321:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1278:
1272:
1266:Strong. Roy, C.
1263:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1241:
752:
751:
743:
742:
733:, and had issue.
506:Marie de' Medici
278:
277:
218:
167:
146:
134:
133:
125:
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114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
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3218:
3217:
3203:House of Medici
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3098:
3062:
3046:
3016:
2995:
2991:Galileo Galilei
2979:
2975:Marsilio Ficino
2958:
2937:
2853:
2811:
2765:
2756:Medici fountain
2744:
2678:
2564:Poggio a Caiano
2513:
2508:
2507:
2494:
2478:
2452:
2421:
2407:Lorenzo Strozzi
2402:NiccolĂČ Ridolfi
2382:Luigi de' Rossi
2376:
2369:Francesco Maria
2305:
2279:
2258:
2210:
2187:
2118:
2116:House of Medici
2113:
2083:
2078:
1966:
1961:
1931:
1926:
1917:
1905:13th generation
1900:
1852:12th generation
1847:
1811:11th generation
1806:
1776:10th generation
1771:
1754:
1749:Cardinal Rudolf
1683:
1642:
1626:
1605:
1584:
1548:
1522:
1486:
1471:
1468:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1361:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1331:on 20 July 2011
1323:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
891:Jacopo Salviati
829:Caterina Sforza
740:
717:Maria Maddalena
672:
660:Robert Thornton
587:Catholic League
556:
544:Duchy of Urbino
528:
437:
349:
272:
253:Maria Maddalena
220:
216:
215:3 February 1609
200:
166:7 February 1609
165:
149:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3153:
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3147:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Galilean moons
3112:
3110:Medici giraffe
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
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3054:
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3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
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3018:
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3009:
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2933:Giorgio Vasari
2930:
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2700:Palazzo Madama
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
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2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Montevettolini
2651:
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2631:
2626:
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2606:
2601:
2596:
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2399:
2394:
2392:Innocenzo Cybo
2389:
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2371:
2366:
2361:
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2335:
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2324:
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2259:
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2256:
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2236:
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2209:
2208:
2203:
2197:
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2189:
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2180:
2175:
2169:
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2159:
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2119:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2056:
2047:Ferdinando III
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1912:Prince Dominic
1908:
1906:
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1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1855:
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1798:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1759:9th generation
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
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1688:8th generation
1685:
1684:
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1675:
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1657:
1650:
1648:
1647:7th generation
1644:
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1634:
1632:
1631:6th generation
1628:
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1619:
1613:
1611:
1610:5th generation
1607:
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1598:
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1589:4th generation
1586:
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1577:
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1556:
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1553:3rd generation
1550:
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1527:2nd generation
1524:
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1494:
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1491:1st generation
1488:
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1472:
1470:Tuscan princes
1467:
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1407:Regnal titles
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1359:External links
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610:Ottoman Empire
555:
554:Foreign policy
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538:. Christina's
527:
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495:Val di Nievole
436:
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411:He was made a
400:, the Spanish
372:Robert Granjon
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2708:
2706:
2705:Palazzo Pitti
2703:
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2609:Cerreto Guidi
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2559:Collesalvetti
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2510:Festina Lente
2505:
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2331:
2329:(Clement VII)
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Ferdinando II
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:(Clement VII)
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
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2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2075:
2072:
2071:Ferdinando IV
2069:
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2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
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2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:Ferdinando II
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
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1903:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
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1878:
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1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:Prince Rainer
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1551:
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1535:
1532:
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1529:
1525:
1519:
1518:Prince Pietro
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Prince Garzia
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
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1236:
1219:
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1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1147:
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1143:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
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1052:
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1046:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
986:
985:
982:
981:
976:
970:
969:
966:
965:
960:
959:
954:
953:
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944:
943:
940:
939:
930:
929:
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923:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
895:
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886:
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882:
881:
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
850:
849:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
833:
830:
824:
823:
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819:
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809:
804:
803:
798:
792:
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787:
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766:
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749:
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744:
732:
728:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
698:
694:
690:
687:
684:
682:and had issue
681:
677:
674:
673:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
645:Turkish fleet
642:
641:Barbary coast
637:
635:
634:Ottoman Syria
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:Val di Chiana
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
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409:
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399:
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391:
383:
379:
378:
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369:
365:
361:
353:
344:
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334:
330:
322:
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315:
312:
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305:
302:
299:
297:
293:
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279:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
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88:
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81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3074:Medici lions
3051:Institutions
2891:Michelangelo
2849:Old Sacristy
2837:New Sacristy
2710:Villa Medici
2634:L'Ambrogiana
2619:Arena Metato
2509:
2469:Don Giovanni
2377:
2359:Giovan Carlo
2349:Ferdinando I
2316:
2254:Gian Gastone
2234:Ferdinando I
2233:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2023:Gian Gastone
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1991:Ferdinando I
1985:
1977:
1923:
1743:Prince Louis
1637:
1420:
1350:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1319:
1308:, retrieved
1286:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1250:
1239:
974:
664:Amazon River
649:
638:
630:Ali Janbulad
595:
576:
566:
563:Pietro Tacca
529:
517:
499:
478:
472:
467:
460:Spanish Jews
452:Medici banks
449:
445:
438:
429:Medici lions
421:Villa Medici
410:
387:
375:
363:
328:
327:
217:(1609-02-03)
199:30 July 1549
137:Ferdinando I
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3173:1609 deaths
3168:1549 births
3084:Medici Vase
3058:Medici Bank
3012:Jacopo Peri
2832:San Lorenzo
2823:Magi Chapel
2457:Condottieri
2378:female line
2296:Clement VII
2229:Francesco I
2066:(1849â1859)
2062:(1824â1849)
2059:Leopoldo II
2054:(1814â1824)
2050:(1790â1801)
2042:(1765â1790)
2034:(1737-1765)
2026:(1723â1737)
2018:(1670â1723)
2010:(1621â1670)
2002:(1609â1621)
1994:(1587â1609)
1986:(1574-1587)
1983:Francesco I
1978:(1569â1574)
1731:Prince John
1310:7 September
514:Jacopo Peri
493:and in the
337:Francesco I
176:Francesco I
172:Predecessor
3162:Categories
3135:Savonarola
2984:Scientists
2918:Michelozzo
2770:Fortresses
2614:Marignolle
2594:Camugliano
2589:La Petraia
2584:Spedaletto
2574:Mezzomonte
2534:Cafaggiolo
2338:Alessandro
2249:Cosimo III
2167:Lorenzo II
2039:Leopoldo I
2015:Cosimo III
1426:1587â1609
1255:BBC Radio4
1231:References
435:Grand Duke
347:Early life
221:Florence,
80:newspapers
3140:TV series
3000:Musicians
2913:Donatello
2862:Patronage
2669:Seravezza
2604:La Topaia
2554:La Quiete
2518:Buildings
2483:Genealogy
2374:Francesco
2317:male line
2310:Cardinals
2239:Cosimo II
1999:Cosimo II
1666:Leopold I
1270:. p. 129.
738:Ancestors
676:Cosimo II
622:Holy Land
491:Fucecchio
248:Cosimo II
186:Cosimo II
182:Successor
110:July 2018
3145:episodes
3025:Heraldry
2807:Volterra
2787:Piombino
2782:Grosseto
2735:Materdei
2659:Artimino
2639:La MĂ gia
2569:Castello
2443:Giuliano
2364:Leopoldo
2344:Giovanni
2340:(Leo XI)
2333:Ippolito
2321:Giovanni
2270:Caterina
2224:Cosimo I
2206:Cosimo I
2178:Ippolito
2162:Giuliano
1975:Cosimo I
1481:, first
695:, later
689:Caterina
526:Marriage
519:Euridice
508:to King
479:Naviglio
413:Cardinal
202:Florence
3125:Albizzi
3103:Related
2816:Chapels
2792:Pistoia
2720:Livorno
2683:Palaces
2649:Coltano
2644:Liliano
2629:Lapeggi
2599:Stabbia
2549:Fiesole
2544:Careggi
2539:Trebbio
2474:Mattias
2433:Filippo
2323:(Leo X)
1397:at the
1388:at the
1335:9 March
723:Claudia
602:Algeria
571:Leghorn
456:Livorno
404:of the
402:viceroy
341:malaria
94:scholar
2777:Arezzo
2674:Madama
2579:Agnano
2526:Villas
2448:Zanobi
2327:Giulio
2301:Leo XI
2172:Giulio
2123:People
2074:(1859)
2064:&
2052:&
1301:
652:Brazil
618:Cyprus
392:, and
368:Arabic
317:Mother
307:Father
301:Medici
229:Spouse
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2802:Siena
2354:Carlo
2291:Leo X
2284:Popes
2275:Maria
705:Carlo
670:Issue
614:Siena
540:dowry
502:opera
296:House
281:Names
240:Issue
161:Reign
101:JSTOR
87:books
2730:Pisa
2664:Buti
1638:None
1337:2010
1312:2024
1299:ISBN
1011:12.
947:11.
889:10.
604:and
483:Pisa
475:Arno
417:Rome
382:Rome
212:Died
196:Born
73:news
3067:Art
1379:at
1291:doi
1151:7.
1092:3.
1037:6.
973:1.
915:5.
853:2.
827:9.
795:4.
769:8.
628:to
565:'s
516:'s
366:in
56:by
3164::
2830:,
2380::
2319::
1297:,
1285:,
636:.
522:.
408:.
380:,
374:,
343:.
204:,
2108:e
2101:t
2094:v
1956:e
1949:t
1942:v
1914:*
1897:*
1891:*
1885:*
1879:*
1873:*
1867:*
1861:*
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1838:*
1832:*
1826:*
1820:*
1803:*
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1733:*
1727:*
1721:*
1715:*
1709:*
1703:*
1697:*
1680:*
1674:*
1668:*
1662:*
1656:*
1463:e
1456:t
1449:v
1339:.
1293::
466:(
384:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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