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across the world to capture new subjects for presentation. After the cinematographer shot scenes, they often exhibited their recordings locally and then sent them back to the company factory in Lyon to make duplicate prints for sale to whoever wanted them. In the process of filming actualities, especially those of real events, filmmakers discovered and experimented with multiple camera techniques to accommodate for their unpredictable nature. Due to the short length (often only one shot) of many actualities, catalogue records indicate that production companies marketed to exhibitors by promoting multiple actualities with related subject matters that could be purchased to complement each other. Exhibitors who bought the films often presented them in a program and would provide spoken accompaniment to explain the action on screen to audiences.
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dubbed by film historian Tom
Gunning as "the cinema of attractions", offered a relatively cheap and simple way of providing entertainment to the masses. Rather than focusing on stories, Gunning argues, filmmakers mainly relied on the ability to delight audiences through the "illusory power" of viewing sequences in motion, much as they did in the Kinetoscope era that preceded it. Despite this, early experimentation with fiction filmmaking (both in actuality film and other genres) did occur. Films were mostly screened inside temporary storefront spaces, in tents of traveling exhibitors at fairs, or as "dumb" acts in vaudeville programs. During this period, before the process of
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of the films through a partnership with a French toolmaking company, Charles Pathé sought to make Pathé-Frères the leading film producer in the country. Within the next few years, Pathé-Frères became the largest film studio in the world, with satellite offices in major cities and an expanding selection of films available for presentation. The company's films were varied in content, with directors specializing in various genres for fairground presentations throughout the early 1900s.
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1773:(1914), the title "The birth of the evil thought" precedes a series of three shots of the protagonist looking at a spider, and ants eating an insect. Symbolist art and literature from the turn of the century also had a more general effect on a small number of films made in Italy and Russia. The supine acceptance of death resulting from passion and forbidden longings was a major feature of this art, and states of delirium dwelt on at length were important as well.
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251:
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1605:. The dialogue was eventually inserted into the middle of the scene and became commonplace by 1912. The introduction of dialogue titles transformed the nature of film narrative. When dialogue titles came to be always cut into a scene just after a character starts speaking, and then left with a cut to the character just before they finish speaking, then one had something that was effectively the equivalent of a present-day
401:
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3656:, were in the industry in no less than three different centuries. In the 19th century, Chaplin made his theatrical debut at the age of eight, in 1897, in a clog dancing troupe, The Eight Lancaster Lads. In the 21st century, Bloom is still enjoying a full and productive career, having appeared in dozens of films and television series produced up to and including 2022. She received particular acclaim for her role in
2482:(Britain's first sound feature), were among the directors to bring greater fluidity to talkies and experiment with the expressive use of sound (Eyman, 1997). In this, they both benefited from, and pushed further, technical advances in microphones and cameras, and capabilities for editing and post-synchronizing sound (rather than recording all sound directly at the time of filming).
1254:, Porter was inspired in part by the works of Méliès, Smith, and Williamson and drew upon their newly crafted techniques to further the development of continuous narrative through editing. When he began making longer films in 1902, he put a dissolve between every shot, just as Georges Méliès was already doing, and he frequently had the same action repeated across the dissolves.
1303:, in 1905 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The idea rapidly took off and by 1908, there were around 8,000 nickelodeon theaters across the country. With the arrival of the nickelodeon, audience demand for a larger quantity of story films with a variety of subjects and locations led to a need to hire more creative talent and caused studios to invest in more elaborate stage designs.
2402:(Parkinson, 1995). Thus began what is now often called "The Golden Age of Hollywood", which refers roughly to the period beginning with the introduction of sound until the late 1940s. The American cinema reached its peak of efficiently manufactured glamour and global appeal during this period. The top actors of the era are now thought of as the classic film stars, such as
59:' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895, can be regarded as the breakthrough of projected cinematographic motion pictures. The earliest films were in black and white, under a minute long, without recorded sound, and consisted of a single shot from a steady camera. The first decade saw film move from a novelty, to an established mass entertainment industry, with
1495:), that a change-over to renting prints began. Messter replied with a series of longer films starring Henny Porten, but although these did well in the German-speaking world, they were not particularly successful internationally, unlike the Asta Nielsen films. Another of the growing German film producers just before World War I was the German branch of the French
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195:, live actors, smoke (on which projections may have been cast), odors, sounds and even electric shocks. While many first magic lantern shows were intended to frighten viewers, advances by projectionists allowed for creative and even educational storytelling that could appeal to wider family audiences. Newly pioneered techniques such as the use of
4118:, with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. The premiere Philippine directors of the era included
238:(introduced in 1838) and photography (introduced in 1839) for a more complete illusion of reality, but for decades such experiments were mostly hindered by the need for long exposure times, with motion blur around objects that moved while the reflected light fell on the photo-sensitive chemicals. A few people managed to get decent results from
2237:, which characterized American film for decades to come and provided models for other film industries. The studios' efficient, top-down control over all stages of their product enabled a new and ever-growing level of lavish production and technical sophistication. At the same time, the system's commercial regimentation and focus on glamorous
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789:. Méliès was an illusionist who had previously used magic lantern projections to enhance his magic act. In 1895, Méliès attended the demonstration of the Cinematographe and recognized the potential of the device to aid his act. He attempted to buy a device from the Lumière brothers, but they refused. Months later, he bought a camera from
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equipment and their own uncertainty as to how to use the new medium. Many stage performers, directors and writers were introduced to cinema as producers sought personnel experienced in dialogue-based storytelling. Many major silent filmmakers and actors were unable to adjust and found their careers severely curtailed or even ended.
5259:. Against some expectations, the rise of the multiplex cinema did not allow less mainstream films to be shown, but simply allowed the major blockbusters to be given an even greater number of screenings. However, films that had been overlooked in cinemas were increasingly being given a second chance on home video.
2124:. The first Expressionist films made up for a lack of lavish budgets by using set designs with wildly non-realistic, geometrically absurd angles, along with designs painted on walls and floors to represent lights, shadows, and objects. The plots and stories of the Expressionist films often dealt with madness,
1985:'s Keystone company. They reduced the usual frenetic pace of Sennett's films to give the audience a chance to appreciate the subtlety and finesse of their movement, and the cleverness of their gags. By 1917 Chaplin was also introducing more dramatic plot into his films, and mixing the comedy with sentiment.
519:. On 28 December 1895, the brothers gave their first commercial screening in Paris (though evidence exists of demonstrations of the device to small audiences as early as October 1895). The screening consisted of ten films and lasted roughly 20 minutes. The program consisted mainly of actuality films such as
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competition and placed limits on the amount of foreign films to encourage the growth of the
American film industry, but it also discouraged the creation of feature films. By 1915, the MPPC had lost most of its hold on the film industry as the companies moved towards the wider production of feature films.
331:), which displayed short loops on a small milk glass screen. By 1891, he had started mass production of a more economical, coin-operated peep-box viewing device of the same name that was exhibited at international exhibitions and fairs. Some machines were installed for longer periods, including some at
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and is significant for the use of shots suggesting simultaneous action occurring at different locations. Porter's use of both staged and real outdoor environments helped to create a sense of space while the placement of the camera in a wider shot established depth and allowed for an extended duration
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hired to lead the creative process. Prior to this focus on production, Pathé had become involved with the industry by exhibiting and selling what were likely counterfeit versions of the
Kinetoscope in his phonograph shop. With the creative leadership of Zecca and the capability to mass-produce copies
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made pioneering contributions to the development of devices that could capture and display moving images, laying the groundwork for the emergence of cinema as an artistic medium. The scenes in these experiments primarily served to demonstrate the technology itself and were usually filmed with family,
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led to much more than just the popularization of blockbuster filmmaking. The film's revolutionary use of special effects, sound editing and music had led it to become widely regarded as one of the single most important films in the medium's history, as well as the most influential film of the 1970s.
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The change was remarkably swift. By the end of 1929, Hollywood was almost all-talkie, with several competing sound systems (soon to be standardized). Total changeover was slightly slower in the rest of the world, principally for economic reasons. Cultural reasons were also a factor in countries like
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Throughout the early 20th century, screen artists continued to learn how to work with cameras and create illusions using space and time in their shots. This newly introduced form of creativity made way for a whole new group of people to be introduced to stardom, including David W. Griffith, who made
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At this time, studios were blacked out to allow shooting to be unaffected by changing sunlight. This was replaced with floodlights and spotlights. The widespread adoption of irising-in and out to begin and end scenes caught on in this period. This is the revelation of a film shot in a circular mask,
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later described as having "the most fully developed narrative of any film made in
England up to that time", opens as the first shot shows Chinese Boxer rebels at the gate; it then cuts to the missionary family in the garden, where a fight ensues. The wife signals to British sailors from the balcony,
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in 1900: "By extremely careful photography the ghost appears *quite transparent*. After indicating that he has been killed by a sword-thrust, and appealing for vengeance, he disappears. A 'vision' then appears showing the fatal duel in the snow." Smith also initiated the special effects technique of
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Experiments in film editing, special effects, narrative construction, and camera movement during this period by filmmakers in France, England, and the United States became influential in establishing an identity for film going forward. At both the Edison and Lumière studios, loose narratives such as
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to display the first moving picture show to a paying audience on 1 November 1895, in Berlin. But they did not have the quality or financial resources to acquire momentum. Most of these films never passed the experimental stage and their efforts garnered little public attention until after cinema had
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studio. The
Kinetoscope quickly became a global sensation with multiple viewing parlors across major cities by 1895. As the initial novelty of the images wore off, the Edison Company was slow to diversify their repertoire of films and waning public interest caused business to slow by Spring 1895. To
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in London, and in several U.S. stores. Shifting the focus of the medium from technical and scientific interest in motion to entertainment for the masses, he recorded wrestlers, dancers, acrobats, and scenes of everyday life. Nearly 34,000 people paid to see his shows at the Berlin
Exhibition Park in
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expanded and significantly shaped the
American film business, creating many "firsts" in the film industry, such as adding titles and subtitles to films for the first time, releasing scrolls for the first time, introducing film posters for the first time, producing color pictures for the first time,
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of the forward motion in reverse frame by frame, producing a print in which the original action was exactly reversed. To do this he built a special printer in which the negative running through a projector was projected into the gate of a camera through a special lens giving a same-size image. This
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accompanying the projection of animated images, but it was not a simple add on but to precisely match the series of musical pieces with moving images. In effect, to add sound to the silent cinema, it was necessary to solve problems of synchronization, since the image and the sound were recorded and
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The Lumière brothers' primary business interests were in selling cameras and film equipment to exhibitors, not the actual production of films. Despite this, filmmakers across the world were inspired by the potential of film as exhibitors brought their shows to new countries. This era of filmmaking,
182:
By the 16th century, entertainers often conjured images of ghostly apparitions, using techniques such as camera obscura and other forms of projection to enhance their performances. Magic lantern shows developed in the latter half of the 17th century seem to have continued this tradition with images
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Sound further tightened the grip of major studios in numerous countries: the vast expense of the transition overwhelmed smaller competitors, while the novelty of sound lured vastly larger audiences for those producers that remained. In the case of the U.S., some historians credit sound with saving
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had been involved in film-making from 1896, but did not make a significant number of films per year until 1910. When the worldwide film boom started, he, and the few other people in the German film business, continued to sell prints of their own films outright, which put them at a disadvantage. It
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The main shot shows a street scene with a young man tying the shoelace and then caressing the foot of his girlfriend, while an old man observes this through a telescope. There is then a cut to close shot of the hands on the girl's foot shown inside a black circular mask, and then a cut back to the
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and started producing, directing, and distributing a body of work that would eventually contain over 500 short films. Recognizing the narrative potential afforded by combining his theater background with the newly discovered effects for the camera, Méliès designed an elaborate stage that contained
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in film literature and the media, which posited that a film director's films express their personal vision and creative insights. The development of the auteur style of filmmaking helped to give these directors far greater control over their projects than would have been possible in earlier eras.
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Creatively, however, the rapid transition was a difficult one, and in some ways, film briefly reverted to the conditions of its earliest days. The late '20s were full of static, stagey talkies as artists in front of and behind the camera struggled with the stringent limitations of the early sound
290:, were not initially intended to be viewed in motion and were typically presented as a serious, even scientific, method of studying locomotion. The sequences almost exclusively involved humans or animals performing a simple movement in front of the camera. Starting in 1878 with the publication of
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with little or no theatrical window. The era witnessed a profound transformation in how films are produced, distributed, and consumed globally. The pandemic led to a rapid acceleration in the shift towards streaming, as a primary means of film distribution. The film industry adapted and produced
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of the country at the start of the war. Although film production began again in 1915, it was on a reduced scale, and the biggest companies gradually retired from production. Italian film production held up better, although so called "diva films", starring anguished female leads were a commercial
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to limit infringement on his patents. Members of the trust controlled every aspect of the filmmaking process from the creation of film stock, the production of films, and the distribution to cinemas through licensing arrangements. The trust led to increased quality filmmaking spurred by internal
677:
With the advertisement of film technologies over content, actualities initially began as a "series of views" that often contained shots of beautiful and lively places or performance acts. Following the success of their 1895 screening, The Lumière brothers established a company and sent cameramen
1938:
The general trend in the development of cinema, led from the United States, was towards using the newly developed specifically filmic devices for expression of the narrative content of film stories, and combining this with the standard dramatic structures already in use in commercial theatre.
1838:
angles within a scene also became well-established as a technique for dissecting a scene into shots in
American films. If the direction of the shot changes by more than ninety degrees, it is called a reverse-angle cutting. The leading figure in the full development of reverse-angle cutting was
1802:
that a new phase in the use of the Insert Shot starts. As well as the symbolic inserts already mentioned, the film also made extensive use of large numbers of Big Close Up shots of clutching hands and tapping feet as a means of emphasizing those parts of the body as indicators of psychological
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Following the successful exhibition of the Cinématographe, development of a motion picture industry rapidly accelerated in France. Multiple filmmakers experimented with the technology as they worked to attain the same success that the Lumière brothers had with their screening. These filmmakers
408:
4624:
Post-classical cinema is the changing methods of storytelling of the New
Hollywood producers. The new methods of drama and characterization played upon audience expectations acquired during the classical/Golden Age period: story chronology may be scrambled, storylines may feature unsettling
478:, were conducted in an attempt to achieve the device's original goal of providing visual accompaniment for sound recordings. Limitations in syncing the sound to the visuals, however, prevented widespread application. During that same period, inventors began advancing technologies towards
649:
In its infancy, film was rarely recognized as an art form by presenters or audiences. Regarded by the upper class as a "vulgar" and "lowbrow" form of cheap entertainment, films largely appealed to the working class and were often too short to hold any strong narrative potential. Initial
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226:, which was popular in several European countries for a while. Plateau thought it could be further developed for use in phantasmagoria and Stampfer imagined a system for longer scenes with strips on rollers, as well as a transparent version (probably intended for projection). Plateau,
466:
peep-box viewer, with celluloid loops containing about half a minute of motion picture entertainment. After an early preview on 20 May 1891, Edison introduced the machine in 1893. Many of the movies presented on the
Kinetoscope showcased well-known vaudeville acts performing in
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discs on a large screen in the darkened Grand Auditorium of a Post Office Building in Berlin. From 22 February to 30 March 1895, a commercial 1.5-hour program of 40 different scenes was screened for audiences of 300 people at the old Reichstag and received circa 4,000 visitors.
2594:, where the influence of the country's traditional song-and-dance drama made the musical the basic form of most sound films (Cook, 1990); virtually unnoticed by the Western world for decades, this Indian popular cinema would nevertheless become the world's most prolific. (
531:. The most advanced demonstration of film projection thus far, the Cinématographe was an instant success, bringing in an average of 2,500 to 3,000 francs daily by the end of January 1896. Following the first screening, the order and selection of films were changed often.
405:
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as early as 1891, as well as private and government contracts. In its nineteen years of operation, the Limelight Department produced about 300 films of various lengths, making it one of largest film producers of its time. The Limelight Department made a 1904 film by
551:
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that divides the actors and the audience. Throughout his career, Méliès consistently placed the camera in a fixed position and eventually fell out of favor with audiences as other filmmakers experimented with more complex and creative techniques. Méliès is most
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stimulated a film genre known as the "chase film." In the film, a tramp steals a leg of mutton from a butcher's boy in the first shot, is chased by the butcher's boy and assorted dogs in the following shot, and is finally caught by the dogs in the third shot.
2087:. In 1920, there were two major changes to the film industry: the introduction of sound and the creation of studio systems. In the 1920s, talent who had been working independently began joining studios and working with other actors and directors. In 1927,
556:
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a sequence consisting of three shots: a train enters a tunnel; a man and a woman exchange a brief kiss in the darkness and then return to their seats; the train exits the tunnel. Smith created the scenario in response to the success of a genre known as a
1895:
tinting, too, gained popularity during these periods. Amber tinting meant daytime, or vividly-lit nighttime, blue tints meant dawn or dimly-lit night, red tinting represented fire scenes, green tinting meant a mysterious atmosphere, and brown tints (aka
147:
and similar ancient traditions combined storytelling with series of images that were shown or indicated one after the other. Predecessors to film that had already used light and shadows to create art before the advent of modern film technology include
974:
experimented with the use of different camera techniques in their films. Paul's 'Cinematograph Camera No. 1' of 1895 was the first camera to feature reverse-cranking, which allowed the same film footage to be exposed several times, thereby creating
4203:(1965) were among the biggest money-makers of the decade. The growth in independent producers and production companies, and the increase in the power of individual actors also contributed to the decline of traditional Hollywood studio production.
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failure. In Denmark, the Nordisk company increased its production so much in 1915 and 1916 that it could not sell all its films, which led to a very sharp decline in Danish production, and the end of Denmark's importance on the world film scene.
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During the immediate post-war years the cinematic industry was also threatened by television, and the increasing popularity of the medium meant that some film theatres would bankrupt and close. The demise of the "studio system" spurred the
1503:
Overall, from about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in all European countries except France, and even in France, the American films had just pushed the local production out of first place on the eve of World War I.
1926:, first shown to audiences in 1914, was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides. Until 1927, most motion pictures were produced without sound. This period is commonly referred to as the
340:. Though little evidence remains for most of these recordings, some scenes probably depicted staged comical sequences. Extant records suggest some of his output directly influenced later works by the Edison Company, such as the 1894 film
650:
advertisements promoted the technologies used to screen films rather than the films themselves. As the devices became more familiar to audiences, their potential for capturing and recreating events was exploited primarily in the form of
1806:
Atmospheric inserts were developed in Europe in the late 1910s. This kind of shot is one in a scene which neither contains any of the characters in the story, nor is a Point of View shot seen by one of them. An early example is when
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1069:) film chronicles a photographer's struggle to capture a ghost on camera. Using the double exposure of the film, Smith overlaid a transparent ghostly figure onto the background in a comical manner to taunt the photographer. Smith's
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for Kosmorama, This combined the circus, sex, jealousy and murder, all put over with great conviction, and pushed the other Danish filmmakers further in this direction. By 1912, the Danish film companies were multiplying rapidly.
539:
was clearly defined, exhibitors were allowed to exercise their creative freedom in their presentations. To enhance the viewers' experience, some showings were accompanied by live musicians in an orchestra, a theatre organ, live
1182:. In the film. a man becomes irritated by the presence of the filmmaker and "swallows" the camera and its operator through the use of interpolated close-up shots. He combined these effects, along with superimpositions, use of
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5877:
became the highest-grossing film of all time, 3D films gained brief popularity with many other films being released in 3D, with the best critical and financial successes being in the field of feature film animation such as
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boasted a "bigger is better" approach to marketing films to a dwindling US audience. This resulted in the revival of epic films to take advantage of the new big screen formats. Some of the most successful examples of these
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motion pictures, the way "Hollywood" released its films would now change. Films, for the most part, would premiere in a wider number of theatres, although, to this day, some films still premiere using the route of the
3438:
of 1952. Distressed by the increasing number of closed theatres, studios and companies would find new and innovative ways to bring audiences back. These included attempts to widen their appeal with new screen formats.
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Hollywood studios increasingly focused on producing a smaller number of very large budget films with massive marketing and promotional campaigns. This trend had already been foreshadowed by the commercial success of
6164:
resulted in the closure of film theaters around the world in response to lockdowns. Many films slated to release in the early 2020s faced delays in development, production, and distribution, with others released on
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reproduced by separated devices, which were difficult to initiate and to maintain rigged. On August 31, 1903, Messter held the first sound projection that took place in Germany at the "Apollo" Theater in Berlin.
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was released. The film went on to become the most successful martial arts film in cinematic history, popularized the martial arts film genre across the world, and cemented Bruce Lee's status as a cultural icon.
1082:. He did this by repeating the action a second time, while filming it with an inverted camera, and then joining the tail of the second negative to that of the first. The first films made using this device were
4611:). During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual content and showed gunfight and battle scenes that included graphic images of bloody deaths – a notable example of this is
5850:. This camera system used the latest HD video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron by Emmy nominated Director of Photography Vince Pace, to his specifications. The same camera system was used to film
1749:(1915), where a wobbly hand-held shot of a door and its keyhole represents the POV of a drunken man. The use of anamorphic (in the general sense of distorted shape) images first appears in these years when
349:
Advances towards motion picture projection technologies were based on the popularity of magic lanterns, chronophotographic demonstrations, and other closely related forms of projected entertainment such as
7845:
1639:
were a complex transitional period for the film industry. The exhibition of films changed from short one-reel programmes to feature films. Exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices.
1134:. In a phantom ride film, cameras would capture the motion and surroundings from the front of a moving train. The separate shots, when edited together, formed a distinct sequence of events and established
989:(1899) by cranking the camera apparatus very slowly. When the film was projected at the usual 16 frames per second, the scenery appeared to be passing at great speed. Hepworth used the opposite effect in
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company, Deutsche Éclair. This was expropriated by the German government, and turned into DECLA when the war started. But altogether, German producers only had a minor part of the German market in 1914.
1513:, is limited to the U.S. market, which has reached a saturation level, so the U.S. seeks additional profits from foreign markets. Movies are defined as "pure" American phenomenon in the United States.
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and released by Disney. After the success of Toy Story, computer animation would grow to become the dominant technique for feature-length animation, which would allow competing film companies such as
4488:. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and ground-breaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as
1777:
1413:, a fairground showman, and after a brief period imitating the successes of French and British filmmakers, in 1907 he produced 67 films, most directed by Viggo Larsen, with sensational subjects like
4107:, marking the beginning of his productive career. Both the quality and quantity of filmmaking had increased rapidly by the end of the 1950s. South Korean films, such as Lee Byeong-il's 1956 comedy
1879:
between parallel actions came to be used – more so in American films than in European ones. Cross-cutting was used to get new effects of contrast, such as the cross-cut sequence in
1834:
By 1914, continuity cinema was the established mode of commercial cinema. One of the advanced continuity techniques involved an accurate and smooth transition from one shot to another. Cutting to
78:(1980s), and the internet (1990s), influenced the distribution and consumption of films. Film production usually responded with content to fit the new media, and technical innovations (including
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In the United States, these changes brought destruction to many film companies, the Vitagraph company being an exception. Film production began to shift to Los Angeles during World War I. The
167:
Shadowgraphy and shadow puppetry represent early examples of the intent to use moving imagery for entertainment and storytelling. Thought to have originated in the Far East, the art form used
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humor, and became a huge success throughout the Far East. As a result, Chan continued this trend with martial arts action films containing even more elaborate and dangerous stunts, including
404:
2302:, which was mostly silent but contained what is generally regarded as the first synchronized dialogue (and singing) in a feature film; but this process was actually accomplished first by
1741:
It was during this period that camera effects intended to convey the subjective feelings of characters in a film really began to be established. These could now be done as Point of View (
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as directors. They started out by imitating the subjects favoured by the Danish film industry, but by 1913 they were producing their own strikingly original work, which sold very well.
1347:
With the worldwide film boom, more countries now joined Britain, France, Germany and the United States in serious film production. In Italy, production was spread over several centers,
4802:
marked the end of the visionary "auteur" directors of the "New Hollywood", who had unrestrained creative and financial freedom to develop films. The phenomenal success in the 1970s of
1999:
made a series of films that combined the realities of people's lives with their surroundings in a striking manner, while Mauritz Stiller developed sophisticated comedy to a new level.
9573:
4856:
became something of a popular culture phenomenon and resulted in a spate of similar sex films. The porn cinemas finally died out during the 1980s, when the popularization of the home
1872:, 1914), is even more complex, with a series of reveries and flash-backs that contrast the protagonist's real passage through life with what might have been, if his son had not died.
5565:
was released in 1990. It is considered by many as one of the greatest movies to be made, particularly in the gangster genre. It is said to be the highest point of Scorsese's career.
5507:
The early 1990s saw the development of a commercially successful independent cinema in the United States. Although cinema was increasingly dominated by special-effects films such as
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in Rome. "Hollywood" films were still largely aimed at family audiences, and it was often the more old-fashioned films that produced the studios' biggest successes. Productions like
4123:
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There has been an increasing globalization of cinema during this decade, with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Examples of such films include
1953:(1915), brought out the moral dilemmas facing their characters in a more subtle way than Griffith. DeMille was also in closer touch with the reality of contemporary American life.
1957:
was also highly ranked for the pictorial beauties of his films, together with the subtlety of his handling of fantasy, while at the same time he was capable of getting greater
1889:(1918), in which a supposedly dead husband is having a liaison with a Chinese prostitute in an opium den, while simultaneously his unknowing wife is being remarried in church.
5951:
5664:, the industry once again started to make theatrical releases more attractive, with new 3D technologies and epic (fantasy and superhero) films becoming a mainstay in cinemas.
793:
and began experiments with the device by creating actualities. During this period of experimentation, Méliès discovered and implemented various special effects including the
6228:
1798:, i.e. close-ups of objects other than faces, had already been established by the Brighton school, but were infrequently used before 1914. It is really only with Griffith's
1332:
1239:, was achieved by replacing the actor with a dummy for the final shot. The technique used in the film is seen as one of the earliest known uses of special effects in film.
552:
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4111:, had begun winning international awards. In contrast to the beginning of the 1950s, when only 5 films were made per year, 111 films were produced in South Korea in 1959.
949:
From 1896, Messter was interested in the search of a method of reproduction and synchronization of the sound effects of the cinematographic performance at the time of the
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https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Short_History_of_Film_Third_Edition/fF9TDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22History+of+film%22+-wikipedia&printsec=frontcover
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in 1994. The same year marked the beginning of film and video distribution online. Animated films aimed at family audiences also regained their popularity, with Disney's
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would tout films featuring "Emergo" "Percepto", the first of a series of gimmicks that would remain popular marketing tools for Castle and others throughout the 1960s.
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is the first feature-length film to use the Vitaphone sound-on-disc sound system with a synchronized musical score and sound effects, though it has no spoken dialogue.
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As films grew longer, specialist writers were employed to simplify more complex stories derived from novels or plays into a form that could be contained on one reel.
5100:(niche) markets usually offered lower quality, cheap productions that were not deemed very suitable for the general audiences of television and theatrical releases.
2340:. The trend convinced the largely reluctant industrialists that "talking pictures", or "talkies", were the future. A lot of attempts were made before the success of
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appealed to a "middlebrow" audience which was increasingly being ignored by the major Hollywood studios. While the films of the 1970s had helped to define modern
2370:, where silents co-existed successfully with sound well into the 1930s, indeed producing what would be some of the most revered classics in those countries, like
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Symbolic effects taken over from conventional literary and artistic tradition continued to make some appearances in films during these years. In D. W. Griffith's
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from previous Edison films with newly shot footage and spliced them together to convey a dramatic story of the rescue of a woman and her child by heroic firemen.
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In 1898, George Albert Smith experimented with close-ups, filming shots of a man drinking beer and a woman using sniffing tobacco. The following year, Smith made
1491:, the owner of a chain of cinemas, brought Asta Nielsen and Urban Gad to Germany from Denmark in 1911, and set up a production company, Projektions-AG "Union" (
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cinema chain, started fiction film production for them in 1909, directing a number of the films himself. Production increased in 1912, when the company engaged
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The first paying audience for a motion picture gathered at Madison Square Garden to see a staged actuality that purported itself to be a boxing fight filmed by
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to effectively compete with Disney with successful films of their own. During the late 1990s, another cinematic transition began, from physical film stock to
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were frequently listed in critics' polls for the best films of the 2010s. In 2010, the first woman to win the Best Director Award in Oscar history appeared.
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began making hundreds of chronophotographic studies of the motion of animals and humans in real-time. He was soon followed by other chronophotographers like
1276:(1903), had a running time of twelve minutes, with twenty separate shots and ten different indoor and outdoor locations. The film is seen as a first in the
890:, the industry's first female director. Her earlier films share many characteristics and themes with her contemporary competitors, such as the Lumières and
729:
From 1910 on, regular newsreels were exhibited and soon became a popular way of discovering the news before the advent of television – the
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In 2011, the largest film industries by number of feature films produced were those of India, the United States, China, Nigeria, and Japan. In Hollywood,
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techniques, but these were only very rarely marketed and no form of animated photography had much cultural impact before the advent of chronophotography.
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on the projectors to oscillatingly cause intermittent movement to advance the frames of the film and he set up the first film studio in Germany in 1900.
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The onset of US involvement in World War II also brought a proliferation of films as both patriotism and propaganda. American propaganda films included
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Development of continuous action across multiple shots was furthered in England by a loosely associated group of film pioneers collectively termed "the
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was nominated as the best actress at the Oscar for her role in the film Carman Jones. She became the first black woman to be nominated for this award.
2963:. It is often considered the greatest film of all time. It would set the stage for the modern motion picture, as it revolutionized film story telling.
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and studios established throughout the world. Conventions toward a general cinematic language developed, with film editing, camera movements and other
8515:
3640:(1957). Television began competing seriously with films projected in theatres, but surprisingly it promoted more filmgoing rather than curtailing it.
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taking out commercial bills for the first time, contacting exhibitors and studying their needs for the first time. The world's largest film supplier,
993:(1901). The Chief's movements are sped up by cranking the camera much faster than 16 frames per second, producing what modern audiences would call a "
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introduced a manifesto aimed to purify filmmaking. Its first few films gained worldwide critical acclaim, after which the movement slowly faded out.
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and pornography videotapes allowed audiences to watch sex films at home. In the early 1970s, English-language audiences became more aware of the new
1943:
had the highest standing among American directors in the industry, because of the dramatic excitement he conveyed to the audience through his films.
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in the country, which allowed permanent exhibitors to rent films from the company at a lower cost than the producers that sold their films outright.
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began, and by its end in 2011, it had become the highest-grossing film franchise of all time until the Marvel Cinematic Universe passed it in 2015.
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discouraged daring and ambition beyond a certain degree, a prime example being the brief but still legendary directing career of the iconoclastic
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was most generally useful because it made possible the elimination of uninteresting parts of the action that play no part in advancing the drama.
1004:, a conclusive shift from static singular shots to a series of scenes can be hard to determine. Despite these limitations, Michael Brooke of the
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Russia began its film industry in 1908 with Pathé shooting some fiction subjects there, and then the creation of real Russian film companies by
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The desire for wartime propaganda against the opposition created a renaissance in the film industry in Britain, with realistic war dramas like
2733:", and in animation. Not long after television became prevalent in the early 1950s, colour became more or less standard for theatrical movies.
2214:, to cite just a few examples, made these performers' faces well known on every continent. The Western visual norm that would become classical
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2187:, gained the position it has held, more or less, ever since: film factory for the world and exporting its product to most countries on earth.
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1907:
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6941:. The UCLA Film and Television Archive studies in history, criticism, and theory. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 53–56.
1402:, known locally as "Cretinetti", and elsewhere as "Foolshead" and "Gribouille", achieving worldwide fame with his almost surrealistic gags.
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5826:
5703:, when 150 inexpensive DV cameras were distributed across Iraq, transforming ordinary people into collaborative filmmakers. The success of
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receipts and was the longest film produced at the time. Audiences had probably been drawn to the Corbett-Fitzsimmons film en masse because
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cast by hands or objects to assist in the creation of narratives. Shadow puppetry enjoyed popularity for centuries around Asia, notably in
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in May to widespread financial success. The film, which featured the first kiss in cinematic history, led to the earliest known calls for
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started presenting his chronophotographic recordings in motion, using a device he called the Elektrischen Schnellseher (also known as the
5282:(1979), both of which were unsuccessful as television series, were remade as films and became hugely successful in Japan. In particular,
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gradually came to be used to provide dialogue and narration for the film, thus dispensing the need for narration provided by exhibitors.
593:, the story is arguably the earliest narrative film in history, as well as the first film to be directed by a woman. That same year, the
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During the mid-1970s, more pornographic theatres, euphemistically called "adult cinemas", were established, and the legal production of
2150:(1931) had a large international influence that can still be recognised in the works of current filmmakers, game designers and artists.
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which gradually gets larger until it expands beyond the frame. Other shaped slits were used, including vertical and diagonal apertures.
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was the first company in the field in 1905, and remained the largest in the country through this period. Its most substantial rival was
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dye baths, some had the frames painted in multiple transparent colours by hand, and since 1905 there was a mechanized stencil-process (
1142:, Smith more definitively experimented with continuity of action across successive shots and began using inserts in his films, such as
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There was also an increasing awareness of foreign language cinema in America during this period. During the late 1950s and 1960s, the
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gained power, giving Hollywood and the American film industry the final edge in its competition with other movie producing countries.
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structures continued to develop in this period, with the usual way of entering and leaving a flash-back being through a dissolve. The
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is also note-worthy for pioneering highly sophisticated use of motion capture technology and influencing several other films such as
4553:(1961), which like his previous films also had a profound influence around the world. The influence of this film is most apparent in
2657:, who had previously been in the short cartoon business, stepped into feature films with the first English-speaking animated feature
730:
9726:
2707:, the first commercially successful cinematographic colour process, produced films in two colours (red and cyan) from 1908 to 1914.
86:) and more spectacular films to keep theatrical screenings attractive. Systems that were cheaper and more easily handled (including
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6761:"Ottomar Anschütz, Kinogeschichte, lebender Bilder, Kino, erste-Kinovorführung, Kinovorführung, Projektion, Kinoe, Bewegungsbilder"
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who come and rescue them. The film also used the first "reverse angle" cut in film history. The following year, Williamson created
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of death, monsters and other scary figures. Around 1790, this practice was developed into a type of multimedia ghost show known as
3274:
1817:(1917), in which there is a series of shots of waves beating on a rocky shore to demonstrate the harsh lives of the fishing folk.
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to explain actions and dialogue on screen began in the early 1900s. Filmed intertitles were first used in Robert W. Paul's film,
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Further, the nuclear paranoia of the age, and the threat of an apocalyptic nuclear exchange (like the 1962 close-call with the
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2621:(both 1931) became popular. Dialogue now took precedence over slapstick in Hollywood comedies: the fast-paced, witty banter of
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had an insert shot of a snake slithering over the "Evil Plant". By 1914 it was widely held in the American film industry that
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de Klerk, Nico (1999). "A Few Remaining Hours: News Films and the Interest in Technology in Amsterdam Film Shows, 1896–1910".
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was released on DVD in both the theatrical version and in a special extended version intended only for home cinema audiences.
5407:. The next step he took was in combining this comedy martial arts genre with a new emphasis on elaborate and highly dangerous
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6036:. Film series based on young adult novels became popular, shifting from fantasy to dystopian sci-fi. Notable series included
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1092:
1047:, among others. Smith and Williamson experimented with action continuity and were likely the first to incorporate the use of
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declined, because many films were now being made on location in other countries, or using studio facilities abroad, such as
814:. The stage construction and editing techniques allowed for the development of more complex stories, such as the 1896 film,
110:. Improving over time, digital production methods became more popular during the 1990s, resulting in increasingly realistic
10568:"The Moving-Picture Show: ... How The Films Are Made, Who Writes The 'Plots', Who Censors The Plays, And What It All Costs"
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continued in the 1960s at the hands of many directors, and Egyptian cinema greatly appreciated women at that time, such as
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began to be used as categories; the main division was into comedy and drama, but these categories were further subdivided.
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10679:
7941:, Pierre-Jean Benghozi and Christian Delage, eds. Paris: Harmattan, Collection Champs Visuels, 1997. English translation:
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Gunning, Tom (2006). "The Cinema of Attraction: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde". In Strauven, Wanda (ed.).
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became a significant "second venue" for exhibition of films, and an additional source of revenue for the film industries.
1760:. In this film the effect of a drug administered to a group of people was suggested by shooting the scenes reflected in a
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5175:(1983) helped to establish him as one of the most critically acclaimed American film makers of the era. Also during 1983
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also produced a series of atmospheric and influential small-budget horror films, some of the more famous examples being
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attributes real film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, to Robert W. Paul's 1898 film,
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was one of the dominant German producers before the rise of UFA, with which it merged eventually. Messter first added a
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Rothstein, Edward; B, S.-Ilent Films Were Never Silent When the Evil Landlord Twirled His Moustache (8 February 1981).
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became famous. These Hong Kong action trends were later adopted by many Hollywood action films in the 1990s and 2000s.
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4319:(all in 1965–1966) helped to reduce prohibitions of sex and nudity on screen, while the casual sex and violence of the
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also experienced a 'Golden Age' in the 1950s, beginning with director Lee Kyu-hwan's tremendously successful remake of
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Following the end of World War II in the 1940s, the following decade, the 1950s, marked a 'golden age' for non-English
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In the U.S., a post-WW2 tendency toward questioning the establishment and societal norms and the early activism of the
815:
7353:
Turvey, Gerry (2004). "Panoramas, Parades and the Picturesque: The Aesthetics of British Actuality Films, 1895–1901".
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5985:. Disney releases were frequently the top-grossing films annually in the latter half of the decade, with titles like
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included deliberately distorted forms, complex tinting, and streaks of light painted directly onto the sets. It uses
1000:
The first films to move from single shots to successive scenes began around the turn of the 20th century. Due to the
9067:
6563:"Dickensian 'Dissolving Views': The Magic Lantern, Visual Story-telling and the Victorian Technological Imagination"
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The documentary film also rose as a commercial genre for perhaps the first time, with the success of films such as
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3472:
2190:
By the 1920s, the United States reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800
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cinema had been the most globally popular. The war came as a devastating interruption to European film industries.
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when he pioneered the use of time lapse and micro cinematography in his 1910 documentary on the growth of flowers.
674:
asserted that the intentional staging and recreation of events for newsreels "brought storytelling to the screen".
29:
This article is about the history of film as an artistic medium. For the history of motion-picture technology, see
9302:
Transnational Cinematic and Popular Music Icons : Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge, and Queen Latifah, 1917–2017
9139:
9053:
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4987:", which dominated Indian cinema throughout the late 20th century. These "Masala" films portrayed action, comedy,
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systems became increasingly sophisticated, as did some of the special edition DVDs designed to be shown on them.
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2170:
1540:
New film techniques that were introduced in this period include the use of artificial lighting, fire effects and
1044:
1040:
632:
337:
5369:(1988), which although initially unsuccessful at Japanese theaters, went on to become an international success.
2108:, the earliest large-scale film studio complex (founded 1912) Today its one of the major film studios worldwide.
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combine would dominate "Hollywood" cinema for much of the 1980s, and lead to much imitation. Two follow-ups to
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for the Edison Manufacturing Company and distributed the film the following year. In the film, Porter combined
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17:
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films helped to make sequels of successful films more of an expectation than ever before. Lucas also launched
1900:) were used usually for full-length films instead of individual scenes. D.W. Griffiths' ground-breaking epic,
622:, Australia. The Limelight Department produced evangelistic material for use by the Salvation Army, including
10469:
Munslow, Alun (December 2007). "Film and history: Robert A. Rosenstone and History on Film/Film on History".
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5482:
5036:
5007:, who remains one of the most popular film stars in South Asia. The most popular Indian film of all time was
4569:
4422:
4392:
3022:
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706:
462:. Building upon previous machines by Muybridge, Marey, Anschütz and others, Dickson and his team created the
149:
94:) allowed for an increasing number of people to create films of varying qualities, for any purpose including
9192:
5746:
Due to advances in film projection technology, feature films were now able to be released simultaneously to
5652:
platforms like YouTube provided means for anyone with access to internet and cameras (a standard feature of
3695:. Many of the most critically acclaimed Asian films of all time were produced during this decade, including
1728:". This began in 1915, with some shots being intentionally thrown out of focus for expressive effect, as in
1479:. The Khanzhonkov company quickly became much the largest Russian film company, and remained so until 1918.
1425:. By 1910, new smaller Danish companies began joining the business, and besides making more films about the
985:. Both filmmakers experimented with the speeds of the camera to generate new effects. Paul shot scenes from
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3071:'s experiences in World War II would influence his largely autobiographical films of later decades such as
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2726:
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was developed and exported – although its adoption was slower in some non-Western countries without strong
1864:
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1405:
The most important film-producing country in Northern Europe up until the First World War was Denmark. The
1247:
1223:
1172:
1036:
886:, the firm initially sold photographic equipment and began film production in 1897, under the direction of
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The use of film as an art form traces its origins to several earlier traditions in the arts such as (oral)
10687:
8458:
7083:"Birth of An Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation: Vaudeville and the Movies"
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The strictures of wartime also brought an interest in more fantastical subjects. These included Britain's
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served as one of the vehicles that would launch the film medium into mass popularity. That same year, the
512:
378:, was displayed to over 500,000 visitors over the course of 12,800 shows. On 25, 29 and 30 November 1894,
203:
allowed for smoother transitions between two projected images and aided in providing stronger narratives.
56:
8539:"Opinion: Yes, the new Mary Queen of Scots film is inaccurate – but historians can't agree on her anyway"
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187:. These popular shows entertained audiences using mechanical slides, rear projection, mobile projectors,
7942:
7745:
6514:"Next Slide Please: The Magical, Scientific, and Corporate Discourses of Visual Projection Technologies"
2394:, the live narrator who was a major part of Japanese silent cinema, found his acting career was ending.
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in 1901. A former projectionist hired by Thomas Edison to develop his new projection model known as the
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in popularity. Hindi filmmakers combined the Hollywood musical formula with the conventions of ancient
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5383:, also experienced a revival in the 1980s, largely due to the reinvention of the action film genre by
2485:
1671:(1916), but, due to the high quality of film produced in the US, the market for their films was high.
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containing lines of dialogue began to be used consistently from 1908 onwards, such as in Vitagraph's
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1016:
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60:
6678:"Copycats: Anschütz Chronophotographs as Direct Source Materials for Early Edison Kinetoscope Films"
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Circa 80 percent of the films of the 1890s to the 1920s had colours. Many made use of monochromatic
710:
was released. The film was a complete recording of a heavyweight world championship boxing match at
10727:
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Castle, Terry (1988). "Phantasmagoria: Spectral Technology and the Metaphorics of Modern Reverie".
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genre had declined in Hollywood by this time, musical films were quickly gaining popularity in the
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3600:
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3182:
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2007:
1755:
1652:
1544:(i.e. lighting in which most of the frame is dark) for enhanced atmosphere during sinister scenes.
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friends or passing traffic as the moving subjects. The earliest surviving film, known today as the
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6998:
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to finance and produce non-mainstream fare. One of the most successful independents of the 1990s,
4474:, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like
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were produced in a Hollywood that was once known for its overt patriotism and wartime propaganda.
355:
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6212:
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4909:. However, he did not gain fame in the Western world until shortly after his death in 1973, when
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1958:
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was one of the first films to show a continuity of action across multiple scenes. The use of the
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was released, which was very profitable and resulted in even greater fame for its leading actor
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Many German and German-based directors, actors, writers and others emigrated to the US when the
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was seriously weakened by the war. The most important of the new film producers at the time was
527:
491:
458:, to help develop a device that could produce visuals to accompany the sounds produced from the
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10189:
9106:
9102:"Berlin: How Studio Babelsberg Beat the Odds, from 'The Pianist' to 'The Matrix Resurrections'"
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4344:. In Latin America, the dominance of the "Hollywood" model was challenged by many film makers.
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3981:, whose films had a profound influence on world cinema, with directors such as Akira Kurosawa,
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3628:(1959). He began, however, getting more involved in live action films, producing classics like
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2010:, both in bourgeois comedy and in spectacle, and applied this to his films, culminating in his
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In subsequent years, screenings of actualities and newsreels proved to be profitable. In 1897,
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447:(1888), was captured by Louis Le Prince and briefly depicted members of his family in motion.
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374:
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5525:(1997), the latter of which became the highest-grossing film of all time at the time up until
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that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy".
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10388:
Hennefeld, Maggie (December 2016). "Death from Laughter, Female Hysteria, and Early Cinema".
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technology. Meanwhile, DVDs became the new standard for consumer video, replacing VHS tapes.
5345:(OVA) films also began during this decade; the most influential of these early OVA films was
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may be blurred. The beginnings of post-classical storytelling may be seen in 1940s and 1950s
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3850:(1954). These films have had a profound influence on world cinema. In particular, Kurosawa's
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1014:. Only a still from the second shot remains extant today. Released in 1901, the British film
802:
659:
443:
433:
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192:
10674:
8564:
7987:
Strauven, Wanda (2006). "From 'Primitive Cinema' to 'Marvelous'". In Strauven, Wanda (ed.).
5411:, reminiscent of the silent film era. The first film in this new style of action cinema was
5341:(1988), all of which were very successful in Japan and received worldwide critical acclaim.
1992:
put a slow intensity of acting combined with Symbolist overtones onto film in a unique way.
701:, which allowed for longer continuous runtimes and was less abrasive on the celluloid film.
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9875:"2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors"
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The end of the decade saw the first major international marketing of Australian cinema, as
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2012:
1996:
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906:(1905). Many of Guy's early dance films were popular in music-hall attractions such as the
879:
856:
779:
611:
598:
359:
342:
176:
64:
9121:
8606:"EDWIN S. PORTER'S THE GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY: A Focus on the Origins of Narrative Structure"
6760:
6619:
5774:
was the first major feature film to have been at least partially shot in IMAX technology.
4211:
3998:
1651:
Feature Play Company, and Famous Players, both formed in 1913, and later amalgamated into
8:
7939:
Une Histoire Économique du Cinéma Français (1895–1995), Regards Croisés Franco-Américains
6026:
5904:
5842:
5764:
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5586:
5521:
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4297:
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4193:
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3176:
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2512:
2257:
2022:
1940:
1869:
1795:
1734:
1712:
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1299:
opened the first permanent theater devoted exclusively to the presentation of films, the
1236:
1232:
1096:, made before September 1900. Cecil Hepworth took this technique further by printing the
1048:
794:
786:
762:
711:
292:
207:
9390:
5967:
was the most successful movie of all-time at the box office. Other top earners included
4629:", main characters may behave in a morally ambiguous fashion, and the lines between the
2132:
and other "intellectual" topics triggered by the experiences of World War I. Films like
953:. So Messter invented the Tonbilder Biophon to show films, in which a gramophone played
887:
855:, where he used his expertise in effects and narrative construction to create the first
836:. In Méliès' films, he based the placement of the camera on the theatrical construct of
590:
579:
562:
379:
324:
313:
10486:
10128:
10009:"Remembering Ezz Eldin Zulfikar: The romantic film pioneer – Film – Arts & Culture"
9452:
8625:
8304:
8218:
8138:
8002:
7893:
7781:
7726:
7558:
7432:
7378:
7330:
7293:
7222:
7214:
7144:
7063:
6919:
6884:
6742:
6697:
6662:
6658:
6623:
6615:
6580:
6543:
6494:
6459:
6451:
6281:
6166:
6081:
6075:
5879:
5873:
5858:
5527:
5278:
5195:
5165:
4972:
4848:
4677:. This sparked heated controversy over the perceived escalation of violence in cinema.
4649:
4285:
3908:
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3134:
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851:
615:
332:
297:
227:
134:
115:
9418:
8672:
7478:
6788:
The man who invented motion pictures: a true tale of obsession, murder, and the movies
6641:
Lawrence, Amy (2003). "Counterfeit Motion: The Animated Films of Eadweard Muybridge".
6598:
Latsis (2015). "Landscape in Motion: Muybridge and the Origins of Chronophotography".
4333:
654:
and actualities. During the creation of these films, cinematographers often drew upon
102:. The technical quality was usually lower than professional movies, but improved with
10535:
10506:
10490:
10441:
10345:
10270:
10114:
9852:
9471:
9333:
9305:
9033:
9008:
8998:
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8909:
8858:
8808:
8736:
8713:
8703:
8678:
8617:
8574:
8388:
8296:
8208:
8171:
8161:
8142:
8130:
7992:
7967:
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7885:
7849:
7811:
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7169:
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5150:
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3500:(1961). Also during this period a number of other significant films were produced in
3078:
3067:, and many of those in the film industry had served in some capacity during the war.
3027:
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2903:
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1963:
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made a big impression worldwide, and it was followed by even bigger productions like
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383:
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287:
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91:
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extensively. American independent cinema struggled more during the decade, although
2713:'s natural three-strip colour process was very successfully introduced in 1932 with
2430:
1776:
305:
51:
The advent of film as an artistic medium is not clearly defined. There were earlier
10478:
10431:
10403:
9897:
9826:
9784:
8380:
8120:
8112:
7805:
7761:
7753:
7710:
7577:
7509:
7416:
7362:
7198:
6923:
6903:
6689:
6607:
6525:
6435:
5656:) to publish videos to the world. Also competing with the increasing popularity of
5623:
5577:
5478:
5413:
5228:
5113:
5108:
5004:
4980:
4911:
4818:
4803:
4733:
4722:
4578:
4485:
4408:
4397:
4384:
4345:
4291:
4264:
4241:
4178:
4002:
3990:
3928:
3914:
3490:
3444:
3120:
3094:
2898:
2815:
2617:
2586:
2581:
2473:
2463:
2399:
2070:
1954:
1944:
1880:
1808:
1787:
1706:
1541:
1496:
1449:
954:
907:
719:
682:
671:
500:
437:
222:
led to the invention of the Fantascope, also known as the stroboscopic disk or the
196:
10604:
The St. James Women Filmmakers Encyclopedia: Women on the Other Side of the Camera
9357:"Hybrid Cinematics: Rethinking the role of filmmakers of color in American Cinema"
2516:(1929), and the form would find its first major creator in choreographer/director
1628:
863:
785:
The most widely cited progenitor of narrative filmmaking is the French filmmaker,
320:
to project animations of the contours of his recordings, traced onto glass discs.
125:
have emerged during the history of film, and enjoyed variable degrees of success.
10691:
10572:
10209:
10152:
9874:
9027:
8486:
8433:
8323:
8287:
Gray, Frank (1998). "Smith the Showman: The Early Years of George Albert Smith".
8189:
8116:
8049:
7949:
6276:
6235:
6121:
6116:
6070:
6065:
5770:
5752:
5685:
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5376:
5360:
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5263:
5223:
5154:
5097:
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4697:
4681:
4604:
4514:
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4448:
4427:
4368:
4268:
4215:
4207:
4152:
4119:
4010:
3982:
3969:
3960:
3956:
3941:
3933:
3897:
3855:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3779:
3769:
3753:
3722:
3711:
3649:
3585:
3449:
3419:
3325:
3285:
3250:
3225:
3220:
3145:
3139:
3115:
3090:
3073:
2978:
2972:
2932:
2912:
2908:
2591:
2447:
2411:
2367:
2363:
2298:
2223:
2195:
2089:
2074:
2066:
2059:
1978:
1974:
1636:
1465:
1368:
1307:
1277:
1183:
1178:
1102:
1010:
871:
604:
536:
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as truthful documents of the world, but the show also included the staged comedy
479:
429:
418:
366:
in Paris. Reynaud's device, which projected a series of animated stories such as
231:
223:
215:
188:
8954:
7241:
6693:
5551:(1992) had significant commercial success both at the cinema and on home video.
3841:
3831:
3696:
2381:
2096:
1698:
also came into prominence with a series of very successful comedies and dramas.
883:
10649:
10498:
10334:
The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915 (History of the American Cinema, Vol. 2)
9523:
9426:
9249:
9072:
8384:
7746:"The Gentleman in the Stalls: Georges Méliès and Spectatorship in Early Cinema"
6611:
6195:
6059:
5981:
5939:
5699:
5631:
5547:
5459:
5403:
5312:
5204:
5200:
5062:
5000:
4948:, laying the foundations for the rise of Hong Kong action cinema in the 1980s.
4936:
4853:
4792:
4782:
4762:
4757:
4549:
4544:
4526:
4413:
4380:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4257:
4156:
4135:
3827:
3774:
3680:
3555:
3423:
3351:
3302:
3241:
3165:
3151:
3106:
3061:. Soldiers returning from the war would provide the inspiration for films like
2832:
2789:
2785:
2517:
2419:
2337:
2312:. This drama consisted of picture slides and moving pictures synchronized with
2253:
2249:
2219:
2166:
2003:
1695:
1691:
1648:
1578:
1398:
Italian companies also had a strong line in slapstick comedy, with actors like
1296:
1286:
1205:
1079:
1059:
of the film in the camera. The effect was pioneered by Smith in the 1898 film,
971:
967:
790:
738:
644:
368:
219:
211:
184:
157:
111:
107:
52:
10639:
10482:
9961:
9574:"THE 'WORLD' OF SATYAJIT RAY: LEGACY OF INDIA'S PREMIER FILM MAKER ON DISPLAY"
8434:"BFI Screenonline: Mary Jane's Mishap or, Don't Fool with the Paraffin (1903)"
8007:
7839:
7757:
7662:
7285:
7218:
7067:
6806:
6786:
5584:, was bought by Disney the year before the release of Tarantino's runaway hit
5060:
also garnered international attention for his violent, low-budget action film
3648:
is probably a unique film in at least one interesting respect. Its two leads,
2771:
1371:
was historical epics, with large casts and massive scenery. As early as 1911,
1186:
to denote a scene change, and other techniques to create a film language, or "
1108:
961:
758:
10701:
10407:
9012:
8717:
8621:
8578:
8300:
8175:
8134:
8101:"A short history of superimposition: From spirit photography to early cinema"
7889:
7722:
7554:
7428:
7374:
7326:
7210:
7109:
7023:
6880:
6654:
6539:
6490:
6447:
6359:
6144:
5943:
5933:
5888:
5846:
which was released as the first full-length 3-D IMAX feature filmed with the
5797:
5715:
5690:
5674:
5643:
5604:
5581:
5502:
5474:
5332:
5308:
5234:
5219:
5125:
5075:
5047:
5042:
5019:
4999:" song and dance routines thrown in. This trend began with films directed by
4941:
4865:
4824:
4717:
4705:
4701:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4537:
4471:
4325:
4246:
4220:
4147:
4063:
4047:
4040:
4014:
3964:
3949:
3945:
3816:
3791:
3595:
3496:
3427:
3329:
3269:
3210:
3068:
2766:
2747:
2644:
2606:
2561:
2325:
2317:
2280:
2230:
2199:
2146:
2045:
1989:
1973:
was the leader in developing "polite comedy", while slapstick was refined by
1876:
1818:
1761:
1729:
1617:
1582:
1552:
1483:
1429:, they contributed other new subjects. The most important of these finds was
1360:
1290:
1264:
950:
935:
911:
753:
742:
623:
516:
451:
317:
161:
103:
10238:"They're here to save the world: but how many superhero movies can we take?"
7366:
6984:
6939:
Before the nickelodeon: Edwin S. Porter and the Edison Manufacturing Company
6848:
5080:
During the 1980s, audiences began increasingly watching films on their home
4924:" films. This trend eventually came to an end in 1978 with the martial arts
2698:
2537:
2055:
1547:
Continuity of action from shot to shot was also refined, such as in Pathé's
1399:
10363:
10242:
9817:
8222:
7168:. Internet Archive. Palo Alto, Calif. : Mayfield Pub. Co. p. 12.
7148:
6039:
6013:
5942:
greatly increased in popularity and financial success, with films based on
5720:
5627:
5490:
5316:
5207:, which earned him $ 60-$ 90m after including his percentage of the gross.
5137:
in 1982, while Spielberg enjoyed one of the decade's greatest successes in
5104:
4952:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4880:
4689:
4626:
4554:
4496:
4440:
4353:
4232:
4127:
4104:
4083:
4035:
4026:
4018:
4006:
3978:
3937:
3923:
3748:
3706:
3692:
3688:
3671:
3653:
3590:
3411:
3370:
3297:
3032:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2922:
2875:
2819:
2722:
2694:
2664:
2577:
2528:
2507:
2349:
2203:
1982:
1675:
1588:
In 1909, 35mm became the internationally recognized theatrical film gauge.
1430:
1406:
1187:
1165:
James Williamson perfected narrative building techniques in his 1900 film,
1131:
943:
939:
723:
541:
309:
140:
10669:
10629:
10546:
Reel Racism. Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture
10342:
The Missing Reel: The Untold Story of the Lost Inventor of Moving Pictures
7513:
6319:. Internet Archive. Palo Alto, Calif. : Mayfield Pub. Co. p. 4.
5218:
British cinema was given a boost during the early 1980s by the arrival of
4709:
This led to some great critical and commercial successes, like Scorsese's
4182:
2194:
films annually, or 82% of the global total (Eyman, 1997). The comedies of
485:
10058:
6053:
6021:
5987:
5961:, with 2019 having the most films in the top 50. The 2019 superhero film
5724:
5657:
5653:
5608:(1994). During 1995, the first feature-length computer-animated feature,
5388:
5384:
5355:
5159:
5119:
5092:, which proved unsuccessful. Eventually, the sale and rental of films on
5085:
4945:
4925:
4873:
4861:
4808:
4711:
4693:
4673:
4634:
4481:
4464:
4315:
4160:
4030:
3986:
3959:'s 'Golden Age' of the 1950s, it was producing 200 films annually, while
3892:
3836:
3701:
3454:
3440:
3198:
3058:
2936:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2654:
2533:
2489:
2415:
2403:
2371:
1927:
1892:
1598:
1228:
1192:
1101:
arrangement came to be called a "projection printer", and eventually an "
994:
891:
841:
734:
698:
686:
463:
316:. In 1879, Muybridge started lecturing on animal locomotion and used his
239:
235:
200:
153:
144:
95:
68:
9919:
9213:
8629:
8605:
8125:
7897:
7873:
7562:
7538:
6733:
Myrent, Glenn (1989). "Emile Reynaud: First Motion Picture Cartoonist".
6547:
5825:(multiple European languages). Italy is the most awarded country at the
5568:
4271:
and others lead to a group of realistic and innovative dramas including
4033:
being influenced by his cinematic style. According to Michael Sragow of
3248:
would experience the best of their creative partnership with films like
2891:(1945). Notable American films from the war years include the anti-Nazi
2050:
1200:
894:. She explored dance and travel films, often combining the two, such as
726:
since he had played a fictionalized version of himself in a stage play.
578:
established short relationship dynamics and simple storylines. In 1896,
9940:
9329:
9032:. London: BFI modern classics, British Film Institute. pp. 62–63.
8308:
7766:
7730:
7436:
7382:
7334:
6888:
6746:
6498:
6455:
5815:
5694:
5562:
5422:
5291:
5186:
5093:
5031:
4988:
4739:
4630:
4612:
4520:
4372:
4320:
4071:
4067:
4043:
3994:
3948:. Japanese cinema later became one of the main inspirations behind the
3902:
3738:
3431:
3215:
3193:
3129:
3082:
3005:
2775:
2667:
in 1937. 1939, a major year for American cinema, brought such films as
2552:
2541:
2446:
This awkward period was fairly short-lived. 1929 was a watershed year:
2313:
2274:
1840:
1750:
1725:
1606:
1525:
1457:
1029:
1021:
837:
811:
655:
459:
122:
79:
75:
55:
screenings by others, however, the commercial, public screening of ten
41:
10436:
9638:"Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard grant and lecture endowment"
9068:"Babelsberg: World's oldest large-scale film studio – DW – 01/04/2022"
7407:
MacGowan, Kenneth (1955). "The Story Comes to the Screen: 1896–1906".
4680:
During the 1970s, a new group of American filmmakers emerged, such as
2492:
introduces each of the seven dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937
2183:
The American industry, or "Hollywood", as it was becoming known after
1603:
An Auto Heroine; or, The Race for the Vitagraph Cup and How It Was Won
1573:. Insert shots were also used for artistic purposes; the Italian film
1452:
was smaller and slower to get started than the Danish industry. Here,
250:
74:
Popular new media, including television (mainstream since the 1950s),
10624:
8643:
8459:"BBC – A History of the World – Object: Kinemacolor 35mm cine-camera"
6530:
6513:
5947:
5710:
5610:
5430:
5426:
5380:
5350:
5182:
5134:
5089:
4992:
4960:
4888:
4638:
4075:
4059:
4022:
3871:
3758:
3717:
3505:
3403:
3384:
3367:
3339:
3321:
3157:
2946:
2597:
2333:
2321:
2211:
2169:
became a pioneer in animation, producing animated feature films like
2140:
1647:
was formed in 1912 as an umbrella company. New entrants included the
1441:
1251:
1135:
1066:
1001:
715:
619:
567:
270:
99:
9696:"Before and After: Origins and Death in the Work of Jean-Luc Godard"
7714:
7701:
Kovács, Katherine Singer (1976). "Georges Méliès and the "Féerie"".
7420:
6677:
5785:
4447:) prompted a reaction within the film community as well. Films like
1367:
in Rome, which started producing in 1906. The great strength of the
1235:
being executed in full view of the camera. The effect, known as the
10684:
7202:
6439:
5910:
5555:
5486:
5190:
5088:
tried legal action to ban home ownership of VCRs as a violation of
3539:
3458:
3343:
3336:
3332:, and many of these fled to Europe, especially the United Kingdom.
2634:
2238:
2129:
2125:
1052:
918:, a big-budget production for the time, which included 300 extras.
651:
87:
9983:"10 times Salah Zulfakar pioneered best scenes in Egyptian cinema"
6012:'s Marvel Cinematic Universe's success with their own franchises.
5950:
released every year. The superhero genre was the most dominant in
3932:(1977). Other famous Japanese filmmakers from this period include
1505:
1055:
between shots. A basic technique for trick cinematography was the
867:
825:, regarded as a first in the horror film genre, and the 1899 film
775:
9668:
9468:
Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker
6293:
6180:
6087:
6024:
or photorealistic remakes of its classic animated films, such as
5837:
5304:
5014:
4895:
films and added a much greater sense of realism to them with his
4079:
3535:
3501:
3462:
2643:, 1933), or the often subversively anarchic nonsense talk of the
2418:, and the greatest box office draw of the 1930s, child performer
2285:
1687:
1391:
1340:
1190:". James Williamson's use of continuous action in his 1901 film,
899:
635:, which is believed to be the first ever film about bushrangers.
504:
83:
10059:"عائلة كرامازوف المصرية.. تشعبت فنياً وأسرياً بالزواج "المزدوج""
9941:
Is the Curtain Finally Falling on the Philippine Kovie Industry?
7840:
Wheeler Winston Dixon, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (30 March 2018).
5429:). The film added elaborate, dangerous stunts to the fights and
3291:
2935:. Bogart would star in 36 films between 1934 and 1942 including
2173:, the oldest surviving and oldest European made animated movie.
882:
was the main regional rival of Pathé-Frères. Founded in 1895 by
10634:
8877:
8566:"A Bloody Rivalry for the Throne, This Time With Margot Robbie"
7955:
6009:
5791:
5531:(2009), also directed by James Cameron, independent films like
5287:
5009:
4968:
4357:
4309:
4240:. As well, audiences were becoming aware of Italian films like
3876:
3763:
3743:
3727:
3306:
2503:
2391:
2177:
2105:
1592:
1356:
1318:
938:
was an important figure in the early years of cinema. His firm
168:
6477:
Mannoni, Laurent; Brewster, Ben (1996). "The Phantasmagoria".
2502:
Sound films emphasized black history, and benefited different
1227:, produced in 1895 by the Edison Company for viewing with the
1090:. The earliest surviving example of this technique is Smith's
10085:"10 groundbreaking films that made Youssef Chahine a pioneer"
10034:"The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus – Al-Ahram Weekly"
7625:
7623:
6344:(2 ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 16.
6229:
History of the Kinetograph, Kinetoscope, and Kinetophonograph
5408:
5294:
5267:
4996:
4964:
4364:
3785:
3467:
3161:
was released, usually considered the last film of this type.
2860:
2854:
2165:(1929) partly created the genre of science fiction films and
2093:
was released, bringing sound to the motion picture industry.
1364:
1352:
1348:
1118:(1900), with the telescope POV simulated by the circular mask
689:
on May 20, 1895. Commissioned by Latham, the French inventor
638:
10653:
8205:
Silver Screen to Digital: A Brief History of Film Technology
7874:"In the Belly of the Beast: The Early Years of Pathé-Frères"
5469:(1988). Other new trends which began in the 1980s were the "
5149:
which was one of the first films from a major studio to use
4816:". However, the enormous success of George Lucas' 1977 film
4252:
3324:
of many actors, writers and directors, including Chayefsky,
3316:
investigated Hollywood in the early 1950s. Protested by the
1827:(1919) has a symbolic sequence dissolving from a picture of
1565:, made in July 1908. Another development was the use of the
748:
424:
Throughout the late 19th century, several inventors such as
10463:
Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film
10109:
K. Moti Gokulsing, K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (2004).
9851:. Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers. Archived from
8829:"On the 'Danishness' of Danish Films in Germany until 1918"
6867:
Rossell, Deac (1995). "A Chronology of Cinema, 1889–1896".
6170:
notable works that reflected changing dynamics of the era.
5747:
5145:
3168:
embarked on their series of celebrated comedies, including
2725:. Technicolor was initially used mainly for musicals like "
1492:
962:
England: Robert W Paul, Cecil Hepworth, The Brighton School
733:
to the South Pole was filmed for the newsreels as were the
172:
10205:"As Its Box Office Booms, Chinese Cinema Makes a 3-D Push"
9193:"When German Exiles Lit up Hollywood's Screens – USC News"
7620:
4058:. Other famous Indian filmmakers from this period include
3542:
would last for only two years, 1952–1954, and helped sell
3426:
continued to cause disruptions when they showed their new
2506:
to a greater extent than silents did. Most obviously, the
754:
France: Georges Méliès, Pathé Frères, Gaumont Film Company
515:
filmed a number of short scenes with their invention, the
10659:
List of Early Sound Films 1894–1929 at Silent Era website
9250:"World's first colour film footage viewed for first time"
6902:
Grainge, Paul; Jancovich, Mark; Monteith, Sharon (2007).
6833:(2nd ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 5–13, 20, 22.
5130:
5081:
4883:, the 1970s saw a dramatic increase in the popularity of
4857:
4771:. It also, however, resulted in some failures, including
3604:(1957). Disney continued making animated films, notably;
2229:
This development was contemporary with the growth of the
1310:
between the major film companies in America known as the
805:
in his films. At the end of 1896, Méliès established the
482:
that would eventually overtake Edison's peep-box format.
9154:"Out of darkness: the influence of German Expressionism"
7917:. Internet Archive. New York : Abrams. p. 78.
6901:
5307:
franchise of mecha anime. This was also the decade when
4791:, which helped to bring about the demise of its backer,
3808:'s 'Golden Age' of the 1950s, successful films included
2945:(1941), one of the first films now considered a classic
2510:
was born; the first classic-style Hollywood musical was
1674:
In France, film production shut down due to the general
10306:
Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema, 1896 to the Present
9727:"Film Reviews: Grave of the Fireflies (Hotaru no Haka)"
8955:"Timeline of Greatest Film History Milestones'..."1914"
8855:
The Red Rooster Scare Making Cinema American, 1900–1910
8674:
The early development of the motion picture (1887–1909)
6969:(2nd ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 26.
6402:"The Magic Lantern Shows that Influenced Modern Horror"
5056:
gained critical acclaim. In 1979, Australian filmmaker
4704:. This coincided with the increasing popularity of the
3218:
was also rapidly becoming a force in world cinema with
2390:(Japan, 1932). But even in Japan, a figure such as the
1665:(1915). Griffith followed this up with the even bigger
544:
and commentary spoken by the showman or projectionist.
8076:"BFI Screenonline: Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901)"
6131:
became the first non-English-language film to win the
5359:(1985). The most famous anime film of this decade was
4891:, who departed from the artistic style of traditional
4653:. 1971 marked the release of controversial films like
4470:
In documentary film the sixties saw the blossoming of
489:
A frame from the Lumière brothers staged comedy film,
10111:
Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change
9665:"Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration"
8263:"BFI Screenonline: Smith, G.A. (1864–1959) Biography"
8242:
University of Brighton College of Arts and Humanities
7810:. Internet Archive. Boston : Allyn & Bacon.
5266:
experienced a revival, largely due to the success of
5143:
the same year. 1982 also saw the release of Disney's
3137:. Major films of this type during the 1940s included
2788:. These existed alongside more flamboyant films like
2051:
Golden years of European cinema, Hollywood triumphant
1918:, are some notable examples of tinted silent films.
1306:
In 1908, Thomas Edison spearheaded the creation of a
1201:
United States: The Edison Company and Edwin S. Porter
737:
demonstrations that were happening at the same time.
697:
and crafted a mechanism that came to be known as the
10503:
The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907
10376:
Dixon, Wheeler Winston and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster.
8857:. University of California Press. pp. 176–179.
8349:"BFI Screenonline: Attack on a China Mission (1900)"
8158:
The modern supernatural and the beginnings of cinema
7265:
5554:
Filmmakers associated with the Danish film movement
3538:
also proliferated to lure in audiences. The fad for
741:
was an early nature documentary pioneer working for
390:
336:
summer 1892. Others saw it in London or at the 1893
10680:
A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film
10428:
The Altering Eye: Contemporary International Cinema
10391:
differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies
8995:
Hollywood lighting from the silent era to film noir
7844:(3rd ed.). Rutgers University Press. pp.
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
4543:In Japanese cinema, Academy Award-winning director
4536:is often considered the beginning of the so-called
4329:in 1962 would render the series popular worldwide.
3320:before the committee, the hearings resulted in the
2840:allowed Disney to make more animated features like
1065:. According to Smith's catalogue records, the (now
662:and the intentional placement of the camera in the
234:and others tried to combine the technique with the
10202:
7744:Kessler, Frank (2012-12-31), Christie, Ian (ed.),
3447:distinction until 1967, was announced with 1953's
2116:cinema, marked by those times, saw the era of the
1824:Nelson; The Story of England's Immortal Naval Hero
1724:A new idea taken over from still photography was "
1612:
1359:gave birth to the first film magazines. In Turin,
693:created the device with additional expertise from
10264:
10190:"3D Box Office Hits Lowest Levels in Eight Years"
10108:
9841:
7937:Willems, Gilles "Les origines de Pathé-Natan" In
7633:. Jefferson: McFarland Company, Inc, 2000. Print.
5750:cinema, the first was in 2002's Disney animation
5576:Major American studios began to create their own
5375:, which was in a state of decline due to endless
3963:gained greater recognition through international
2741:
1389:(1912), which ran for 90 minutes, and Pastrone's
979:. This technique was first used in his 1901 film
714:. It generated more income in box office than in
10699:
9493:"Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet"
9389:. Asian American Film Commentary. Archived from
9172:"Top 10 Sci-Fi Films of the 1920s – scifist 2.0"
8992:
8202:
7991:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 105–120.
7824:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7131:American Cinema 1890–1909: Themes and Variations
7052:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 381–388.
6791:(1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
5957:The list of top-grossing films was dominated by
5013:(1975), a "Masala" film inspired by a real-life
4387:were on a date with many productions, including
3278:A production scene from the 1950 Hollywood film
3133:was screened in Italy, marking the beginning of
3123:, considered part of the canon of classic cinema
1912:, and the Robert Wiene epic from the same year,
1351:was the first major film production centre, and
987:On a Runaway Motor Car through Piccadilly Circus
10327:Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow
9640:. UC Santa Cruz Currents online. Archived from
8798:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8772:
7449:
7165:Light and shadows: a history of motion pictures
6708:
6476:
6316:Light and shadows: a history of motion pictures
2398:the Hollywood studio system in the face of the
1323:
472:remedy declining profits, experiments, such as
10685:The History of the Discovery of Cinematography
10320:All our yesterdays: 90 years of British cinema
10295:The Cine Goes to Town: French Cinema 1896–1914
9745:
9233:
8906:Film Style and Technology-History and Analysis
8770:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8752:
7752:, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 35–44,
7348:
7346:
7344:
5865:The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D
5829:, with 14 awards won, 3 Special Awards and 31
4603:during the 1950s and 1960s and the end of the
3026:. The decade probably also saw the so-called "
1961:from his actors at appropriate moments, as in
395:
323:In 1887, the German inventor and photographer
10456:British Genres: Cinema and Society, 1930–1960
9629:
8931:Film Theory and Contemporary Hollywood Movies
8899:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8666:
8664:
7476:
7389:
3665:
2907:(1943), Hitchcock's direction of a script by
1395:of 1914, which ran for two and a half hours.
658:values established by past art forms such as
175:, and eventually spread to Europe during the
10133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9276:"The Bicycle Thief / Bicycle Thieves (1949)"
9206:
8802:
8203:Montanaro, Carlo; Gabhann, Liam Mac (2019).
7867:
7865:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6565:. In Geiger, Jeffrey; Littau, Karin (eds.).
5827:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
4920:, however, was in decline due to a wave of "
4599:was the period following the decline of the
4236:which broke the rules of Hollywood cinema's
2256:, and the Metro Pictures Corporation create
1319:Continued international growth (1900s–1910s)
610:Another early film producer was Australia's
354:. From October 1892 to March 1900, inventor
286:Most early photographic sequences, known as
10269:. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 80.
8969:"When Hollywood's Power Players Were Women"
8880:A Second Life-German Cinema's First Decades
8749:
8700:The transformation of the cinema, 1907–1915
8481:
8479:
8410:"BFI Screenonline: Big Swallow, The (1901)"
7341:
5840:popularity the first being James Cameron's
4975:, overtaking the more critically acclaimed
2425:
2358:with synchronized sound effects and music.
2006:got his inspiration from the stage work of
1559:also began using cross-cutting in the film
852:Le Voyage Dans La Lune (A Trip to the Moon)
668:The Quarterly of Film Radio and television,
589:was first released. Directed and edited by
9867:
9598:
9448:Anime, Japanese Cinema's Second Golden Age
9412:
9410:
9408:
8967:Jones, Naomi McDougall (9 February 2020).
8886:
8882:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 229.
8677:. Internet Archive. New York, Arno Press.
8661:
8023:"The Indian Chief and the Seidlitz Powder"
7409:The Quarterly of Film Radio and Television
7298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7189:Gaines, Jane M. (2004). "First Fictions".
7095:
6905:Film Histories: An Introduction and Reader
6726:
6569:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 23.
6511:
5756:; and the first live action was in 2003's
4356:in contrast to Hollywood and the European
4097:(1955). That year also saw the release of
910:films – also a staple of the Lumières and
639:Proliferation of actualities and newsreels
10611:Before Caligari: German Cinema, 1895–1920
10594:Silent Witnesses: Russian Films 1908–1919
10435:
10387:
9889:
8124:
8006:
7862:
7765:
7569:
6813:
6529:
6339:
6156:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema
6003:acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney
5214:Original script from the 1989 film Batman
4905:(1971), which was a major success across
3572:was reflected in Hollywood films such as
2717:'s animated Academy Award-winning short "
2185:its new geographical center in California
2120:movement. Berlin was its center with the
1655:. The biggest success of these years was
921:
749:Experimentation with narrative filmmaking
614:. Commencing in 1898, it was operated by
10666:– American Cinematographer, January 1930
10613:Edizioni Biblioteca dell'Immagine, 1990.
10373:, New York: Thunder's Mouth press, 2006.
10339:
9934:
9635:
9465:
9348:
9025:
8878:Michael Wedel, Thomas Elsaesser (1996).
8476:
8372:
8315:
8207:. Indiana University Press. p. 65.
7986:
7645:World film directors: Volume I 1890–1945
7406:
7312:
6669:
6640:
6306:
5567:
5209:
5084:. In the early part of that decade, the
4256:(1963) and the stark dramas of Sweden's
4151:
3675:
3290:
3273:
3105:
2484:
2429:
2284:
2095:
2054:
1831:to a peacock, and then to a battleship.
1775:
1705:
1616:
1520:
1327:
1204:
1107:
991:The Indian Chief and the Seidlitz Powder
925:
765:(left) painting a backdrop in his studio
757:
546:
484:
399:
260:cabinet cards utilized the technique of
10694:An Illustrated Chronology by Paul Burns
10609:Usai, P.C. & Codelli, L. (editors)
10573:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
10534:. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1995.
10468:
10235:
9771:
9405:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9359:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
9354:
8997:. New York: Columbia University Press.
8852:
8603:
8562:
8041:
7743:
7642:
7268:The Routledge companion to film history
7047:
6866:
6784:
6675:
6372:
5421:as well as the "Three Brothers" (Chan,
5417:(1983), which saw the formation of the
4173:During the 1960s, the studio system in
3430:techniques. The most notorious film is
3418:was screened. After their criticism of
2633:(1934), the sexual double entendres of
2544:use of song and dance in comedies like
2233:and its greatest publicity method, the
2081:a name for himself with his 1915 film,
1536:in 1907. Arc floodlights hang overhead.
362:("Optical Theatre") film system at the
143:, literature, theatre and visual arts.
14:
10700:
10565:
10558:Schrader, Paul. "Notes on Film Noir".
10497:
10425:
10371:The Story of Film: A Worldwide History
10203:Brenhouse, Hillary (31 January 2011).
10082:
9810:
9777:
9724:
9613:. Satyajit Ray Society. Archived from
9517:
9416:
9140:"Studio Babelsberg (Potsdam, Germany)"
9054:"Studio Babelsberg (Potsdam, Germany)"
8928:
8697:
8487:"BFI Screenonline: Stop Thief! (1901)"
8155:
8098:
7910:
7803:
7700:
7352:
7188:
6936:
6732:
6597:
6425:
5395:genres successfully in the 1978 films
5270:films. At the beginning of the 1980s,
4971:(now Mumbai) that ended up dominating
4812:originated the concept of the modern "
4114:The 1950s was also a 'Golden Age' for
3973:(1955–1959) from critically acclaimed
3870:(1980), and has also inspired several
3314:House Un-American Activities Committee
2316:records of talks and music. The early
1553:cross-cutting between parallel actions
1073:was described in the catalogue of the
770:established new companies such as the
666:of their image. In a 1955 article for
10505:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
10416:New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction
9355:Daniels, Tracy K. (11 January 2008).
9299:
8966:
8933:. Taylor & Francis. p. 126.
8903:
8805:You Could Be the Winner (Volume – II)
8730:
8670:
8563:Soloski, Alexis (14 September 2018).
7961:
7677:"Film History Milestones – Pre-1900s"
7595:
7536:
7480:Early cinema: space, frame, narrative
6964:
6960:
6958:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6560:
6399:
6376:Ghost Images: Cinema of the Afterlife
6001:. Disney's success culminated in the
4607:, (which was replaced in 1968 by the
2222:traditions in art and drama, such as
1690:, who made a series of thrillers and
1549:le Cheval emballé (The Runaway Horse)
1312:Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC)
1138:from one shot to the next. Following
511:In the latter half of 1895, brothers
48:that began in the late 19th century.
10187:
9895:
9823:University of California, Santa Cruz
9571:
9371:
9326:"The Golden Age of the Foreign Film"
8807:. Sankalp Publication. p. 223.
8536:
8286:
8073:
7871:
7503:
7239:
7161:
6828:
6716:"Le Théâtre optique – Émile Reynaud"
6312:
6149:
6008:Major film studios tried to emulate
4887:, largely due to its reinvention by
3508:shortly before his death, including
3470:and historical spectaculars include
3406:avante-gardists caused riots at the
2729:" (1939), in costume films such as "
1645:Universal Film Manufacturing Company
1569:, first used in 1910 in Vitagraph's
1415:Den hvide Slavinde (The White Slave)
1409:company was set up there in 1906 by
1162:continuation of the original scene.
722:(a.k.a. Gentleman Jim) had become a
10430:. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.
10236:Helmore, Edward (1 November 2014).
9662:
9419:"The 'Sight & Sound' of Canons"
9384:
8585:from the original on 2 January 2022
8512:"The execution of Mary Stuart 1895"
7539:"James J. Corbett: Theatrical Star"
7080:
6262:List of motion picture film formats
4983:to create a new film genre called "
3196:directed his influential thrillers
3057:directed by Italian-born filmmaker
2799:The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp
2296:During late 1927, Warners released
840:framing, the metaphorical plane or
522:Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory
475:The Dickson Experimental Sound Film
67:contributing specific roles in the
24:
10553:British Cinema: A Critical History
10521:The Oxford History of World Cinema
10286:
10113:. Trentham Books. pp. 98–99.
9917:
9725:Thomas, Daniel (20 January 2003).
9417:Totaro, Donato (31 January 2003).
8803:Ahmed Sayeed (24 September 2019).
8610:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
8407:
8321:
8156:Leeder, Murray (10 January 2017).
8047:
7989:The Cinema of Attractions Reloaded
7266:William Howard Guynn, ed. (2011).
7133:. Rutgers University Press. 2009.
7098:"Silent Films Had a Musical Voice"
7050:The Cinema of Attractions Reloaded
6955:
6855:
6718:. 11 November 2008. Archived from
6373:Ruffles, Tom (27 September 2004).
6267:List of the first films by country
5578:"independent" production companies
5322:Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
3295:Poster for the 1956 Egyptian film
2682:
560:A 1900 restaging of the 1897 film
25:
10744:
10618:
10313:Film History. Theory and Practice
10311:Robert C. Allen, Douglas Gomery:
10246:. Guardian News and Media Limited
10175:"You don't know Jack (Nicholson)"
9778:Jivani, Alkarim (February 2009).
9693:
9490:
9273:
7575:
7504:Abel, Richard, ed. (2004-03-01).
6400:Meier, Allison C. (12 May 2018).
6073:. Other acclaimed films included
5477:gained fame; and especially the "
5387:. He had previously combined the
5311:was founded. The studio produced
4785:'s hugely expensive Western epic
4352:called for a politically engaged
4340:films and became the "father" of
4274:Saturday Night and Sunday Morning
4263:In Britain, the "Free Cinema" of
4109:Sijibganeun nal (The Wedding Day)
3896:(1964), and inspired films with "
3854:has been remade several times as
3422:and split with the movement, the
3048:at the peak of their popularity.
2245:in the late teens and the 1920s.
1701:
1516:
1171:. The film, which film historian
914:film catalogs. In 1906, she made
391:Novelty era (1890s – early 1900s)
10329:. AS Barnes & Company, 1980.
10258:
10229:
10196:
10181:
10167:
10141:
10102:
10083:Medhat, Noha (25 January 2016).
10076:
10051:
10026:
10001:
9975:
9946:
9911:
9898:"A Brief History of Korean Film"
9804:
9718:
9687:
9663:Ray, Suchetana (11 March 2008).
9656:
9565:
9548:
9542:
9511:
9484:
9459:
9440:
9318:
9293:
9088:"110 years of Studio Babelsberg"
8929:Warren, Buckland (3 June 2009).
8644:"The Great Train Robbery (1903)"
8537:Reid, Steven (21 January 2019).
8235:
7804:Wexman, Virginia Wright (2010).
6512:Eisenhauer, Jennifer F. (2006).
6218:History of science fiction films
5836:In 2003, there was a revival in
5709:led to a revival of interest in
4846:films began. Porn films such as
4050:'s cinematographic technique of
3952:movement of the 1960s to 1980s.
3900:" storytelling methods, such as
2584:'s classic "giant monster" film
934:German inventor and film tycoon
866:began film production under the
450:In June 1889, American inventor
269:
249:
40:chronicles the development of a
10635:An Introduction to Early cinema
10426:Kolker, Robert Phillip (2009).
10322:(British Film Institute, 1986).
9755:. The Statesman. Archived from
9604:
9385:Lee, Kevin (5 September 2002).
9267:
9242:
9227:
9185:
9164:
9146:
9132:
9114:
9094:
9080:
9060:
9046:
9019:
8986:
8960:
8947:
8922:
8871:
8846:
8821:
8724:
8691:
8636:
8597:
8556:
8530:
8504:
8451:
8426:
8401:
8376:100 Westerns: BFI Screen Guides
8366:
8341:
8280:
8255:
8229:
8196:
8182:
8149:
8092:
8067:
8015:
7980:
7964:Alice Guy Blaché Cinema Pioneer
7931:
7904:
7797:
7737:
7694:
7669:
7636:
7631:An Introduction to World Cinema
7530:
7497:
7470:
7443:
7306:
7259:
7233:
7182:
7155:
7123:
7089:
7074:
7041:
7016:
6991:
6930:
6895:
6778:
6753:
6634:
5689:. A new genre was created with
5257:limited/roadshow release system
3922:was also an inspiration behind
3342:translated into a type of near-
3164:In the late 1940s, in Britain,
3081:was founded in October 1947 by
2838:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
2660:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
2171:The Adventures of Prince Achmed
1613:During World War I and industry
1575:La mala planta (The Evil Plant)
1456:, a newsreel cameraman for the
633:Bushranging in North Queensland
206:In 1833, scientific study of a
10465:. Thunder's Mouth Press, 2001.
10380:, 2nd edition. New Brunswick:
10340:Rawlence, Christopher (1990).
10336:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990.
10315:, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1985
10308:. London: B.T. Batsford, 1991.
10299:University of California Press
9954:"History of Philippine Cinema"
9636:Newman J (17 September 2001).
9238:. Nicolae Sfetcu. p. 774.
8908:. Starword. pp. 108–139.
8379:. Bloomsbury Publishing (UK).
6908:. Edinburgh University Press.
6591:
6554:
6505:
6470:
6419:
6393:
6366:
6333:
6186:Culture-historical archaeology
6133:Academy Award for Best Picture
5921:Rise of the Planet of the Apes
5871:After James Cameron's 3D film
5780:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
5300:Macross: Do You Remember Love?
5053:The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith
4289:. Other British films such as
3551:Creature from the Black Lagoon
3416:Treatise on Slime and Eternity
3357:Invasion of the Body Snatchers
3352:invading armies of evil aliens
2742:World War II and its aftermath
2306:in 1914 with the lengthy film
1419:Isbjørnejagt (Polar Bear Hunt)
13:
1:
10640:Origins of Cinema Documentary
10566:Steele, Asa (February 1911).
9234:Nicolae Sfetcu (6 May 2014).
8702:. C. Scribner. pp. 4–6.
8324:"As Seen Through a Telescope"
8099:Natale, Simone (2012-03-21).
6567:Cinematicity in Media History
6379:. McFarland. pp. 15–17.
6300:
6288:The Story of Film: An Odyssey
5730:The Lord of the Rings trilogy
5203:'s portrayal of the demented
4963:" was coined for the growing
4876:among its leading exponents.
4423:My Wife, the Director General
4336:produced several French- and
3967:. One of the most famous was
3051:1946 saw RKO Radio releasing
2784:in 1942, which won a special
1745:) shots, as in Sidney Drew's
1246:started making films for the
1039:". These filmmakers included
707:The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight
382:projected moving images from
210:illusion in spoked wheels by
128:
106:and affordable, high-quality
10519:Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed.
10188:Lang, Brent (4 April 2018).
9520:"Raging Bull: A film review"
9470:. I. B. Tauris. p. 96.
8117:10.1080/17460654.2012.664745
8105:Early Popular Visual Culture
7506:Encyclopedia of Early Cinema
7240:Hunt, Kristin (7 May 2020).
5970:Star Wars: The Force Awakens
5952:American box office receipts
4577:was also the origin of the "
3631:20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
2925:, and the immensely popular
2731:The Adventures of Robin Hood
2590:. The trend thrived best in
2268:
1865:The Man That Might Have Been
1324:New film producing countries
1224:The Execution of Mary Stuart
731:British Antarctic Expedition
670:film producer and historian
595:Edison Manufacturing Company
296:cabinet cards, photographer
7:
10664:Early History of Wide Films
10360:A History of Narrative Film
9943:. Accessed 25 January 2009.
9427:Canada Council for the Arts
9214:"Film History of the 1920s"
7914:Birth of the motion picture
7911:Toulet, Emmanuelle (1995).
7477:Tom Elsaesser, ed. (1990).
6831:A history of narrative film
6694:10.2979/filmhistory.28.2.06
6247:List of cinema of the world
6173:
6048:The Tale of Princess Kaguya
5398:Snake in the Eagle's Shadow
4931:Snake in the Eagle's Shadow
4647:(1955), and in Hitchcock's
3517:Around the World in 80 Days
3064:The Best Years of Our Lives
2309:The Photo-Drama of Creation
2135:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
1933:
1923:The Photo-Drama of Creation
1915:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
1694:through the war years, but
1624:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
1260:Life of an American Fireman
1157:As Seen Through a Telescope
1115:As Seen Through a Telescope
1026:Scrooge, or Marley's Ghost.
982:Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost
396:Advances towards projection
114:and popular feature-length
10:
10749:
10606:. Visible Ink Press, 1999.
10265:Susan Dudley Gold (2014).
9195:. News.usc.edu. 1997-03-17
8735:. McFarland. p. 278.
8385:10.5040/9781838710590.0039
7943:The origins of Pathé-Natan
7578:"Smith, Percy (1880–1945)"
7024:"Film History Before 1920"
6620:10.2979/filmhistory.27.3.1
6612:10.2979/filmhistory.27.3.1
6257:List of color film systems
6153:
6142:
6094:Portrait of a Lady on Fire
5931:
5884:Illumination Entertainment
5641:
5510:Terminator 2: Judgment Day
5500:
5481:" genre, revolving around
5140:E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
5073:
4798:The financial disaster of
4618:The Last House on the Left
4588:
4145:
4103:by the renowned director,
3669:
3666:Golden age of Asian cinema
3267:
2811:A Matter of Life and Death
2745:
2686:
2346:List of film sound systems
2344:, that can be seen in the
2278:
2272:
2043:
1423:Løvejagten (The Lion Hunt)
685:using a device called the
642:
454:assigned a lab assistant,
132:
31:History of film technology
28:
10723:Film and video technology
10630:What is a Camera Obscura?
10483:10.1080/13642520701652103
10420:Columbia University Press
10362:, 2nd edition. New York:
9572:Kehr, Dave (5 May 1995).
9495:. Hatchet. Archived from
9300:Aaron, Lefkovitz (2017).
9174:. Scifist.net. 2019-01-13
8993:Keating, Patrick (2010).
8957:, Retrieved 15 April 2009
8953:American Movie Classics,
8671:North, Joseph H. (1973).
8604:Mashiah, Igal I. (1980).
8373:Buscombe, Edward (2006).
8328:BFI Screenonline Database
8054:BFI Screenonline Database
7966:. Yale University Press.
7758:10.1515/9789048515059-005
7483:. London : BFI Pub.
6340:Parkinson, David (2012).
6125:won six awards. In 2020,
6069:achieved 100% ratings on
5810:The Passion of the Christ
5572:Cinema admissions in 1995
5379:films after the death of
4375:. The Zulfikar brothers;
3396:The Bad and the Beautiful
3189:The Man in the White Suit
2778:'s celebrated naval film
2689:Color motion picture film
2118:German Expressionist film
1764:of the fair-ground type.
1758:(The Madness of Dr. Tube)
1710:Complex vignette shot in
1168:Attack on a China Mission
1093:The House That Jack Built
1017:Attack on a China Mission
585:The Fairy of the Cabbages
513:Auguste and Louis Lumière
61:film production companies
10670:Hollywood Movies History
10625:Cinema: From 1890 To Now
10408:10.1215/10407391-3696631
10382:Rutgers University Press
9813:"An Art Wedded to Truth"
9811:Sragow, Michael (1994).
9026:Bukatman, Scott (1997).
8238:"The Kiss in the Tunnel"
8160:. Springer. p. 86.
7543:Journal of Sport History
7450:Gina De Angelis (2003).
7162:Bohn, Thomas W. (1987).
7005:. 1895-10-19. p. 20
6937:Musser, Charles (1991).
6765:www.ottomar-anschuetz.de
6518:Studies in Art Education
6313:Bohn, Thomas W. (1987).
6252:List of cinematic firsts
6138:
6016:created franchises like
5927:
5899:How To Train Your Dragon
5807:(Brazilian Portuguese),
5637:
5538:Sex, Lies, and Videotape
5496:
5343:Original video animation
5069:
4870:Rainer Werner Fassbinder
4641:films, in films such as
4584:
4141:
3961:Indian independent films
3683:, Japanese film director
3376:The Manchurian Candidate
3263:
3183:Kind Hearts and Coronets
2736:
2547:Under the Roofs of Paris
2426:Creative impact of sound
2324:were soon superseded by
2263:
2039:
1981:, who both started with
1756:la Folie du Docteur Tube
1088:The Awkward Sign Painter
1002:loss of many early films
10645:History of Film Formats
10548:. Westview Press, 2000.
10525:Oxford University Press
10378:A Short History of Film
9960:. Aenet. Archived from
8731:Larry, Langman (2000).
8698:Bowser, Eileen (1990).
8491:www.screenonline.org.uk
8438:www.screenonline.org.uk
8414:www.screenonline.org.uk
8353:www.screenonline.org.uk
8267:www.screenonline.org.uk
8080:www.screenonline.org.uk
7842:A Short History of Film
7367:10.2979/FIL.2004.16.1.9
6967:A world history of film
6829:Cook, David A. (1990).
6663:10.1525/fq.2004.57.2.15
6213:History of horror films
5768:. Later in the decade,
5616:Pixar Animation Studios
5485:, largely pioneered by
5373:Hong Kong action cinema
5273:Space Battleship Yamato
4918:Hong Kong action cinema
4899:style. This began with
4761:, and Polish immigrant
4609:MPAA film rating system
4218:produced films such as
3867:Battle Beyond the Stars
3532:(1963) plus many more.
3443:, which would remain a
2605:At this time, American
1909:Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
1906:, the famous 1920 film
1800:The Avenging Conscience
1770:The Avenging Conscience
1283:The Great Train Robbery
1273:The Great Train Robbery
1242:The American filmmaker
1212:The Great Train Robbery
1145:Grandma's Reading Glass
1112:The first two shots of
1075:Warwick Trading Company
695:William Kennedy Dickson
503:, used their self-made
456:William Kennedy Dickson
10597:British Film Institute
9607:"Ordeals of the Alien"
9551:"Ivory, James (1928–)"
9107:The Hollywood Reporter
8853:Richard, Abel (1999).
8028:British Film Institute
7948:9 January 2008 at the
7872:Abel, Richard (1993).
7643:Wakeman, John (1987).
7242:"The First Movie Kiss"
7003:Democrat and Chronicle
6999:"The World Of Science"
6965:Sklar, Robert (2002).
6785:Fischer, Paul (2022).
6676:Rossell, Deac (2016).
6242:List of books on films
5976:Avengers: Infinity War
5853:Spy Kids 3D: Game Over
5759:The Matrix Revolutions
5573:
5473:" subgenre, for which
5419:Jackie Chan Stunt Team
5338:Grave of the Fireflies
5297:anime. The success of
5215:
5037:Picnic at Hanging Rock
5017:as well as Kurosawa's
4830:The Poseidon Adventure
4477:In the Year of the Pig
4389:Ezz El Dine Zulfikar's
4323:films, beginning with
4221:Les quatre cents coups
4170:
4166:Saladin the Victorious
3684:
3309:
3288:
3124:
2970:melodramas (including
2576:(both 1931). In 1933,
2499:
2439:
2293:
2109:
2062:
1849:His Phantom Sweetheart
1843:in his films, such as
1791:
1747:The Story of the Glove
1717:
1632:
1537:
1344:
1219:
1154:. In 1900, Smith made
1140:The Kiss in the Tunnel
1125:The Kiss in the Tunnel
1119:
1006:British Film Institute
931:
922:Germany: Oskar Messter
821:The House of the Devil
766:
691:Eugene Augustin Lauste
574:the 1895 Edison film,
570:
496:
426:Wordsworth Donisthorpe
421:
10713:Art history by medium
10400:Duke University Press
8733:Destination Hollywood
7514:10.4324/9780203482049
6585:10.3366/j.ctt9qdrrf.7
6272:List of years in film
6223:History of television
5848:Reality Camera System
5680:Bowling for Columbine
5670:March of the Penguins
5648:Since the late 2000s
5571:
5213:
4977:Bengali film industry
4844:hardcore pornographic
4668:The French Connection
4644:Rebel Without a Cause
4503:2001: A Space Odyssey
4155:
4091:cinema of South Korea
4054:also originates from
3861:The Magnificent Seven
3679:
3570:civil rights movement
3363:The War of the Worlds
3294:
3277:
3109:
3100:Motion Painting No. 1
3054:It's a Wonderful Life
2985:Here Comes Mr. Jordan
2829:Shakespearean history
2630:It Happened One Night
2488:
2433:
2288:
2122:Filmstudio Babelsberg
2099:
2084:The Birth of a Nation
2058:
2023:die Austernprinzessin
1903:The Birth of a Nation
1886:The Whispering Chorus
1814:The Pride of the Clan
1779:
1715:(The Oyster Princess)
1713:die Austernprinzessin
1709:
1676:military mobilization
1662:The Birth of a Nation
1620:
1524:
1477:Aleksandr Khanzhonkov
1458:Svenskabiografteatern
1450:Swedish film industry
1337:
1281:of motion on screen.
1257:In 1902, Porter shot
1208:
1111:
1071:The Corsican Brothers
1062:Photographing a Ghost
929:
761:
559:
501:Skladanowsky brothers
488:
444:Roundhay Garden Scene
438:Skladanowsky brothers
434:William Friese-Greene
414:Roundhay Garden Scene
411:
256:Eadweard Muybridge's
10602:Unterburger, Amy L.
10544:Rocchio, Vincent F.
10344:. Charles Atheneum.
9818:The Atlantic Monthly
9675:on 15 September 2009
9586:on 15 September 2009
9518:Antani, Jay (2004).
9466:Robinson, A (2003).
8904:Barry, Salt (1992).
8190:"Santa Claus (1898)"
7962:Simon, Joan (2009).
7629:Gazetas, Aristides.
7537:Woods, Alan (1976).
7456:. The Oliver Press.
6722:on 11 November 2008.
6561:Marsh, Joss (2013).
6208:History of animation
6018:DC Extended Universe
5894:DreamWorks Animation
5822:Inglourious Basterds
5762:and a re-release of
5719:renewed interest in
5593:Beauty and the Beast
4893:Chinese martial arts
4836:The Towering Inferno
4686:Francis Ford Coppola
4560:A Fistful of Dollars
4445:Cuban Missile Crisis
4418:Salah Zulfikar Films
4377:Ezz El-Dine Zulfikar
4367:, the golden age of
4036:The Atlantic Monthly
3473:The Ten Commandments
3408:Cannes Film Festival
3093:, and the same year
2897:(1943), scripted by
2532:, 1934). In France,
2304:Charles Taze Russell
2210:and the romances of
2065:At the start of the
1684:German film industry
1653:Famous Players–Lasky
1621:The visual style of
1377:La Caduta di Troia (
880:Gaumont Film Company
857:science fiction film
780:Gaumont Film Company
612:Limelight Department
469:Edison's Black Maria
338:Chicago World's Fair
177:Age of Enlightenment
65:cinematic techniques
10675:Technicolor History
9958:Philippine Journeys
9530:on 14 February 2009
9393:on 18 February 2012
9304:. Lexington Books.
9110:. 10 February 2022.
9090:. 10 February 2022.
8518:on 30 December 2013
8192:. BFI Screenonline.
7952:La Trobe University
7607:wildfilmhistory.org
7081:Sammond, Nicholas.
6924:10.3366/j.ctt1r28dt
5905:Shrek Forever After
5843:Ghosts of the Abyss
5765:The Matrix Reloaded
5660:and other forms of
5331:(1986), as well as
5189:'s 1989 version of
4995:all at once, with "
4409:Dearer Than My Life
4238:narrative structure
3920:The Hidden Fortress
3890:was also remade as
3823:The Hidden Fortress
3177:Passport to Pimlico
2918:Yankee Doodle Dandy
2915:biographical film,
2814:(1946), as well as
2513:The Broadway Melody
2498:theatrical trailer.
2028:The Oyster Princess
1870:William J. Humphrey
1735:Fanchon the Cricket
1657:David Wark Griffith
1233:Mary Queen of Scots
1084:Tipsy, Topsy, Turvy
1041:George Albert Smith
1028:In most countries,
849:for his 1902 film,
817:Le Manoir du Diable
712:Carson City, Nevada
508:become successful.
375:Autour d'une cabine
302:Étienne-Jules Marey
293:The Horse in Motion
258:The Horse in Motion
116:computer animations
10690:2020-10-05 at the
10650:Film Sound History
10530:Parkinson, David.
10471:Rethinking History
10217:on 2 February 2011
10177:. 8 November 2013.
10155:on 9 November 2006
9989:. 13 November 2017
9922:. Korean Film Page
9792:on 1 February 2009
9733:on 6 February 2003
9644:on 4 November 2005
9499:on 2 November 2007
9456:, 20 January 2002.
9453:The New York Times
8571:The New York Times
7102:The New York Times
6282:Runaway production
6202:Film & History
6167:streaming services
6082:The Social Network
6076:Mad Max: Fury Road
6020:. Disney produced
5880:Universal Pictures
5859:Aliens of the Deep
5662:home entertainment
5614:, was produced by
5574:
5363:'s cyberpunk film
5284:Mobile Suit Gundam
5279:Mobile Suit Gundam
5262:During the 1980s,
5247:A Room with a View
5241:The Killing Fields
5216:
5172:The King of Comedy
5025:Spaghetti Westerns
4973:South Asian cinema
4959:, where the term "
4885:martial arts films
4662:A Clockwork Orange
4426:(1966) as well as
4332:During the 1960s,
4286:This Sporting Life
4210:directors such as
4200:The Sound of Music
4171:
4124:Gregorio Fernández
3909:The Usual Suspects
3734:Sansho the Bailiff
3685:
3619:Lady and the Tramp
3310:
3289:
3246:Emeric Pressburger
3231:Great Expectations
3135:Italian neorealism
3125:
3111:Italian neorealist
2982:), and films like
2942:The Maltese Falcon
2894:Watch on the Rhine
2794:Emeric Pressburger
2761:Went the Day Well?
2676:Gone with The Wind
2640:She Done Him Wrong
2558:Universal Pictures
2500:
2440:
2387:I Was Born, But...
2380:(China, 1934) and
2352:. Debuts the film
2320:processes such as
2294:
2243:Erich von Stroheim
2216:continuity editing
2110:
2063:
1792:
1718:
1633:
1567:point of view shot
1538:
1345:
1338:Italian epic film
1278:Western film genre
1220:
1151:Mary Jane's Mishap
1120:
977:multiple exposures
932:
916:The Life of Christ
898:performed by Miss
847:widely known today
767:
616:The Salvation Army
600:The May Irwin Kiss
571:
497:
422:
333:The Crystal Palace
298:Eadweard Muybridge
228:Charles Wheatstone
135:Precursors of film
92:smartphone cameras
10437:10.11647/OBP.0002
9877:. Cinemacom. 2002
9785:Sight & Sound
9759:on 3 January 2008
9423:Offscreen Journal
9387:"A Slanted Canon"
9280:Chicago Sun-Times
9236:The Art of Movies
9126:Studio Babelsberg
9004:978-0-231-52020-1
8833:www.kosmorama.org
8684:978-0-405-04101-3
8408:Brooke, Michael.
8394:978-1-83871-059-0
8322:Brooke, Michael.
8214:978-0-86196-746-9
8167:978-1-137-58371-0
8050:"Come Along, Do!"
8048:Brooke, Michael.
7998:978-90-5356-945-0
7973:978-0-300-15250-0
7924:978-0-8109-2874-9
7817:978-0-205-62528-4
7807:A history of film
7777:978-90-485-1505-9
7582:BFI Screenonlinee
7523:978-1-134-56676-1
7490:978-0-85170-244-5
7463:978-1-881508-78-6
7277:978-1-136-89939-3
7175:978-0-87484-702-4
7140:978-0-8135-4442-7
7059:978-90-5356-945-0
6948:978-0-520-06080-7
6915:978-0-7486-1906-1
6798:978-1-9821-1482-4
6351:978-0-500-20410-8
6326:978-0-87484-702-4
6191:Experimental film
6162:COVID-19 pandemic
6150:COVID-19 pandemic
6117:Katherine Bigelow
5964:Avengers: Endgame
5862:IMAX (2005), and
5543:Quentin Tarantino
5533:Steven Soderbergh
5454:Project A Part II
5393:martial arts film
5328:Castle in the Sky
5151:computer graphics
4967:film industry in
4778:At Long Last Love
4773:Peter Bogdanovich
4570:Last Man Standing
4393:The River of Love
4212:François Truffaut
4132:Lamberto Avellana
4116:Philippine cinema
3999:François Truffaut
3691:, especially for
3659:The King's Speech
3581:On the Waterfront
3575:Blackboard Jungle
3563:Dorothy Dandridge
3079:The Actors Studio
3023:The Body Snatcher
2996:I Married a Witch
2921:(1942), starring
2904:Shadow of a Doubt
2888:Objective, Burma!
2882:Forever and a Day
2870:Desperate Journey
2836:. The success of
2805:A Canterbury Tale
2781:In Which We Serve
2719:Flowers and Trees
2408:Katharine Hepburn
2328:methods like Fox
2208:Douglas Fairbanks
2162:Woman in the Moon
2102:Babelsberg Studio
1860:Vitagraph Company
1829:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1783:Old Wives for New
1762:distorting mirror
1635:The years of the
1534:Vitagraph Studios
1530:The Bargain Fiend
1473:Aleksandr Drankov
1454:Charles Magnusson
1427:white slave trade
1373:Giovanni Pastrone
1335:
1289:opened the first
807:Star Film Company
801:, and the use of
799:multiple exposure
772:Star Film Company
576:Washday Troubles,
557:
528:L'Arroseur Arrosé
492:L'Arroseur Arrosé
409:
384:Electrotachyscope
352:illustrated songs
343:Fred Ott's Sneeze
329:Electrotachyscope
288:chronophotography
278:electrotachyscope
262:chronophotography
82:(1950s), 3D, and
46:film technologies
16:(Redirected from
10740:
10589:
10587:
10585:
10516:
10494:
10454:Landry, Marcia.
10451:
10439:
10411:
10355:
10332:Bowser, Eileen.
10325:Basten, Fred E.
10281:
10280:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10213:. Archived from
10200:
10194:
10193:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10171:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10151:. Archived from
10149:"THX Milestones"
10145:
10139:
10138:
10132:
10124:
10106:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10069:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10030:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10019:
10005:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9994:
9979:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9969:
9950:
9944:
9938:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9893:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9882:
9871:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9829:on 12 April 2009
9825:. Archived from
9808:
9802:
9801:
9799:
9797:
9788:. Archived from
9775:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9753:"On Ray's Trail"
9749:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9729:. Archived from
9722:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9702:. Archived from
9700:Senses of Cinema
9691:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9671:. Archived from
9660:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9617:on 27 April 2008
9602:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9582:. Archived from
9569:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9526:. Archived from
9515:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9463:
9457:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9414:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9382:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9364:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9332:. Archived from
9322:
9316:
9315:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9179:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9118:
9112:
9111:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9023:
9017:
9016:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8964:
8958:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8926:
8920:
8919:
8901:
8884:
8883:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8800:
8747:
8746:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8668:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8648:www.filmsite.org
8640:
8634:
8633:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8568:
8560:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8514:. Archived from
8508:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8483:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8128:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8074:Davidson, Ewan.
8071:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7959:
7953:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7869:
7860:
7859:
7837:
7822:
7821:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7769:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7681:www.filmsite.org
7673:
7667:
7666:
7647:. H. W. Wilson.
7640:
7634:
7627:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7404:
7387:
7386:
7350:
7339:
7338:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7297:
7289:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7197:(1): 1293–1317.
7186:
7180:
7179:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7028:www.filmsite.org
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6864:
6853:
6852:
6826:
6811:
6810:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6533:
6531:10.2307/25475781
6509:
6503:
6502:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6428:Critical Inquiry
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6310:
6100:The Tree of Life
5624:20th Century Fox
5479:heroic bloodshed
5229:Chariots of Fire
5133:, a division of
5005:Amitabh Bachchan
4912:Enter the Dragon
4723:William Friedkin
4579:Man with No Name
4533:Bonnie and Clyde
4491:Bonnie and Clyde
4486:Emile de Antonio
4412:(1965) starring
4398:Mahmoud Zulfikar
4385:Mahmoud Zulfikar
4346:Fernando Solanas
4280:A Kind of Loving
4265:Lindsay Anderson
4242:Federico Fellini
4100:Yangsan Province
4039:, the "youthful
4003:Steven Spielberg
3991:Abbas Kiarostami
3773:(1959), and the
3715:(1955–1959) and
3445:20th Century Fox
3390:Sunset Boulevard
3371:fifth columnists
3121:Vittorio De Sica
3095:Oskar Fischinger
3028:women's pictures
3017:Isle of the Dead
2899:Dashiell Hammett
2816:Laurence Olivier
2727:The Wizard of Oz
2670:The Wizard of Oz
2618:The Public Enemy
2582:Merian C. Cooper
2560:began releasing
2474:Alfred Hitchcock
2464:Rouben Mamoulian
2453:Chinatown Nights
2436:The Wizard of Oz
2400:Great Depression
1955:Maurice Tourneur
1945:Cecil B. DeMille
1881:Cecil B. DeMille
1809:Maurice Tourneur
1788:Cecil B. DeMille
1542:low-key lighting
1379:The Fall of Troy
1369:Italian industry
1336:
1184:wipe transitions
1045:James Williamson
955:Unter den Linden
908:serpentine dance
810:trapdoors and a
720:James J. Corbett
683:Woodville Latham
672:Kenneth Macgowan
581:La Fée aux Choux
563:La Fée aux Choux
558:
410:
380:Ottomar Anschütz
325:Ottomar Anschütz
314:Ottomar Anschütz
273:
253:
197:dissolving views
57:Lumière brothers
21:
10748:
10747:
10743:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10728:Film production
10708:History of film
10698:
10697:
10692:Wayback Machine
10621:
10616:
10592:Tsivian, Yuri.
10583:
10581:
10551:Sargeant, Amy.
10532:History of Film
10513:
10499:Musser, Charles
10477:(11): 565–575.
10461:Merritt, Greg.
10448:
10369:Cousins, Mark.
10358:Cook, David A.
10352:
10318:Barr, Charles.
10293:Abel, Richard.
10289:
10287:Further reading
10284:
10277:
10267:Kathryn Bigelow
10263:
10259:
10249:
10247:
10234:
10230:
10220:
10218:
10201:
10197:
10186:
10182:
10173:
10172:
10168:
10158:
10156:
10147:
10146:
10142:
10126:
10125:
10121:
10107:
10103:
10093:
10091:
10081:
10077:
10067:
10065:
10057:
10056:
10052:
10042:
10040:
10032:
10031:
10027:
10017:
10015:
10007:
10006:
10002:
9992:
9990:
9981:
9980:
9976:
9967:
9965:
9952:
9951:
9947:
9939:
9935:
9925:
9923:
9918:Paquet, Darcy.
9916:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9896:Marshall, Jon.
9894:
9890:
9880:
9878:
9873:
9872:
9868:
9858:
9856:
9849:"Subrata Mitra"
9847:
9846:
9842:
9832:
9830:
9809:
9805:
9795:
9793:
9780:"Mumbai rising"
9776:
9772:
9762:
9760:
9751:
9750:
9746:
9736:
9734:
9723:
9719:
9709:
9707:
9706:on 14 June 2006
9692:
9688:
9678:
9676:
9661:
9657:
9647:
9645:
9634:
9630:
9620:
9618:
9605:Ray, Satyajit.
9603:
9599:
9589:
9587:
9570:
9566:
9556:
9554:
9553:. Screen Online
9549:Hall, Sheldon.
9547:
9543:
9533:
9531:
9516:
9512:
9502:
9500:
9489:
9485:
9478:
9464:
9460:
9445:
9441:
9431:
9429:
9415:
9406:
9396:
9394:
9383:
9372:
9362:
9360:
9353:
9349:
9339:
9337:
9336:on 19 June 2008
9324:
9323:
9319:
9312:
9298:
9294:
9284:
9282:
9272:
9268:
9259:
9257:
9248:
9247:
9243:
9232:
9228:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9211:
9207:
9198:
9196:
9191:
9190:
9186:
9177:
9175:
9170:
9169:
9165:
9158:www.acmi.net.au
9152:
9151:
9147:
9138:
9137:
9133:
9120:
9119:
9115:
9100:
9099:
9095:
9086:
9085:
9081:
9066:
9065:
9061:
9052:
9051:
9047:
9040:
9024:
9020:
9005:
8991:
8987:
8977:
8975:
8965:
8961:
8952:
8948:
8941:
8927:
8923:
8916:
8902:
8887:
8876:
8872:
8865:
8851:
8847:
8837:
8835:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8801:
8750:
8743:
8729:
8725:
8710:
8696:
8692:
8685:
8669:
8662:
8652:
8650:
8642:
8641:
8637:
8602:
8598:
8588:
8586:
8561:
8557:
8547:
8545:
8543:The Independent
8535:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8495:
8493:
8485:
8484:
8477:
8467:
8465:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8442:
8440:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8418:
8416:
8406:
8402:
8395:
8371:
8367:
8357:
8355:
8347:
8346:
8342:
8332:
8330:
8320:
8316:
8285:
8281:
8271:
8269:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8246:
8244:
8234:
8230:
8215:
8201:
8197:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8168:
8154:
8150:
8097:
8093:
8084:
8082:
8072:
8068:
8058:
8056:
8046:
8042:
8033:
8031:
8021:
8020:
8016:
7999:
7985:
7981:
7974:
7960:
7956:
7950:Wayback Machine
7936:
7932:
7925:
7909:
7905:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7838:
7825:
7818:
7802:
7798:
7790:
7788:
7778:
7742:
7738:
7715:10.2307/1225446
7699:
7695:
7685:
7683:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7655:
7641:
7637:
7628:
7621:
7611:
7609:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7586:
7584:
7576:Dixon, Bryony.
7574:
7570:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7475:
7471:
7464:
7453:Motion Pictures
7448:
7444:
7421:10.2307/1209964
7405:
7390:
7351:
7342:
7311:
7307:
7291:
7290:
7278:
7264:
7260:
7250:
7248:
7238:
7234:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7160:
7156:
7141:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7114:
7112:
7094:
7090:
7079:
7075:
7060:
7046:
7042:
7032:
7030:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7008:
7006:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6977:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6935:
6931:
6916:
6900:
6896:
6865:
6856:
6841:
6827:
6814:
6799:
6783:
6779:
6769:
6767:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6731:
6727:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6674:
6670:
6639:
6635:
6596:
6592:
6577:
6559:
6555:
6510:
6506:
6475:
6471:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6371:
6367:
6352:
6342:History of film
6338:
6334:
6327:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6277:Outline of film
6236:Kammerspielfilm
6176:
6158:
6152:
6147:
6141:
6122:The Hurt Locker
6071:Rotten Tomatoes
6066:Minding the Gap
5940:superhero films
5936:
5930:
5771:The Dark Knight
5753:Treasure Planet
5686:Fahrenheit 9/11
5650:streaming media
5646:
5640:
5505:
5499:
5471:girls with guns
5466:Dragons Forever
5436:Wheels on Meals
5377:Bruceploitation
5361:Katsuhiro Otomo
5347:Noboru Ishiguro
5303:also sparked a
5264:Japanese cinema
5224:Goldcrest Films
5155:Martin Scorsese
5098:Direct-to-video
5078:
5072:
4957:cinema of India
4922:Bruceploitation
4698:Terrence Malick
4682:Martin Scorsese
4605:production code
4593:
4587:
4515:Midnight Cowboy
4509:Rosemary's Baby
4454:Dr. Strangelove
4449:Stanley Kubrick
4428:Youssef Chahine
4369:Egyptian cinema
4334:Ousmane Sembène
4269:Tony Richardson
4216:Jean-Luc Godard
4208:French New Wave
4150:
4144:
4120:Gerardo de Leon
4056:The Apu Trilogy
4052:bounce lighting
4011:Jean-Luc Godard
3983:Martin Scorsese
3970:The Apu Trilogy
3942:Hiroshi Inagaki
3934:Kenji Mizoguchi
3898:Rashomon effect
3874:films, such as
3806:Japanese cinema
3798:Throne of Blood
3770:Kaagaz Ke Phool
3754:Floating Clouds
3723:Kenji Mizoguchi
3712:The Apu Trilogy
3674:
3668:
3650:Charlie Chaplin
3625:Sleeping Beauty
3586:Paddy Chayefsky
3504:, developed by
3424:Ultra-Lettrists
3420:Charlie Chaplin
3385:self-commentary
3326:Charlie Chaplin
3286:Charlton Heston
3272:
3266:
3251:Black Narcissus
3221:Brief Encounter
3205:The Fallen Idol
3146:Rome, Open City
3140:Bicycle Thieves
3116:Bicycle Thieves
3091:Cheryl Crawford
3074:The Big Red One
2991:Heaven Can Wait
2979:The Wicked Lady
2973:The Man in Grey
2933:Humphrey Bogart
2913:George M. Cohan
2909:Thornton Wilder
2827:, based on the
2750:
2744:
2739:
2721:", directed by
2691:
2685:
2683:Color in cinema
2448:William Wellman
2428:
2412:Humphrey Bogart
2348:. And in 1926,
2342:The Jazz Singer
2299:The Jazz Singer
2283:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2196:Charlie Chaplin
2090:The Jazz Singer
2067:First World War
2060:Charlie Chaplin
2053:
2048:
2042:
1997:Victor Sjöström
1979:Charles Chaplin
1936:
1780:Insert shot in
1704:
1692:adventure films
1637:First World War
1615:
1519:
1466:Mauritz Stiller
1462:Victor Sjöström
1328:
1326:
1321:
1308:corporate trust
1270:Porter's film,
1244:Edwin S. Porter
1217:Edwin S. Porter
1203:
1179:The Big Swallow
1103:optical printer
1057:double exposure
1037:Brighton School
1011:Come Along, Do!
964:
924:
872:Ferdinand Zecca
756:
751:
647:
641:
605:film censorship
547:
537:post-production
480:film projection
430:Louis Le Prince
419:Louis Le Prince
400:
398:
393:
360:Théâtre Optique
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
274:
266:
265:
264:to study motion
254:
232:Antoine Claudet
224:phenakistiscope
216:Michael Faraday
189:superimposition
154:shadow puppetry
137:
131:
108:digital cameras
53:cinematographic
42:visual art form
38:history of film
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10746:
10736:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10718:Cinematography
10715:
10710:
10696:
10695:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10661:
10656:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10620:
10619:External links
10617:
10615:
10614:
10607:
10600:
10590:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10542:
10528:
10517:
10511:
10495:
10466:
10459:
10452:
10446:
10423:
10412:
10385:
10374:
10367:
10356:
10351:978-0689120688
10350:
10337:
10330:
10323:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10282:
10275:
10257:
10228:
10195:
10180:
10166:
10140:
10119:
10101:
10075:
10050:
10025:
10000:
9974:
9945:
9933:
9910:
9888:
9866:
9855:on 2 June 2009
9840:
9803:
9770:
9744:
9717:
9694:Habib, André.
9686:
9655:
9628:
9611:The Unmade Ray
9597:
9564:
9541:
9524:Filmcritic.com
9510:
9491:Ingui, Chris.
9483:
9476:
9458:
9439:
9404:
9370:
9347:
9317:
9310:
9292:
9274:Ebert, Roger.
9266:
9241:
9226:
9205:
9184:
9163:
9145:
9131:
9113:
9093:
9079:
9073:Deutsche Welle
9059:
9045:
9038:
9018:
9003:
8985:
8959:
8946:
8939:
8921:
8914:
8885:
8870:
8863:
8845:
8820:
8813:
8748:
8741:
8723:
8708:
8690:
8683:
8660:
8635:
8616:(4): 355–362.
8596:
8555:
8529:
8503:
8475:
8450:
8425:
8400:
8393:
8365:
8340:
8314:
8279:
8254:
8228:
8213:
8195:
8181:
8166:
8148:
8111:(2): 125–145.
8091:
8066:
8040:
8014:
8008:j.ctt46n09s.10
7997:
7979:
7972:
7954:
7930:
7923:
7903:
7884:(4): 363–385.
7861:
7854:
7823:
7816:
7796:
7776:
7736:
7703:Cinema Journal
7693:
7668:
7653:
7635:
7619:
7594:
7568:
7549:(2): 162–175.
7529:
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7496:
7489:
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7462:
7442:
7388:
7340:
7305:
7276:
7258:
7232:
7219:10.1086/421882
7203:10.1086/421882
7181:
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7154:
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7068:j.ctt46n09s.27
7058:
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6797:
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6752:
6741:(3): 191–202.
6725:
6707:
6668:
6643:Film Quarterly
6633:
6590:
6575:
6553:
6524:(3): 198–214.
6504:
6485:(4): 390–415.
6469:
6440:10.1086/448473
6418:
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6350:
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6249:
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6205:
6198:
6196:Fictional film
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6154:Main article:
6151:
6148:
6143:Main article:
6140:
6137:
6060:Leave No Trace
5982:Jurassic World
5932:Main article:
5929:
5926:
5721:musical cinema
5700:Voices of Iraq
5642:Main article:
5639:
5636:
5632:digital cinema
5548:Reservoir Dogs
5501:Main article:
5498:
5495:
5489:and for which
5460:Police Story 2
5404:Drunken Master
5313:Hayao Miyazaki
5201:Jack Nicholson
5074:Main article:
5071:
5068:
5001:Manmohan Desai
4991:, romance and
4981:Indian theatre
4940:, directed by
4937:Drunken Master
4854:Linda Lovelace
4825:disaster films
4793:United Artists
4783:Michael Cimino
4763:Roman Polanski
4758:Days of Heaven
4589:Main article:
4586:
4583:
4545:Akira Kurosawa
4527:The Wild Bunch
4414:Salah Zulfikar
4381:Salah Zulfikar
4350:Octavio Getino
4342:African Cinema
4338:Wolof-language
4258:Ingmar Bergman
4181:in the UK and
4157:Salah Zulfikar
4146:Main article:
4143:
4140:
4136:Cirio Santiago
3965:film festivals
3828:Akira Kurosawa
3775:Akira Kurosawa
3681:Akira Kurosawa
3670:Main article:
3667:
3664:
3556:William Castle
3436:Howls for Sade
3428:hypergraphical
3387:of films like
3346:manifested in
3303:Salah Zulfikar
3268:Main article:
3265:
3262:
3242:Michael Powell
3171:Whisky Galore!
3166:Ealing Studios
3152:La Terra Trema
3045:Mildred Pierce
3039:Random Harvest
2790:Michael Powell
2746:Main article:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2687:Main article:
2684:
2681:
2663:, released by
2624:The Front Page
2615:and Wellman's
2607:gangster films
2518:Busby Berkeley
2459:The Man I Love
2427:
2424:
2420:Shirley Temple
2338:RCA Photophone
2273:Main article:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2254:Louis B. Mayer
2206:adventures of
2167:Lotte Reiniger
2052:
2049:
2044:Main article:
2041:
2038:
2033:Madame DuBarry
2004:Ernst Lubitsch
1975:Fatty Arbuckle
1964:A Girl's Folly
1941:D. W. Griffith
1935:
1932:
1845:The Right Girl
1703:
1702:New techniques
1700:
1696:Ernst Lubitsch
1614:
1611:
1579:Mario Caserini
1577:, directed by
1571:Back to Nature
1562:The Fatal Hour
1557:D. W. Griffith
1518:
1517:Film technique
1515:
1487:was only when
1440:, directed by
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1297:John P. Harris
1287:Miles Brothers
1248:Edison Company
1215:, produced by
1202:
1199:
1080:reverse motion
972:Robert W. Paul
968:Cecil Hepworth
963:
960:
923:
920:
791:Robert W. Paul
787:Georges Méliès
763:Georges Méliès
755:
752:
750:
747:
739:F. Percy Smith
645:Actuality film
643:Main article:
640:
637:
624:lantern slides
566:, directed by
517:Cinématographe
397:
394:
392:
389:
369:Pauvre Pierrot
358:exhibited his
306:Georges Demenÿ
275:
268:
267:
255:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
220:Simon Stampfer
212:Joseph Plateau
185:phantasmagoria
158:camera obscura
133:Main article:
130:
127:
112:visual effects
44:created using
18:Film historian
9:
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10580:: 14018–14032
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10512:0-684-18413-3
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10447:9781906924034
10443:
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10417:
10414:King, Geoff.
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10314:
10310:
10307:
10304:Acker, Ally.
10303:
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10278:
10276:9781627129411
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10120:1-85856-329-1
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10060:
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9978:
9964:on 2018-04-16
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8236:Gray, Frank.
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7654:0-8242-0757-2
7650:
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7639:
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7624:
7608:
7604:
7603:"Percy Smith"
7598:
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7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7525:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7508:. Routledge.
7507:
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6978:
6976:0-8109-0606-6
6972:
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6386:9780786420056
6382:
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6318:
6317:
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6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6146:
6145:2020s in film
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6091:. Films like
6090:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6033:The Lion King
6029:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5984:
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5978:
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5972:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5934:2010s in film
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5889:Despicable Me
5885:
5881:
5876:
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5869:
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5861:
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5855:
5854:
5849:
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5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5818:
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5812:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5799:
5798:Spirited Away
5794:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5736:In 2001, the
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5716:Moulin Rouge!
5712:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5691:Martin Kunert
5688:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5675:Michael Moore
5672:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5644:2000s in film
5635:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5605:The Lion King
5601:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5582:Miramax Films
5579:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5516:Jurassic Park
5512:
5511:
5504:
5503:1990s in film
5494:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5475:Michelle Yeoh
5472:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5461:
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5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:Armour of God
5444:
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5344:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5333:Isao Takahata
5330:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5317:fantasy films
5314:
5310:
5309:Studio Ghibli
5306:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5290:franchise of
5289:
5285:
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5230:
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5220:David Puttnam
5212:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5193:'s creation,
5192:
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5126:Indiana Jones
5122:
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5110:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5076:1980s in film
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5058:George Miller
5055:
5054:
5049:
5048:Fred Schepisi
5045:
5044:
5043:The Last Wave
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5020:Seven Samurai
5016:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:and starring
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4944:and starring
4943:
4942:Yuen Woo-ping
4939:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4866:Werner Herzog
4864:cinema, with
4863:
4859:
4855:
4852:and its star
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4800:Heaven's Gate
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4788:Heaven's Gate
4784:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4718:The Godfather
4714:
4713:
4707:
4706:auteur theory
4703:
4702:Robert Altman
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4627:twist endings
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4601:studio system
4598:
4597:New Hollywood
4592:
4591:1970s in film
4582:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4538:New Hollywood
4535:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4472:Direct Cinema
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:La Dolce Vita
4243:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4148:1960s in film
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4095:Chunhyang-jon
4092:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:Ritwik Ghatak
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4048:Subrata Mitra
4045:
4042:
4041:coming-of-age
4038:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4015:Isao Takahata
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3957:Indian cinema
3953:
3951:
3950:New Hollywood
3947:
3946:Nagisa Oshima
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:Western films
3853:
3852:Seven Samurai
3849:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3830:, as well as
3829:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:Seven Samurai
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:Seven Samurai
3788:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:Reginald Rose
3593:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:South Pacific
3519:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:In 1950, the
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3330:Dalton Trumbo
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:Hollywood Ten
3315:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3281:Julius Caesar
3276:
3271:
3270:1950s in film
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:The Red Shoes
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:The Third Man
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3069:Samuel Fuller
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:Blithe Spirit
2997:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:Academy Award
2783:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2767:The Way Ahead
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:49th Parallel
2749:
2748:1940s in film
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:Marx Brothers
2642:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:Little Caesar
2608:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:gothic horror
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:sound-on-film
2323:
2319:
2318:sound-on-disc
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2281:1930s in film
2276:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:studio system
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:swashbuckling
2201:
2200:Buster Keaton
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2046:1920s in film
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:Max Reinhardt
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1990:Yevgeni Bauer
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1877:cross cutting
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:Maurice Elvey
1816:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:Mary Pickford
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1629:Mise-en-scène
1626:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:cross-cutting
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1551:(1907) where
1550:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:Paul Davidson
1485:
1484:Oskar Messter
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:film exchange
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1265:stock footage
1262:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
973:
969:
959:
956:
952:
951:silent movies
947:
945:
941:
937:
936:Oskar Messter
930:Oskar Messter
928:
919:
917:
913:
912:Thomas Edison
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
873:
869:
865:
864:Charles Pathé
860:
858:
854:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
764:
760:
746:
744:
743:Charles Urban
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
636:
634:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
577:
569:
565:
564:
545:
543:
542:sound effects
538:
532:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
514:
509:
506:
502:
494:
493:
487:
483:
481:
477:
476:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Thomas Edison
448:
446:
445:
439:
435:
431:
427:
420:
416:
415:
388:
385:
381:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
356:Émile Reynaud
353:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
318:Zoopraxiscope
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
279:
272:
263:
259:
252:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
162:magic lantern
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
136:
126:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:digital video
101:
97:
93:
90:, video, and
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
19:
10610:
10603:
10593:
10582:. Retrieved
10577:
10571:
10560:Film Comment
10559:
10552:
10545:
10531:
10520:
10502:
10474:
10470:
10462:
10455:
10427:
10418:. New York:
10415:
10395:
10389:
10377:
10370:
10364:W. W. Norton
10359:
10341:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10312:
10305:
10294:
10266:
10260:
10248:. Retrieved
10243:The Guardian
10241:
10231:
10219:. Retrieved
10215:the original
10208:
10198:
10183:
10169:
10157:. Retrieved
10153:the original
10143:
10110:
10104:
10092:. Retrieved
10088:
10078:
10066:. Retrieved
10062:
10053:
10041:. Retrieved
10038:Ahram Online
10037:
10028:
10016:. Retrieved
10013:Ahram Online
10012:
10003:
9991:. Retrieved
9986:
9977:
9966:. Retrieved
9962:the original
9957:
9948:
9936:
9924:. Retrieved
9913:
9901:. Retrieved
9891:
9879:. Retrieved
9869:
9857:. Retrieved
9853:the original
9843:
9831:. Retrieved
9827:the original
9816:
9806:
9794:. Retrieved
9790:the original
9783:
9773:
9761:. Retrieved
9757:the original
9747:
9735:. Retrieved
9731:the original
9720:
9708:. Retrieved
9704:the original
9699:
9689:
9677:. Retrieved
9673:the original
9658:
9646:. Retrieved
9642:the original
9631:
9619:. Retrieved
9615:the original
9610:
9600:
9588:. Retrieved
9584:the original
9577:
9567:
9555:. Retrieved
9544:
9532:. Retrieved
9528:the original
9513:
9501:. Retrieved
9497:the original
9486:
9467:
9461:
9451:
9442:
9430:. Retrieved
9422:
9395:. Retrieved
9391:the original
9361:. Retrieved
9350:
9338:. Retrieved
9334:the original
9320:
9301:
9295:
9283:. Retrieved
9279:
9269:
9258:. Retrieved
9256:. 2012-09-11
9253:
9244:
9235:
9229:
9217:. Retrieved
9208:
9197:. Retrieved
9187:
9176:. Retrieved
9166:
9157:
9148:
9134:
9125:
9116:
9105:
9096:
9082:
9071:
9062:
9048:
9029:Blade Runner
9028:
9021:
8994:
8988:
8976:. Retrieved
8973:The Atlantic
8972:
8962:
8949:
8930:
8924:
8905:
8879:
8873:
8854:
8848:
8836:. Retrieved
8832:
8823:
8804:
8732:
8726:
8699:
8693:
8673:
8651:. Retrieved
8647:
8638:
8613:
8609:
8599:
8587:. Retrieved
8570:
8558:
8546:. Retrieved
8542:
8532:
8520:. Retrieved
8516:the original
8506:
8494:. Retrieved
8490:
8466:. Retrieved
8462:
8453:
8441:. Retrieved
8437:
8428:
8417:. Retrieved
8413:
8403:
8375:
8368:
8356:. Retrieved
8352:
8343:
8331:. Retrieved
8327:
8317:
8292:
8289:Film History
8288:
8282:
8270:. Retrieved
8266:
8257:
8245:. Retrieved
8241:
8231:
8204:
8198:
8184:
8157:
8151:
8126:2318/1768934
8108:
8104:
8094:
8083:. Retrieved
8079:
8069:
8057:. Retrieved
8053:
8043:
8032:. Retrieved
8026:
8017:
7988:
7982:
7963:
7957:
7938:
7933:
7913:
7906:
7881:
7878:Film History
7877:
7841:
7806:
7799:
7789:, retrieved
7749:
7739:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7686:22 September
7684:. Retrieved
7680:
7671:
7644:
7638:
7630:
7610:. Retrieved
7606:
7597:
7585:. Retrieved
7581:
7571:
7546:
7542:
7532:
7505:
7499:
7479:
7472:
7452:
7445:
7415:(1): 64–88.
7412:
7408:
7358:
7355:Film History
7354:
7318:
7315:Film History
7314:
7308:
7270:. New York.
7267:
7261:
7251:16 September
7249:. Retrieved
7245:
7235:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7164:
7157:
7130:
7125:
7113:. Retrieved
7101:
7091:
7076:
7049:
7043:
7031:. Retrieved
7027:
7018:
7007:. Retrieved
7002:
6993:
6966:
6938:
6932:
6904:
6897:
6872:
6869:Film History
6868:
6830:
6787:
6780:
6768:. Retrieved
6764:
6755:
6738:
6735:Film History
6734:
6728:
6720:the original
6710:
6685:
6682:Film History
6681:
6671:
6649:(2): 15–25.
6646:
6642:
6636:
6603:
6600:Film History
6599:
6593:
6566:
6556:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6482:
6479:Film History
6478:
6472:
6434:(1): 26–61.
6431:
6427:
6421:
6409:. Retrieved
6405:
6395:
6375:
6368:
6341:
6335:
6315:
6308:
6286:
6234:
6227:
6200:
6159:
6126:
6120:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6040:Hunger Games
6037:
6031:
6025:
6014:Warner Bros.
6007:
5996:
5993:The Avengers
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5937:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5887:
5872:
5870:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5841:
5835:
5820:
5819:(Mayan) and
5814:
5808:
5802:
5801:(Japanese),
5796:
5790:
5784:
5783:(Mandarin),
5778:
5776:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:Harry Potter
5738:
5735:
5728:
5725:Home theatre
5714:
5704:
5698:
5684:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5647:
5628:Warner Bros.
5609:
5603:
5602:(1992), and
5597:
5591:
5587:Pulp Fiction
5585:
5575:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5491:Chow Yun-fat
5464:
5463:(1988), and
5458:
5452:
5446:
5442:Police Story
5440:
5434:
5412:
5402:
5396:
5371:
5364:
5354:
5336:
5326:
5320:
5298:
5286:sparked the
5283:
5277:
5271:
5261:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5226:. The films
5217:
5194:
5176:
5170:
5169:(1985), and
5164:
5158:
5144:
5138:
5124:
5123:, and three
5118:
5112:
5102:
5086:film studios
5079:
5061:
5051:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5018:
5008:
4953:musical film
4950:
4935:
4929:
4926:comedy films
4910:
4902:The Big Boss
4900:
4897:Jeet Kune Do
4881:world cinema
4878:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4817:
4807:
4799:
4797:
4786:
4776:
4766:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4728:The Exorcist
4726:
4716:
4715:, Coppola's
4710:
4690:George Lucas
4679:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4623:
4616:
4594:
4574:
4568:
4558:
4555:Sergio Leone
4548:
4542:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4497:The Graduate
4495:
4489:
4475:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4438:
4431:
4421:
4420:production;
4407:
4406:(1964), and
4401:
4391:
4362:
4354:Third Cinema
4331:
4324:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4262:
4251:
4245:
4233:Jules et Jim
4231:
4225:
4219:
4205:
4198:
4194:My Fair Lady
4192:
4188:Mary Poppins
4186:
4172:
4164:
4128:Eddie Romero
4113:
4108:
4105:Kim Ki-young
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:Mehboob Khan
4055:
4034:
4027:Wes Anderson
4019:Gregory Nava
4007:Carlos Saura
3979:Satyajit Ray
3975:Bengali film
3968:
3954:
3938:Mikio Naruse
3927:
3924:George Lucas
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3842:Ishirō Honda
3835:
3832:Yasujirō Ozu
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3752:
3749:Mikio Naruse
3742:
3732:
3726:
3716:
3710:
3707:Satyajit Ray
3700:
3697:Yasujirō Ozu
3693:Asian cinema
3689:world cinema
3686:
3672:Asian cinema
3657:
3654:Claire Bloom
3643:
3642:
3635:
3634:(1954), and
3629:
3623:
3622:(1955), and
3617:
3611:
3605:
3601:12 Angry Men
3599:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3549:
3545:House of Wax
3543:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3448:
3435:
3415:
3412:Isidore Isou
3401:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3361:
3355:
3337:Cold War era
3334:
3322:blacklisting
3311:
3298:Wakeful Eyes
3296:
3279:
3255:
3249:
3237:Oliver Twist
3235:
3229:
3228:adaptations
3219:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3114:
3098:
3087:Robert Lewis
3072:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3033:Now, Voyager
3031:
3021:
3015:
3009:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2968:Gainsborough
2965:
2961:Orson Welles
2956:Citizen Kane
2954:
2951:RKO Pictures
2940:
2926:
2923:James Cagney
2916:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2876:Mrs. Miniver
2874:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2822:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2779:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2723:Burt Gillett
2709:
2703:
2695:film tinting
2692:
2674:
2668:
2665:RKO Pictures
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2585:
2578:RKO Pictures
2573:Frankenstein
2571:
2565:
2551:
2545:
2527:
2521:
2511:
2508:musical film
2501:
2493:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2396:
2385:
2382:Yasujirō Ozu
2375:
2360:
2354:
2341:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2247:
2228:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2153:Movies like
2152:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2111:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2064:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2002:In Germany,
2001:
1994:
1987:
1983:Mack Sennett
1969:
1962:
1948:
1937:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1898:sepia toning
1891:
1884:
1875:After 1914,
1874:
1863:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1796:insert shots
1793:
1781:
1768:
1766:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1642:
1634:
1622:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1506:Pathé Frères
1502:
1482:In Germany,
1481:
1470:
1447:
1434:
1431:Asta Nielsen
1422:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1375:'s two-reel
1346:
1339:
1305:
1295:
1282:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1191:
1188:film grammar
1177:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1132:phantom ride
1123:
1121:
1113:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1060:
1034:
1025:
1015:
1009:
999:
990:
986:
980:
965:
948:
944:Geneva drive
940:Messter Film
933:
915:
903:
895:
884:Léon Gaumont
877:
870:brand, with
868:Pathé-Frères
861:
850:
831:
827:
820:
816:
784:
776:Pathé Frères
768:
728:
724:matinee idol
705:
703:
680:
676:
667:
648:
629:Joseph Perry
609:
599:
584:
580:
575:
572:
561:
533:
526:
520:
510:
498:
490:
473:
449:
442:
423:
412:
373:
367:
364:Musée Grévin
348:
341:
322:
310:Albert Londe
291:
285:
276:An Anschütz
257:
208:stroboscopic
205:
181:
166:
150:shadowgraphy
141:storytelling
138:
120:
73:
50:
37:
35:
26:
10733:Film theory
10250:29 November
10063:جريدة القبس
9920:"1945–1959"
9557:12 February
9446:Dave Kehr,
9285:8 September
8522:30 December
8295:(1): 8–20.
8223:j.ctvsn3pvn
7767:1874/384504
7709:(1): 1–13.
7361:(1): 9–27.
7321:(1): 5–17.
7246:JSTOR Daily
7149:j.ctt5hhz03
6406:JSTOR Daily
6054:Summer 1993
6022:live-action
5988:Toy Story 3
5831:nominations
5813:(Aramaic),
5804:City of God
5741:film series
5711:epic cinema
5658:video games
5654:smartphones
5561:Scorsese's
5541:(1989) and
5519:(1993) and
5389:comedy film
5385:Jackie Chan
5356:Megazone 23
5325:(1984) and
5276:(1973) and
5252:blockbuster
5222:'s company
5166:After Hours
5160:Raging Bull
5117:, three to
4946:Jackie Chan
4874:Wim Wenders
4862:West German
4849:Deep Throat
4814:blockbuster
4749:, Malick's
4731:, Altman's
4712:Taxi Driver
4694:Woody Allen
4674:Dirty Harry
4635:protagonist
4565:Walter Hill
4563:(1964) and
4524:(1969) and
4482:Vietnam War
4465:Henry Fonda
4443:during the
4316:Georgy Girl
4197:(1964) and
4161:Nadia Lutfi
4031:Danny Boyle
3987:James Ivory
3912:(1995) and
3893:The Outrage
3880:(1975) and
3864:(1960) and
3840:(1953) and
3837:Tokyo Story
3820:(1954) and
3795:(1954) and
3767:(1957) and
3731:(1954) and
3702:Tokyo Story
3554:. Producer
3526:(1958) and
3494:(1960) and
3479:The Vikings
3455:VistaVision
3441:Cinemascope
3393:(1950) and
3199:Odd Man Out
3059:Frank Capra
3030:", such as
2949:. In 1941,
2937:John Huston
2885:(1943) and
2858:(1941) and
2808:(1944) and
2772:Noël Coward
2770:(1944) and
2715:Walt Disney
2711:Technicolor
2705:Kinemacolor
2655:Walt Disney
2564:films like
2550:(1930) and
2534:avant-garde
2523:42nd Street
2490:Walt Disney
2416:Greta Garbo
2404:Clark Gable
2377:The Goddess
2372:Wu Yonggang
2350:Warner Bros
2332:, DeForest
2250:Sam Goldwyn
2235:star system
2159:(1927) and
2144:(1922) and
1995:In Sweden,
1988:In Russia,
1971:Sidney Drew
1893:Silent film
1854:The use of
1794:The use of
1668:Intolerance
1649:Jesse Lasky
1599:Intertitles
1438:(The Abyss)
1301:nickelodeon
1229:Kinetoscope
1209:Still from
1193:Stop Thief!
1173:John Barnes
1030:intertitles
995:slow motion
902:(1905) and
842:fourth wall
735:suffragette
699:Latham loop
687:Eidoloscope
664:composition
464:Kinetoscope
240:stop motion
236:stereoscope
201:chromatrope
145:Cantastoria
123:film genres
96:home movies
10702:Categories
10221:18 October
10159:9 November
10094:4 December
10068:4 December
10043:4 December
10018:4 December
9993:4 December
9987:EgyptToday
9968:2009-05-22
9796:1 February
9763:19 October
9579:Daily News
9363:4 November
9330:Film Forum
9260:2023-05-09
9219:31 January
9199:2022-03-18
9178:2022-03-18
9122:"About us"
8419:2022-07-19
8085:2022-07-20
8034:2022-05-26
7791:2022-07-28
7663:1153630930
7286:1241889104
7115:4 November
7085:. USC.edu.
7033:20 October
7009:2022-06-21
6875:(2): 140.
6807:1201301040
6688:(2): 142.
6301:References
5816:Apocalypto
5789:(French),
5695:Eric Manes
5620:DreamWorks
5563:Goodfellas
5423:Sammo Hung
5292:Real Robot
5187:Tim Burton
5094:home video
5032:Peter Weir
4951:While the
4740:Annie Hall
4737:, Allen's
4656:Straw Dogs
4631:antagonist
4613:Wes Craven
4521:Easy Rider
4480:about the
4403:Soft Hands
4373:Soad Hosny
4321:James Bond
4227:Breathless
4072:Raj Kapoor
4068:Mrinal Sen
3995:Elia Kazan
3903:Andha Naal
3883:China Gate
3858:, such as
3826:(1958) by
3739:Raj Kapoor
3637:Old Yeller
3607:Cinderella
3432:Guy Debord
3216:David Lean
3194:Carol Reed
3155:. In 1952
3130:Ossessione
3119:(1948) by
3083:Elia Kazan
3011:Cat People
3006:Val Lewton
2928:Casablanca
2776:David Lean
2699:Pathécolor
2627:(1931) or
2553:Le Million
2538:René Clair
2495:Snow White
2314:phonograph
2279:See also:
2275:Sound film
2156:Metropolis
1959:naturalism
1928:silent era
1856:flash-back
1841:Ralph Ince
1751:Abel Gance
1726:soft focus
1607:sound film
1526:A.E. Smith
1400:André Deed
1386:Quo Vadis?
1237:stop trick
1022:intertitle
997:" effect.
838:proscenium
832:Cinderella
828:Cendrillon
812:fly system
795:stop trick
778:, and the
460:phonograph
436:, and the
417:(1888) by
160:, and the
129:Precursors
80:widescreen
76:home video
71:of films.
10491:145006358
10402:: 45–92.
10129:cite book
9013:787844837
8978:15 August
8838:18 August
8718:433110272
8653:18 August
8622:0014-164X
8589:16 August
8579:0362-4331
8548:16 August
8496:18 August
8468:18 August
8443:18 August
8358:18 August
8301:0892-2160
8272:17 August
8247:17 August
8176:968511967
8143:192110872
8135:1746-0654
7890:0892-2160
7786:192341772
7750:Audiences
7723:0009-7101
7555:0094-1700
7429:1549-0068
7375:0892-2160
7327:0892-2160
7294:cite book
7227:225091235
7211:0097-9740
7110:0362-4331
6881:0892-2160
6702:192159745
6655:0015-1386
6628:194973091
6540:0039-3541
6491:0892-2160
6464:162264583
6448:0093-1896
6411:15 August
6360:794136291
6106:Moonlight
5948:DC Comics
5795:(Hindi),
5706:Gladiator
5611:Toy Story
5431:slapstick
5427:Yuen Biao
5414:Project A
5381:Bruce Lee
5351:cyberpunk
5315:'s first
5183:Al Pacino
5135:Lucasfilm
5114:Star Wars
5109:Spielberg
5090:copyright
5034:'s films
4993:melodrama
4961:Bollywood
4889:Bruce Lee
4819:Star Wars
4804:Spielberg
4768:Chinatown
4746:Manhattan
4734:Nashville
4639:film noir
4581:" trend.
4547:produced
4460:Fail Safe
4292:Repulsion
4183:Cinecittà
4175:Hollywood
4076:Bimal Roy
4060:Guru Dutt
4023:Ira Sachs
3977:director
3929:Star Wars
3872:Bollywood
3759:Guru Dutt
3718:Jalsaghar
3645:Limelight
3613:Peter Pan
3561:In 1954,
3529:Cleopatra
3511:Oklahoma!
3506:Mike Todd
3491:Spartacus
3404:Lettrists
3368:communist
3340:zeitgeist
3301:starring
3284:starring
3158:Umberto D
3127:In 1943,
2953:released
2947:film noir
2843:Pinocchio
2820:1944 film
2653:, 1933).
2650:Duck Soup
2598:Bollywood
2596:See also
2587:King Kong
2580:released
2536:director
2479:Blackmail
2334:Phonofilm
2330:Movietone
2322:Vitaphone
2269:Sound era
2248:In 1924,
2212:Clara Bow
2141:Nosferatu
2013:die Puppe
1950:The Cheat
1930:of film.
1836:different
1811:directed
1803:tension.
1753:directed
1555:is used.
1442:Urban Gad
1436:Afgrunden
1411:Ole Olsen
1252:Vitascope
1231:, showed
1136:causality
1098:negatives
1053:close-ups
896:Le Boléro
888:Alice Guy
862:In 1900,
803:dissolves
716:live gate
656:aesthetic
652:newsreels
620:Melbourne
597:released
591:Alice Guy
568:Alice Guy
193:dissolves
100:video art
69:narrative
10688:Archived
10501:(1990).
10089:StepFeed
9881:19 April
9648:29 April
9621:21 April
9432:19 April
9397:24 April
9254:BBC News
8630:42575500
8583:Archived
8333:24 April
8059:24 April
7946:Archived
7898:27670731
7612:24 April
7587:24 April
7563:43609159
6985:46713129
6849:18834152
6770:19 April
6606:(3): 2.
6548:25475781
6174:See also
6128:Parasite
6112:Parasite
5911:Megamind
5868:(2005).
5856:(2003),
5596:(1991),
5556:Dogme 95
5513:(1991),
5487:John Woo
5457:(1987),
5451:(1986),
5445:(1985),
5439:(1984),
5191:Bob Kane
5178:Scarface
5163:(1980),
5023:and the
4827:such as
4752:Badlands
4621:(1972).
4573:(1996).
4530:(1969).
4518:(1969),
4512:(1968),
4506:(1968),
4500:(1967),
4494:(1967),
4436:(1963).
4396:(1960),
4360:cinema.
4250:(1960),
4191:(1964),
4179:Pinewood
3918:(2002).
3906:(1954),
3888:Rashomon
3886:(1998).
3847:Godzilla
3814:(1950),
3811:Rashomon
3801:(1957).
3789:(1952),
3783:(1950),
3780:Rashomon
3757:(1955),
3747:(1951),
3737:(1954),
3721:(1958),
3705:(1953),
3662:(2010).
3616:(1953),
3610:(1950),
3584:(1954),
3578:(1955),
3540:3-D film
3536:Gimmicks
3520:(1956),
3514:(1955),
3488:(1959),
3482:(1958),
3476:(1956),
3468:Biblical
3459:Cinerama
3450:The Robe
3399:(1952).
3350:such as
3344:paranoia
3224:and his
2959:made by
2879:(1942),
2873:(1942),
2864:(1942).
2852:(1940),
2849:Fantasia
2846:(1940),
2802:(1943),
2764:(1942),
2758:(1941),
2635:Mae West
2556:(1931).
2526:, 1933,
2469:Applause
2355:Don Juan
2290:Don Juan
2239:escapism
2138:(1920),
2130:betrayal
2126:insanity
2018:The Doll
1967:(1917).
1934:Film art
1732:starrer
1528:filming
1361:Ambrosio
199:and the
121:Various
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10599:, 1989.
10584:10 July
10562:, 1984.
10555:(2008).
10527:, 1999.
10422:, 2002.
10384:, 2013.
10366:, 1990.
10301:, 1998.
9710:29 June
9669:CNN-IBN
9503:29 June
8309:3815398
7731:1225446
7437:1209964
7383:3815556
7335:3815253
6889:3815166
6747:3814977
6499:3815390
6456:1343603
6294:Z movie
6181:B movie
6088:Get Out
6027:Aladdin
5838:3D film
5599:Aladdin
5522:Titanic
5305:Macross
5131:THX Ltd
5063:Mad Max
4721:films,
4575:Yojimbo
4550:Yojimbo
4433:Saladin
4298:Darling
4080:K. Asif
3955:During
3804:During
3502:Todd-AO
3485:Ben-Hur
3463:Todd-AO
3410:, when
3226:Dickens
3097:filmed
2931:, with
2833:Henry V
2824:Henry V
2567:Dracula
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2220:realist
2192:feature
2075:Italian
1790:, 1918)
1688:Joe May
1532:in the
1407:Nordisk
1392:Cabiria
1341:Cabiria
1049:inserts
900:Saharet
660:framing
631:called
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169:shadows
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10538:
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10489:
10458:(1991)
10444:
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10117:
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9903:22 May
9859:22 May
9833:11 May
9737:30 May
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5528:Avatar
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5199:, saw
5196:Batman
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3777:films
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3728:Ugetsu
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6616:JSTOR
6581:JSTOR
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6495:JSTOR
6460:S2CID
6452:JSTOR
6139:2020s
5928:2010s
5638:2000s
5497:1990s
5366:Akira
5353:film
5295:mecha
5268:anime
5205:Joker
5105:Lucas
5070:1980s
4997:filmi
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4965:Hindi
4585:1970s
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4365:Egypt
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3264:1950s
2861:Bambi
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2737:1940s
2609:like
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10586:2009
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10507:ISBN
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10223:2011
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10161:2006
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10115:ISBN
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9434:2009
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9342:2009
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9287:2011
9221:2017
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