446:
580:
623:
people will give its allegiance". It also declared "foreign government in
Ireland to be an invasion of our national right" and demanded British military withdrawal. Once the Declaration was read, Cathal Brugha said (in Irish): "Deputies, you understand from what is asserted in this Declaration that we are now done with England. Let the world know it and those who are concerned bear it in mind. For come what may now, whether it be death itself, the great deed is done".
57:
699:
670:, is today the master of Ireland. He alone will decide upon the type of government the country is to have, and it is he rather than any member of the House of Commons, who will be the judge of political and industrial reforms". Lord French's observer at the meeting, George Moore, was impressed by its orderliness and told French that the Dáil represented "the general feeling in the country".
454:
622:
that had been issued in the 1916 Rising, and pledged "to make this declaration effective by every means". It stated that "the elected representatives of the Irish people alone have power to make laws binding on the people of
Ireland, and that the Irish Parliament is the only Parliament to which that
904:
by members of the Irish
Volunteers. The Volunteers seized the explosives the officers had been guarding. This action had not been authorised by the Irish Volunteer leadership nor by the Dáil. Although the Dáil and the Irish Volunteers had some overlapping membership, they were separate and neither
658:
The first meeting of the Dáil and its declaration of independence was headline news in
Ireland and abroad. However, the press censorship that began during the First World War was continued by the British administration in Ireland after the war. The Press Censor forbade all Irish newspapers from
515:
was the only unionist who declined rather than ignored his invitation. Sixty-nine Sinn Féin MPs had been elected (four of whom represented more than one constituency), but thirty-four were in prison, and eight others could not attend for various reasons. Those in prison were described as being
679:
Irish republicans, and many nationalist newspapers, saw the meeting as momentous and the beginning of "a new epoch". According to one observer: "It is difficult to convey the intensity of feeling which pervaded the Round Room, the feeling that great things were happening, even greater things
391:. After a week of heavy fighting, mostly in Dublin, the rising was put down by British forces. About 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British, many of whom had played no part in the Rising. Most of the Rising's leaders were executed. The rising, the British response, and the British
683:
One
American journalist was more accurate than most when he forecast that "The British government apparently intends to ignore the Sinn Fein republic until it undertakes to enforce laws that are in conflict with those established by the British; then the trouble is likely to begin".
304:
The Dáil was outlawed by the
British government in September 1919, and thereafter it met in secret. The First Dáil met 21 times and its main business was establishing the Irish Republic. It created the beginnings of an independent Irish government and state apparatus. Following the
633:
The Dáil
Constitution was a brief provisional constitution. It stated that the Dáil had "full powers to legislate" and would be composed of representatives "chosen by the people of Ireland from the present constituencies of the country". It established an executive government or
630:. It stated that "the existing state of war between Ireland and England can never be ended until Ireland is definitely evacuated by the armed forces of England". Although this could have been a "rhetorical flourish", it was the nearest the Dáil came to a declaration of war.
436:
had pledged to establish an Irish
Republic by founding "a constituent assembly comprising persons chosen by Irish constituencies" which could then "speak and act in the name of the Irish people". Once elected the Sinn Féin MPs chose to follow through with their manifesto.
924:. The Dáil did not debate whether it would "accept a state of war" with, or declare war on, the United Kingdom until 11 March 1921. It was agreed unanimously to give President de Valera the power to accept or declare war at the most opportune time, but he never did so.
984:
with
Britain and bring the war to an end". The Irish state has commemorated the founding of the First Dáil several times, as "the anniversary of when a constitutionally elected majority of MPs declared the right of the Irish people to have their own democratic state".
567:), which was accepted. Both actions "immediately associated the Dáil with the 1916 Rising, during which Brugha had been seriously wounded, and after which Plunkett's son had been executed as a signatory to the famed Proclamation". Brugha then called upon Father
912:("The Volunteer"), stated that Ireland and England were at war, and that the founding of Dáil Éireann and its declaration of independence justified the Irish Volunteers in treating "the armed forces of the enemy – whether soldiers or policemen – exactly as a
979:
The First Dáil "created the beginnings of an independent Irish governmental and bureaucratic machine", and was a means by which "a formal constitution for the new state was created". It also "provided the personnel and the authority to conclude the
919:
The
Soloheadbeg ambush "and others like it that occurred during 1919 were not intended to be the first shots in a general war of independence, though that is what they turned out to be". It is thus seen as one of the first actions of the
1065:
Members of the Dáil, in accordance with the decision arrived at last Session, it is my privilege and my duty to open the new Dáil. Until the moment the Speaker left the Chair, the old Dáil was in session. The new Dáil is in session
971:
over sixty years later. The landslide victory for Sinn Féin was seen by Irish republicans as an overwhelming endorsement of the principle of a united independent Ireland. Until recently republican paramilitary groups, such as the
885:, a republican paramilitary organization, "believed that the election of the Dáil and its declaration of independence had given them the right to pursue the republic in the manner they saw fit". It began to refer to itself as the
650:) chosen by the Dáil, and ministers of finance, home affairs, foreign affairs and defence. Cathal Brugha was elected as the first, temporary president. He would be succeeded, in April, by Éamon de Valera.
461:
Sinn Féin had held several meetings in early January to plan the first sitting of the Dáil. On 8 January, it publicly announced its intention to convene the assembly. On the night of 11 January, the
1714:
916:
would treat the members of an invading army". In August 1920, the Dáil adopted a motion that the Irish Volunteers, "as a standing army", would swear allegiance to it and to the Republic.
927:
In September 1919 the Dáil was declared illegal by the British authorities and thereafter met only intermittently and at various locations. The Dáil also set about attempting to secure
465:
raided Sinn Féin headquarters and seized drafts of the documents that would be issued at the assembly. As a result, the British administration was fully aware what was being planned.
301:. Although the Dáil had not authorised any armed action, it became a "symbol of popular resistance and a source of legitimacy for fighting men in the guerrilla war that developed".
492:
controlled the crowds, and police were also present. Precautions had been taken in case the assembly was raided by the British authorities. A reception for British soldiers of the
499:
Twenty-seven Sinn Féin MPs attended. Invitations had been sent to all elected MPs in Ireland, but the Unionists and Irish Parliamentary Party MPs declined to attend. The IPP's
402:, Sinn Féin won 73 out of the 105 Irish seats in the House of Commons. In 25 constituencies, Sinn Féin won the seats unopposed. Elections were held almost entirely under the '
908:
After the founding of the Dáil, steps were taken to make the Volunteers the army of the new self-declared republic. On 31 January 1919 the Volunteers' official journal,
372:. In 1867, Hungarian representatives had boycotted the Imperial parliament in Vienna and unilaterally established their own legislature in Budapest, resulting in the
430:
or a republic by having a clear choice between the two nationalist parties. The IPP won a smaller share of seats than votes due to the first-past-the-post system.
376:. Griffith argued that Irish nationalists should follow this "policy of passive resistance – with occasional excursions into the domain of active resistance".
476:. It lasted about two hours. The packed audience in the Round Room rose in acclaim for the members of the Dáil as they walked into the room, and many waved
507:, acknowledged the invitation but wrote he should "decline for obvious reasons". He expressed sympathy with the call for Ireland to have a hearing at the
889:(IRA). The First Dáil was "a visible symbol of popular resistance and a source of legitimacy for fighting men in the guerrilla war that developed".
1644:
1581:
1422:
1711:
626:
The Message to the Free Nations called for international recognition of Irish independence and for Ireland to be allowed to make its case at the
504:
1754:
963:(plural for Dáil) continue to be numbered from the "First Dáil" convened in 1919. The current Dáil, elected in 2020, is accordingly the "
326:
1034:
488:. Scores of Irish and international journalists were reporting on the proceedings. Outside, Dawson Street was thronged with onlookers.
947:
The First Dáil and the general election of 1918 came to occupy a central place in Irish republicanism and nationalism. Today the name
693:
931:
authority for the Irish Republic throughout the country. This included the establishment of a parallel judicial system known as the
601:
330:
1080:
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423:
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334:
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229:
72:
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596:
275:
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816:
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251:
967:". The 1918 general election was the last time the whole island of Ireland voted as a unit until elections to the
808:
181:
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935:. The First Dáil held its last meeting on 10 May 1921. After elections on 24 May the Dáil was succeeded by the
763:
709:
667:
643:
521:
346:
168:
1734:
1374:
635:
1000:
121:
627:
508:
445:
399:
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247:
110:
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That evening, a British unionist view of events was printed in a newspaper. It said that the British
338:
298:
1035:"The 100 Year Anniversary Celebration Of The First Dáil Eireann Located At The Mansion House Dublin"
1190:
976:, often claimed that their campaigns derived legitimacy from this 1918 mandate, and some still do.
893:
342:
1573:
824:
1048:
991:, who died on 10 January 1984 at the age of 94, was the last surviving member of the First Dáil.
380:
480:
flags. A tricolour was also displayed above the lectern. Among the audience were the Lord Mayor
680:
impending, and that in looking around the room he saw a glimpse of the Ireland of the future".
547:
Being a first and highly symbolic meeting, the proceedings of the Dáil were held wholly in the
493:
468:
The first meeting of Dáil Éireann began at 3:30 pm on 21 January in the Round Room of the
240:
795:
725:
568:
552:
469:
151:
92:
1368:
676:, then the voice of the Unionist status quo, called the events both farcical and dangerous.
157:
614:
These documents asserted that the Dáil was the parliament of a sovereign state called the "
607:
473:
306:
1749:
591:
379:
In April 1916, during the First World War, Irish republicans launched an uprising against
287:
8:
1181:
The exception to the use of this system were the constituencies of Dublin University and
968:
956:
856:
755:
481:
411:
255:
759:
1489:
981:
897:
840:
832:
564:
512:
345:
to achieve self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom. This resulted in the
294:
874:
721:
537:
186:
1225:
1162:
1122:
767:
747:
541:
1349:
787:
579:
901:
882:
846:
804:
705:
551:, although translations of the documents were also read out in English and French.
489:
988:
850:
1718:
1193:, and the two Sinn Féin candidates elected for Cork City were returned under the
870:
828:
791:
775:
751:
717:
672:
560:
500:
477:
361:
350:
137:
836:
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733:
615:
548:
243:
221:
82:
1730:
1010:
936:
932:
310:
1743:
1471:
Fighting for Ireland?: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement
864:
860:
800:
743:
737:
729:
713:
556:
410:
had increased the Irish electorate from around 700,000 to about two million.
384:
283:
270:, and on 21 January 1919 they founded a separate parliament in Dublin called
267:
233:
173:
145:
1015:
587:
A number of short documents were then read out and adopted. These were the:
783:
525:
964:
698:
496:, who had been prisoners of war in Germany, had ended shortly beforehand.
357:
259:
1182:
820:
426:
did not stand in the election, allowing the electorate to decide between
236:
1723:
41:
1662:
1577:
1493:
1353:
1251:
952:
485:
395:, led to greater public support for Sinn Féin and Irish independence.
422:, and the IPP won only six (down from 84), all but one in Ulster. The
16:
First meeting of the revolutionary Irish Republic parliament (1919-21)
427:
702:
Members of the First Dáil, outside the Mansion House, 10 April 1919.
1458:
Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance Since 1848
536:(absent). At the time, they were in England planning the escape of
532:(present), but the record was later amended to show that they were
232:
as it convened from 1919 to 1921. It was the first meeting of the
56:
892:
On the same day as the Dáil's first meeting, two officers of the
369:
365:
322:
349:, but its implementation was postponed with the outbreak of the
1647:. The Irish Story. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
1574:"Dáil Éireann – Volume 1–11 March 1921 – PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT"
618:". With the Declaration of Independence, the Dáil ratified the
453:
419:
1645:"Controlling History: Commemorating the First Dáil, 1929–1969"
604:– calling for international recognition of Irish independence
1105:
The Founding of Dáil Éireann: Parliament and Nation Building
1144:
The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923
368:
nationalists who had gained legislative independence from
544:, and did not wish to draw attention to their absence.
457:
Cathal Brugha, the Dáil's first speaker and president
337:(MPs). From 1882, most Irish MPs were members of the
1185:. The two Unionist representatives returned for the
418:) won 26 seats, all but three of which were in east
1037:. Dublin: The Mansion House. Accessed 10 July 2024.
1423:"Roll call of the first sitting of the First Dáil"
1367:
1224:pp. 59–62, M. E. Collins, Edco Publishing (2004),
1410:A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union
364:, believed Irish nationalists should emulate the
262:won a landslide victory in Ireland. In line with
1741:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
939:which sat for the first time on 16 August 1921.
574:
1533:
1531:
1248:"The inaugural public meeting of Dáil Éireann"
293:Its first meeting happened on the same day as
1476:
1427:Dáil Éireann Parliamentary Debates (in Irish)
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1146:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 18.
610:– a declaration of social and economic policy
583:Cover page of the Declaration of Independence
1528:
1332:
1330:
687:
393:attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland
1412:. Oxford University Press, 2010. pp.240–241
1119:Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition
1076:
1074:
327:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1627:
1625:
1517:
1515:
1299:
1234:
951:is used for the lower house of the modern
1619:. University of Alabama Press, 1980. p.68
1447:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. pp.140–142
1327:
1189:(Trinity College) were elected under the
1116:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1046:
694:Timeline of the Irish War of Independence
1509:. Irish Stationery Office, 1936. p.xxiii
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1209:Ireland 1798–1998: War, Peace and Beyond
1081:"Explainer: Establishing the First Dáil"
1071:
697:
602:Message to the Free Nations of the World
578:
452:
444:
1622:
1512:
1507:Bibliography of Irish History 1912–1921
1206:
1156:
1742:
1365:
1350:"Roll Call, Wednesday 22 January 2019"
1141:
1090:
331:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
309:, the First Dáil was succeeded by the
1633:Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change
1390:
1290:"Dáil Éireann meets in Mansion House"
1270:
1211:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 210.
102:21 January 1919 – 16 August 1921
1222:Sovereignty and partition, 1912–1949
659:publishing the Dáil's declarations.
1604:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
1322:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
1265:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
1175:
1047:de Valera, Éamon (16 August 1921).
374:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
13:
1490:"Press coverage of the First Dáil"
1267:. Gill & MacMillan, 1995. p.12
620:Proclamation of the Irish Republic
416:Ulster Unionist Labour Association
280:Proclamation of the Irish Republic
206:21 January 1919 – 10 May 1921
14:
1766:
1731:Records of Dáil Éireann 1919–1922
1702:
1617:The Birth of the Irish Free State
1366:Hayes, Cathy; Byrne, Patricia M.
555:opened the session and nominated
282:that had been issued in the 1916
1584:from the original on 7 June 2011
1554:. Gill and Macmillan, 1983. p.38
1408:. "The war of independence", in
1107:. Gill and Macmillan, 1971. p.81
516:"imprisoned by the foreigners" (
440:
408:Representation of the People Act
252:Parliament of the United Kingdom
55:
1689:
1650:
1638:
1609:
1596:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1499:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1415:
1359:
1343:
1283:
1257:
1215:
1159:The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923
1053:Dáil Éireann (2nd Dáil) debates
182:President of the Irish Republic
1755:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
1460:. Clarendon Press, 1983. p.328
1445:Revolutionary Ireland, 1912–25
1200:
1161:. Routledge. pp. 33, 39.
1150:
1135:
1110:
1040:
1028:
347:Government of Ireland Act 1914
274:("Assembly of Ireland"). They
1:
1735:Digital Repository of Ireland
1539:Political Violence in Ireland
1375:Dictionary of Irish Biography
575:Declarations and constitution
316:
1552:Britain and Ireland, 1914–23
1378:. Cambridge University Press
1021:
653:
389:proclaimed an Irish Republic
341:(IPP) who strove in several
295:one of the first engagements
7:
1278:Eyewitness to Irish History
994:
597:Declaration of Independence
528:were marked in the roll as
329:and was represented in the
276:declared Irish independence
268:refused to take their seats
10:
1771:
1695:VP of Sinn Féin, not a TD.
1340:. J Clarke, 1969. pp.51–54
1117:Hennessey, Thomas (1998).
1001:Government of the 1st Dáil
691:
664:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
463:Dublin Metropolitan Police
404:first-past-the-post voting
321:In the early 20th century
122:Government of the 1st Dáil
1369:"Woods, Sir Robert Henry"
1280:. Wiley, 2004. pp.230–231
1276:Ellis, Peter Berresford.
1121:. Routledge. p. 76.
942:
922:Irish War of Independence
704:1st row (left to right):
688:Irish War of Independence
449:The Mansion House, Dublin
356:The founder of the small
339:Irish Parliamentary Party
299:Irish War of Independence
202:
198:
193:
180:
169:President of Dáil Éireann
167:
136:
128:
116:
106:
98:
88:
78:
68:
63:
54:
28:
23:
1682:
1191:single transferable vote
1142:Laffan, Michael (1999).
894:Royal Irish Constabulary
288:provisional constitution
1635:. Routledge, 2013. p.12
1473:. Routledge, 2002. p.32
1207:Jackson, Alvin (2010).
1157:Coleman, Marie (2013).
1006:Members of the 1st Dáil
472:, the residence of the
381:British rule in Ireland
905:controlled the other.
878:
628:Paris Peace Conference
584:
509:Paris Peace Conference
494:Royal Dublin Fusiliers
458:
450:
248:December 1918 election
225:
1523:Fighting for Ireland?
982:articles of agreement
887:Irish Republican Army
701:
692:Further information:
582:
553:George Noble Plunkett
456:
448:
434:Sinn Féin's manifesto
406:' system. The recent
400:1918 general election
335:Members of Parliament
152:George Noble Plunkett
111:1918 general election
93:Mansion House, Dublin
1717:31 July 2020 at the
1708:Oireachtas website:
1456:Townshend, Charles.
1433:on 19 November 2007.
955:(parliament) of the
608:Democratic Programme
518:fé ghlas ag Gallaibh
474:Lord Mayor of Dublin
1658:"Mr. Seán MacEntee"
969:European Parliament
957:Republic of Ireland
898:killed in an ambush
297:of what became the
1724:Members since 1919
1336:Comerford, Maire.
1263:Mitchell, Arthur.
879:
869:6th row (l to r):
855:5th row (l to r):
845:4th row (l to r):
799:3rd row (l to r):
742:2nd row (l to r):
585:
569:Michael O'Flanagan
513:Robert Henry Woods
459:
451:
325:was a part of the
307:May 1921 elections
1631:Tonge, Jonathan.
1580:. 11 March 1921.
1187:Dublin University
592:Dáil Constitution
571:to say a prayer.
505:North East Tyrone
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1665:Members Database
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1550:Lawlor, Sheila.
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1469:Smith, Michael.
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1429:. Archived from
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902:County Tipperary
883:Irish Volunteers
490:Irish Volunteers
482:Laurence O'Neill
414:(including the
286:, and adopted a
278:, ratifying the
256:Irish republican
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69:Legislative body
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673:The Irish Times
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642:) made up of a
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561:Ceann Comhairle
538:Éamon de Valera
522:Michael Collins
501:Thomas Harbison
478:Irish tricolour
443:
362:Arthur Griffith
351:First World War
343:Home Rule Bills
319:
264:their manifesto
187:Éamon de Valera
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158:Seán T. O'Kelly
138:Ceann Comhairle
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1527:
1511:
1505:Carty, James.
1498:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1414:
1406:Lyons, Francis
1389:
1358:
1342:
1338:The First Dáil
1326:
1298:
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686:
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616:Irish Republic
612:
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576:
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549:Irish language
542:Lincoln Prison
442:
439:
318:
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313:of 1921–1922.
244:Irish Republic
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226:An Chéad Dáil
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1661:
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1568:
1563:Lyons, p.244
1559:
1551:
1546:
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1470:
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1373:
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1059:10 September
1057:. Retrieved
1055:. Oireachtas
1052:
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948:
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756:J. O'Doherty
748:T. MacSwiney
722:É. de Valera
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230:Dáil Éireann
217:
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79:Jurisdiction
73:Dáil Éireann
37:New assembly
36:
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1670:13 February
1537:Townshend,
1195:bloc voting
1011:Second Dáil
937:Second Dáil
933:Dáil Courts
896:(RIC) were
871:P. Shanahan
865:P. Galligan
851:S. MacEntee
847:J. McDonagh
825:P. Ó Máille
760:S. O'Mahony
730:E. MacNeill
726:G. Plunkett
718:A. Griffith
668:Lord French
648:Príomh-Aire
311:Second Dáil
1744:Categories
1663:Oireachtas
1602:Mitchell,
1588:20 January
1578:Oireachtas
1525:, pp.56–57
1494:Oireachtas
1354:Oireachtas
1320:Mitchell,
1252:Oireachtas
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953:Oireachtas
910:An tÓglách
857:P. Béaslaí
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792:M. Colivet
780:J. McGrath
776:M. Staines
772:P. O'Keefe
752:R. Mulcahy
710:M. Collins
706:L. Ginnell
559:as acting
534:as láthair
486:Maud Gonne
317:Background
266:, its MPs
237:parliament
234:unicameral
218:First Dáil
117:Government
24:First Dáil
1183:Cork City
1049:"Prelude"
1022:Footnotes
965:33rd Dáil
861:R. Barton
829:J. O'Mara
813:J. Sweeny
805:A. McCabe
784:B. Cusack
738:E. Blythe
714:C. Brugha
654:Reactions
644:president
530:i láthair
503:, MP for
428:home rule
412:Unionists
366:Hungarian
358:Sinn Féin
260:Sinn Féin
246:. In the
189:(1919–21)
160:(1919–21)
1750:1st Dáil
1715:Archived
1582:Archived
1382:27 April
995:See also
929:de facto
837:S. Burke
817:R. Hayes
764:J. Dolan
640:Aireacht
636:Ministry
194:Sessions
107:Election
64:Overview
42:2nd Dáil
1606:, p.245
1541:, p.332
1521:Smith,
1197:system.
801:P. Ward
565:speaker
398:In the
387:. They
370:Austria
360:party,
333:by 105
323:Ireland
250:to the
239:of the
129:Members
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33:←
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1228:
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1733:from
1683:Notes
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222:Irish
1672:2012
1590:2019
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1066:now.
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