711:
semi-rough sand. The friction between the sled and the sand is taken into account and is measured before the test. The sled is loaded according to the horse's weight; on the first attempt, the load equals 36 percent of the estimated weight of the horse; with each subsequent stage of the test, the load is increased by 6 percent of the horse's weight. The horse must pull the sled for 10 metres (33 ft) at each weight. If the horse stops during a test and does not resume within one minute, or stops four times before reaching the required distance, the test is discontinued. Two points are awarded for every testing stage completed successfully, with a maximum total score of 20. The pulling style is also evaluated, and given 4 to 10 points. To pass the test, the horse must successfully complete pulls for at least five "steps". This corresponds to a pulling capacity of 60 percent of the horse's weight. An award of 20 points corresponds to 90 percent of the horse's weight being pulled.
647:. Both sexes are also required to pass either a drivability or a ridability test. The horse's pedigree is also evaluated, and uncharacteristically small individuals descending from larger-sized lines are not accepted. The horse should be proportionately small all over, and express all the qualities of a full-size Finnhorse. Especially thorough attention is paid to the pony-sized horse's character, obedience and cooperation. The pony-sized Finnhorse is suited to practically any use the larger Finnhorse is, with the exception of heavy draught work because of its smaller size and proportionally reduced strength. However, some individuals have been able to compete with and even win against full-size Finnhorses in work horse competitions. Many pony-sized individuals are cross-registered for trotter section breeding, as small Finnhorses can be equal competitors in harness against larger ones. In
377:). Any colours other than chestnut were considered evidence of "foreign" blood, and the goal was to make the Finnhorse an all-chestnut breed. The breeding regulation of 1909 stated that no stallion "with coat of white, grey, palomino or spotted" could be accepted into the stud book. The popularity of bay and black Finnhorses dropped as well, and at least one mare was removed from the stud book solely because of her bay colour. Selective breeding combined with the export of horses in colours popular in neighbouring countries, especially bays into Sweden, and made chestnut the prevailing colour. In the earliest section of the first Finnhorse studbook, 105 of the stallions listed were chestnut and only 8 were bay. There were stallions of other colours as well, but they were not included in the first book. At one point, chestnuts made up more than 96 percent of the breed.
603:. After the mechanisation of Finnish agriculture in the 1960s and the 1970s, however, it was not clear if the Finnhorse would make the transition into a riding horse, even though the long use of the breed by the Finnish cavalry had proven it well-suited for the job. The Finnhorse had a strong image as a harnessed working horse, associated with rural life and old times. When riding as a hobby emerged and became more established in Finnish cities during the 1960s, imported horses and ponies were preferred as mounts; warmblooded horses represented modern times, leisure time and wealth, while the Finnhorse was viewed as rugged and unsophisticated. The riding section studbook, created in 1971, grew slowly and gained only a few dozen horses during its first decade, as the idea of a Finnhorse used for riding was considered near-ridiculous at the time.
475:
Draught-type
Finnhorses are heavier and have a longer body than horses of the trotter and riding types. Though relatively small compared to other draught breeds, Finnhorses have considerable pulling power and can pull very heavy loads because of the breed's good pulling technique, with powerful take-off and a low, efficient body stature during the actual pulling. The Finnish Draught type is, pound for pound, stronger than many larger draught breeds. An average horse in draught work is capable of pulling about 80 percent of its own weight, while a Finnhorse can pull as much as 110 percent. In work horse competitions, the best Finnhorses can achieve even higher results, pulling more than 200 percent of their own body weight.
218:. The ideal Finnhorse is easy-to-handle, versatile, and combines strength, agility, speed and endurance. Finnhorses are lively, with both a reliable and alert temperament. The breed standard encourages a horse that is "honest and sincere": eager to cooperate with humans, obedient, and willing to work. They are hardy with good endurance, robust health, and are generally long-lived. The breed standard describes the head of a Finnhorse as dry and the profile straight, not long or convex, with well-spaced, short ears. The neck should be well-shaped and not underslung or ewe-necked; the body should be on the long side, but rounded and proportionate; and the
680:. With the exception of the trotter section, they are also evaluated on "type"; the suitability of the horse's overall build for the section for which it is offered. Individuals that do not qualify for the studbook on their own merits during the stud book evaluation process may be accepted later, based on the quality and accomplishments of their offspring. For this to occur, a horse's offspring are evaluated by their competitive history or their stud book evaluation, and if of high enough quality, their parent then is also granted acceptance into the stud book. Conversely, a horse may be removed from the studbook if its offspring are found to have any
2045:
610:(SuoRa, or "Finnmounts") organisation was founded in 1974 to promote the use of the Finnhorse under saddle, and with the growing popularity of riding and the support of SuoRa, Finnhorses of riding type gained a foothold, though by the late 1970s, even SuoRa estimated that only about 300 Finnhorses were being used for riding. However, the popularity of harness racing and the breeding of trotter type Finnhorses made the breed lighter and faster overall, which also benefitted the riding section. In addition, the Finnish state horse breeding institute of
1915:
central base for the new
Estonian breed in 1856, and ten Finnish mares and three stallions were bought for its needs. Though some purebred Finnish horses were produced, they were used mainly for crossbreeding; the later offspring of part-Finnish crossbreds did not prove as good as expected, and the Tori stud gradually stopped using Finnish horses. One Finnish-Arabian stallion, Orro, has had noteworthy influence on the modern-day Tori horse, through his widely used great-grandson Harun 42 T.
1282:, the Finnhorse was the breed that made up almost all of the horses that were part of the Finnish army and mounted police forces. While officers mostly rode various foreign light horse breeds, the so-called "light type" of Finnhorse was used for the enlisted members of the cavalry. Many of the most talented Finnhorses had competitive success during their service. After the war, the Finnish cavalry was converted to infantry, and the use of the Finnhorse for riding purposes nearly ended.
1211:
746:
1563:
624:
467:
1639:
1297:
29:
1734:
348:
876:
207:
892:
702:
2172:, being calm, hard-working, and obedient. They are small enough to allow the patient to be assisted easily, yet large enough to have gaits that stimulate the muscles and balance of the rider. Many Finnhorses have also been trained for driving, and therefore are familiar with unusual noises and can be controlled from behind, and ex-trotters are inexpensive. Many Finns also find the appearance of the Finnhorse comforting.
2140:
592:. Even the temperament of the riding section animals appears to have become more lively. To pass the studbook evaluation, a riding type horse must either have placed in a Grade IV dressage or combined driving competition, or pass a dressage test; must pass a jumping evaluation and a ridability test, and possess clean gaits. Mares may be qualified solely on grounds of a ridability test and a movement evaluation.
1852:
1771:
1505:, the Finnish cavalry was larger than at any other time in history, and almost every usable horse of Finland was needed. Horses were used by the cavalry, infantry, and for transporting supplies. Horses serving in the Swedish military never returned to Finland; even the animals provided to the last remaining Swedish reinforcement regiments were taken to Sweden in 1714, and to Norway in 1718.
576:
1976:
climate and conditions of
Finland necessitated that the breed be durable and hardy. As a result, the Finnhorse remained small but tough, and could pull heavy loads in difficult terrain and even in chest-deep snow. Relative to its size, the Finnhorse is among the most powerful workhorses in the world with the best animals able to pull as much as 200 percent of their own weight.
1924:
1789:
horse power, and by the 1950s, the breed reached its all-time peak, with an estimated 409,000 animals, with a great majority of the horses being of the draught type. However, with the increased mechanisation of agriculture and forestry in the 1960s, the number of
Finnhorses dropped precipitously. Horses, having been bred in large numbers only a few years earlier, were taken to
1029:. This made the western Finnish horse type larger and better suited to farming and forestry work. The characteristics of the original western Finnish type prevailed, however, even though influenced by outside blood and traces of outside influence could be detected for a long time. Later, this mixed type was further crossbred with larger horses from Central Europe during the
488:
2006:
1794:
declined to 90,000 animals, and 10 years later as few as 20,000 Finnhorses existed. The breed's all-time lowest point was 1987, with only 14,100 horses. By this time, however, the overall horse population in
Finland had been increasing for almost a decade, with lighter harness racing horse breeds establishing their position, counting 12,800 animals the same year.
724:
least 10 points. The first part examines the behaviour of the horse while it is being harnessed and loaded, then unloaded and unharnessed, and the remaining three parts evaluate the way the horse behaves when being driven. These parts often include regulation of the speed of the horse's walk, halts, turns around obstacles, and backing with a load around a corner.
1438:. The crossbred offspring were praised for their looks, but turned out to have poor temperaments and no talent for speed. Due to a combination of the large population of horses in Finland (over 200,000 animals) and the later enthusiasm for purebreeding, these estate-based crossbreeding attempts never had significant influence on the modern Finnish horse.
1839:
strengths of the breed in international disciplines are considered to be its good health and working qualities, its versatility, and its novelty value outside of
Finland. The versatility of the breed's "universal" horse type, a Finnish concept, has plusses and minuses: It creates a challenge in marketing because buyers tend to seek conventional
367:. At the turn of the 20th century, when a nationalistic spirit was high, the Finnhorse began to be considered a symbol of Finland, and purebreeding became very popular. In addition, chestnut colour was officially chosen as an official aim for breeding as the "utmost original" colour of the Finnhorse, and named the "Hippos colour" after
948:. Rislakki believed this unrefined and notably large-headed type was the horse the early Finns encountered about 1000 BCE. He suggested that the Finns later encountered other peoples and horses south of the Gulf of Finland, and that these peoples had better proportioned horses with a shorter muzzle and wider forehead, descended from the
409:
died out with the passing of the 1981 stallion Jesper Jr, who had no offspring. Grey exists in one dam line, descending from mare
Pelelaikka, especially through her maternal grandson E.V. Johtotähti 1726-93Ta, an award-winning stallion. The second-last grey line died in 2010 with the 1988 mare Iiris 2275-88R, who had no grey offspring.
664:
set for various qualities: performance ability, conformation, disposition, and in some cases, quality of offspring. Any horse offered for the
Finnhorse studbook must be at least 4 years old, a stallion or a mare, and registered a Finnhorse. The stud book evaluation board considers the performance of horses in their desired discipline:
1586:(55 inches, 140 cm) tall. Vilkuna also discovered that the horses of the southern and western regions of Finland were larger than those of the northern and eastern regions. This was probably due to the influence of imported horses. By the mid-18th century, a typical Finnish horse was probably about 13.2
1762:
massive war indemnity. Finnhorses however, were accepted as payment, and a total of 18,000 animals were sold to Soviet Russia at low rates in 1947 and 1948. The best
Finnhorses were not offered to the Soviets, however, and according to contemporary witnesses, many showy but otherwise useless horses ended up in Russia.
169:, each with different goals: to develop a heavier working horse, a lighter trotter type, a versatile riding horse, and a pony-sized animal. The combined breed standard for all four sections defines the breed as a strong, versatile horse with pleasant disposition. The average height of the breed is 15.1
1975:
Agricultural and forestry work were the traditional uses of the
Finnhorse. The Finnhorse was never bred to be a particularly large or heavy draught horse, as it was the only horse breed of the country, and versatility was desired as the Finnhorse was also used as the primary steed of the cavalry. The
1914:
In the mid-19th century, manor owners in Estonia found the native Estonian Horse too small for their agricultural needs, and concluded that the population would benefit from crossbreeding. Finnish horses were among the breeds considered for the job. The state stud farm of Tori was founded as the
1830:
Apart from the exchange project of the late 1980s, activity to export the Finnhorse has been minimal. However, a 2008 study stated that increased international interest and demand for the Finnhorse was advisable to ensure the survival of the breed. To this end, the objectives of the national breeding
1753:
nor any nursing, pregnant or studbook-approved mares were enrolled to be eligible for military procurement. All procured horses officially remained their private owners' property, were marked for identification and as necessary, were returned or reported dead. The program was successful in preserving
1266:
used by the Swedish Royal Army. However, these animals had great stamina, a crucial quality during long, exhausting campaigns. The humble-looking Finnish horses were presumably exchanged when possible for other horses obtained as spoils of war. It was probably rare for a cavalryman to return with the
1120:, literally, "King's estate") to service local mares. In a letter from 1556, Gustav Vasa mentions that there were 231 breeding horses of this kind in Finland. It is not known whether these horses were imported directly from Central Europe to Finland, or descended from imports brought first to Sweden.
761:
and beasts of burden in every aspect of life from antiquity well into the 20th century. The modern breed's precise line of descent is unclear, but numerous outside influences have been recorded throughout the history of Finland. Linguistic analysis suggest that horse was in use in Finland in the
654:
Although its breeding section was created at the same time as the trotter and riding types, the pony-sized Finnhorse is technically the newest of the sections, as trotters and riding horses were bred as "universal horses" in a combined section beginning in 1924. The Finnhorse had been bred for larger
474:
The working or draught type is the oldest of the Finnhorse types, and has had its own separate breeding section since the studbook was first split in 1924. Though the oldest of the Finnhorse types, it is rare today, with a total of only about 1,000 horses registered in the working section as of 2004.
2164:
horses, and a number of Finnhorses even earn their keep with their dressage winnings, a notable achievement as competing in Finland is expensive and prize money low. Most Finnhorses used in dressage compete at the national 4th level (US) or Grade IV (GB), though some individuals have competed at the
1813:
since 1971 have been registered. During the first decade of the 21st century, the breed's numbers in Finland stabilised at roughly 20,000, and approximately 1,000 foals are born annually. The breed makes up roughly one third of Finland's total horse population. The objective for ensuring the breed's
1254:
was only 115 centimetres (45 in) one year, but those in the next year's survey were 125 centimetres (49 in). Overall, there were no pony-sized horses below a croup measurement of 110 centimetres (43 in), and the all-around average height of the horses used by the cavalry was about 120
1171:
prohibited the exporting of Finnish horses, which demonstrated the success of these efforts as well as the importance of the horses of the region of Finland. The horse breeding farms lasted only for about 100 years under later rulers of the Vasa line before the programs deteriorated. The last of the
1083:
The earliest document noting the importation of outside horses to Finland is a papal letter in 1229. During the Swedish rule of Finland that followed, foreign horses obtained by the Finnish cavalry, whether purchased for replenishment or seized as spoils of war, probably influenced the Finnish horse
719:
The general drivability test is performed by trotter stallions. It is optional for draught type horses in lieu of the pulling test, and for pony-sized horses in lieu of the rideability test. The horse is driven by two different members of the studbook evaluation committee during this test, and asked
614:
was founded in the 1970s, and was the first stud farm to breed and train Finnhorses for riding on a larger scale. Well-trained Finnhorse mounts from Ypäjä, seen in growing numbers in competition, added to the popularity and credibility of the breed for under-saddle use. After the slow beginning, the
541:
I.P. Vipotiina. The absolute Finnhorse speed record is 19.4aly, held by the stallion Sipori. As the result was not achieved from a win, the time is not an official Finnish record. Finnhorses have been so successful against other coldblood trotter breeds of Scandinavia, that by the 21st century,
408:
The roan colour is rare, and today is passed on via a single dam line that descends from the strawberry roan mare Sonja, foaled in 1936. As of 2010, only six confirmed roan Finnhorses exist, all descendants of a 1987 mare, Taika-Tyttö, great-great-granddaughter of Sonja. The second-to-last roan line
2851:
The palomino mare Auringon säde has foaled out of the buckskin Autere a blue-eyed filly with pink skin and very pale coat. We still have every reason to join the owner's hopes for this to be the first known double Cream dilute Finnhorse in Finland. (...) While you read this, the filly's colouration
2792:
Last summer's curiously-coloured maternal granddaughter of Ukkosen Poika, Hennylän Kulta (s. Helinän Ari, d. Apilan Viola, ds. Ukkosen Poika), has been tested for colour, and the results coming from the UK yesterday confirm that she is a smoky black as suspected. This makes Hennylän Kulta the first
1838:
Within Finland, the Finnhorse is valued as the national horse breed with cultural ties and strong support from a variety of Finnhorse organisations. On the other hand, progress in popularizing the breed internationally is complicated by its low population and lack of international recognition. The
663:
To be registered as a Finnhorse, a horse must either have parents registered as Finnhorses, or be verified to be descended from at least three generations of Finnhorses. To qualify for the Finnhorse stud book as a breeding animal, a horse must prove itself by meeting or exceeding the breed standard
583:
The riding horse section Finnhorse is a capable and reliable mount. It lacks some traits required for competing at the highest levels of international riding sports, but its combination of size and good temperament makes it suitable for both adults and children. To qualify for the riding section, a
188:
The exact origins of the early Finnish horse are currently not known. Because the Finnhorse breed and its progenitors were the only horses in Finland for centuries, the history of horses in Finland parallels the history of the Finnhorse itself. The documented history of the distinct breed begins at
1821:
The Finnhorse is a relatively unknown horse breed outside of Finland, with no organised efforts to promote it internationally. The word "Finnhorse" was only recently coined, and only became the standard name after 1990. However, a few Finnhorses exist outside Finland, having been exported in small
1788:
Approximately 300,000 horses existed in Finland when the Finnhorse studbook was established in the beginning of the 20th century. The horse population, consisting almost entirely of Finnhorses, remained stable for 50 years. The rebuilding of the country after two wars had increased demand for
1403:
a multitude of breeds were used. The amount and diversity of crossbreeding led to difficulties in creating a consistent type up until the beginning of the 20th century and the creation of the Finnhorse studbook; some of the first stallions accepted in the studbook were criticised for having a
723:
The draught section drivability test, which evaluates disposition: adaptability, reliability, and calmness, consists of four parts, and 0–5 points are given for each. To pass the test, the horse must score at least one point for each part of the test, and its combined score for the test must be at
521:
The Finnhorse is slower to mature than lighter breeds, and thus usually enters harness racing competition at the age of four. However, its build withstands competition better than light trotters, and the breed's effective competition career can be very long. The Finnish harness racing bylaws allow
478:
A draught-type horse must pass two tests in the studbook evaluation: a walking test and either a pulling or a general drivability test. The points given for the horse's performance in these tests are added to those given for its temperament and gaits, resulting in the final workability score. The
2019:
Finnhorses have historically been used for harness racing, with organised harness races having been held since 1817. Prior to that, racing from church to home had been a traditional recreation among farmers, and harness racing remained a farmer's hobby to the end of the 1950s. By that time, the
1691:
arose and increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, crossbreeding of the Finnish horse essentially ended and a new direction was taken by Finnish horse breeders. The breed was considered a symbol of the nation, and thus it was desired that it be as purebred as possible. On 20 November
1655:
especially blamed the west coast estates for damaging the Finnish horse by crossbreeding. Nonetheless, outside stallions were still imported to Finland. At the end of the century, stallions "of oriental, Arabian blood" still served at state farms. The influence of the Russian-imported "oriental"
911:
Axel Alfthan (1862–1934) and veterinarian Kaarlo Gummerus (1840–1898) expanded Aspelin's hypothesis, proposing that the horse population later diverged into Eastern Finnish and Mid-Finnish types, which had remained distinguishable as late as the turn of the 20th century. Photographs support
782:
as well. In addition to functionality as military and working horses, the Finnhorse has also been bred for speed in harness racing, and it can be argued that this sport was the main factor in the survival of the breed after its numbers crashed during the later half of the 20th century, from
511:
The trotter type has existed as a separate breeding section since 1965, when the "universal horse" section of the Finnhorse studbook was renamed and replaced by the trotter section. While the total number of Finnhorses dropped during the 20th century, the popularity of harness racing turned
384:
resulting from the low number of Finnhorses that existed in the 1980s, colours such as grey and cream dilutions were preserved only by a few minor breeders. In the 1980s there were fewer than ten grey and palomino Finnhorses combined. All Finnhorse carriers of the cream gene today descend from a
3025:
However, a few (greys) were saved and the grey Finnhorses of today are descended from two families. The mare Iiris alone consists the other one, and the descendants of the mare Pelelaikka the other. Pelelaikka's colour can be tracked far into the past up to the "Hinttula whites" and her family
692:
The walking test is given only to draught type Finnhorses and measures the horse's endurance while pulling a load. The horse tested pulls a 500 kilograms (79 st; 1,100 lb) load for 500 metres (550 yd), walking. The calculated time per kilometre must be no more than ten minutes to
355:
Through the 18th and 19th centuries, chestnut in various shades was the prevailing colour of Finnish horses, making up about 40–50 percent of the breed, and bays, blacks and greys existed in much greater numbers than today: 34 percent were bay, 16 percent black, and the
1793:
by the thousands; a change in forestry tax policy made previously state-supported horse-powered forestry unprofitable and further discouraged keeping horses. Many working horse bloodlines ended, while lines more suitable for sports and recreation survived. By the 1970s, the breed's numbers had
1761:
during wartime became a threat to the Finnhorse's purebreeding: many Russian animals were stallions, and there was no way to ensure new owners would not crossbreed them with Finnhorses. For practical and political reasons, Soviet Russia would not accept these horses back as a part of Finland's
545:
Some conformation flaws common in the breed that may hinder a trotter's success include a heavy forehand and overangulated hind legs. Another problem that affects some Finnhorses is a tendency to trot with the front and hind legs directly in line with other, which creates a high probability of
197:
animals in significant numbers for many years. Due to mechanisation of agriculture and the dismantling of Finnish horse cavalry in the late 20th century, the Finnhorse population plummeted from a high of just over 400,000 animals in the 1950s to a low of 14,100 in 1987. However, the breed
1703:
At first the only notable objectives of the Finnhorse breeding programme concerned appearance, especially the colour, of the breed. The aim was to remove "foreign" characteristics. Later, in the 1920s, trials of performance were introduced, and since then, the main objectives of the Finnhorse
1191:
describes how all horses regardless of sex and age were let out on forest pastures for the summer after the spring fieldwork was finished. The pasture was scarce and the terrain challenging, with both rocky ground and wetlands. Vilkuna considers this practice an important factor in making the
710:
The pulling, or tensile resistance, test is also a test only for the draught type horses, and it measures pulling capacity in relation to size. The test is performed in several progressive stages, called "steps", with the load increased each time. The horse tested will pull a weighed sled on
503:
The trotter type is the lightest Finnhorse. A trotter section horse should be of light conformation yet muscular, with a relatively long body and long legs. At the studbook evaluation, a trotter-type horse must meet the standards in racing results and/or in breeding value index as decreed by
1650:
By the end of the 18th century, crossbreeding of Finnish horses began to be described, especially by military leaders, as "detrimental crossbreeding"—damaging to the quality of the Finnish horse, particularly for military use. In the beginning of the 19th century, German historian
732:
In the rideability test, the horse is evaluated by a member of the studbook evaluation committee by being ridden at a walk, trot and canter. The horse's movement, balance and disposition are evaluated and given 4 to 10 points. The horse should express cooperation, gentleness, attentiveness,
1814:
continuity is to have at least 200 stallions and 2,000 mares used for breeding every year, 3,000 horses used for harness racing, and 6,000 horses for riding and other uses. In the 21st century, most Finnhorses are bred to be trotters, but the breed is also popular at riding schools and for
2821:
Ukkosen Poika's firstborn daughter, the 7-year-old palomino Auringon Säde (d. Kastanja), has foaled in April, by the buckskin Autere (s. Humeeti, d. Halokeeni), a blue-eyed filly with pink skin and very pale coat. It is very possible that this is the first double cream dilute Finnhorse in
964:, Rislakki also measured Karelian horses, and proposed they also came from an original Northern European animal descended from the Tarpan. Modern studies have discredited theories suggesting modern domesticated horse breeds descending from the Tarpan or the Przewalski's horse. The modern
479:
horse is also given a score for its conformation. In addition to achieving the minimum scores for both workability and conformation, stallions accepted for the working-horse section of the stud book are required to trot 1,000 metres (1,100 yd) in less than 2 minutes and 30 seconds.
1512:
caused additional hardships. By the end of Russian occupation in 1721, a third of the Finnish human populace as well as large numbers of horses were lost to war and epidemic diseases. Furthermore, a great number of horses were exported to Russia during the invasion at the command of
1445:
in Estonia. Three experts were consulted about the Finnish horse in order to ascertain its value for the project. According to the stud farm inspector of the Russian Empire, Mayendorff, Finnish horses were found in four types: the "Haapaniemi type", the "FĂĽrstenbergian type", an
3076:
pulled relatively the heaviest load, 206 %. The second best relative puller, with 183 % (taking into account only completed steps) was the new National working horse champion, 520-kg mare Pelotin, and the third best, fourth in the competition, was the 550-kg mare Anan
584:
horse must carry itself well, and have a long neck, small head, sloping shoulder and well-defined withers. The body must not be too long. The universal Finnhorse breeding goals have made the breed of a lighter build, with longer neck, better gaits and fewer faults in
425:
The Finnhorse stud book was created in 1907. Today it has four sections: the Working section (T; draught type), Trotter section (J), Riding section (R) and Pony-sized section (P) In 1924, the first split in the stud book was created, with the working or draught type
940:. The Norwegians continue to utilise Finnhorse bloodlines, having purchased the Finnish pony-type stallion Viri 632-72P for stud use in 1980. However, Ă…kerblom dismissed the possibility that the eastern Finnhorse came from same prototype as the western pony breeds.
1700:) was founded to breed and improve the Finnish horse by the means of purebreeding, and in 1905, a governmental decree was issued for horse breeding associations to be founded throughout the country, leading to the establishment of the Finnhorse stud book in 1907.
1337:". For about 30 years, these stallions influenced the local horse population outside the military school as well, and a number of writings from the 19th century mention a "Haapaniemi breed". Similar if smaller crossbreeding programs developed elsewhere; at
1617:
to obtain quality stallions for public use. The scope of the programme was later expanded to include eight provinces, and Finland was divided into breeding districts, which were all to have a state-owned stallion available to service local mares. The horses in
1048:, who were selling horses to the non-Christianized Finns. Apparently the Finns succeeded in improving their horse population, as the predominant form of Finnish trade in horses eventually shifted from imports to exports. A Russian chronicle from 1338 mentions "
1859:
From the 14th to the 16th century, Finnish horses were exported to Russian and Germany in such quantities that eventually restrictions on exports were set. The Finnish horses exported to Russia in early 19th century influenced the development of the
1826:
for the Freund stud, which went on to breed dozens of Finnhorses, selling them in Germany and Austria. A number of horses were also exported to the Netherlands. The German Finnhorse population remains the most notable one outside Finland, with 150 animals.
1749:(1941–1944), when tens of thousands of horses were the main locomotive power of the army due to the shortage of automobiles. Animals were procured from private owners in a systematic procedure, but to ensure the continuity of Finnhorse breeding, neither
566:
when it affects the lateral and medial cartilages of the foot, is common in draught breeds. However, a study of affected Finnhorses also noted that horses with long toes and low heels were common and ossification correlated with the length of the heels.
693:
qualify as accepted. A horse qualifying with this time will be given four points. Extra points are given for faster times at the interval of 30 seconds, and the maximum points given is 10, for a time no longer than eight minutes and 30 seconds.
2020:
number of horses kept in Finland was plummeting and racing lost popularity. After 1959 the Finnhorse was no longer the only horse breed that was allowed to race in Finland; the importing of faster, light trotter breeds and the introduction of
1533:
in 1743 ceded Finnish territory to Russia, which resulted in much of the Finnish horse population being left behind the new borders. The Finnish horses in these now-Russian areas were crossbred with the Russian horses in significant numbers.
434:) horses in one section, and the "all-around" or "universal" lighter trotting horses in another. In 1965, this all-around section was renamed the trotter section. In 1971, this lighter horse section was divided into three parts: the trotter (
2032:, and are the breed most often used for the sport in Finland, especially at regional and national levels; the Finnhorse Jehun Viima, driven by Heidi Sinda, was a member of the Finnish singles driving team that finished second at the 2002
655:
size for centuries, and when the pony-sized breeding section was established, few pony-sized lines existed. The section remains the rarest type of Finnhorse, with only about 80 stallions and 420 mares accepted in the studbook as of 2010.
1537:
With the Russians having taken the best animals, combined with the old custom of pastures shared by municipalities or larger areas, rebuilding the horse population took decades. To increase numbers, horses were often bred too young, and
4119:
1715:. While accidental and even intentional Finnhorse crossbreds exist, they are not accepted for the Finnhorse registry and have not been used to develop new breeds within Finland. The Finnhorse stud book remains in the control of
1237:, which provides a height measurement significantly different from standard measures, ranged between 105 and 130 centimetres (41 and 51 in), the taller animals being the horses of officers. Only the horses owned by Colonel
808:, circa 800–1050 CE. These Viking horses would have been of northern European ancestry. The other main theory suggests that non-Viking peoples, who migrated into Finland from the southeast and south, brought with them horses of
2024:
brought professionalism and new life to the harness racing sport. Increased interest in betting led to growth in racing, which in turn helped establish harness racing as the main use for the Finnhorse during the next decades.
4066:.; Lau, Allison; Lei Peng, Hiroki Goto, Leona Chemnick, Oliver A. Ryder, Kateryna D. Makova (2009). "Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski’s Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences".
1822:
numbers to nations such as Germany and Sweden. As part of an equestrian exchange project carried out in the 1980s, a number of Finnhorses were sold to Austria and Germany in 1985 and 1987. In Germany, the horses were used as
1267:
same horse with which he left, and it is likely that the horses brought back to Finland were crossbreeds or of purely Central European lines. Reinforcements to replace the considerable horse casualties were obtained from the
1831:
program, as of 2008, include increasing international recognition of the Finnhorse and generating demand for the breed for recreation and lower-level equestrian education; to make it the standard breed used in Finland for
1630:). Official guidelines for the selection of stallions were never given, but one common aim throughout Finland was to increase the size and bulk of the horse population to create a type better suited for agricultural work.
2155:
up to national levels, and in lower levels it has the advantage because it can easily perform the required movements, and has smoother gaits that allow for ease of riding. In 2010, a Finnhorse medaled in international
799:
were imported from earliest times. The Finnhorse is most likely descended from a northern European domestic horse. One theory suggests that horses arrived from the west, brought to what today is western Finland by the
5037:
Ruohoniemi M; Mäkelä O; Eskonen T. (March 2004). "Clinical significance of ossification of the cartilages of the front feet based on nuclear bone scintigraphy, radiography and lameness examinations in 21 Finnhorses".
943:
In 1927, veterinarian and professor Veikko Rislakki (then Svanberg) proposed a different theory in his doctoral thesis. He argued that three types of wild horses existed in Europe, one of which he believed to be the
1458:, where Swedish, North-German and even English horses had been crossed with Finnish ones, while in Karelia and Savonia the outside influence had been mainly Russian. Swedish count Carl Gustav Wrangler, a respected
820:
regions. Both theories have merit, as there were two distinct horse types in the eastern and western regions of Finland that remained distinct from one another until at least the middle of the 19th century.
512:
Finnhorse birthrates around from the historical lows of the 1970s and 1980s. Today, approximately 2,000 Finnhorses are in training and 3,000 compete in harness racing. The official Finnhorse racing championship
856:" breed, and considered it possible that the same prototype also influenced Estonian, Swedish and Norwegian horse populations. A genetic study in 2014 concluded that closest relatives to the Finnhorse were the
705:
Finnhorse stallion performing in the pulling test with a measuring car. His breeder is allowed to sit on the car, an exception to the rules. Car pulling was part of stallions' studbook evaluation from 1936 to
1843:, and as a result it lacks a strong advantage over specialized breeds. Yet, the versatility of the Finnhorse can also be an advantage; more specialised breeds may be limited to a smaller range of activities.
412:
The silver dapple gene survived for two reasons. First, it only affects black colour and therefore is "masked" in chestnuts. Second, when it does act on black and bay base coats, it produces a chestnut-like
2072:
as of 2007, two are Finnhorses, though they are considered small for the job. They are also competitive in many disciplines, and in the 1970s separate competition classes for Finnhorses were established at
1315:
were among the first known influences in the breed, having been used in the early 17th century to add size. Friesian horses were used systematically until the 1650s. During the 18th century, new
1241:
were taller, with a croup measurement of 135 to 140 centimetres (53 to 55 in). It is not known if these horses were domestic crossbreeds or imported. The average height of the horses of the troops of
4054:
Cai, Dawei; Zhuowei Tang, Lu Han, Camilla F. Speller, Dongya Y. Yang, Xiaolin Ma, Jian’en Cao, Hong Zhu, Hui Zhou (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse".
5116:
1320:
breeds were created throughout Europe by crossing local native horse populations with light, hotblooded riding horses. Finnish military officers developed an interest in similar breeding while on study
1935:, with riding being the second most popular use. Many Finnhorses have multiple uses, such as starting their career in harness racing and later moving on to riding. Finnhorses perform both at their own
1797:
Although other breeds were being increasingly imported and bred, the numbers of the Finnhorse population also slowly began to recover; in 1997, 19,000 Finnhorses existed. Harness racing and associated
4879:
1415:" descent. The "Hali breed", descending from the stallions of Sarkkila, was an important influence in the pedigree of a few notable Finnhorse trotter sires such as Eino 680 and his son Eino-Vakaa 25.
1489:
tough. However, records also noted that the legs had "serious faults of position," not further defined. The Finnish horses also were considered calm and good workers, and swift walkers and runners.
615:
Finnhorse was increasingly appreciated as a riding horse. Today, over 5,000 are used for riding. Riding section horses currently are sought after while the trotting section suffers from oversupply.
161:
The Finnhorse is claimed to be among the fastest and most versatile "coldblood" breeds in the world. In Finland, the term "universal horse" is used to describe the Finnhorse and breeds such as the
1872:. In most cases, these breeds were developed by crossbreeding Finnish horses on small local horses, thus increasing size. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Finnhorse was also used in the breeding of the
529:
stallion Viesker, but was finally broken by Jokivarren Kunkku in 2015 (19,5x) The coldblood horse world record in harness racing was long held by Finnhorses, until in 2005 the record was broken by
324:
and deemed "sabino-white," has been recorded in the modern history of the breed. The number of non-chestnuts is increasing due to dedicated breeding for other colours, and as of 2009, a few dozen
1364:
known as the "FĂĽrstenbergian breed," bred by the engineer FĂĽrstenberg at the beginning of the 19th century, was a crossbreed between the Finnish horses and Orlov trotters. The influence of
987:(1902–1980) supported this view, proposing that an "Estonian-Finno-Karelian pony" descended from a small forest horse previously widespread in the lands surrounding the Gulf of Finland.
1379:
In addition to the needs of the military, crossbreeding was used to improve the common working horse; improved roads and advances in agriculture had replaced the previously predominant
272:
in the Finnhorse studbook, and a Finnhorse's overall conformation should be typical of the section in which it is recorded, though some horses are registered in multiple sections.
3736:
3268:
2727:
2160:
dressage competition. In higher-level dressage, the breed is hindered by its less-flashy movement, restricted by a somewhat upright shoulder. Despite this there are successful
2036:
in Conty, France. According to Sinda, the Finnhorse is ideally suited for combined driving, being well-mannered, focused, hard working, obedient, and possessing "cool nerves."
1411:, descended from crosses with Russian military horses. The breeding programme of Sarkkila stated one of the stallions to be of "FĂĽrstenbergian breed", and one of the mares of "
4759:
Leena Jaakkola from Oulu and Valssandra made history, as this is the first time in history for a Finnhorse to win a medal or even place in international paraequestrian field.
3361:
Järvsöfaks broke the coldblood world record. In July 2005 he trotted an unbelievable 17.9 in a 1640 metre heat! That's faster than any other coldblood horse has ever run.
1880:
was bred with both the Finnhorse and the Estonian Horse, until its stud book was closed in the 1950s. Traces of Finnhorse influence is found in other Soviet and Russian
1864:. In the 19th century and early 20th century, horses of Finnish origin were used in creating many Baltic and Russian agricultural draught breeds, such as the
1383:
with the horse, and more horses of better quality were needed for transport and agricultural work. Attempts to create better working horses used many breeds, including
3394:
1469:
Documents created some years after a number of Finnish horses had been imported to the Tori stud describe the Finnish mares obtained. Their average height was 14
1426:. These crossbreeds were probably an attempt to create showy driving horses. A notable failing of a crossbreeding attempt happened in 1875, when a stud was founded in
470:
Draught-type stallion Murron-Ryhti 3531 pulling a stone cart at a pulling competition in the 1930s, exhibiting the typical low, effective pulling stature of the breed.
405:
was born, sired by a buckskin and out of a palomino. She was blue-eyed and had "pink skin and very pale coat", and was officially recognised as a double cream dilute.
1124:
were used in Finland early in the 16th century to increase the size of the Finnish horse, and were employed for breeding in the royal farms up until the 1650s.
783:
approximately 400,000 animals in the 1950s to 14,000 in the 1980s. In the 21st century, the numbers of the breed have stabilised at approximately 20,000 animals.
770: (400–800 CE). The Finnhorse and its progenitors later became an indispensable asset for military forces from the region of Finland during the times of
1963:. Approximately 1,000 Finnhorses are used in riding schools and in riding therapy, as they are usually easy going and pleasant to ride. They are also popular as
2835:
193:
breeds were recorded beginning in the 16th century, making the breed larger and more usable. An official Finnhorse studbook was founded in 1907, producing
5124:
1418:
Some estates, especially in southern regions of Finland, were known to have used stallions of several light and hot-blooded breeds; for example, an officer in
1360:
also influenced the Finnhorse population in the first half the 19th century, improving its size, ridability and refinement. The horse type originating in
495:
almost kept him out of the studbook, but once at stud he proved highly successful, and became exceedingly influential in the breed, especially through his son
4887:
2503:
3161:
2628:
2124:
keeps them from competing at more advanced levels. Olympic rider Werner Walldén described the Finnhorse as enduring and resilient, mentally focused, and an
165:
that are relatively small with a body type that is heavy for a riding horse but light for a draught. There are four separate sections within the Finnhorse
1832:
832:("On the Nativity of the Finnish horse") in 1886–1887. Aspelin proposed that Finnish horses descended from an animal that had accompanied the migration of
5008:
Ruohoniemi M.; Ahtiainen H; Ojala M. (January 2003). "Estimates of heritability for ossification of the cartilages of the front feet in the Finnhorse".
845:
5119:[Finnhorse registering, studbook acceptance, awarding and breeding use (as confirmed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland)]
2143:
A Finnish family making hay in 1954. The Finnhorse's mild nature makes the breed a valuable companion in agricultural work as well as a therapy mount.
1037:. The crossbreed offspring of Central European and Finnish horses were larger than their Finnish parents, and even more suited for agricultural work.
925:
1497:
In the 18th century, the horse population of Finland vastly diminished in both numbers and quality. At the beginning of the century, during the
2602:
1238:
316:, non-SB1 pattern is moderately common, but is usually minimally expressed due to the selective colour breeding of the 20th century. A single
1542:
also occurred. By 1761, one of the first researchers in the agricultural chemistry in Finland described the Finnish horse population of the time:
1329:
Yrjö Maunu Sprengtporten founded a state stud farm in conjunction with the Haapaniemi military school. The stud had a few stallions described as "
3796:
1605:
In response to the decline of the Finnish horse population and especially the great loss of good quality breeding animals experienced during the
1279:
525:
For a "coldblood" breed, the Finnhorse is quite fast. The official Finnish coldblood record from 2010 is 19,9aly, was long held by the quintuple
373:
2885:
508:. A trotter's disposition is evaluated during the drivability test. However, type is not part of the studbook evaluation standard for trotters.
972:
1979:
There are few draft-type Finnhorse family lines left, and only an estimated two or three hundred animals are known to still be used as actual
979:, proposed that Finland and the other countries surrounding the Gulf of Finland were the home region for the so-called "yellow pony". A later
2120:
classes. Finnhorses have been quite successful at lower levels because they are clean and efficient jumpers, but their shorter stride at the
1983:. However, interest in traditional uses and methods has been increasing, and workhorse competitions are regularly held which usually include
1481:, deep chest and muscular back; the loins were on the long side, and the haunches muscular if sloping. The leg joints were well-defined, the
976:
937:
3136:[The stud book minimum requirements concerning the (test) results] (in Finnish). Suomen työhevosseura ry. 2009-03-22. Archived from
5281:
3105:
2564:
1346:
651:, the pony-sized Finnhorse's size is an advantage, allowing for greater agility. The section is popular for therapy and riding school use.
3241:
2445:
4644:
The Finnhorses Patrix and Priimi might be a bit small for police mounts though the so-called "warmbloods" are better suited for the job.
4412:
4101:
3952:
3133:
537:
from Sweden. As of 2010, the official Finnish record for mares, and the world record for coldblood mares, is 20.2aly, held by the double
4712:
4442:
3740:
3688:
737:, and active effort. This test is required for riding-type horses, and optional for pony-sized horses in lieu of the driveability test.
684:. A stallion may also be removed if his offspring are clearly below the average level in competitive success or stud book evaluations.
3272:
2731:
1441:
An especially detailed description of the best Finnish horses of the mid-19th century is available due to the development of the
2943:
5219:
4621:
3977:
3799:[The Finnhorse T section (working horse) drivability test] (in Finnish). Suomen työhevosseura ry. 2009-09-19. Archived from
1801:, and to some degree also the relatively new hobby of riding, became the most important factors ensuring the survival of the breed.
1108:, on his properties in Western Finland. He ordered the importation of larger horses from Central Europe, mainly from the region of
3373:
1033:. Foreign horses were also brought to Finland during military campaigns, and additional animals were imported to manor houses for
4747:
2227:
5090:
3108:[The Finnhorse T section (working horse) pulling test] (in Finnish). Suomen työhevosseura ry. 2009-03-22. Archived from
2322:
2253:
1704:
breeding programme have continued to encourage improvements in the capacity, movement, conformation and character of the breed.
562:
of the hoof cartilages of the front feet, which tends to increase with age, and appears to be heritable. This condition, called
150:, as the Finns consider the breed capable of fulfilling all of Finland's horse needs, including agricultural and forestry work,
5286:
1525:
was developed mainly from Estonian and Finnish bloodlines. In addition to the hardships of war and occupation, the treaties of
1167:; most likely of a Friesian type. His goal was to increase the size and weight of the Finnish horse population. His successor,
960:
examinations, carried out in the 1920s, proved the influence of all these three horse types. Almost 20 years later, during the
2048:
The Finnhorse's popularity as a breed for recreational riding in Finland has been increasing since the late 20th century.
1598:(62 inches, 157 cm) working section horse. A civilian horse of good quality had good action and was swift. However,
417:. Silver dapple bays were long registered as "cinnamon chestnuts", and silver dapple blacks as "flaxen-maned dark chestnuts".
5203:
5180:
5157:
5080:
4969:
4937:
4914:
4868:
3839:
2386:
4078:.; Kavar, Tatjana; Peter DovÄŤ (2008). "Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses".
3398:
2808:[Auringon Säde foaled – a double dilute?] (in Finnish). Home site of Ukkosen Poika, news. 2010-05-07. Archived from
5296:
5093:[The breeding regulations of the Finnhorse (as confirmed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland)]
261:
that are regular with elasticity, and relatively low, steady action. They are fast for a coldblooded breed, known as good
4220:
3016:
771:
2805:
2776:
146:
influences and characteristics, and is the only breed developed fully in Finland. In English it is sometimes called the
5291:
1673:
1112:. These horse were brought to Sweden and probably into Finland as well. The imports were kept at regional royal farms (
3663:
2839:
2116:
The Finnhorse is considered a reliable and fairly good jumper, and is regularly seen in 130 centimetres (51 in)
924:, on the other hand, was "more noble", with a longer body, lighter neck and more refined head. The Swedish professor
3067:[Don't underestimate the little ones – stallion Vuohimäen Havu at the Work Horse Championships] (in Finnish)
1582:(51 inches, 130 cm) tall, while some horses employed by manors were larger, sometimes more than 13.3
1554:, and it is of good conformation, and a good puller, chestnut or bay of coat. mixed and bigger by the influence of
1163:, both Finnish horses and horses imported from Sweden. Gustav Vasa also imported mares from the lands bordering the
2093:
breeds, they are a highly reliable mount for cross-country riding, particularly over difficult terrain; during the
1040:
The earliest known documentation of Finnish trade in horses, both as imports and exports, dates to 1299, when Pope
994:, beginning from circa 400 CE. Breeds considered to descend from the same early types as the Finnhorse include the
491:
Murto 2306 (b. 1917) was ahead of his time both in speed and type. His light, "foreign" looks combined with flashy
397:
in 2010. The filly is considered "if not the first ever, at least the first in a long long time." In April 2010, a
389:(literally, "Palomino") who lived in the 1920s. While both cream dilution and black are rare, there are some known
284:. Flaxen manes and tails as well as white markings on the face and legs are common. As of 2007, 6 percent are
2510:
1262:
in 1618–1648, the horses used by Finnish cavalry were small and unrepresentative, considered inferior even to the
1229:) from the 1620s indicate this goal was not achieved. The heights of horses surveyed in 1623, measured not at the
1143:
was gaining importance, and with it a new approach to horse breeding. In 1550, he gave orders that "stud manors" (
779:
393:
in the breed, the first of which was a filly foaled in 2009, identified as smoky black and confirmed as such by a
4134:[The livelihood types of Iron Age] (in Finnish). Museovirasto (The Finnish National Board of Antiquities)
3165:
3064:
2779:[First smoky black Finnhorse!] (in Finnish). Home site of Ukkosen Poika, news. 2010-02-23. Archived from
1614:
1606:
4259:
2033:
1477:. Their heads were large and necks short but well-carried; their bodies sturdy and proportionate with muscular
4002:
1221:
The goal of Gustav Vasa and others had been to increase the height of the Finnish horse. However, the Finnish
2133:
2009:
Harness racing has been the main use of the Finnhorse since the 1960s. In the lead is two-time winner of the
1665:
1676:. Light riding horses were imported from Russian and Central Europe. Conversely, heavier horses such as the
1368:
was seen as late as in the 1920s and 1930s among the black and bay horses used by the Finnish cavalry – the
1275:
almost all of the cavalry horses were imported from south of the Gulf of Finland, due to their larger size.
5258:
2169:
2061:
1754:
the breed, as the horse population rebounded to its pre-war count of over 380,000 animals as soon as 1945.
720:
to perform at a walk and trot. Its cooperation and disposition are evaluated on a scale of 4 to 10 points.
5246:
1840:
1784:, was one of the harness racing stars that became a popular hero during the hard decline of the Finnhorse.
1642:
A late experiment of crossbreeding: an estate's carriage horse in the early 20th century, presumably of a
1052:" ("Karelia of the Mares"), presumably denoting a place of good horse breeding. As early as in 1347, King
2730:[Smoky black Finnhorse officially identified] (in Finnish). Hevosurheilu magazine. Archived from
2109:, ridden by Ritva Lampinen, successfully finished the endurance riding world championship competition in
1835:; and to improve the opportunities for Finnhorse trotters to participate in Swedish and Norwegian heats.
1311:
The Finnish horse had been intentionally crossbred from as early as the 16th century. Friesians and
956:
during the first few centuries CE, larger in size and with narrow foreheads. Rislakki believed that his
3271:[§ 19 The age of the horse and admissionability] (in Finnish). Suomen Hippos ry. Archived from
2632:
796:
4734:
Leena Jaakkola from Oulu brought two bronze medals home from the Scandinavian disabled championships
3800:
3349:
2000:
1884:
breeds. In the mid-20th century, Finland exported 15,000 horses to Soviet Russia as part of its
1594:, and weighed about 300 kilograms (660 lb), roughly half the weight of a contemporary 15.2
380:
Because of the vigorous colour breeding for chestnut in the early 20th century, combined with a
4655:
Note: the best recorded times per kilometre being 1:15–1:16, or twenty seconds longer than the best
2606:
1454:, A. Elving, considered Finnish horses most purebred in Karelia, and mixed elsewhere, especially in
766:, but the earliest archaeological evidence of horses existing in what today is Finland dates to the
2838:[Double Cream dilute Finnhorse foaled?] (in Finnish). Hevosurheilu magazine. Archived from
1893:
1869:
1688:
1217:
of early 20th century cavalry use of the Finnhorse. Model of uniforms is Finnish Cavalry m/22.
1176:, was closed in 1651, and the crown-owned stallions and mares of the Pori stud were transported to
1888:. In the 1960s and 1970s, pony-sized Finnhorses were also used to improve quality and broaden the
1155:), not only in Sweden but also in every municipality of Finland. These studs were to each hold 20
676:, or workhorse events. Horses to be registered in the stud book are tested for performance at the
2260:(in Finnish). Finnish Trotting and Breeding Association. December 2004. p. 3. Archived from
1214:
999:
933:
518:
began in 1924 and has been held annually ever since, attracting tens of thousands of spectators.
3109:
1578:
used in Finland in the early 18th century, the average peasant's horse was about 12.3
991:
767:
5149:
5143:
3245:
1728:
1474:
775:
214:
The breed standard defines the Finnhorse as a multi-purpose horse of average height and sturdy
198:
managed to survive thanks to its popularity for harness racing and its versatility as a mount.
4416:
4105:
3307:
3137:
2589:[Know your horse: Journal of Natural Horse Skills] (in Finnish). No.1. pp. 26–28.
2509:. Agropolis Ltd (Project coordination) and Ministry of Agriculture (financier). Archived from
5276:
4719:
4629:
4446:
3695:
1823:
1619:
1502:
1392:
1075:, and strictly prohibited such trading, banning the sale of horses under the age of 7 years.
945:
381:
1407:
Other intentional crossbreeding experiments included the bloodstock of Sarkkila and Hali in
1084:
population. The first significant, planned efforts to improve the quality of horses through
2453:
2326:
1272:
1259:
1021:
At some point in their history, not clearly documented, horses bred in the western regions
833:
2947:
2366:
1434:, a breed that has had important influence in several driving horse breeds, including the
8:
4600:
4262:[An excerpt of Kirsi Peltonen's thesis "Trail riding steed" 2004]. Archived from
3981:
3376:[I.P.Vipotiina at world record speed in Mikkeli] (in Finnish). Yle.fi. 2010-07-18
2995:
2044:
1599:
1053:
791:
Although multiple hypotheses exist on the origins of the horse in Finland, an indigenous
757:
The ancestors of the modern Finnhorse were important throughout Finnish history, used as
585:
215:
4992:
3038:
2378:
2021:
1798:
1574:
According to ethnologist Kustaa Vilkuna's estimations, calculated from measurements of
1498:
1451:
1168:
1085:
1068:
677:
364:
301:
254:
238:
1931:
Approximately 75 percent of Finnhorses are used at some point in their lives for
5199:
5176:
5153:
5098:
5076:
5055:
5025:
4996:
4965:
4933:
4910:
4864:
3835:
2977:
2382:
2261:
1610:
1590:(54 inches, 137 cm), about the same size as a small contemporary Finnhorse
1514:
1455:
1312:
1205:
534:
262:
82:
5220:
Suomenratsut – A Finnish organisation that promotes the use of Finnhorses for riding
1652:
360:
were rare, unlike today; bold markings became common only in the 20th century.
5047:
5017:
4988:
4131:
4083:
4071:
4059:
3026:
continues especially through the working section studbook stallion E.V. Johtotähti.
2912:
Suomenhevosen rekisteröinti, kantakirjaus, palkitseminen ja siitokseen käyttö, p. 4
2793:
and for the time being the only Finnhorse identified and registered as smoky black!
2374:
2355:
Suomenhevosen rekisteröinti, kantakirjaus, palkitseminen ja siitokseen käyttö, p. 7
2102:
2094:
2029:
1960:
1952:
1746:
1708:
1681:
1623:
1591:
1526:
1521:, and some Russian researchers such as Simanov and Moerder have suggested that the
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1361:
1334:
1144:
1136:
1113:
1097:
961:
880:
849:
648:
451:
443:
435:
427:
131:
119:
4979:
Ruohoniemi M; Raekallio M; Tulamo RM; Salonius K (January 1997). "Equine Vet J.".
1530:
371:
the name of the recently founded Finnish national horse breeding association (now
5250:
4877:
4087:
2968:
Alerini, Leena (2010-08-21). "Päistäriköissä on Taikaa" [Roans have It].
2129:
2053:
1964:
1873:
1815:
1790:
1677:
1463:
1431:
1373:
1034:
1026:
995:
921:
896:
869:
857:
844:. A similar idea was suggested over a hundred years earlier by natural historian
841:
809:
681:
530:
341:
281:
226:. Finnhorses are strongly muscled, with good bone, sturdy "dry" legs, and strong
174:
66:
4143:
Horse equipments are found only from sites dating back to Mid-Iron Age or later.
3739:[The small Finnhorse is delicate and tough] (in Finnish). Archived from
2200:
The Finnhorse will be declared the national horse breed of Finland next Tuesday.
1067:
mentioned the high quality of the horses used by the early Finns; in the 1520s,
952:. In addition, Rislakki suggested that the Finns came across European horses of
158:. In 2007, the breed was declared the official national horse breed of Finland.
5117:"Suomenhevosen rekisteröinti, kantakirjaus, palkitseminen ja siitokseen käyttö"
5021:
4905:
Ojala, Ilmari (1995). Aalto, Jouni (ed.). "Suomenhevonen" [Finnhorse].
2157:
2065:
2011:
1956:
1932:
1781:
1657:
1522:
1412:
1263:
1188:
1121:
984:
865:
813:
673:
595:
Despite the Finnhorse's image as a working farm horse, the breed was used as a
538:
526:
514:
492:
357:
337:
178:
166:
151:
4224:
4196:
In some sources, the given names Yrjö Maunu are in Swedish form, Göran Magnus.
4063:
3020:
5270:
5051:
2981:
2809:
2780:
2586:
1984:
1885:
1661:
1509:
1447:
1423:
1353:
1330:
1301:
1268:
1234:
1140:
1132:
895:
Contrasting early types: A more refined flaxen-maned chestnut Finnhorse from
669:
665:
644:
636:
631:, and possesses the same body proportion and movement as the larger sections.
554:, which can cause breaking gait. This can be helped to a degree with careful
325:
317:
289:
219:
155:
4075:
3065:"Maasta se pienikin ponnistaa – ori Vuohimäen Havu työmestaruuskilpailuissa"
1015:
5059:
5029:
4656:
3667:
3039:"Offspring of E.V. Johtotähti 1726-93Ta in Sukuposti.net pedigree database"
2864:
2117:
2086:
2082:
2057:
1944:
1909:
1865:
1861:
1643:
1575:
1518:
1442:
1435:
1064:
1003:
825:
600:
559:
542:
they have been admitted to Swedish and Norwegian races only by invitation.
329:
313:
293:
234:
223:
5000:
4978:
4713:"Oululaisratsukko teki suomenhevoshistoriaa kansainvälisessä kilpailussa!"
65:
Dry and strongly muscled, with strong bone and good hooves. Most often of
4924:
Pesonen, Hannu; Hankimo, Olavi; Pystynen, Venla; Pesonen, Riikka (2007).
4748:"PM-menestystä ratsastajille: Karjalaiselle hopeaa, Jaakkolalle pronssia"
3352:[Horse of the month – March] (in Swedish). Hippson.se. 2006-03-27
2944:"The roan family line of Finnhorse, with links to Sukuposti.net database"
2125:
2090:
1877:
1660:
and Caucasian horses, as well as "FĂĽrstenbergian" horses was also noted.
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1470:
1365:
1357:
1193:
1089:
1030:
1011:
1007:
980:
957:
900:
884:
861:
817:
734:
390:
321:
285:
250:
242:
182:
170:
162:
143:
139:
4959:
2136:
does not reach the level required for modern international competition.
1855:
A Vyatka horse exhibiting an overall expression similar to the Finnhorse
1758:
1473:(56 inches, 142 cm), and the colour was typically dark with a
1210:
745:
189:
the turn of the 13th century. Outside influences by many light and
4669:
2922:
2755:
2702:
2074:
1980:
1936:
1897:
1881:
1742:
1562:
1539:
1486:
1322:
1304:
was one of the breeds widely used for crossbreeding the Finnish horse.
1291:
1184:
1041:
908:
848:, and this theory has continued to receive support into modern times.
805:
792:
763:
758:
635:
A pony-sized Finnhorse must measure no more than 148 cm (14.2-1/2
623:
611:
589:
496:
466:
402:
305:
258:
227:
4878:
Laine P; Martin-Päivä M; Prepula H; Saastamoinen Markku (2008-12-16).
4579:
2543:
1638:
1183:
Outside of these breeding efforts, Finnish horses were widely kept in
990:
Earliest horse equipment (bits) found in Finnish graves date from the
4796:
4771:
3328:
2367:"114: The Finnish Horse and Other Scandinavian Cold-Blooded Trotters"
2152:
2110:
1889:
1750:
1566:
One of the Finnhorse founding sires, Kirppu tt 710, pulling an early
1459:
1384:
1317:
1164:
1109:
1105:
1022:
555:
414:
190:
28:
4263:
3397:[The world's fastest Finnhorse] (in Finnish). Archived from
2852:
remains , and, at least as yet, her eyes have not started to darken.
2132:
to be the breed's best asset as a riding animal, but noted that its
1733:
1462:
of the time, mentioned in his report that Finns were then importing
1072:
928:
even suggested that the Finnish horse spread along river valleys to
824:
The eastern origin of the breed was first proposed by archaeologist
347:
5235:
5227:
2188:
2161:
2148:
2078:
2069:
1948:
1940:
1712:
1296:
1251:
1160:
875:
563:
394:
309:
297:
206:
194:
5244:
Suomen työhevosseura ry – The working horse association of Finland
2230:[The type of the Finnhorse] (in Finnish). Suomen Hippos ry
1741:
Horses were a central asset to Finnish military forces during the
1419:
891:
701:
3019:[Colours of Finnhorse: Grey] (in Finnish). Archived from
2139:
2098:
2077:, which helped to increase the popularity of the breed. While in
2015:
title, I.P. Vipotiina, during her August 2010 Finnish record run.
1669:
1547:
1482:
1478:
1369:
1326:
1243:
1230:
1222:
1177:
1128:
1057:
1045:
953:
917:
913:
879:
Contrasting early types: A small, stocky roan Finnish horse from
853:
640:
596:
551:
127:
50:
5007:
2996:"Offspring of Iiris 2275-88R in Sukuposti.net pedigree database"
2865:"Lakeuden Valotar (246001S00101071) at "Sukuposti.net" database"
458:) types. Today, the majority of Finnhorses are of trotter type.
5243:
4628:(in Finnish). Ruskeasuon kevät 2007. p. 21. Archived from
2121:
1988:
1851:
1776:
1707:
Since the establishment of the Finnhorse stud book it has been
1555:
1427:
949:
801:
5036:
1770:
1546:
The Savonian-Karelian horse is its own breed, descended from
222:
should neither be level nor with a too-high connection to the
173:(61 inches, 155 cm), and the most typical colour is
4923:
4882:[Potential of internationalisation of the Finnhorse]
1567:
1517:. Horses removed from Finland ended up mainly in the area of
965:
929:
837:
750:
588:, allowing modern riding-type Finnhorses to work more easily
257:
in a separate section of the stud book. Finnhorses have good
97:
1923:
1810:
1380:
1349:, at least one of the mares had been imported from Sweden.
1247:
1173:
1156:
628:
575:
398:
246:
627:
Despite its small size, the pony-sized Finnhorse is not a
1056:
saw it necessary to put limits to the horse exports from
487:
356:
remaining 3 percent were grey, palomino or spotted.
4260:"Ote Kirsi Peltosen opinnäytetyöstä "Vaellusratsu" 2004"
3310:[Finnish records] (in Finnish). Suomen Hippos ry
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2005:
1737:
Horseman towing a ski messenger returning from the front
795:
origin is thought improbable, as significant numbers of
4415:[Original Finnish] (in Finnish). Archived from
3666:[Pony-sized horse] (in Finnish). Archived from
3156:
3154:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
3128:
3126:
2878:
2085:, Finnhorses are too slow to compete directly against
852:
considered the proposed prototype a side branch of a "
210:
A founding sire, Jaakko (Tt 118), photographed in 1882
3980:. Artikkelihaku.kansallisbiografia.fi. Archived from
3768:
3766:
3261:
3059:
3057:
3055:
2899:
2743:
the first, if not ever, at least in a very long time.
2728:"Mustanvoikko suomenhevonen virallisesti tunnistettu"
1187:
conditions through the mid-19th century. Ethnologist
4593:
3953:"Suomenhevonen polveutuu ikivanhoista hevosroduista"
3782:
3780:
3778:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3151:
2358:
2340:
1092:, known for his interest in horse breeding, founded
1071:
found the Finns exporting horses by the shipload to
920:, a short neck and large head. The small horse from
4960:Rooney, James R. Rooney; John L. Robertson (1999).
4521:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4398:
4396:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4294:
4292:
3978:"Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura"
3719:
3717:
3715:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3123:
2631:(in Finnish). Hevosurheilu magazine. Archived from
2605:(in Finnish). Hevosurheilu magazine. Archived from
2587:"Tunne hevonen: lehti luonnollisesta hevostaidosta"
2557:
1684:were imported to southern Finland as late as 1870.
1672:, and Norwegian stallions were brought to northern
1325:(assignments) in foreign military forces. In 1781,
1088:in Finland occurred in the 16th century, when
385:single maternal line, founded by the palomino mare
4880:"Suomenhevosen kansainvälistymisen mahdollisuudet"
4245:
4243:
4241:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
3763:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3052:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2364:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
1846:
1780:, first horse in Finland to earn over one million
1127:Gustav Vasa also carried out major reforms of his
599:mount from the 17th century until the end of
253:(58 inches, 147 cm)—exist and are
3814:
3775:
3731:
3729:
3651:
3387:
3202:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2371:Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse
1692:1894, Finland's first horse breeding association
5268:
5236:Suomenhevosliitto ry – The Finnhorse association
5228:Sukuposti.net – Pedigree and photograph database
4670:"Uusi-Helinä at Sukuposti.net pedigree database"
4528:
4516:
4504:
4490:
4472:
4460:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4393:
4384:
4364:
4289:
4104:(in Finnish). .kirjastovirma.net. Archived from
4093:
3834:. Helsinki: Tiemuseon julkaisuja 4. p. 40.
3754:
3712:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3286:
3252:
3193:
3179:
3082:
2857:
2584:
4697:
4695:
4614:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4542:
4540:
4348:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4238:
4148:
3510:
3479:
3457:
3448:
3412:
2721:
2719:
2501:
2298:
1757:The great number of Russian horses captured as
1044:sent a letter of reprimand to the merchants of
5123:(in Finnish). Suomen Hippos ry. Archived from
5097:(in Finnish). Suomen Hippos ry. Archived from
4306:
4304:
3970:
3726:
3635:
3633:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
2748:
2681:
2626:
2620:
2600:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2452:. The Scandinavian Horse. 2009. Archived from
2401:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
840:region and middle Russia to the shores of the
812:origin that had been further developed in the
304:exist in smaller numbers. The genes for other
5259:Suomenhevosgalleria – Photos of the Finnhorse
4842:Arppe, Pentti (1968). Ristonmaa, Simo (ed.).
4745:
4430:
4044:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3244:. Suomen Hippos. 3 March 2010. Archived from
3008:
2936:
2798:
2578:
2536:
2256:[The Finnish horse breeding statute]
2181:
2056:, and well-suited for use at riding schools,
280:Over 90 percent of Finnhorses today are
5148:. London: Octopus Publishing Group. p.
5066:
4947:Roiha, Mauno (1968). Ristonmaa, Simo (ed.).
4823:
4814:
4710:
4704:
4692:
4683:
4662:
4572:
4558:
4549:
4537:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4172:
4099:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3134:"Kantakirjaan hyväksymisen tulosvaatimukset"
2769:
2716:
2527:
968:horse resembles the extinct Tarpan however.
916:horse was blocky and stout, with pronounced
351:Black is one of the rarest Finnhorse colours
312:are present in the gene pool. A distinctive
4750:. Suomen Vammaisurheilu ja -liikunta VAU ry
4301:
4282:
4280:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3789:
3642:
3630:
3532:
3218:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
2827:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2495:
2467:
2241:
2205:
1633:
340:markings, has been found in individuals by
5075:] (in Finnish). Espoo: Suomen Hippos.
4857:Hevonen taiteessa, runoudessa, historiassa
4797:"Jaime at Sukuposti.net pedigree database"
4772:"Kelmi at Sukuposti.net pedigree database"
4405:
3995:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3031:
2923:"Sonja at Sukuposti.net pedigree database"
522:Finnhorses to be raced from ages 3 to 16.
27:
5166:
4863:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
4181:
4003:"Keski-Suomen maakunta / henkilogalleria"
3875:
3873:
3871:
3548:
3488:
3366:
2544:"Vekselin Ihme at Sukuposti.net database"
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2189:"Suomenhevosesta Suomen kansallishevonen"
1722:
1025:with horses that originated south of the
749:Finnish horses and a horse-drawn tram in
5198:] (in Finnish). Läyliäinen: Vudeka.
5189:
4854:
4277:
4252:
4199:
4016:
3939:Suomenhevonen. Tammen Suuri hevoskirja 3
3910:
3882:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3797:"Suomenhevosten T-suunnan ajettavuuskoe"
3772:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö, p. 1-2
3694:(in Finnish). p. 53. Archived from
3681:
3269:"§ 19 Hevosen ikä ja osallistumisoikeus"
3091:
2672:
2646:
2365:Ertola, Kristiina; Jukka Houttu (2003).
2151:, the Finnhorse is able to compete with
2138:
2043:
2028:Finnhorses also successfully compete in
2004:
1922:
1850:
1769:
1732:
1637:
1561:
1450:type", and a "Karelian type". A Finnish
1295:
1209:
971:In the early 20th century, English
890:
874:
744:
700:
622:
579:Finnhorse stallion competing in dressage
574:
486:
465:
346:
205:
201:
5141:
4930:Flaxen-maned, the path of the Finnhorse
4580:"Jehun Viima at Sukuposti.net database"
3829:
3786:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö, p. 12
3737:"Pieni suomenhevonen on siro ja sitkeä"
3374:"I.P. Vipotiina ME-lukemiin Mikkelissä"
3321:
3295:
2967:
2833:
2725:
2603:"Uusia värihevosia, uusia testiohjeita"
336:, one of the genes responsible for the
138:, literally "finnish cold-blood") is a
5269:
4955:] (in Finnish). K. J. Gummerus Oy.
4909:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi: 46–95.
4850:] (in Finnish). K. J. Gummerus Oy.
4789:
4764:
4298:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö, p. 1
3820:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö p. 11
3760:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö, p. 4
3723:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö, p. 8
3466:
3342:
3215:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö p. 10
2961:
2886:"Lakeuden Valotar at "Heppa" database"
2695:
2278:
932:, Norway, and was the ancestor of the
658:
550:, where the hind hooves hit the front
5175:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava.
4946:
4932:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava.
4904:
4841:
3936:
3848:
3199:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö p. 9
3190:Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö p. 7
2988:
2915:
2836:"Tuplavoikko suomenhevonen syntynyt?"
2806:"Auringon Säde varsoi – tuplavoikon?"
2594:
2168:The Finnhorse is also well-suited to
2097:, the breed successfully crossed any
2064:. Of the ten horses cemployed by the
1078:
830:Suomalaisen hevosen kotoperäisyydestä
4953:Breeding and training a riding horse
4739:
4213:
4124:
1063:Later, the 16th century writer
570:
265:horses and used for harness racing.
5282:Horse breeds originating in Finland
4624:[Mounted police 125 years]
3329:"Viesker at Sukuposti.net database"
1765:
1622:became known as "crown stallions" (
903:(56 inches, 142 cm) high.
887:(51 inches, 130 cm) high.
727:
714:
269:
237:and tails, and the legs have light
33:Finnhorse stallion, trotter section
13:
5091:"Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö"
5067:Saastamoinen, Markku, ed. (2007).
4993:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb01635.x
4949:Ratsuhevosen kasvatus ja valmennus
4443:"Finnhorse — a multipurpose breed"
3162:"Suomen Hippos ry – Suomenhevonen"
3106:"Suomenhevosten T-suunnan vetokoe"
3014:
2703:"Voikko at Sukuposti.net database"
2379:10.1016/B978-0-7216-8342-3.50121-2
2325:. Suomen Hippos ry. Archived from
2254:"Suomenhevosen jalostusohjesääntö"
2113:, Sweden in 1990, finishing 28th.
1939:and in open, all-breed classes in
883:, photographed in 1909. 12.3
618:
558:. There is also a tendency toward
241:. The average height is 15.1
14:
5308:
5213:
4861:The horse in art, poetry, history
4601:"Driving Championships: Day Four"
4445:. Suomenratsut ry. Archived from
4056:Journal of Archaeological Science
2758:. Pedigree database Sukuposti.net
2101:with which it was confronted. In
1151:) be founded on royal farms (Sw:
678:stud book registration inspection
420:
358:Wide blazes and high leg markings
249:Finnhorses—under 14.2
4964:. Armes, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
4926:Liinaharja, Suomenhevosen taival
4649:
2756:"Hennylän Kulta 246001S00092352"
1285:
1233:but at the highest point of the
899:, photographed in 1910. 14
786:
539:Finnhorse racing female champion
233:Finnhorses typically have thick
42:Finnish Horse, Finnish Universal
4718:. Suomenhevonen. Archived from
4622:"Ratsastava poliisi 125 vuotta"
4190:
3945:
3930:
3823:
3395:"Maailman nopein suomenhevonen"
1847:Influence on other horse breeds
1804:
1510:Russian invasion and occupation
1199:
696:
687:
482:
461:
245:(61 inches, 155 cm).
2777:"Ensimmäinen mustanvoikko sh!"
2585:Lindström, Minna, ed. (2009).
535:Scandinavian coldblood trotter
363:The change came about through
1:
5287:Military equipment of Finland
5142:Swinney, Nicola Jane (2006).
4835:
2834:Alerini, Leena (2010-03-02).
2726:Alerini, Leena (2010-03-02).
2627:Alerini, Leena (2013-05-31).
2601:Alerini, Leena (2013-06-27).
2502:Ticklén, Margit, ed. (2006).
1970:
1903:
1550:. It is rarely taller than 9
1387:and a heavy Norwegian breed;
1014:, Russia, and the Lithuanian
639:, 58-1/2 inches) at the
4223:(in Finnish). Archived from
4088:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.002
3454:Ruohoniemi 2004, pp. 143-148
3164:(in Finnish). Archived from
2946:(in Finnish). Archived from
1711:and the breed has been bred
1694:Hevoskasvatusyhdistys Hippos
1466:for crossbreeding purposes.
369:Hevoskasvatusyhditys Hippos,
7:
5297:National symbols of Finland
4352:Pesonen et al., pp. 123-124
4050:About horse domestication,
3627:Pesonen et al., pp. 186-187
3017:"Suomenhevosen värit: Kimo"
2888:(in Finnish). Suomen Hippos
2504:"Get to Know the Finnhorse"
2165:Prix de St. Georges level.
2034:World Singles Championships
682:inherited flaw or condition
142:with both riding horse and
10:
5313:
5190:Viitanen, Johanna (2007).
5022:10.2746/042516403775467397
4413:"Alkuperäinen suomalainen"
3485:Ruohoniemi 1997, pp. 44-48
3463:Ruohoniemi 2003, pp. 55-59
2228:"Suomenhevosen rotutyyppi"
2054:recreational riding horses
2052:Finnhorses are popular as
1998:
1994:
1927:Jumping a basic cross-rail
1907:
1896:, which had become highly
1809:Nearly all Finnish horses
1726:
1492:
1306:Late 19th century drawing.
1289:
1271:, but during the reign of
1255:centimetres (47 in).
1203:
740:
275:
5292:Harness racing in Finland
5167:Talaskivi, Soini (1977).
5145:Horse Breeds of the World
4981:Equine Veterinary Journal
4907:Tammen Suuri Hevoskirja 3
4848:Harness racing in Finland
4064:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006
3613:Talaskivi 1977, pp. 77–81
3445:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 212
3436:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 210
3427:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 208
3292:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 232
3258:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 105
3088:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 104
2039:
2001:Harness racing in Finland
1951:. They are also used for
1607:great famine of 1866–1868
954:Spanish and French origin
826:Johannes Reinhold Aspelin
527:Finnhorse racing champion
91:
78:
73:
61:
56:
46:
38:
26:
5052:10.2746/0425164044868729
4855:Haavikko, Ritva (2003).
4534:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 68
4525:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 78
4513:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 15
4402:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 67
4390:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 65
4381:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 66
4249:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 11
4169:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 10
4132:"Rautakauden elinkeinot"
3830:Masonen, Jaakko (1989).
3529:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 75
3418:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 69
2191:(in Finnish). 2007-02-13
2175:
1634:Purebreeding and revival
1159:and a smaller number of
912:these claims: the small
268:There are four separate
4501:Laine et al. 2008, p. 3
4487:Laine et al. 2008, p. 2
4469:Laine et al. 2008, p. 1
2692:Saastamoinen 2007, p. 9
2629:"Lisää suomenkirjavia!"
1918:
1372:of Nyland had two full
1215:Historical re-enactment
1131:. After the decline of
1000:Nordlandshest/Lyngshest
992:Finnish Middle Iron Age
934:Nordlandshest/Lyngshest
768:Finnish Middle Iron Age
62:Distinguishing features
5169:Suomalainen hevoskirja
4829:Pesonen et al., p. 216
4820:Pesonen et al., p. 212
4746:Jakonen, Nina (2010).
4701:Pesonen et al., p. 190
4689:Pesonen et al., p. 186
4569:Pesonen et al., p. 205
4555:Pesonen et al., p. 161
4546:Pesonen et al., p. 198
4361:Pesonen et al., p. 125
4340:Pesonen et al., p. 113
4328:Pesonen et al., p. 110
4319:Pesonen et al., p. 115
4310:Pesonen et al., p. 108
3937:Ojala, Ilmari (1995).
3648:Pesonen et al., p. 188
3639:Pesonen et al., p. 187
3545:Pesonen et al., p. 192
3350:"Månadens häst – mars"
3231:Pesonen et al., p. 199
2533:Viitanen 2007, p. 110.
2492:Viitanen 2007, p. 147.
2144:
2049:
2016:
1928:
1856:
1785:
1738:
1729:Horses in World War II
1723:Impact of World War II
1647:
1628:ruununori, ruununoriit
1627:
1613:gave orders for three
1571:
1570:at full speed, c. 1890
1560:
1308:
1218:
1148:
1117:
1101:
904:
888:
754:
707:
632:
580:
500:
471:
455:
447:
439:
431:
352:
211:
135:
126:, literally "horse of
123:
4711:Valjus, Kati (2010).
4178:Haavikko 2003, p. 106
4100:Herlin, Ikka (2004).
4076:10.1093/molbev/msn239
3957:Maaseudun Tulevaisuus
2142:
2047:
2008:
1926:
1854:
1824:foundation bloodstock
1773:
1736:
1641:
1565:
1544:
1430:to import and export
1393:Southern Ostrobothnia
1299:
1213:
1172:stud manors, that of
996:Estonian Native horse
894:
878:
748:
704:
626:
578:
490:
469:
350:
288:and 1.2 percent
255:licensed for breeding
209:
202:Breed characteristics
3941:. Tammi. p. 48.
3879:Arppe 1968, pp. 9–12
3689:"Suomenhevonen 2010"
2450:The Equus Collection
1341:, the royal estate (
1227:katselmuspöytäkirjat
98:Equus ferus caballus
3743:on February 6, 2009
1816:recreational riding
1689:Finnish nationalism
1339:Tavinsalmen kartano
1010:from the region of
936:, found around the
797:domesticated horses
659:Studbook evaluation
403:double cream dilute
23:
5249:2015-11-25 at the
5173:Finnish horse book
4844:Suomen raviurheilu
4221:"Line of Eino 680"
3308:"Suomenennätykset"
2145:
2050:
2022:Parimutuel betting
2017:
1929:
1870:Lithuanian Draught
1857:
1833:equestrian tourism
1799:parimutuel betting
1786:
1739:
1648:
1572:
1499:Great Northern War
1404:"Norwegian" look.
1376:of these colours.
1309:
1219:
1122:Friesian stallions
1086:selective breeding
1079:Organised breeding
946:Przewalski's Horse
905:
889:
755:
708:
633:
581:
501:
472:
450:) and pony-sized (
401:appearing to be a
382:genetic bottleneck
365:selective breeding
353:
332:Finnhorses exist.
212:
21:
5205:978-952-99464-8-8
5182:978-951-1-11242-6
5159:978-0-600-61319-0
5082:978-951-95441-9-9
4971:978-0-8138-2334-8
4939:978-951-1-21359-8
4916:978-951-31-0515-0
4870:978-951-0-22877-7
4603:. 4 November 2002
4286:Ojala 1995, p. 54
4210:Ojala 1995, p. 52
4080:Livestock Science
4070:26 (1): 199–208.
4041:Ojala 1995, p. 50
3927:Ojala 1995, p. 48
3907:Ojala 1995, p. 53
3841:978-951-861-448-0
3015:Rautio, Johanna.
2678:Ojala 1995, p. 61
2669:Ojala 1995, p. 51
2388:978-0-7216-8342-3
2122:canter and gallop
1892:of the Norwegian
1611:Senate of Finland
1519:Vyatka government
1456:Southwest Finland
1391:were favoured in
1260:Thirty Years' War
1206:Horses in warfare
571:Riding horse type
148:Finnish Universal
108:
107:
47:Country of origin
5304:
5263:
5255:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5209:
5186:
5163:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5086:
5063:
5033:
5004:
4975:
4962:Equine pathology
4956:
4943:
4920:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4886:. Archived from
4885:
4874:
4851:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4690:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4634:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4514:
4511:
4502:
4499:
4488:
4485:
4470:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4439:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4341:
4338:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4299:
4296:
4287:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4102:"Gustav Vilkuna"
4097:
4091:
4068:Mol. Biol. Evol.
4048:
4042:
4039:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3908:
3905:
3880:
3877:
3846:
3845:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3773:
3770:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3733:
3724:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3660:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3628:
3625:
3614:
3611:
3546:
3543:
3530:
3527:
3508:
3505:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:Equine Pathology
3470:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3242:"Kuninkuusravit"
3238:
3232:
3229:
3216:
3213:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3102:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2442:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2319:
2296:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2128:. He considered
2103:endurance riding
2095:Continuation War
2030:combined driving
1961:combined driving
1953:endurance riding
1766:Post-war decline
1747:Continuation War
1745:(1939–1940) and
1464:Norfolk Trotters
1432:Norfolk Trotters
1409:Northern Karelia
1401:Southern Savonia
1397:Southern Finland
1362:Northern Savonia
1225:survey records (
1137:Late Middle Ages
998:, the Norwegian
962:Continuation War
881:Karelian Isthmus
850:Ludvig Fabritius
846:Pehr Adrian Gadd
828:, who published
778:rule, and since
728:Rideability test
715:Drivability test
649:combined driving
320:, registered as
300:, buckskins and
100:
31:
24:
20:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5253:
5251:Wayback Machine
5238:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5206:
5183:
5160:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5083:
4972:
4940:
4917:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4871:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4650:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4491:
4486:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4149:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4111:
4109:
4108:on 23 July 2011
4098:
4094:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4017:
4008:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3911:
3906:
3883:
3878:
3849:
3842:
3832:Hämeen härkätie
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3617:
3612:
3549:
3544:
3533:
3528:
3511:
3506:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3219:
3214:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:on 2009-06-11.
3013:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2828:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2737:
2735:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2567:. Suomen Hippos
2565:"Vekselin Ihme"
2563:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2446:"The Finnhorse"
2444:
2443:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2373:. p. 946.
2363:
2359:
2354:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2299:
2294:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2206:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2042:
2003:
1997:
1973:
1965:pleasure horses
1921:
1912:
1906:
1849:
1807:
1768:
1731:
1725:
1678:Norfolk Trotter
1636:
1495:
1452:academic master
1389:Ardennes horses
1294:
1288:
1208:
1202:
1196:, hardy breed.
1149:siittolakartano
1081:
1027:Gulf of Finland
922:central Finland
897:Central Finland
870:Mongolian horse
842:Gulf of Finland
789:
743:
733:sensitivity to
730:
717:
699:
690:
661:
621:
619:Pony-sized type
608:Suomenratsut ry
573:
485:
464:
423:
342:genetic testing
306:cream dilutions
278:
204:
185:mane and tail.
136:finskt kallblod
104:
96:
87:
74:Breed standards
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5310:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5265:
5264:
5256:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5215:
5214:External links
5212:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5187:
5181:
5164:
5158:
5139:
5113:
5087:
5081:
5064:
5046:(2): 143–148.
5034:
5005:
4976:
4970:
4957:
4944:
4938:
4921:
4915:
4902:
4875:
4869:
4852:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4788:
4763:
4738:
4703:
4691:
4682:
4661:
4648:
4613:
4592:
4571:
4557:
4548:
4536:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4489:
4471:
4459:
4429:
4404:
4392:
4383:
4363:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4251:
4237:
4212:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4147:
4123:
4092:
4043:
4015:
3994:
3969:
3944:
3929:
3909:
3881:
3847:
3840:
3822:
3813:
3788:
3774:
3762:
3753:
3725:
3711:
3680:
3650:
3641:
3629:
3615:
3547:
3531:
3509:
3487:
3478:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3386:
3365:
3341:
3320:
3294:
3285:
3260:
3251:
3248:on 2011-05-29.
3233:
3217:
3201:
3192:
3178:
3150:
3122:
3090:
3081:
3051:
3030:
3007:
2987:
2972:(in Finnish).
2960:
2935:
2914:
2898:
2877:
2856:
2826:
2797:
2768:
2747:
2715:
2694:
2680:
2671:
2645:
2619:
2593:
2591:ISSN 1798-2774
2577:
2556:
2535:
2526:
2494:
2466:
2400:
2387:
2357:
2339:
2297:
2295:Swinney, p. 86
2277:
2240:
2204:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:riding therapy
2158:paraequestrian
2066:mounted police
2062:riding therapy
2041:
2038:
2012:Ravikuningatar
1996:
1993:
1972:
1969:
1957:western riding
1933:harness racing
1920:
1917:
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1900:by the 1960s.
1874:Estonian horse
1848:
1845:
1806:
1803:
1767:
1764:
1724:
1721:
1662:Orlov Trotters
1653:Friedrich RĂĽhs
1635:
1632:
1620:this programme
1494:
1491:
1485:short and the
1354:Orlov trotters
1287:
1284:
1239:Herman Fleming
1201:
1198:
1189:Kustaa Vilkuna
1080:
1077:
1002:, the Swedish
985:Kustaa Vilkuna
975:and Norwegian
866:Yakutian horse
858:Estonian horse
834:Finnic peoples
788:
785:
742:
739:
729:
726:
716:
713:
698:
695:
689:
686:
674:harness racing
660:
657:
620:
617:
572:
569:
515:Kuninkuusravit
484:
481:
463:
460:
456:pienhevoslinja
422:
421:Breed sections
419:
338:splashed white
302:silver dapples
277:
274:
270:breed sections
203:
200:
179:white markings
152:harness racing
106:
105:
103:
102:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
79:
76:
75:
71:
70:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
16:Breed of horse
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5309:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5201:
5197:
5196:Equine Colors
5193:
5192:Hevosen värit
5188:
5184:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5130:on 2012-03-13
5126:
5118:
5114:
5104:on 2016-03-03
5100:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5073:The Finnhorse
5070:
5069:Suomenhevonen
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4893:on 2012-04-02
4889:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4826:
4817:
4811:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4773:
4767:
4760:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4725:on 2011-07-18
4721:
4714:
4707:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4635:on 2011-08-13
4631:
4623:
4617:
4602:
4596:
4581:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4449:on 2011-07-20
4448:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4419:on 2009-04-20
4418:
4414:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4387:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4358:
4349:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4266:on 2011-07-24
4265:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4227:on 2011-07-23
4226:
4222:
4216:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4193:
4187:Roiha, p. 123
4184:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4144:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4058:36: 835–842.
4057:
4053:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4004:
3998:
3984:on 2010-06-24
3983:
3979:
3973:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3817:
3803:on 2012-04-22
3802:
3798:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3701:on 2011-07-18
3697:
3690:
3684:
3670:on 2010-01-25
3669:
3665:
3664:"Pienhevonen"
3659:
3657:
3655:
3645:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3507:Roiha, p. 124
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3401:on 2011-07-21
3400:
3396:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3351:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3275:on 2011-07-14
3274:
3270:
3264:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3168:on 2011-07-13
3167:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3140:on 2012-04-22
3139:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3112:on 2012-04-22
3111:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3085:
3078:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3011:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2950:on 2011-07-23
2949:
2945:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2887:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2842:on 2010-09-28
2841:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2812:on 2012-03-29
2811:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2783:on 2011-07-17
2782:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2734:on 2010-03-15
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2635:on 2013-06-10
2634:
2630:
2623:
2609:on 2013-07-02
2608:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2516:on 2012-03-13
2512:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2456:on 2010-01-25
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:on 2013-01-06
2328:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:on 2016-03-03
2263:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:Thoroughbreds
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:horse pulling
1982:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:Nordlandshest
1891:
1887:
1886:war indemnity
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1717:Suomen Hippos
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:Suomen Hippos
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:were used in
1663:
1659:
1654:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1602:were common.
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:horse collars
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:campaigns of
1500:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1302:Orlov trotter
1298:
1293:
1286:Crossbreeding
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:Baltic States
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1192:Finnhorse an
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:light cavalry
1138:
1134:
1133:heavy cavalry
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Tamma-Karjala
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Eric Ă…kerblom
923:
919:
915:
910:
902:
898:
893:
886:
882:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
787:Early history
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
752:
747:
738:
736:
725:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
625:
616:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
577:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
517:
516:
509:
507:
506:Suomen Hippos
498:
494:
489:
480:
476:
468:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:juoksijalinja
437:
433:
429:
418:
416:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
378:
376:
375:
374:Suomen Hippos
370:
366:
361:
359:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
273:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
199:
196:
192:
186:
184:
180:
177:, often with
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:draught horse
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:suomenhevonen
121:
117:
116:Finnish Horse
113:
101:
99:
94:
93:
90:
84:
81:
80:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
5277:Horse breeds
5262:(in Finnish)
5254:(in Finnish)
5239:(in Finnish)
5231:(in Finnish)
5223:(in Finnish)
5195:
5191:
5172:
5168:
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5125:the original
5106:. Retrieved
5099:the original
5072:
5068:
5043:
5040:Equine Vet J
5039:
5016:(1): 55–59.
5013:
5010:Equine Vet J
5009:
4984:
4980:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4929:
4925:
4906:
4895:. Retrieved
4888:the original
4860:
4856:
4847:
4843:
4825:
4816:
4809:
4801:. Retrieved
4799:(in Finnish)
4791:
4784:
4776:. Retrieved
4774:(in Finnish)
4766:
4758:
4752:. Retrieved
4741:
4733:
4727:. Retrieved
4720:the original
4706:
4685:
4674:. Retrieved
4672:(in Finnish)
4664:
4657:Thoroughbred
4651:
4643:
4637:. Retrieved
4630:the original
4616:
4605:. Retrieved
4595:
4584:. Retrieved
4582:(in Finnish)
4574:
4551:
4530:
4451:. Retrieved
4447:the original
4421:. Retrieved
4417:the original
4407:
4386:
4357:
4324:
4315:
4268:. Retrieved
4264:the original
4254:
4229:. Retrieved
4225:the original
4215:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4142:
4136:. Retrieved
4126:
4110:. Retrieved
4106:the original
4095:
4079:
4067:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4007:. Retrieved
4005:. Finnica.fi
3997:
3986:. Retrieved
3982:the original
3972:
3961:. Retrieved
3959:(in Finnish)
3956:
3947:
3938:
3932:
3831:
3825:
3816:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:the original
3791:
3756:
3745:. Retrieved
3741:the original
3703:. Retrieved
3696:the original
3683:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:the original
3644:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3403:. Retrieved
3399:the original
3389:
3378:. Retrieved
3368:
3360:
3354:. Retrieved
3344:
3333:. Retrieved
3331:(in Finnish)
3323:
3312:. Retrieved
3288:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3263:
3254:
3246:the original
3236:
3195:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:the original
3142:. Retrieved
3138:the original
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3084:
3075:
3069:. Retrieved
3043:. Retrieved
3041:(in Finnish)
3033:
3024:
3021:the original
3010:
2999:. Retrieved
2990:
2973:
2970:Hevosurheilu
2969:
2963:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:the original
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2925:(in Finnish)
2917:
2890:. Retrieved
2880:
2869:. Retrieved
2867:(in Finnish)
2859:
2850:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:the original
2829:
2820:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2800:
2791:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2750:
2742:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:the original
2707:. Retrieved
2705:(in Finnish)
2697:
2674:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2596:
2580:
2569:. Retrieved
2559:
2548:. Retrieved
2546:(in Finnish)
2538:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2497:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2449:
2392:. Retrieved
2370:
2360:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:the original
2269:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2232:. Retrieved
2199:
2193:. Retrieved
2183:
2167:
2146:
2118:show jumping
2115:
2106:
2083:horse racing
2051:
2027:
2018:
2010:
1978:
1974:
1945:show jumping
1937:competitions
1930:
1913:
1910:Tori (horse)
1876:. The heavy
1862:Vyatka horse
1858:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1808:
1805:21st century
1796:
1787:
1775:
1756:
1740:
1716:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1674:Ostrobothnia
1649:
1644:Thoroughbred
1604:
1573:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1529:in 1721 and
1523:Vyatka horse
1515:Peter I
1507:
1496:
1468:
1440:
1436:Standardbred
1417:
1406:
1378:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1310:
1305:
1280:World War II
1277:
1264:cargo horses
1257:
1226:
1220:
1200:Military use
1194:easy-keeping
1182:
1152:
1126:
1102:tammakartano
1093:
1082:
1065:Olaus Magnus
1062:
1049:
1039:
1020:
1004:Gotland Russ
989:
973:J. C. Edward
970:
958:craniometric
942:
906:
829:
823:
790:
780:independence
756:
731:
722:
718:
709:
697:Pulling test
691:
688:Walking test
662:
653:
634:
607:
605:
601:World War II
594:
586:conformation
582:
560:ossification
547:
544:
524:
520:
513:
510:
505:
502:
483:Trotter type
477:
473:
462:Draught type
424:
411:
407:
391:smoky blacks
386:
379:
372:
368:
362:
354:
333:
279:
267:
232:
216:conformation
213:
187:
160:
147:
115:
111:
109:
95:
18:
4987:(1): 44–8.
4659:race horses
4082:116: 1–14.
2323:"Finnhorse"
2126:easy keeper
2107:Uusi-Helinä
2091:sport horse
2075:horse shows
1878:Mezen horse
1841:horse types
1503:Charles XII
1460:hippologist
1323:secondments
1258:During the
1094:mare manors
1090:Gustav Vasa
1069:Gustav Vasa
1060:to Russia.
1031:Middle Ages
1012:Archangelsk
1008:Mezen horse
981:ethnologist
977:S. Petersen
938:Lyngenfjord
862:Mezen horse
818:Volga River
804:during the
759:work horses
442:), riding (
318:white horse
163:Fjord horse
140:horse breed
39:Other names
5271:Categories
5134:2010-09-26
5108:2009-02-21
4897:2011-09-08
4836:References
4803:2011-01-15
4778:2011-01-15
4754:2011-09-15
4729:2011-01-24
4676:2011-01-15
4639:2010-03-20
4607:2010-07-17
4586:2010-01-15
4453:2009-12-18
4423:2009-12-14
4270:2011-01-15
4231:2010-03-21
4138:2011-09-17
4112:15 January
4009:2011-01-15
3988:2011-01-15
3963:2017-07-31
3807:2012-01-26
3747:2010-09-26
3705:2011-01-24
3674:2010-09-26
3405:2009-12-18
3380:2011-01-16
3356:2011-01-16
3335:2011-01-16
3314:2011-01-16
3279:2012-01-21
3172:2012-01-26
3144:2012-01-26
3116:2012-01-26
3071:2012-01-21
3045:2011-01-15
3001:2012-02-19
2954:2011-05-06
2929:2011-01-15
2892:2011-08-31
2871:2011-01-15
2846:2010-06-12
2816:2010-06-12
2787:2010-03-02
2762:2011-01-15
2738:2010-03-05
2709:2011-01-15
2639:2013-02-10
2613:2014-02-10
2571:2011-05-06
2550:2011-01-15
2520:2011-01-15
2460:2010-01-06
2394:2010-01-06
2333:2012-01-21
2271:2012-01-12
2234:2012-02-21
2195:2019-03-08
2153:warmbloods
1999:See also:
1991:contests.
1981:workhorses
1971:Draft work
1904:Tori horse
1882:work horse
1743:Winter War
1727:See also:
1600:leg faults
1540:inbreeding
1443:Tori horse
1385:Percherons
1366:Don horses
1358:Don horses
1347:Tavinsalmi
1335:Andalusian
1313:Oldenburgs
1292:Crossbreed
1290:See also:
1273:Charles XI
1204:See also:
1185:semi-feral
1106:stud farms
1042:Gregory IX
1016:Žemaitukas
909:agronomist
806:Viking Age
793:wild horse
764:bronze age
590:on the bit
531:Järvsöfaks
497:Eri-Aaroni
448:ratsulinja
247:Pony-sized
239:feathering
4808:Stallion
4783:Stallion
4120:Translate
4052:see, e.g.
2982:0787-5274
2976:(66): 8.
2111:Stockholm
1989:ploughing
1890:gene pool
1791:slaughter
1751:stallions
1615:provinces
1552:korttelis
1374:squadrons
1343:kungsgĂĄrd
1318:warmblood
1165:North Sea
1161:stallions
1153:kungsgĂĄrd
1118:kungsgĂĄrd
1110:Friesland
1054:Magnus IV
1023:crossbred
854:Tartarian
836:from the
810:Mongolian
415:phenotype
298:palominos
191:warmblood
167:stud book
112:Finnhorse
22:Finnhorse
5247:Archived
5060:15038437
5030:12553463
3476:, p. 186
3472:Rooney,
2162:dressage
2149:dressage
2089:and the
2079:eventing
2070:Helsinki
2058:trekking
1949:eventing
1941:dressage
1868:and the
1774:Gelding
1759:matériel
1682:Ardennes
1592:yearling
1483:pasterns
1424:Arabians
1413:oriental
1370:dragoons
1352:Russian
1252:Raseborg
1169:Eric XIV
914:Karelian
564:sidebone
552:pasterns
493:markings
432:työlinja
395:DNA test
310:rabicano
282:chestnut
263:trotting
195:purebred
175:chestnut
67:chestnut
5001:9031863
2130:jumping
2099:wetland
1995:Harness
1670:Karelia
1666:Savonia
1658:Turkish
1624:Finnish
1558:horses.
1556:Scanian
1548:Tartary
1493:Decline
1479:withers
1333:" and "
1331:Arabian
1327:Colonel
1278:Before
1244:Hollola
1231:withers
1223:cavalry
1178:Gotland
1145:Finnish
1135:in the
1129:cavalry
1114:Swedish
1098:Finnish
1058:Karelia
1046:Gotland
1035:driving
918:withers
907:Later,
802:Vikings
776:Russian
772:Swedish
741:History
670:driving
643:or the
641:withers
597:cavalry
556:shoeing
548:forging
452:Finnish
444:Finnish
436:Finnish
428:Finnish
276:Colours
132:Swedish
128:Finland
120:Finnish
69:colour.
51:Finland
5202:
5179:
5156:
5079:
5058:
5028:
4999:
4968:
4936:
4913:
4867:
3838:
2980:
2385:
2060:, and
2040:Riding
1947:, and
1898:inbred
1811:foaled
1777:Reipas
1709:closed
1609:, the
1527:Nystad
1428:Porvoo
1073:LĂĽbeck
1006:, the
950:Tarpan
753:, 1890
666:riding
387:Voikko
314:sabino
228:hooves
183:flaxen
181:and a
156:riding
154:, and
83:Hippos
57:Traits
5194:[
5171:[
5128:(PDF)
5121:(PDF)
5102:(PDF)
5095:(PDF)
5071:[
4951:[
4928:[
4891:(PDF)
4884:(PDF)
4859:[
4846:[
4810:Jaime
4785:Kelmi
4723:(PDF)
4716:(PDF)
4633:(PDF)
4626:(PDF)
3699:(PDF)
3692:(PDF)
3077:Jalo.
2514:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
2258:(PDF)
2176:Notes
2134:scope
1782:Marks
1696:(now
1596:hands
1588:hands
1584:hands
1580:hands
1568:sulky
1471:hands
1448:Orlov
1422:bred
1420:PernĂĄ
1399:. In
1345:) of
1235:croup
1157:mares
966:Konik
930:Troms
901:hands
885:hands
838:Volga
814:Urals
751:Turku
706:1970.
645:croup
637:hands
612:Ypäjä
399:filly
326:black
322:pinto
294:Roans
290:black
259:gaits
251:hands
243:hands
235:manes
220:croup
171:hands
5200:ISBN
5177:ISBN
5154:ISBN
5077:ISBN
5056:PMID
5026:PMID
4997:PMID
4966:ISBN
4934:ISBN
4911:ISBN
4865:ISBN
4114:2011
3836:ISBN
2978:ISSN
2383:ISBN
2081:and
1959:and
1919:Uses
1866:Tori
1713:pure
1680:and
1668:and
1646:mix.
1508:The
1487:feet
1475:star
1395:and
1381:oxen
1356:and
1300:The
1250:and
1248:Pori
1174:Pori
868:and
816:and
774:and
735:cues
629:pony
606:The
533:, a
330:grey
328:and
308:and
224:tail
130:";
110:The
5048:doi
5018:doi
4989:doi
4084:doi
4072:doi
4060:doi
2375:doi
2147:In
2068:of
1987:or
1687:As
1531:Ă…bo
1104:),
334:SW1
286:bay
114:or
5273::
5152:.
5150:86
5054:.
5044:36
5042:.
5024:.
5014:35
5012:.
4995:.
4985:29
4983:.
4757:.
4732:.
4694:^
4642:.
4560:^
4539:^
4518:^
4506:^
4492:^
4474:^
4462:^
4432:^
4395:^
4366:^
4345:^
4333:^
4303:^
4291:^
4279:^
4240:^
4201:^
4150:^
4141:.
4118:–
4018:^
3955:.
3912:^
3884:^
3850:^
3777:^
3765:^
3728:^
3714:^
3653:^
3632:^
3618:^
3550:^
3534:^
3512:^
3490:^
3359:.
3297:^
3220:^
3204:^
3181:^
3153:^
3125:^
3093:^
3074:.
3054:^
2974:86
2901:^
2849:.
2819:.
2790:.
2741:.
2718:^
2683:^
2648:^
2469:^
2448:.
2403:^
2381:.
2369:.
2342:^
2300:^
2280:^
2243:^
2207:^
2198:.
2105:.
1967:.
1955:,
1943:,
1818:.
1719:.
1626::
1246:,
1180:.
1147::
1139:,
1116::
1100::
1018:.
983:,
872:.
864:,
860:,
672:,
668:,
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446::
438::
430::
344:.
296:,
292:.
230:.
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5208:.
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3119:.
3048:.
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2932:.
2895:.
2874:.
2822:.
2765:.
2712:.
2642:.
2616:.
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2553:.
2523:.
2463:.
2397:.
2377::
2336:.
2274:.
2237:.
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1096:(
499:.
426:(
118:(
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