Fires in the Paris Commune

1083: 700: 1694: 1670: 670: 1110: 1307: 1773: 1126: 1757: 1216: 261: 1975: 102: 1323: 1424: 1844: 1342: 757: 745: 571: 153: 1745: 1567: 1710: 548: 1622: 1436:. Along with the Hôtel de Ville, the civil records of Parisians burned down, leaving only the records kept in the arrondissement town halls since 1860. Thus disappeared the parish registers dating back to the 16th century and the civil registers from 1792 to December 31, 1859. Duplicates of these registers did exist, but they were kept in the Palais de Justice and were destroyed by fire. Between 1872 and 1897, a commission was set up to reconstitute the civil records of Parisians, restoring more than 2.5 million records - a third of those that had disappeared. The commission made use of family papers submitted by private individuals, Catholic registers kept in Paris parishes since the Revolution, death tables from the registry office, etc. 149:, a major reference point for the Communards, the fear of seeing the enemy destroy Paris had been growing, and it permeated the minds of many Parisian revolutionaries throughout the 19th century. The federates were to transform this fear into a determination to destroy and reconfigure Paris, starting with the barricade. Indeed, the barricade, while a major element in the defense of Parisian streets during the Commune, was also first and foremost an attempt to control space and destroy the urban fabric, a bricolage of different objects, some of which came from inside the home, removing the difference between private and public space. This was the beginning of the process that led to the burning of part of the city by the Communards. 1658: 1682: 1517: 586: 929:, fires had been set, but these were of limited scope, due to the rapid victories of the revolutionaries. The war waged by the Commune was a defensive war in an urban environment. In this context, setting fires was a tactic that complemented the defense of a territory structured by barricades. Setting fire to the houses supporting the barricade was a response to the Versailles tactic of "chemininement", which consisted in encircling the barricade by advancing through the buildings, piercing the walls. As Louise Michel put it, the Communards sought to "oppose the invaders with a barrier of flames". When the barricade was about to be taken by the Versaillais, it was evacuated by burning the surrounding houses. 1281: 27: 1184:"A long line of fire lit up Paris as if in broad daylight, separating and bisecting it on the banks of the Seine. The flames were so high they seemed to touch the clouds and lick the sky. They were so intense, so brilliant, that next to them the sun's rays looked like shadows. The hearths from which they escaped were more red-white, more incandescent than the most ardent furnaces ; and, from time to time, an immense explosion was heard, immense sprays of flames, flaming globes, sparks, rose to the sky, piercing the clouds, much higher even than the other flames of the fires; they were immense bouquets of fireworks. We had never seen anything so terrifyingly sublime." 324:

Tuileries Palace, appointed on March 22, 1871, by the Commune. On May 23, the fire was prepared with carts of gunpowder, liquid tar, turpentine and petroleum. Using these flammable substances, the federates sprayed the drapes, curtains and parquet floors, and placed barrels of gunpowder in the salon des maréchaux and at the foot of the Great Staircase, while Dardelle organized the evacuation of horses, harnesses and valuables, and ordered the employees to leave, announcing an imminent explosion. The Communards lit the fire with large flaming poles. Later, Dardelle and Bergeret watched the flames from the Louvre terrace. The Tuileries burned until Friday May 26.

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tried for arson. Of these, 16 were sentenced to death (of whom 5 were executed, the others having their sentences commuted to imprisonment or hard labor) and 24 to hard labor. These included Baudoin, convicted of setting fire to Saint-Eloi church, Victor Bénot for the Tuileries fire, and Louis Decamps for the rue de Lille fire. To this must be added convictions in absentia, bringing the total to around one hundred. This figure does not take into account the real number of arsonists, which is much higher, as they are much more difficult to apprehend than the fighters, who were arrested with their weapons drawn.

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1793. For the Versaillais, it represents a major transgression of the female figure, through an inversion of sexual roles. Rather than recognizing courageous fighters, it's easier to think of women in fury, torches in hand, fire being the weapon of the weak and the mad. As a result, images of the Communard woman oscillate between two poles: the cantinière and the pétroleuse. The myth spread through media: the press, popular songs, printed images, etc. The pétroleuses are depicted as ugly, dressed in rags and forming small, disturbing groups, "brigades de pétroleuses".

640: 1397: 997: 351: 727:, next door to the Archives Nationales, and ensured that the latter would not be set on fire or hit by Communard shells. Debock went so far as to threaten with his revolver the commander who was planning to burn down the Imprimerie Nationale on Wednesday May 24. Appointed by the Commune, Debock was determined to fulfill his mandate. The commander who wanted to set fire to the building claimed to be a member of the Comité de salut public. This episode reveals the disorganization of the Commune in its final days. 2046: 5355: 790:

between collective responsibility and individual initiative, when the Commune's governing bodies were no longer meeting in the middle of the fighting. General disorganization and local initiative were the rule. The various groups of Communards, usually numbering around a hundred men, were isolated, surrounded, and outnumbered. Only the most determined federates were fighting. Many fireplaces were lit on the spur of the moment, with local fighters spreading kerosene.

1819:"I've just seen the Paris City Hall in its ruins, lovingly caressed by a splendid setting sun; I've never imagined anything more beautiful; it's superb. The people of the Commune are awful scoundrels, I don't deny, but what artists! I've seen the ruins of Amalfi bathed in the azure waves of the Mediterranean, the ruins of the temples of Tung-hoor in the Punjab; I've seen Rome and many other things: nothing can compare with what I've had before my eyes this evening. 1198:"For three days now, it's been impossible to cast a shadow without the city seeming to catch fire again, as if the darkness had blown over the still-red firebrands, rekindling them, sowing them to the four corners of the horizon. Ah! this hellish city, glowing from dusk onwards, lit for a whole week, illuminating the nights of the bloody week with its monstrous torches! In the bleeding sky, the red districts, ad infinitum, rolled the stream of their ember roofs." 814:"After the Red Terror, a new and particular terror is now reigning in Paris, which I'll call the Terror of Fire. The stubborn belief of the majority is that the incendiaries will not stop, even after order is restored, and that, for many months to come, fires will occur in every part of Paris . Half of Paris is afraid of the other half. If you have the misfortune to stop in front of a wall, you immediately see dark eyes fixed on you and spying on your movements." 5345: 1906:. This painting is a political critique of the Commune, which Meissonnier disliked. However, when Meissonnier completed the painting and exhibited it in 1883, the work took on a new meaning. It becomes a reminder of the ruins demolished in 1883, and an expression of nostalgia, reinforced by the Latin expression at the bottom of the painting, which links the Second Empire to Roman ruins: Gloria Maiorum per flammas usque superstes, Maius MDCCCLXXI. 829: 967:"Tomorrow, the bandits of Versailles will re-establish absolute royalty, the white flag, the reign of the gentleman and the priest. Our defeat marks the death of the Revolution throughout the world. Well, no! They will have nothing of our joy and honor! We incinerate our flag rather than surrender it to the enemy. Well, yes! We'll incinerate Paris, rather than return it desecrated, defeated, enslaved to the Prussians and the Bourbons!" 2018: 666:, and because Notre-Dame was not one of their objectives: it was not a central monument for them, unlike the Hôtel de Ville. Generally speaking, the Communards did not set fire to churches, which may seem surprising given their anti-clericalism. It is not known exactly why. As for the Hôtel-Dieu, by the time the sick had been evacuated, it was too late to set fire to it, as the area had passed under Versailles control. 841: 2032: 5365: 1811:"The ruin is magnificent, splendid. The ruin with its rose-colored tones, its ash-colored tones, its green tones, its white-reddened iron tones, the shining ruin of agatization, which the petroleum-baked stone has taken on, resembles the ruin of an Italian palace, colored by the sun of several centuries, or, better still, the ruin of a magical palace, bathed in an opera of electric gleams and reflections." 1967:"The savage beauty of the burnt-out Hôtel de Ville, which I saw by day and by night, is perhaps second only to the striking effect of any other surviving fragment of an ancient monument. By surrounding these dear, dark debris with a public garden, Paris would offer foreigners a marvelous historical curiosity, and, what is better, perpetuate a memory that would be a great lesson for its population." 1180:, show the Seine irradiated and reddened by the reflections of the flames as if the river were turning into the lava of a volcano, to which Communard Paris is often compared. The fires of the Commune are most often depicted at night, the darkness responding to the supposed darkness of the Communards' souls. Paris is depicted lit up as if in broad daylight, even by a Communard like Pierre Vésinier: 1106:

seems to demonstrate a link between misguided technical progress and revolution, which serves to underpin a conservative discourse. The same characteristics can be found in the myth of a Paris in danger of exploding due to a network of mines laid by the Communards. In both cases - oil and mines - rumors fed the resentment and fear of Versailles soldiers and contributed to the violence committed.

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suffocated, accounts of direct victims of the fires are not very credible, as they are anti-Communard. Houses were usually set on fire after their inhabitants had been evacuated. Based on complaints and compensation after the bloody week, Hélène Lewandowski counts at least 581 buildings damaged to varying degrees, including 186 houses and 32 public buildings as a result of the fires.

1879:, etc.) are burned to beautify them, because in his words: "Fire is the essential artist of our time ". Nevertheless, descriptions of the ruins note the absence of vegetation, which made Parisian ruins less beautiful than their ancient counterparts, while fire had created the illusion of an ancient vestige. By artificially aging the buildings, fire created an archaeological fiction. 1800:"City Hall. What a magnificent ruin! Dare I say it? I love ruins. These beautiful open windows, in the full sky, these splendid aerial arches where so many mysteries with so much unknown wind must like to pass the evening; these doors without rooms, fantastic; these dizzy staircases, insane, without reason to be, suspended in the life, without exit that space were quite a dream." 1069:. The Versaillais witnesses did not understand that many of the fires could be explained by the urgent need to defend the barricades, but they did understand that this was a celebration of sovereignty, the Commune's last show of power. For this, the Communards deserve to be punished. The lexical field of hell and divine punishment is invoked, for example by Catholic polemicist 142:. The din of the cannonade instilled fear in Parisians. The fighting around Paris during the autumn and winter of 1870-1871 led to several disasters. From September 1870, buildings, bridges, farms, millstones, and forests were burned by both armies. In January 1871, Paris was hit by outbreaks of fire, quickly brought under control as a result of bombardment by the Prussians. 770:

quantities for experiments, but that he did not have large stocks of inflammable material. He called for the invention of weapons and devices with chemical projectiles, but the projects presented by citizens were rather unrealistic. On May 16, he was asked to set up teams of "Fuseen artillerymen". Two days later, there were officially twenty-seven of them.

959:, Louise Michel proclaimed: "Yes, I swear it, Paris will be ours or Paris will no longer exist!". For General Appert, the head of military justice who condemned the Communards: "There's nothing to indicate an overall plan. It was, I believe, only at the end that the insurgents, having lost all hope, decided to set fire to Paris ". 782:, with the mission of setting fire to "suspicious houses and public monuments". Although these attempts at organization were too late to be effective, the Commune nevertheless had time to build up reserves of incendiary products (barrels of petrol, incendiary projectiles, stocks of gunpowder) in eastern Paris, from La Villette to 662:, the federates may have started a fire with chairs and benches, which was quickly extinguished by local residents. At least, that's the scenario recounted by the Versaillais. More likely, the Communards themselves decided not to burn the cathedral, to avoid causing casualties among the wounded Federals sheltering in the nearby 197:(ironically built at the direction of Thiers himself thirty years before) and considered a fortress. The Versailles government took no chances. It sought to avoid any failure, for fear of being overthrown by the National Assembly, of the army disbanding, of uprisings in major cities, or of Prussian intervention. 979:, and the fire, certainly the most significant of all those set during the bloody week, was part of a kind of apocalyptic celebration. It was an extension of the festivities organized by the Commune on May 20 at the Tuileries, with a huge free concert that drew large crowds. On May 24, Parisians flocked to the 1994:

revolution than palaces. Hélène Lewandowski believes that the fires "offered the new ruling class the opportunity to promote more sober, functional projects". Thus, the remains of the Palais d'Orsay, where the Cour des Comptes was based, remained the longest-lived until they were purchased in 1897 by the

338:. The order to set fire to the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur on May 23 was also attributed at his trial in 1872 to Émile Gois, but evidence is lacking. On the same day, the advance of the Versaillais was also slowed down by fires lit in the Madeleine district and at the Croix-Rouge crossroads defended by 1268:

The myth of the pétroleuses corresponds to a pre-existing perception of female violence. The female rioter, more dangerous than the male, has been a figure of popular emotion since the end of the Ancien Régime. The figure of the pétroleuse is, therefore, a reactivation, reminiscent of the knitters of

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maintained that it was indeed men who started the fires. For the Versaillais, Communard women were considered worse than Communards, who were at least given the excuse of alcoholism: "More relentless than men, they acted with more cynicism; for while the former often drew a stimulant for their energy

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Among the recurring themes of Versailles' texts, the misuse of oil by the Communards appears to be a veritable obsession. The "flotsam and jetsam of oil" is described. Oil, a liquid drawn from the depths of the earth, is equated with hell. For Catholic writers in particular, its use by the Communards

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In short, the Communards set fire to Paris for three main reasons: to better defend themselves in a disorganized situation, to assert their ownership of the monuments and the city, and to take revenge on the Versaillais and deserters. According to Jules Andrieu, setting fire to the city was "an order

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During the Commune, the Hôtel de Ville was the main place of collective government, where the Conseil de la Commune was installed. The Commune was a project for a universal federation based on the scale of each city. Paris City Hall symbolized this ambition. The Communards set fire to it because they

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The remains of the Tuileries were leveled at the same time, in 1883 and 1884 after a debate oscillating between rebuilding the palace and conserving the remains. Many projects were proposed, showing that the reborn Republic was reluctant to definitively destroy these emblematic remains of the Second

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The insistence in the iconography on the petroleum-filled milk cans of the pétroleuses manifests Versailles' phobia of the metamorphosis of mothers into incendiary madwomen. The women of the Commune are shown as prostitutes or as hysterical and stupid. From allegories of Liberty, the engravings move

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fire, but the 117 firemen arrested after the bloody week were almost all released, and it seems that they overwhelmingly refused to use their pumps to douse the buildings with oil. Some even tried to put out the fires in the middle of the fighting. Immediately after the bloody week, these rumors fed

69:. They also set fire to private homes, to protect their barricades from the advancing Versaillais. Setting fire to Paris's great monuments was a strategy of despair, an act of appropriation and purification, and a kind of apocalyptic feast, as the Communards fought their last battles in the streets. 1599:

of the Town Hall and the Ministry of Finance also lend themselves to this aestheticism. Photographers insist on the picturesqueness of these remains. They ventured into destroyed buildings in search of the details that made the debris a ruin, as it was seen and defined in their time. The commercial

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In 1871-1872, half the photographs in the legal deposit were related to the Commune. Two-thirds of them depict the ruins of Paris. A total of 735 shots were taken of them. From the Second Empire onwards, photographers were mobilized for official propaganda, and, in 1871, the authorities reactivated

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On a deeper level, the federates attacked the buildings that symbolized, in their eyes, power: that of the monarchical state, that of centralized government, that of the Church, that of the army. The burning of symbolic monuments was, in fact, a final act of sovereignty, of appropriation as well as

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Lefrançais only recognized the Commune's responsibility for the burning of the Tuileries and the Grenier d'abondance, which he approved of, but not for the destruction of the Hôtel de Ville, which he condemned. Personal grudges and settling of scores were also incriminated: fireplaces lit in stores

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During the bloody week, employees at the Luxembourg observatory continued to take weather readings, except on Wednesday, May 24, when the observatory was on the front line. We therefore know the weather in Paris during the fighting and fires. From Sunday, May 21 to Thursday, May 25, the temperature

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The Versailles army bombarded the outskirts of Paris, in particular the forts protecting the city, much more intensively than the Prussians had done since Versailles' objective was to neutralize the forts and the city walls. This destruction strengthened the determination of the Communards, even to

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The tight framing of the heavily damaged buildings, with no view of the surrounding area, reinforces the false impression of a largely destroyed city. But while these photographs support the Versailles writings by showing a destroyed Paris, they are also the expression of an aesthetic of ruin. The

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From the end of the bloody week, the attribution of responsibility for the fires between the federates and the Versaillais became an important political issue. Apart from the fire at the Ministry of Finance and Belleville, which were undoubtedly started by hot balls fired from Versaillais cannons,

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The responsibility for this fire at the Ministry of Finance was an important issue in the post-Commune debates. Indeed, as it was the first large-scale fire, the camp that started it was accused by the others of having caused the subsequent fires. All the exiled Communards blamed Versailles cannon

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Despite attempts to organize, these fires were lit in the very last days of the Commune, when it was in full decay, and decisions were partly local initiatives, at a time when the usual points of reference, including sensory ones, had been turned upside down. After their defeat, the Communards did

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Numerous collections of photographs were published from 1871 onwards, responding to and stimulating public curiosity. These collections claim to show reality, but they are the result of choice, as are all the photographs taken in connection with the Commune. The images showing the Bloody Week are

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were put on trial. Three were condemned to death (their sentences were later commuted), despite very flimsy evidence. The description of these women is particularly demeaning. The Rétiffe woman's nose is "slightly budded, indicative of poor temperamental habits". We note the "insolent and cynical

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Anti-Communard writings reflect rumors comparing fires to organized crime: fires were set by thousands of incendiaries, men, women, and children; the sewer system was mined; labels were affixed to houses to be burned; eggs were filled with petroleum capsules; free balloons were weighted down with

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The Commune's fighting was carried out in a continuous balancing act between organization and spontaneity. The Commune's orders to light fires for urban warfare came late and were limited to the precise locations where the fighting was taking place. More generally, it was difficult to distinguish

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On April 22, the Commune set up a Scientific Delegation, headed by François-Louis Parisel, a pharmacist. According to his proposal, he was to deal with food products, aerostats, poisons and means of destruction. The Scientific Delegation's account books show that Parisel bought materials in small

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There was a certain degree of continuity between the Haussmannization of the Second Empire and the work carried out in Paris in the 1870s, which often completed projects begun before the war and the Commune, except that the Third Republic built more utilitarian buildings linked to the industrial

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In the history textbooks published in the 20th century, depictions of the fires of Bloody Week, for which the Communards were entirely responsible, formed a major part of the iconography of the pages devoted to the Commune. Barricades and fires embodied the violence of the Commune, especially up

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Paris writhes in the flames ignited by the ideas and hands of its sons: the last word of the Commune, itself the last word of the Revolution! Neither Babylon, nor her daughters, nor old Sodom, nor old Gomorrah, have perished so by their own hands. Rain of fire, rain of sulfur, showers of liquid

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After taking control of the town, the Versailles army carried out a veritable arson hunt in the streets and banned the oil trade. Judicial records show 175 people incriminated for setting fires. Of the 40,000 or so federates who appeared before the military courts after the Commune, only 41 were

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The following day, Saturday, May 27, began in fog, followed by heavy, steady rain. It helped to extinguish the fires, while the Versaillais victory was no longer in doubt. Some saw it as a divine sign. On Sunday, May 28, it stopped raining and the temperature rose to 20°C. The wind blew strongly

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The Tuileries was the headquarters of insurgent general Jules Bergeret, who led the fighting there with six hundred men. Faced with the advance of the Versaillais, he decided to set fire to the palace, along with Alexis Dardelle, Étienne Boudin, and Victor Bénot. Dardelle was the governor of the

1839:"The ruins of the fire of despair are marked with a strange seal. City Hall, from its empty windows like the eyes of the dead, watched for ten years as the revenge of the peoples came; the great peace of the world that we still await, it would still be watching if the ruin had been pulled down." 1562:

vision, that the Commune is a dead end, and thus obliterating its chronology and possibilities. According to Hélène Lewandowski, the photographic representation of the ruins confines "the Commune within the confines of the Bloody Week, and it to the reputation of an incendiary and iconoclastic

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justified its invention: "Pétroleuse, hideous word, which the dictionary had not foreseen: but unknown horrors require appalling neologisms". But the facts did not support this line of argument. Communard women were arrested as canteen workers, ambulance drivers, furnace or hospital workers, or

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On Friday, May 26, the weather changed. The wind shifted and the temperature dropped to 17°C. The sky became overcast and rain fell. The showers soaked the fighters but made it easier to fight the flames. The wind blew the smoke westwards, but as the fighting was now taking place in the east of

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The spectacle shocked and frightened, as this young American woman testified: "I was often frightened during the Commune, but I don't remember anything as terrifying as the fires". Fear and exasperation fueled the Versailles soldiers' hunt for Communards. Faced with the fires, the reactions of

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The Ministry of Finance, regarded as an uninteresting recent building, acquired an aesthetic value because its remains were reminiscent of ancient ruins. But it was the remains of the Hôtel de Ville that were most admired, for the picturesqueness of this jagged ensemble whose elements were in

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ordered Paris municipalities to collect "all chemical, inflammable and violent products found in their arrondissement, and to concentrate them in the 11th arrondissement". The following day, Wednesday, May 24, it decreed the creation of brigades of fuséens, 400 men commanded by Jean-Baptiste

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The nineteenth century was a century of ruins: their poetics permeated contemporaries, who were particularly sensitive to them. Monuments burnt down in 1871 were not immediately rebuilt. Ruins thus marked the Parisian landscape for years to come. They were seen with a romantic eye, and many

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According to historian Jean-Claude Caron, a total of between 216 and 238 buildings were destroyed or damaged by the fire. So not all of Paris was on fire, even if the buildings that burned were symbolically very important. The last fires were extinguished on June 2. Apart from the seven who

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purification, a form of revolutionary iconoclasm, following on from the demolition of the Vendôme column and Adolphe Thiers' townhouse, which took place before Bloody Week. Communard Paul Martine, in his Souvenirs d'un insurgé, describes his state of mind during the Bloody Week as follows:

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to watch the flames devouring the Tuileries, and to express their joy. Gustave Lefrançais confessed: "Yes, I'm one of those who jumped for joy when I saw that sinister palace go up in flames". Parisians often drew parallels between the destructive flames and the festive illuminations.

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Half of the thirty or so public monuments more or less affected by the fire were of recent construction, dating from the Second Empire: these buildings were therefore not charged with history and symbolism, and for many, their disappearance was not considered a real loss, even by

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After their defeat, the Communards did not all accept the same degree of responsibility. Vésinier, for example, claimed that Versailles shells were the only cause of the outbreaks of fire; however, this maximalist assertion met with little response. On the other hand, those of

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Rich libraries also burned, including those of the Louvre, Hôtel de Ville, and the Bar Association. The destroyed Louvre library housed almost 100,000 volumes, while the Hôtel de Ville library held around 150,000. In the Louvre cabinet, many ancient manuscripts dating back to

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These fires were also responsible for the loss of valuable archives, both those of the City of Paris and those of the Palais de Justice. The destruction of the Palais de Justice archives was massive, particularly those of the civil registry (from the outset) and those of the

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refused to let it fall into the hands of those who were the enemies of this project. For other federates, such as Jules Andrieu, the Hôtel de Ville had little value because it was a place of betrayal, where the people had been robbed of their revolutions since that of 1830.

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Until May 23, Versailles troops faced no serious resistance. The first major fires coincided with an intensification of the Communard defense. After preparations were completed at around 6 p.m. on May 23, Communards burned several monuments the following night: the

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From the end of the Commune, it became the focus of a war of words and images. The violence of the fires lit during the bloody week was central to the descriptions of the Versaillais, who drew on the imagination of the orgy, wild and foreign, with reminders of the

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By June 1871, the Parisian ruins had become a popular destination for strolling. With family or friends, crowds of Parisians flocked to the site, despite the risk of falling stones and unstable façades. English tourists also made the ruins their destination.

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filled with water used for heating, the rupture of its reservoir causing a flood. In a hastily-written report on May 24, Édouard Gerspach, chief of staff at the Ministry of Fine Arts, gives a detailed account of the state of the Tuileries and the Louvre.

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Many Parisians climbed to the top floor or rooftop of their building to get a panoramic view of what was going on. It was the only way to get the full measure of the new outbreak. The blazes were terrifying, especially at night. An anonymous Parisian on

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was built. The resulting ruins were not immediately rebuilt and became the object of romantic and touristic appropriation, including numerous photographs. The massive disappearance of archives consumed in the fires deprived Paris of part of its memory.

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success of these collections of photographs can be explained by this dual objective: to document the results of the Commune fires, while at the same time casting a gaze that transfigures the rubble by transforming it into ruins and landscapes.

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In these speeches, the revolutionary is ultimately no more than a barbarian, an enemy of beauty. He is also a madman, and the fire is proof of this insanity. This interpretation can be found in the works of writers well into the 1890s, whether

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The sky was red, and every moment you could see that the brightness was increasing and spreading. It was in this night, forever doomed, that the federates set fire to everything, leaving nothing but ruins for the victors a fiery, infernal

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A large part of the Assistance publique archives disappeared when its buildings, close to the Hôtel de Ville, were engulfed in flames. The same was true of part of France's financial archives, as well as most of the archives of the

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anti-Communard Parisians oscillated between two poles. In neighborhoods reclaimed by the Versailles army, angry crowds attacked Communard prisoners, mainly because of the fires. The other reaction was silence and astonishment. As

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whistle-blowers, but very few were arrested as arsonists. Around 130 women were convicted of taking part in the Commune, but mainly as fighters on the barricades, in a scattered manner, since the women's barricade at the foot of

1280: 1621: 585: 1669: 1240:'s pioneering book of the same name. Based on the few examples of women taking part in fires, the Versailles press told numerous stories of women arrested just before starting a fire. A word was coined to describe them, and 1945:... Within the space of a few years, the State and the City of Paris had regained the financial means to finance the work. As early as June 1871, work began on repairing slightly damaged monuments and clearing away ruins. 1709: 1202:

Artists and writers share a common theme: the lexicon used by writers to describe the fires of Bloody Week calls for bright, vivid colors, which are also found in the palette of the artists who depicted these events.

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In Versailles' writings, comparisons with the biblical Apocalypse are frequent. This metaphor demonstrates the horror inspired by the Paris Commune, while at the same time emphasizing Paris's ability to move forward.

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in 1873: "I went to the Bank to protect it from any violence by the Commune's exaggerated party, and I am convinced that I have preserved for my country the institution that constituted our last financial resource".

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brutally places the viewer at the heart of the ruin, in the Salle des Maréchaux in the center of the Tuileries. In the foreground is a pile of rubble, the remains of the grand staircase. The perspective shows the

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These fires formed a nodal point in the memory of the Commune. In the eyes of the Versaillais, they demonstrated the barbarity of the Communards, particularly the women of the Commune, around whom the myth of the

291:, there were two successive fires at the Ministry of Finance, the first caused by Versailles shells on Monday, May 22, extinguished by the federates, then a second the following day, which they set themselves. 428:

The order to burn down the Hôtel de Ville was given by Jean-Louis Pindy, who had been its governor since March 31, while the order to set fire to the Préfecture de Police and the Palais de Justice came from

464:, etc. In addition to the buildings already mentioned, the fire also totally or partially destroyed the Archives de la Seine, the artillery headquarters on Place de l'Arsenal, the Protestant temple on rue 1595:

Grenier d'abondance, a utilitarian building with no symbolic charge, is revealed as a landscape whose alignments of arcades and columns evoke the remains of antiquity, and acquire an aesthetic value. The

1591:, were out of business. They were either absent from Paris or in hiding. As soon as the Bloody Week was over, they took and published many photos, meeting the need for the development of ruin tourism. 947:

However, the necessities of combat were only part of the explanation. For the Versaillais, the Communards lit these fires in a sort of strategy of desperation, summed up in the slogan attributed to

1082: 944:. The next day, defenders of the rue Thévenot barricade caused panic by setting fire to a wine merchant's shop. Fire was the last weapon, even if some Communards, like Jules Andrieu, condemned it. 1381: 794:

incendiary products, etc. These rumors are denied by the facts, but the use of fire is here used to disqualify the war waged by the Communards as a dirty war that did not respect the laws of war.

1929:, as Director of Works for Paris. Many architects who had worked under the Second Empire, some of whom built monuments that burned down, continued their careers under the nascent Third Republic: 4911: 433:. Both orders were given at around 10 a.m. Victor Bénot played a major role in the fire at the Palais-Royal and is said to have set fire to the Louvre library. The fire set the same day at the 409:. Groups of arsonists prepared pyres and barrels of gunpowder and doused the walls with petrol before lighting the fire. The fire at the Palais de Justice was caused by the collapse of a large 1415:

on to images considered vulgar because they show the free women of the people. The petrolhead with a torch in hand is the antithesis of knowledge or Liberty, whose torch lights up the world.

193:

The second siege of Paris was led by Versailles troops from April 11 to May 21, 1871. Adolphe Thiers adopted a cautious strategy of gradual investment in the capital, as it was protected by

1078:

fire, waterspouts of burning iron! God remained silent before the destruction, as he had been since the blasphemy. Jerusalem is obsolete. Since Christ, no city has fallen from this death.

1476:, seventy-five tapestries dating from the 15th to 18th centuries burned, including some major pieces. These fires of memory were a major element of the criticism leveled at the Commune. 5044: 457: 699: 2083: 1728: 913:

At the corner of boulevards Voltaire and Richard-Lenoir, a barricade defends the 11th arrondissement town hall, where the Commune retreated on May 25. Photo by Bruno Braquehais,

252:

During Bloody Week, the chronology of destruction by fire is that of the recapture of Paris by Versailles troops, from west to east, from Sunday, May 21 to Sunday, May 28, 1871.

1681: 1554:

and Bastille, on the right bank. Texts and photos focus primarily on the Tuileries and the Hôtel de Ville. Visitors collected shell fragments and, above all, monuments.

1109: 1125: 1909:

The buildings burnt down in 1871 also fed the nostalgic imagination around the fictional ruins of the French capital, a literary genre that pre-existed the Commune.

1772: 877:, who point to the responsibility of former Second Empire agents who had an interest in making documents proving their involvement disappear, were more successful. 3746:"« La Représentation des Communardes dans le roman français de 1871 à 1900 », Master 1, sous la direction de Isabelle Tournier, Université Paris 8, 2013" 1362: 320:

and nearby streets. Rue de Lille was one of the streets most affected by the fires. The Versaillais decided to wait until the following day to bypass the fires.

881:

by former employees, according to Jules Andrieu, and house fires set by their owners to remove evidence of bankruptcy or to collect compensation, according to

1257:

eye" of the Suétens woman. As for the Bocquin woman, she is described with "a sickly, devious aspect that is both frightening and pitiful at the same time".

1215: 2116: 1815:

This parallel with the vestiges that wealthy tourists contemplate in Italy is widely used. Sir William Erskine, in a letter dated June 7, 1871, compares:

1974: 1260:

The Communards denied the existence of pétroleuses. Louise Michel asserted: "The wildest legends ran about the pétroleuses. There were no pétroleuses".

190:

also sat in support of him, and on the other the Paris Commune, which ruled Paris alone, despite attempts by insurrectionary communes in the provinces.

1995: 101: 861:'s first unsuccessful amnesty proposal for the Communards in September 1871. The plenary amnesty finally passed in 1880 made no further distinction. 723:, and Louis-Guillaume Debock, the Commune's delegate at the Imprimerie nationale, succeeded in opposing the fire plans. Debock was in charge of the 1609: 49:

Most of these fires were set by Communards (or Federates), especially between May 22 and 26. They set fire to major Parisian monuments such as the

1986:

Empire. This work was preceded by the rapid reconstruction of the Palais de la Légion d'honneur, financed by members of the national order of the

1038:"In the afterglow of the Paris fire, the world saw how similar tyranny and demagogy are. Nero, through the centuries, passed his torch to Babeuf." 3944: 205: 1632: 1505: 914: 561: 1396: 507: 3660:

La commune de 1871: l'événement, les hommes et la mémoire : actes du colloque organisé à Précieux et à Montbrison, les 15 et 16 mars 2003

1423: 4945: 703:

Third list of monuments, dwellings and establishments destroyed or damaged by the incendiaries of the Commune. Poster, 1871, 54.5 x 35.2 cm.

480:

On Thursday, May 25, the fire at the Hôtel de Ville ended, while that of the Greniers d'abondance, a food depot on Boulevard Bourdon, began.

4413:"Le Voyage aux Ruines de Paris : un topos érudit, fantaisiste et satirique dans la fiction d'anticipation aux XIXème et XXème siècles" 1971:

But the need for administrative continuity prevailed. The new Hôtel de Ville, rebuilt identically, was completed after ten years, in 1882.

1641: 1843: 3658: 756: 744: 152: 3875:"Christiane Demeulenaere-Douyère, Archives de Paris, Guide des sources de l'état civil parisien, Paris, Imprimerie municipale, 1982" 503: 1886:, who confesses: "The artist killed the citizen in me, and I couldn't help saying to myself: 'It's terrible, but it's beautiful!". 4705: 313: 5409: 4550: 4540: 4230: 4225:, Le XIXe siècle en représentation(s) (in French), Saint-Étienne: Presses universitaires de Saint-Étienne, pp. 377–390, 4132: 3837: 3791: 3668: 3585: 3346: 3106: 2864: 2854: 2426: 2392: 2291: 2268: 2222: 2161: 2133: 2093: 402: 244:

but had no time to implement them due to the speed of the Versaillais conquest. In all, few fires were set in western Paris.

1169:

sought to depict current events to document them. These artists turned to naturalism to bear witness to what they had seen.

1539:, offered tours that lasted several days from place to place. Comparisons with natural sites or other cities are numerous. 444:

On Tuesday May 23 and Wednesday May 24, the federates also set fire to many of the houses adjacent to their barricades, in

1588: 4733: 1566: 538:(measured at midday) rose from 18°C to 25°C. It was unseasonably warm. The weather was dry, with moderate to light winds. 4580:"Reconstruire le Palais des Tuileries. Une émotion patrimoniale et politique « rémanente » ? (1871-2011)" 1715: 1298: 1253: 331: 301: 1750:

Grande salle du Conseil d'État, in the Palais d'Orsay. Photograph by Charles Soulier, 1871. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

579:- Lithograph by Léon Sabatier and Albert Adam Paris et ses ruines, 1873 - Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris. 526: 1194:, a novel published more than twenty years after the Commune, Émile Zola also returns to this night mingled with day: 5274: 4938: 3830:

La Caricature entre République et censure: L’imagerie satirique en France de 1830 à 1880: un discours de résistance?

5269: 5120: 5070: 4792: 1031: 762:

reverse side of medal: Le citoyen Parisel chef de la délégation scientifique des poudres et salpêtres May 14, 1871

236:. They were caused by Versaillais bombardments or fires set by Communards. The federates had incendiary plans for 4726: 797:

The Versailles press described national guards bringing in oil tanks and "petroleum firemen", especially for the

465: 169: 2460: 2252:

La Commune de Paris, révolution sans image?: Politique et représentations dans la France républicaine, 1871-1914

449: 3778:, Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe siècles (in French), Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, pp. 341–355, 2421:, Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe siècles (in French), Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, pp. 137–149, 1789: 1516: 1448:

in a vault set up on rue de Jérusalem to protect the famous statue during the siege of Paris by the Prussians.

135: 91: 4257:

Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle. Société d'histoire de la révolution de 1848 et des révolutions du XIXe siècle

2233: 1663:

Ministry of Finance, rue de Rivoli. Photograph published in 1871. Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris

1000:

Illustration by L. Breton for the cover of Louis Énault's Paris brûlé par la Commune, Paris, Henri Plon, 1871.

975:

For the Communards, the burning of the Tuileries was an opportunity to do away with one of the symbols of the

5038: 2003: 719:, and the Bibliothèque du Luxembourg were also saved by Communards. The director of the Archives Nationales, 26: 1587:

this function: photographers had to show a very damaged Paris. During the Commune, many photographers, like

1131:

The gunboat La Farcy moored opposite the Tuileries during the burning of Paris on the night of May 24, 1871.

5085: 4931: 1899: 720: 712: 674: 511: 46:, the period when Paris was recaptured by the Versailles army from Sunday, May 21 to Sunday, May 28, 1871. 31:

Panorama of fires in Paris from May 23 to 25 - Lithograph by Auguste Victor Deroy, Musée Carnavalet, Paris.

3824:

Schapira, Marie Claude (1996), Régnier, Philippe; Rütten, Raimund; Jung, Ruth; Schneider, Gerhard (eds.),

275:

barracks, fire broke out on the evening of Monday May 22 in the attic of the Ministry of Finance, then on

5129: 4854: 4767: 4698: 1433: 1926: 417: 5259: 1868: 1735: 1542:

These books offer a glimpse of a battered but reborn city. They focus on the center of Paris, from the

890: 445: 187: 3684: 689:, Commune commissioner, who opposed any attempt. Beslay, exiled in Switzerland, made his statement in 461: 5233: 5023: 4886: 1855: 926: 309: 3832:, Littérature & idéologies (in French), Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon, pp. 423–434, 941: 496: 437:

slowed the Versailles advance. In the afternoon, Maxime Lisbonne blew up the powder magazine in the

434: 5419: 5414: 4847: 4799: 980: 948: 673:

Order given to citizens Debock and Alavoine to prevent by all means any attempt to set fire to the

390: 58: 4223:

La production de l’immatériel: Théories, représentations et pratiques de la culture au xixe siècle

1950: 1224: 716: 386: 62: 5399: 5394: 5284: 4879: 4386: 1489: 1441: 774: 606: 398: 335: 237: 5197: 909: 627:

Paris, the main fires burned behind the fighters, who were therefore not bothered by the smoke.

42:

were the premeditated destruction of monuments and residential buildings in Paris mainly during

5389: 5075: 5028: 4691: 3897: 3192: 3101:. Homme et société. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne Comité d'histoire de la Ville de Paris. 519: 225: 4093: 3874: 2203: 1558:

focused on two subjects, the massacres, and the ruins, tending to demonstrate, according to a

5325: 5264: 5033: 5018: 4973: 2379:, Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe siècles (in French), Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, 1141:

In their pictorial works produced in the immediate aftermath of Bloody Week, artists such as

1011: 952: 894: 525:

Fires were generally confined to the buildings to be burned, and accidental spread was rare.

131: 870: 857:

At first, incendiaries were assimilated to common criminals, and as such were excluded from

217: 5167: 5008: 4826: 4759: 3930:

Cent jours du siège à la préfecture de police: 2 novembre 1870-11 février 1871 / E. Cresson

2069: 2064: 1942: 1473: 1427:

Document from 1795 rescued from the fire at Paris City Hall in May 1871. Archives de Paris.

1166: 976: 956: 937: 515: 438: 430: 406: 183: 116: 1501: 1352: 1241: 900: 663: 639: 178:, France found itself in a situation of civil war, on the one hand, the government led by 138:. Prussian cannons regularly bombarded Paris, destroying many houses, particularly on the 8: 5404: 5243: 5105: 5100: 5080: 5065: 4988: 4954: 4751: 3984:"Bibliographie de la France : ou Journal général de l'imprimerie et de la librairie" 1903: 1872: 1864: 659: 119: 66: 1780: 1762:

Title page of a collection of photographs published in 1871. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

1700: 1628: 1469: 1406: 1372: 1332: 1134: 1094: 704: 366: 305: 109: 5095: 4217:

Lavaud, Martine (2008), Mollier, Jean-Yves; Régnier, Philippe; Vaillant, Alain (eds.),

3938: 2110: 1804: 1044: 996: 933: 484: 5172: 5157: 3745: 779: 644:

La Sainte Chapelle, miraculously preserved in the Palais de Justice fire, May 24, 1871

5315: 5137: 5090: 4998: 4807: 4595: 4546: 4430: 4387:"Ruines du palais des Tuileries - 1871 - Histoire analysée en images et œuvres d'art" 4268: 4226: 4184: 4128: 3833: 3787: 3664: 3581: 3558: 3342: 3102: 2860: 2658: 2422: 2388: 2287: 2264: 2218: 2190: 2157: 2129: 2089: 1894: 1851: 1719: 1162: 1086: 886: 492: 453: 374: 146: 43: 1930: 620: 284: 279:, ignited by Versailles shells. It was extinguished by the Commune fire department. 134:

on September 4, 1870, but the war continued and, from September 20, 1870, Paris was

5368: 5358: 5348: 5330: 5207: 5003: 4840: 4587: 4420: 4260: 4176: 4105: 3909: 3779: 3550: 2648: 2472: 2380: 2256: 2180: 2051: 2037: 1987: 1461: 1453: 1294: 783: 317: 221: 50: 4412: 2826: 1960: 1876: 1551: 1150: 350: 339: 159:, April 2 to May 21, 1871. Map by Charles Prolès and Rougeron-Vignerot, 1892. BNF. 5192: 5177: 5142: 4978: 4833: 4219:"Industrie photographique et "production" littéraire pendant la Commune de Paris" 3783: 2384: 1999: 1934: 1922: 1578: 1543: 1457: 1190: 1158: 1146: 1065: 1052: 922: 655: 469: 424:, photograph by Hippolyte Blancard, Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris. 127: 4253:"Les photographies des ruines de Paris en 1871 ou les faux-semblants de l'image" 3983: 3958: 1883: 1237: 5320: 5212: 5182: 5162: 5152: 5055: 5050: 4993: 3928: 3771: 2640: 2414: 2372: 1918: 1456:

were lost. Along with the burned monuments went works by great artists such as

1142: 1070: 866: 686: 685:

was not set on fire, thanks to its deputy governor, the Marquis de Ploeuc, and

682: 288: 179: 4903: 4894: 2825:

texte, Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Île-de-France Auteur du (1990).

2476: 1233: 327: 78: 5383: 5310: 5279: 5202: 5147: 4714: 4599: 4434: 4272: 4252: 4188: 3562: 2662: 2194: 2059: 2023: 1981:, oil on canvas by Paul-Joseph-Victor Dargaud, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, 1880. 1832: 1648: 1573: 1497: 1445: 1154: 882: 874: 858: 370: 362: 276: 272: 229: 175: 39: 3146: 2880: 2085:

Les feux de la discorde: Conflits et incendies dans la France du XIXe siècle

1060: 803: 5354: 5187: 5110: 5060: 4983: 4785: 4579: 4425: 4109: 3913: 3542: 2798: 1232:

From the moment of their victory, the Versaillais built up the myth of the

1004: 906:

the vast majority of the fires were undoubtedly started by the Communards.

885:. Some Communards justify or approve of burning, such as Eugène Vermersch, 798: 631:

eastwards, fanning the last fires as the Commune fought its final battles.

596: 487:- where large quantities of explosives were stored - were on fire, and the 394: 382: 123: 54: 4218: 3096: 1550:. The ruins visited by Parisians were mainly confined to the area between 1265:

from alcohol abuse, the latter found this stimulant in their exaltation".

846:

Louis Decamps, sentenced for the Tuileries fire and the Rue de Lille fire.

5238: 4164: 3825: 1938: 1699:

Corner of rue de Lille and rue du Bac. Photograph by Jean Andrieu. 1871,

1559: 1118: 834:

Victor Bénot, sentenced for the Tuileries fire and the Rue de Lille fire.

557: 488: 194: 139: 4180: 2653: 2260: 2185: 2172: 1889:

In a painting perhaps inspired by contemporary photographs and entitled

514:

town hall - in 1873, Jean Fenouillas was shot for these two fires - the

5305: 4872: 3099:

Notre-Dame et l'Hôtel de Ville: incarner Paris du Moyen âge à nos jours

1959:

received letters calling for the Hôtel de Ville rubble to be retained.

1882:

The indecency of this aestheticism is not lost on commentators such as

1246: 1207:

until the 1960s when more emphasis was placed on images of those shot.

901:

Tactical choice, strategy of despair, and apocalyptic sovereignty party

410: 213: 4923: 4264: 2250: 2147:. Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France. 1963:

supported the same point of view, in the name of historical pedagogy:

1807:

enthusiastically described the colorful rubble of the Hôtel de Ville:

365:- despite, as he later asserted, Bergeret's opposition - in houses on 5344: 5300: 4094:"Plus vrai que le vrai. Stratégie photographique et Commune de Paris" 2827:"Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France" 1955: 1316:

Paris, Plon, 1880. 32. Pétroleuses. Bibliothèque nationale de France.

1261: 1220:

Les pétroleuses of faubourg Saint-Germain at the 4e Conseil de guerre

1015: 691: 233: 4591: 3554: 1596: 828: 174:

Following the insurrection of March 18, 1871, which sparked off the

2461:"Jeanne Gaillard, Communes de province, Commune de Paris 1870-1871" 1547: 724: 378: 5045:

From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs

4912:

Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés

560:

by Léon Sabatier and Albert Adam Paris et ses ruines, 1873 -

5013: 4968: 3770:

Dalotel, Alain (1997), Corbin, Alain; Mayeur, Jean-Marie (eds.),

3657:

Perrot, Michelle; Rougerie, Jacques; Latta, Claude (2004-01-01).

2413:

Charles, David (1997), Corbin, Alain; Mayeur, Jean-Marie (eds.),

1828: 1824: 1286: 1222:, engraving by Gustave Froment after a drawing by Maître Guérin, 1091:

L'Hôtel de Ville incendié, attaqué par les troupes versaillaises.

4683: 1576:

caricatures the vogue for snapshots of Paris after the Commune.

1252:

On September 4, 1871, five women accused of setting fire to the

840: 491:

was surrounded by flames. On Saturday May 27, fires were lit in

265:

Map of Paris with exact indication of burnt houses and monuments

1465: 518:

and houses near the barricades, rue de Bondy, boulevard Mazas,

241: 5364: 3578:

Commune(s), 1870-1871: une traversée des mondes au XIXe siècle

2031: 1687:

Attic of abundance. Photograph by Jean Andrieu. Paris Museums.

201:

destroy the city themselves if they were unable to defend it.

85: 5217: 4678:

The Place du Château-d'Eau is now the Place de la République.

3193:"Comment les Archives nationales ont été sauvées en mai 1871" 3153:(in French), Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier, 2020-01-28 2887:(in French), Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier, 2022-10-22 2805:(in French), Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier, 2021-08-17 1767: 1604:

Photographs of the ruins of Paris published after Bloody Week

1023: 778:

Millière, Louis-Simon Dereure, Alfred-Édouard Billioray, and

209: 2415:"Le trognon et l'omnibus: faire "de sa misère sa barricade"" 1027: 1019: 991: 361:

On Wednesday, May 24, fires were set during the day at the

3826:"La femme porte-drapeau dans l'iconographie de la Commune" 818: 345: 2126:

Paris en ruines: Du Paris haussmannien au Paris communard

1953:. Discussions took place on the future of these remains. 1867:

goes so far as to humorously suggest that monuments (the

955:

rather than Sedan ". On May 17, in a speech delivered at

786:, which Versailles troops recovered after their victory. 294: 3385: 3383: 2145:

La direction des Beaux-Arts et les incendies de mai 1871

1917:

On May 27, 1871, while the fighting was still going on,

1390:, Paris, Mordret, 1871. Bibliothèque nationale de France 1005:

Wild madness, divine punishment, and flames in the night

936:

was set on fire to protect the Federates' withdrawal to

4542:

Les Tuileries: Château des rois, Palais des révolutions

3623: 3621: 2856:

Les Tuileries: Château des rois, palais des révolutions

1388:

La Commune: série de portraits avec notice biographique

897:. For them, fire was a legitimate revolutionary means. 4417:

Belphégor. Littérature populaire et culture médiatique

2641:"L'écran de fumée des incendies de la Commune de 1871" 2173:"L'écran de fumée des incendies de la Commune de 1871" 1823:

Other archaeological remains are also evoked, such as

1734:

Palais d'Orsay. Photograph by Alphonse Liébert, 1871.

4660:

Carrefour de la Croix-Rouge is now Place Michel-Debré

3380: 1835:

was also sensitive to the uncertain beauty of ruins:

204:

Fires broke out in the suburbs and west of Paris, in

96: 3927:

Cresson, Ernest (1824-1902) Auteur du texte (1901).

3618: 3547:Écrire l'histoire. Histoire, Littérature, Esthétique 3097:

Comité d'histoire de la Ville de Paris, ed. (2016).

2013: 532: 3656: 1675:

Tuileries Palace. Photograph by Jean-Eugène Durand.

1444:, only a portion of which was saved along with the 1331:. Lithograph by Adrien Marie, engraved by Froment, 1117:. Photographed and retouched engraving, circa 1871. 522:etc., also burned, either partially or completely. 163: 3580:. L'univers historique. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. 1788:emphasized their beauty. As early as June 3, poet 1494:Curiosity. Foreigners visiting the ruins of Paris. 773:On Tuesday, May 23, in the fighting in Paris, the 4165:"La Commune de 1871: un sphinx face à ses images" 4123:Caron, Jean-Claude; Aprile, Sylvie, eds. (2014). 1571:The third siege. - Invasion of the photographers. 1356:, June 3, 1871. Bibliothèque nationale de France. 1314:Les Communeux, 1871: Types, caractères, costumes, 1172:Panoramic views of the fires, such as Numa fils' 932:On Wednesday May 24, for example, the theater at 5381: 2371:Corbin, Alain (1997), Mayeur, Jean-Marie (ed.), 2115:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1627:Paris City Hall, inner courtyard. Photograph by 1291:Les Communeux, 1871: Types, caractères, costumes 802:and were fed by a climate of fear, described by 3898:"Un guide des sources de l'état-civil parisien" 3339:L'amnistie: de la Commune à la guerre d'Algérie 806:in his sixth letter published by the newspaper 475: 3902:Annales historiques de la Révolution française 3543:"Les temps de l'apocalypse parisienne de 1871" 1615:Paris City Hall. Photograph published in 1872. 1527:Publishers provided illustrated maps, such as 750:Right side of medal: La Commune de Paris 1871; 4939: 4699: 2820: 2818: 2645:Cahiers d'histoire. Revue d'histoire critique 1996:Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans 1777:Ruins of the Tuileries after the fire of 1871 2286:]. Translated by Ricard. Paris: Aubier. 1633:Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris 1506:Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris 1014:. Fire is the weapon of "negro revenge", of 915:Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris 562:Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris 4639: 4627: 4615: 4578:Lemire, Vincent; Potin, Yann (2011-12-10). 4577: 4565: 4514: 4502: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4316: 4147: 4122: 4055: 3943:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3811: 3440: 3404: 3312: 2972: 2915: 2705: 2638: 2609: 2170: 2151: 2088:(in French). Paris: Hachette Littératures. 1779:, oil on canvas by Eugène Bellangé, Paris, 1722:in the background. Musée Carnavalet, Paris. 1529:Paris, ses monuments et ses ruines, 1870-71 1479: 734: 247: 86:Paris under siege (September 1870-May 1871) 4946: 4932: 4706: 4692: 4584:Livraisons de l'histoire de l'architecture 4098:Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 4091: 3872: 3663:(in French). Université de Saint-Etienne. 2815: 2098:. Archived from the original on 2023-12-01 1768:The beauty and exoticism of Parisian ruins 921:In previous revolutions, such as those of 4669:Boulevard Mazas is now boulevard Diderot. 4424: 3895: 3575: 2652: 2184: 1523:. Guide map of 1871, published by Baudel. 508:Église Notre-Dame-de-la-Nativité de Bercy 4490: 4410: 4343: 4328: 4285: 4250: 4204: 4162: 4079: 4067: 4018: 3823: 3600: 3540: 3525: 3513: 3479: 3389: 3300: 3256: 3037: 3018: 2690: 2597: 2358: 2325: 2123: 1973: 1842: 1794:Tablettes d'une femme pendant la Commune 1771: 1565: 1515: 1488: 1422: 1214: 1124: 1108: 1081: 1047:in his journal, Paul de Saint-Victor in 995: 992:Images, imagination, and memory of fires 988:given by no one, accepted by everyone". 908: 698: 668: 638: 593:L'incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville de Paris. 416: 349: 259: 151: 100: 4953: 4611: 4609: 4538: 4526: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4381: 4379: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4339: 4337: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4006: 3982:France, Cercle de la librairie (1871). 3926: 3769: 3743: 3644: 3627: 3190: 2852: 2778: 2412: 2248: 2142: 1854:, begun in 1871 and completed in 1883. 1210: 819:Communards and responsibility for fires 654:Adjacent to the Palais de Justice, the 346:Around the City Hall, Wednesday, May 24 255: 5382: 4216: 4200: 4198: 4158: 4156: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 3981: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3536: 3534: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3475: 3473: 3428: 3400: 3398: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3341:. L'univers historique. Paris: Seuil. 3296: 3294: 3292: 3267: 3265: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3212: 3210: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3061: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2951: 2938: 2936: 2848: 2846: 2734: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2446: 2370: 2313: 2231: 2212: 2156:(in French). Paris: Éditions du Cerf. 623:wrote: "We can't find a word to say". 295:The first major fires, Tuesday, May 23 4927: 4687: 4043: 3719: 3612: 3496: 3416: 3374: 3336: 3324: 3283: 3271: 3239: 3178: 3121: 3049: 2989: 2957: 2824: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2701: 2699: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2489: 2458: 2337: 2277: 2081: 542:Fires at Tuileries and Hôtel de ville 287:. According to anti-Communard writer 4606: 4477: 4376: 4361: 4334: 4291: 3731: 3464: 3452: 3216: 3133: 3001: 2942: 2927: 2903: 2553: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2201: 4195: 4153: 4024: 3851: 3702: 3633: 3531: 3502: 3485: 3470: 3395: 3355: 3289: 3262: 3245: 3222: 3207: 3197:Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes 3163: 3079: 3024: 3007: 2978: 2963: 2948: 2933: 2843: 2615: 2582: 2238:Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes 1133:Polychrome lithograph, circa 1871. 1113:Émile Haering, known as Numa fils, 646:. Lithograph by Sabatier and Adam, 634: 529:proved to be effective firebreaks. 13: 4127:. Époques. Seyssel: Champ Vallon. 2784: 2767: 2740: 2711: 2696: 2669: 2639:Lewandowski, Hélène (2021-03-01). 2559: 2534: 2507: 1979:L'Hôtel de ville en reconstruction 1348:Les pétroleuses et leurs complices 502:The capsule on rue de l'Orme, the 97:Prussian bombing and the barricade 14: 5431: 5275:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution 4713: 4411:Roussier, Marianne (2019-03-09). 2881:"GOIS Émile, Charles, dit Degrin" 2343: 1863:unstable equilibrium. Joris-Karl 533:Heat and light, smells and sounds 504:Théâtre des Délassements-Comiques 20:Fires in Paris during the Commune 5363: 5353: 5343: 5270:Fields, Factories, and Workshops 5119: 4793:Declaration to the French People 4633: 4621: 4571: 4559: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4404: 4349: 4322: 4310: 4279: 4244: 4210: 2044: 2030: 2016: 1755: 1743: 1727: 1708: 1692: 1680: 1668: 1656: 1640: 1620: 1608: 1395: 1380: 1361: 1340: 1321: 1305: 1299:Bibliothèque nationale de France 1279: 1026:... The Commune is described as 839: 827: 755: 743: 584: 569: 546: 483:On Friday, May 26, the docks at 403:Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin 164:The siege of the Versailles army 106:Official fire protection poster, 25: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4539:Boulant, Antoine (2016-06-02). 4141: 4116: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4012: 4000: 3975: 3951: 3920: 3889: 3866: 3817: 3805: 3763: 3737: 3725: 3677: 3650: 3606: 3594: 3569: 3519: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3277: 3184: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3067: 3055: 3043: 2995: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2873: 2853:Boulant, Antoine (2016-06-02). 2603: 2495: 2244:(1). Paris: Gallimard: 334–336. 2208:(in French). Paris: Flammarion. 2075: 1484: 1418: 591:Theodor Josef Hubert Hoffbauer 283:shells. So did the Versaillais 170:Chronology of the Paris Commune 73:not all accept responsibility. 4169:Sociétés & Représentations 4125:Paris, l'insurrection capitale 4092:Lapostolle, Christine (1988). 2803:Théodore, Alexis, dit Salvator 2483: 2452: 2440: 2406: 2364: 2331: 2319: 2307: 1925:, who had worked with Prefect 1912: 1790:Augustine-Malvina Blanchecotte 1537:Itinéraire des ruines de Paris 1521:Paris, its monuments and ruins 38:The fires of Paris during the 1: 4251:Fournier, Éric (2006-06-01). 4163:Fournier, Eric (2018-11-07). 3744:Bensaad, Anaïs (2014-10-16). 3541:Fournier, Éric (2015-10-08). 2301: 2004:Exposition Universelle (1900) 1716:Palais de la Légion d'Honneur 1371:. Lithograph by Paul Klenck, 1350:, drawing by Frédéric Lix in 1254:Palais de la Légion d'Honneur 422:Fire at the Palais de Justice 385:(only slightly damaged), the 377:, where seven people died of 355:Paris set on fire in May 1871 332:Palais de la Légion d'Honneur 302:Palais de la Légion d'Honneur 271:After an initial fire in the 5410:19th-century fires in Europe 5086:Proletarian internationalism 3873:Charmasson, Thérèse (1984). 3784:10.4000/books.psorbonne.1199 2647:(in French) (148): 125–142. 2385:10.4000/books.psorbonne.1147 2217:(in French). Paris: Fayard. 2171:Lewandowski, Hélène (2021). 2154:La face cachée de la Commune 2152:Lewandowski, Hélène (2018). 1900:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel 1589:André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri 721:Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury 476:East of Paris, May 25 and 26 450:rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré 267:. A. Carcireux, Paris, 1871. 120:declared war against Prussia 65:, but spared others such as 7: 4259:(in French) (32): 137–151. 3576:Deluermoz, Quentin (2020). 3549:(in French) (15): 159–166. 2459:Azéma, Jean-Pierre (1972). 2280:La guerre contre Paris 1871 2128:(in French). Paris: Imago. 2082:Caron, Jean-Claude (2006). 2009: 1297:, 1880. 49. The barricade. 10: 5436: 5260:Anarchism and Other Essays 4586:(in French) (22): 87–108. 2249:Tillier, Bertrand (2004). 2215:La Commune de Paris (1871) 2205:Dictionnaire de la Commune 2143:Jacquin, Emmanuel (1990). 1736:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1533:Guide à travers les ruines 1531:. Tourist guides, such as 891:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray 167: 92:Siege of Paris (1870–1871) 89: 16:Fires at the Paris Commune 5339: 5293: 5252: 5234:Insurrectionary anarchism 5226: 5128: 5117: 5024:Consensus decision-making 4961: 4887:Federated Legion of Women 4864: 4818: 4777: 4743: 4721: 4545:(in French). Tallandier. 3896:Ducoudray, Émile (1983). 3772:"La barricade des femmes" 3191:Bourgin, Georges (1938). 2859:(in French). Tallandier. 2477:10.1017/S039526490016189X 1236:, highlighted in 1963 by 808:Le Sémaphore de Marseille 458:place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville 136:besieged by the Prussians 24: 4800:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 4648: 4642:, pp. 190, 194–195) 3337:Gacon, Stéphane (2002). 3147:"BESLAY Charles, Victor" 2213:Serman, William (1986). 1927:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 1891:The Tuileries (May 1871) 1848:The Tuileries (May 1871) 1480:Ruins and reconstruction 1093:65.8cm × 80.5cm, 1871. 981:Parc des Buttes Chaumont 949:Louis Charles Delescluze 735:The Commune and the fire 595:Paris through the ages, 527:Haussmann's wide streets 248:The fires of Bloody Week 122:on July 19, 1870. After 5285:Post-Scarcity Anarchism 3879:Histoire de l'éducation 3691:(in French). 2021-03-04 2124:Fournier, Éric (2008). 1990:and completed in 1874. 1921:appointed Jean-Charles 1831:. In another register, 1442:Paris Police Prefecture 1178:La Cannonnière La Farcy 1030:'s child. According to 462:boulevard de Sébastopol 334:, on the orders of the 130:, Parisians proclaimed 5076:Prefigurative politics 5029:Co-operative economics 4426:10.4000/belphegor.1953 4391:L'histoire par l'image 4110:10.3406/arss.1988.2421 3914:10.3406/ahrf.1983.1080 2278:Tombs, Robert (1997). 2232:Thomas, Édith (1986). 2202:Noël, Bernard (1978). 1982: 1969: 1859: 1841: 1821: 1813: 1802: 1784: 1583: 1524: 1509: 1428: 1229: 1200: 1186: 1138: 1122: 1098: 1080: 1040: 1001: 969: 942:Place du Château-d'Eau 918: 816: 775:Comité de salut public 708: 678: 651: 616: 554:Incendie des Tuileries 520:boulevard Beaumarchais 435:Place du Château d'Eau 425: 358: 336:Comité de salut public 268: 160: 113: 5326:Libertarian socialism 5265:The Conquest of Bread 5244:Synthesis federations 5034:Egalitarian community 4974:Anti-authoritarianism 4768:January 1871 uprising 4752:October 1870 uprising 3685:"Les " Pétroleuses "" 1977: 1965: 1951:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 1846: 1837: 1817: 1809: 1798: 1775: 1647:Ministry of Finance, 1569: 1519: 1492: 1426: 1228:, September 16, 1871. 1218: 1196: 1182: 1128: 1119:Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 1112: 1085: 1075: 1036: 1012:Fire of Moscow (1812) 999: 965: 912: 895:Gustave Paul Cluseret 812: 717:Bibliothèque Mazarine 702: 672: 658:escaped the fire. In 642: 611: 420: 353: 342:and Maxime Lisbonne. 263: 157:Second siege of Paris 155: 104: 5227:Organizational forms 5198:Ricardo Flores Magón 5168:Buenaventura Durruti 3750:Genre & Histoire 2070:Second French Empire 2065:Crimes de la commune 1943:Hector-Martin Lefuel 1902:, a reminder of the 1856:Château de Compiègne 1474:Gobelins Manufactory 1211:The Pétroleuses myth 1167:Alfred Philippe Roll 1032:Paul de Saint-Victor 957:Saint-Sulpice church 938:Place de la Bastille 725:Imprimerie Nationale 677:. Archives de Paris. 648:Paris et ses ruines, 468:and the barracks on 405:(destroyed) and the 399:Préfecture de police 256:West, Monday, May 22 128:surrendered at Sedan 5081:Primitive communism 5066:Market abolitionism 4989:Class consciousness 4955:Anarchist communism 4630:, pp. 175–182) 4618:, pp. 156–159) 4568:, pp. 166–174) 4529:, pp. 360–362) 4517:, pp. 159–166) 4505:, pp. 151–152) 4493:, pp. 248–257) 4474:, pp. 137–143) 4462:, pp. 152–153) 4450:, pp. 143–150) 4373:, pp. 357–360) 4358:, pp. 348–350) 4346:, pp. 202–210) 4331:, pp. 210–213) 4307:, pp. 344–347) 4288:, pp. 167–190) 4207:, pp. 196–202) 4181:10.3917/sr.046.0245 4082:, pp. 241–247) 4070:, pp. 228–236) 4058:, pp. 116–118) 4021:, pp. 219–227) 3814:, pp. 109–110) 3647:, pp. 335–340) 3630:, pp. 350–356) 3603:, pp. 153–159) 3528:, pp. 150–152) 3516:, pp. 142–150) 3482:, pp. 102–105) 3443:, pp. 113–114) 3431:, pp. 312–313) 3392:, pp. 259–267) 3315:, pp. 110–111) 3181:, pp. 98–103.) 3052:, pp. 289–293) 3040:, pp. 111–130) 2781:, pp. 341–342) 2654:10.4000/chrhc.15866 2492:, pp. 210–211) 2449:, pp. 201–211) 2340:, pp. 105–109) 2316:, pp. 105–113) 2261:10.3917/sr.017.0373 2186:10.4000/chrhc.15866 1865:Joris-Karl Huysmans 1850:. Oil on canvas by 1176:or Charles Leduc's 1057:Les Contes du lundi 1049:Barbares et Bandits 713:Archives Nationales 675:Archives Nationales 660:Notre-Dame de Paris 577:Hôtel de ville fire 512:12th arrondissement 446:rue Saint-Florentin 67:Notre-Dame de Paris 21: 5096:Worker cooperative 4419:(in French) (17). 3274:, pp. 67–68.) 2600:, pp. 98–102) 2177:Cahiers d'histoire 1983: 1860: 1805:Edmond de Goncourt 1785: 1584: 1525: 1510: 1434:Court of Cassation 1429: 1274:Pétroleuses images 1230: 1225:L'Univers illustré 1139: 1123: 1099: 1045:Edmond de Goncourt 1002: 934:Porte Saint-Martin 919: 871:Gustave Lefrançais 709: 679: 652: 426: 359: 269: 182:, who had fled to 161: 114: 19: 5377: 5376: 5316:Council communism 5253:Theoretical works 5138:Alexander Berkman 5091:Stateless society 4999:Classless society 4921: 4920: 4855:Butte-aux-Cailles 4808:Semaine sanglante 4640:Lewandowski (2018 4628:Lewandowski (2018 4616:Lewandowski (2018 4566:Lewandowski (2018 4552:979-10-210-1987-4 4515:Lewandowski (2018 4503:Lewandowski (2018 4472:Lewandowski (2018 4460:Lewandowski (2018 4448:Lewandowski (2018 4317:Lewandowski (2018 4265:10.4000/rh19.1101 4232:978-2-86272-757-8 4148:Lewandowski (2018 4134:978-2-87673-997-0 4056:Lewandowski (2018 4046:, pp. 93–98) 3839:978-2-7297-1051-4 3812:Lewandowski (2018 3793:978-2-85944-851-6 3722:, pp. 81–87) 3670:978-2-86272-314-3 3587:978-2-02-139372-9 3499:, pp. 87–93) 3441:Lewandowski (2018 3407:, pp. 77–79) 3405:Lewandowski (2018 3377:, pp. 69–72) 3348:978-2-02-049368-0 3327:, pp. 76–79) 3313:Lewandowski (2018 3303:, pp. 95–98) 3259:, pp. 83–86) 3242:, pp. 65–66) 3108:978-2-85944-921-6 3021:, pp. 92–95) 2973:Lewandowski (2018 2916:Lewandowski (2018 2866:979-10-210-1987-4 2799:"DARDELLE Alexis" 2764:, pp. 72–75) 2706:Lewandowski (2018 2693:, pp. 90–92) 2610:Lewandowski (2018 2556:, pp. 16–17) 2504:, pp. 60–61) 2428:978-2-85944-851-6 2394:978-2-85944-851-6 2361:, pp. 55–64) 2328:, pp. 39–53) 2293:978-2-7007-0248-4 2270:978-2-87673-390-9 2234:"Les Pétroleuses" 2224:978-2-213-01354-1 2163:978-2-204-12164-4 2135:978-2-84952-051-2 2095:978-2-01-235683-2 1895:Ernest Meissonier 1852:Ernest Meissonier 1504:, June 24, 1871. 1502:Le Monde illustré 1353:Le Monde illustré 1249:is another myth. 1242:Théophile Gautier 1163:Gustave Boulanger 1087:Gustave Boulanger 887:Victorine Brocher 439:Luxembourg Garden 391:Palais de Justice 389:(destroyed), the 330:sets fire to the 314:Caisse des Dépôts 188:National Assembly 147:French Revolution 59:Palais de Justice 36: 35: 5427: 5367: 5357: 5347: 5331:Social anarchism 5208:Errico Malatesta 5123: 5106:Workers' council 5101:Workers' control 5039:Free association 5009:Common resources 5004:Common ownership 4948: 4941: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4811: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4770: 4763: 4754: 4736: 4729: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4383: 4374: 4368: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4160: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3353: 3352: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3094: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3022: 3016: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2976: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2795: 2782: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2738: 2732: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2667: 2666: 2656: 2636: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2557: 2551: 2532: 2526: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2297: 2274: 2255:. Champ Vallon. 2245: 2228: 2209: 2198: 2188: 2179:(148): 125–142. 2167: 2148: 2139: 2120: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2054: 2052:Communism portal 2049: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2038:Socialism portal 2035: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2019: 1988:Legion of Honour 1781:Musée Carnavalet 1759: 1747: 1731: 1712: 1701:Musée Carnavalet 1696: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1644: 1629:Alphonse Liébert 1624: 1612: 1470:Eugène Delacroix 1462:Antoine Coysevox 1454:Charles the Bald 1407:Musée Carnavalet 1399: 1384: 1373:Musée Carnavalet 1365: 1344: 1333:Musée Carnavalet 1325: 1309: 1283: 1135:Musée Carnavalet 1095:Musée Carnavalet 843: 831: 759: 747: 705:Musée Carnavalet 635:Monuments spared 588: 573: 550: 516:Gobelins factory 367:rue Saint-Honoré 318:Tuileries Palace 310:Cour des Comptes 222:Levallois-Perret 110:Musée Carnavalet 51:Tuileries Palace 29: 22: 18: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5420:Arson in France 5415:May 1871 events 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5335: 5289: 5248: 5222: 5193:Peter Kropotkin 5178:Iosif Bleikhman 5173:Sébastien Faure 5158:Joseph Déjacque 5143:Murray Bookchin 5124: 5115: 4979:Anti-capitalism 4957: 4952: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4885: 4880:Commune Council 4878: 4871: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4814: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4773: 4766: 4757: 4750: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4712: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4607: 4592:10.4000/lha.293 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4409: 4405: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4121: 4117: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3921: 3894: 3890: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3753: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3703: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3634: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3574: 3570: 3555:10.4000/elh.616 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3503: 3495: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3356: 3349: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3246: 3238: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3095: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3025: 3017: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2979: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2851: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2816: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2777: 2768: 2760: 2741: 2733: 2712: 2704: 2697: 2689: 2670: 2637: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2583: 2575: 2560: 2552: 2535: 2527: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2271: 2225: 2164: 2136: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2078: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2012: 1935:Gabriel Davioud 1923:Adolphe Alphand 1915: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1732: 1723: 1713: 1704: 1697: 1688: 1685: 1676: 1673: 1664: 1661: 1652: 1645: 1636: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1582:, July 1, 1871. 1579:Journal amusant 1544:Arc de Triomphe 1487: 1482: 1458:Charles Le Brun 1421: 1410: 1400: 1391: 1385: 1376: 1366: 1357: 1345: 1336: 1326: 1317: 1310: 1301: 1284: 1213: 1159:Gustave Courbet 1147:Georges Clairin 1129:Charles Leduc. 1053:Alphonse Daudet 1007: 994: 903: 851: 850: 849: 848: 847: 844: 836: 835: 832: 821: 780:Pierre Vésinier 767: 766: 765: 764: 763: 760: 752: 751: 748: 737: 656:Sainte-Chapelle 637: 607:rue Saint-Denis 600: 589: 580: 574: 565: 551: 535: 478: 431:Théophile Ferré 407:Théâtre Lyrique 357:. Paris archive 348: 297: 258: 250: 172: 166: 145:Ever since the 99: 94: 88: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5433: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5400:Fires in Paris 5397: 5395:1871 in France 5392: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5351: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5321:Left communism 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5294:Related topics 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5213:Albert Meltzer 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5183:Luigi Galleani 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5163:Clarissa Dixon 5160: 5155: 5153:Emilio Covelli 5150: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5056:General strike 5053: 5051:Give-away shop 5048: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4994:Class struggle 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4734:Historiography 4730: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4681: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4605: 4570: 4558: 4551: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4495: 4491:Fournier (2008 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4403: 4375: 4360: 4348: 4344:Fournier (2008 4333: 4329:Fournier (2008 4321: 4319:, p. 120) 4309: 4290: 4286:Fournier (2008 4278: 4243: 4231: 4209: 4205:Fournier (2008 4194: 4175:(2): 245–257. 4152: 4150:, p. 108) 4140: 4133: 4115: 4084: 4080:Fournier (2008 4072: 4068:Fournier (2008 4060: 4048: 4023: 4019:Fournier (2008 4011: 3999: 3974: 3950: 3919: 3908:(1): 634–635. 3888: 3865: 3863:, p. 504) 3850: 3838: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3762: 3736: 3734:, p. 156) 3724: 3701: 3676: 3669: 3649: 3632: 3617: 3615:, p. 318) 3605: 3601:Fournier (2008 3593: 3586: 3568: 3530: 3526:Fournier (2008 3518: 3514:Fournier (2008 3501: 3484: 3480:Fournier (2008 3469: 3467:, p. 262) 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3419:, p. 264) 3409: 3394: 3390:Fournier (2008 3379: 3354: 3347: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3301:Fournier (2008 3288: 3286:, p. 254) 3276: 3261: 3257:Fournier (2008 3244: 3221: 3219:, p. 140) 3206: 3183: 3162: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3107: 3078: 3076:, p. 509) 3066: 3064:, p. 508) 3054: 3042: 3038:Fournier (2008 3023: 3019:Fournier (2008 3006: 3004:, p. 278) 2994: 2977: 2962: 2947: 2945:, p. 231) 2932: 2930:, p. 160) 2920: 2908: 2906:, p. 316) 2896: 2872: 2865: 2842: 2814: 2783: 2766: 2739: 2737:, p. 503) 2710: 2695: 2691:Fournier (2008 2668: 2614: 2602: 2598:Fournier (2008 2581: 2579:, p. 502) 2558: 2533: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2471:(2): 503–504. 2451: 2439: 2427: 2405: 2393: 2363: 2359:Fournier (2008 2342: 2330: 2326:Fournier (2008 2318: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2275: 2269: 2246: 2229: 2223: 2210: 2199: 2168: 2162: 2149: 2140: 2134: 2121: 2094: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2041: 2027: 2011: 2008: 1931:Théodore Ballu 1919:Adolphe Thiers 1914: 1911: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1724: 1720:Palais d'Orsay 1714: 1707: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1472:, etc. In the 1420: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1409:, Paris, 1871. 1405:. Lithograph, 1401: 1394: 1392: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1369:Une pétroleuse 1367: 1360: 1358: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1335:, Paris, 1871. 1329:Une pétroleuse 1327: 1320: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1212: 1209: 1174:Paris incendié 1143:Jules Girardet 1071:Louis Veuillot 1006: 1003: 993: 990: 902: 899: 867:Arthur Arnould 845: 838: 837: 833: 826: 825: 824: 823: 822: 820: 817: 761: 754: 753: 749: 742: 741: 740: 739: 738: 736: 733: 687:Charles Beslay 683:Bank of France 636: 633: 621:Ludovic Halévy 602: 601: 590: 583: 581: 575: 568: 566: 552: 545: 543: 534: 531: 477: 474: 387:Hôtel de Ville 347: 344: 306:Palais d'Orsay 296: 293: 289:Maxime Du Camp 285:Catulle Mendès 257: 254: 249: 246: 180:Adolphe Thiers 168:Main article: 165: 162: 108:January 1871. 98: 95: 90:Main article: 87: 84: 63:Hôtel de Ville 34: 33: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5432: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5390:Paris Commune 5388: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5311:Communization 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5280:Now and After 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Nestor Makhno 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148:Carlo Cafiero 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4760:Affiche Rouge 4756: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4715:Paris Commune 4709: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4653: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4528: 4527:Tillier (2004 4523: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4371:Tillier (2004 4367: 4365: 4357: 4356:Tillier (2004 4352: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4305:Tillier (2004 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4171:(in French). 4170: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4149: 4144: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4009:, p. 42) 4008: 4007:Tillier (2004 4003: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3885:(1): 140–141. 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3646: 3645:Tillier (2004 3641: 3639: 3637: 3629: 3628:Tillier (2004 3624: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3203:(1): 425–427. 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3136:, p. 74) 3135: 3130: 3124:, p. 70) 3123: 3118: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2992:, p. 64) 2991: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2975:, p. 67) 2974: 2969: 2967: 2960:, p. 62) 2959: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2918:, p. 82) 2917: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2779:Tillier (2004 2775: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2708:, p. 66) 2707: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2612:, p. 87) 2611: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2531:, p. 63) 2530: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2240:(in French). 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2060:Paris Commune 2058: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2024:France portal 2014: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1998:to build the 1997: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1961:Étienne Arago 1958: 1957: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1833:Louise Michel 1830: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1649:rue de Rivoli 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1574:Albert Robida 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:revolution". 1561: 1555: 1553: 1552:Place Vendôme 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Daniel Vierge 1496:Engraving by 1495: 1491: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1447: 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Goldman 5111:Wage slavery 5061:Gift economy 4984:Anti-statism 4902: 4893: 4806: 4786:Lyon Commune 4758: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4635: 4623: 4583: 4573: 4561: 4541: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4416: 4406: 4395:. Retrieved 4390: 4351: 4324: 4312: 4281: 4256: 4246: 4236:, retrieved 4222: 4212: 4172: 4168: 4143: 4124: 4118: 4104:(1): 67–76. 4101: 4097: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4014: 4002: 3991:. Retrieved 3987: 3977: 3966:. Retrieved 3964:. 1901-07-01 3961: 3953: 3929: 3922: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3861:Serman (1986 3843:, retrieved 3829: 3819: 3807: 3797:, retrieved 3776:La barricade 3775: 3765: 3754:. Retrieved 3749: 3739: 3727: 3693:. Retrieved 3688: 3679: 3659: 3652: 3608: 3596: 3577: 3571: 3546: 3521: 3460: 3455:, p. 7) 3448: 3436: 3429:Serman (1986 3424: 3412: 3338: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3279: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3155:, retrieved 3150: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3098: 3074:Serman (1986 3069: 3062:Serman (1986 3057: 3045: 2997: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2889:, retrieved 2884: 2875: 2855: 2834:. Retrieved 2830: 2807:, retrieved 2802: 2735:Serman (1986 2644: 2605: 2577:Serman (1986 2497: 2485: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2447:Serman (1986 2442: 2432:, retrieved 2419:La barricade 2418: 2408: 2398:, retrieved 2377:La barricade 2376: 2366: 2333: 2321: 2314:Serman (1986 2309: 2283: 2279: 2251: 2241: 2237: 2214: 2204: 2176: 2153: 2144: 2125: 2100:. Retrieved 2084: 2076:Bibliography 2000:Gare d'Orsay 1992: 1984: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1954: 1947: 1916: 1908: 1904:First Empire 1890: 1888: 1884:Louis Énault 1881: 1861: 1847: 1838: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1786: 1776: 1593: 1585: 1577: 1570: 1556: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1511: 1493: 1485:Ruin tourism 1450: 1438: 1430: 1419:Burnt memory 1413: 1402: 1387: 1368: 1351: 1347: 1328: 1313: 1290: 1273: 1267: 1259: 1251: 1238:Édith Thomas 1231: 1223: 1219: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1140: 1130: 1114: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1076: 1064: 1056: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1008: 986: 974: 970: 966: 961: 946: 931: 920: 904: 879: 863: 856: 852: 813: 807: 799:Palais-Royal 796: 792: 788: 772: 768: 729: 710: 690: 680: 653: 647: 643: 629: 625: 617: 612: 603: 597:Firmin Didot 592: 576: 553: 536: 524: 501: 482: 479: 470:Quai d'Orsay 443: 427: 421: 395:Conciergerie 383:Palais-Royal 379:asphyxiation 360: 354: 326: 322: 298: 281: 270: 264: 251: 203: 199: 192: 186:, where the 173: 156: 144: 132:the Republic 124:Napoleon III 115: 105: 75: 71: 55:Palais-Royal 48: 37: 5239:Platformism 4904:Pétroleuses 4848:Fort d'Issy 4393:(in French) 4044:Caron (2006 3752:(in French) 3720:Caron (2006 3613:Tombs (1997 3497:Caron (2006 3417:Tombs (1997 3375:Caron (2006 3325:Caron (2006 3284:Tombs (1997 3272:Caron (2006 3240:Caron (2006 3179:Caron (2006 3122:Caron (2006 3050:Tombs (1997 2990:Caron (2006 2958:Caron (2006 2762:Caron (2006 2529:Caron (2006 2502:Caron (2006 2490:Tombs (1997 2338:Caron (2006 2284:Jean-Pierre 1939:Paul Abadie 1913:Rebuilding? 1718:, with the 1403:The Commune 1234:pétroleuses 810:on May 31: 609:described: 489:July Column 485:La Villette 328:Émile Eudes 79:pétroleuses 44:Bloody Week 5405:1871 fires 5384:Categories 5306:Autonomism 5071:Mutual aid 4873:Communards 4827:Courbevoie 4744:Precursors 4727:Chronology 4397:2024-03-14 4238:2024-03-13 3993:2024-03-13 3968:2024-03-13 3845:2024-03-13 3799:2024-03-13 3756:2024-03-13 3732:Noël (1978 3695:2024-03-13 3465:Noël (1978 3453:Noël (1978 3217:Noël (1978 3157:2024-03-12 3151:Le Maitron 3134:Noël (1978 3002:Noël (1978 2943:Noël (1978 2928:Noël (1978 2904:Noël (1978 2891:2024-03-11 2885:Le Maitron 2836:2024-03-11 2809:2024-03-11 2554:Noël (1978 2434:2024-03-11 2400:2024-03-11 2302:References 2102:2024-03-15 1247:Montmartre 1191:La Débâcle 1066:La Débâcle 1061:Émile Zola 1016:Barbarians 804:Émile Zola 664:Hôtel-Dieu 558:Lithograph 493:Belleville 454:rue du Bac 411:calorifier 375:rue Royale 214:Courbevoie 184:Versailles 5369:Socialism 5359:Communism 5349:Anarchism 5301:Anarchism 4600:1627-4970 4435:1499-7185 4273:1265-1354 4189:1262-2966 3939:cite book 3563:1967-7499 2663:1271-6669 2373:"Préface" 2195:1271-6669 2111:cite book 1956:Le Figaro 1873:Madeleine 1792:noted in 1560:Manichean 1312:Bertall, 1293:, Paris, 1262:Karl Marx 1024:Tamerlane 923:July 1830 692:Le Figaro 381:, in the 234:Montrouge 195:its walls 140:Left Bank 4962:Concepts 2010:See also 2002:for the 1631:, 1871. 1548:Bastille 1375:, Paris. 1137:, Paris. 1097:, Paris. 784:Charonne 707:, Paris. 614:horizon. 218:Asnières 126:'s army 5019:Commune 5014:Commons 4969:Anarchy 4895:Fédérés 4819:Battles 3988:Gallica 3962:Gallica 2831:Gallica 2465:Annales 1829:Palmyra 1825:Baalbek 1703:, Paris 1597:façades 1546:to the 1287:Bertall 599:, 1885. 312:), the 238:Bagneux 206:Auteuil 40:Commune 5130:People 4865:Groups 4841:Meudon 4778:Events 4598: 4549: 4433: 4271: 4229: 4187: 4131: 3836: 3790: 3667: 3584: 3561: 3345: 3105: 2863: 2661: 2425: 2391: 2290: 2267: 2221: 2193: 2160: 2132: 2092: 1875:, the 1871:, the 1869:Bourse 1466:Ingres 1165:, and 953:Moscow 873:, and 715:, the 510:, the 506:, the 401:, the 397:, the 393:, the 316:, the 304:, the 242:Vanves 226:Clichy 117:France 5218:Volin 4834:Rueil 4649:Notes 3689:Folio 2282:[ 1877:Opéra 1063:, in 650:1873. 210:Passy 4596:ISSN 4547:ISBN 4431:ISSN 4269:ISSN 4227:ISBN 4185:ISSN 4129:ISBN 3945:link 3834:ISBN 3788:ISBN 3665:ISBN 3582:ISBN 3559:ISSN 3343:ISBN 3103:ISBN 2861:ISBN 2659:ISSN 2423:ISBN 2389:ISBN 2288:ISBN 2265:ISBN 2219:ISBN 2191:ISSN 2158:ISBN 2130:ISBN 2117:link 2090:ISBN 1295:Plon 1028:Nero 1020:Huns 940:and 925:and 711:The 681:The 495:and 373:and 240:and 232:and 61:and 4588:doi 4421:doi 4261:doi 4177:doi 4106:doi 3910:doi 3906:254 3780:doi 3551:doi 2649:doi 2473:doi 2381:doi 2257:doi 2242:124 2181:doi 1827:or 1535:or 1188:In 1059:or 1055:in 951:: " 893:or 5386:: 4608:^ 4594:. 4582:. 4479:^ 4429:. 4415:. 4389:. 4378:^ 4363:^ 4336:^ 4293:^ 4267:. 4255:. 4221:, 4197:^ 4183:. 4173:46 4167:. 4155:^ 4102:73 4100:. 4096:. 4026:^ 3986:. 3941:}} 3937:{{ 3904:. 3900:. 3883:21 3881:. 3877:. 3853:^ 3828:, 3786:, 3774:, 3748:. 3704:^ 3687:. 3635:^ 3620:^ 3557:. 3545:. 3533:^ 3504:^ 3487:^ 3472:^ 3397:^ 3382:^ 3357:^ 3291:^ 3264:^ 3247:^ 3224:^ 3209:^ 3201:99 3199:. 3195:. 3165:^ 3149:, 3081:^ 3026:^ 3009:^ 2980:^ 2965:^ 2950:^ 2935:^ 2883:, 2845:^ 2829:. 2817:^ 2801:, 2786:^ 2769:^ 2742:^ 2713:^ 2698:^ 2671:^ 2657:. 2643:. 2617:^ 2584:^ 2561:^ 2536:^ 2509:^ 2469:27 2467:. 2463:. 2417:, 2387:, 2375:, 2345:^ 2263:. 2236:. 2189:. 2175:. 2113:}} 2109:{{ 2006:. 1941:, 1937:, 1933:, 1893:, 1796:: 1500:, 1468:, 1464:, 1460:, 1289:, 1161:, 1157:, 1153:, 1149:, 1145:, 1089:, 1073:: 1051:, 1034:: 1022:, 1018:, 889:, 869:, 556:- 499:. 472:. 460:, 452:, 448:, 441:. 369:, 228:, 224:, 220:, 216:, 212:, 208:, 57:, 53:, 5047:" 5043:" 4947:e 4940:t 4933:v 4707:e 4700:t 4693:v 4602:. 4590:: 4555:. 4437:. 4423:: 4400:. 4275:. 4263:: 4191:. 4179:: 4137:. 4112:. 4108:: 3996:. 3971:. 3947:) 3933:. 3916:. 3912:: 3782:: 3759:. 3698:. 3673:. 3590:. 3565:. 3553:: 3351:. 3111:. 2869:. 2839:. 2665:. 2651:: 2479:. 2475:: 2383:: 2296:. 2273:. 2259:: 2227:. 2197:. 2183:: 2166:. 2138:. 2119:) 2105:. 1858:. 1783:. 1738:. 1651:. 1635:. 1508:. 1121:. 917:. 564:. 112:.

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Fires in the Paris Commune

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