1020:
in the eyes of the insurgents. The violence followed what
Raymond Jonas called a singular pattern of logic: it targeted those who personified the revolution in their function or status: National Guard Lieutenant Ferré, such prominent townsmen as Deputy Maupassant, and the constitutional priest Letort. Yet, the local district administrator, the jurist Souchu, was left alone: apparently he was known for his anti-republican sentiments and actually threw his lot in with the insurgents. After the furor in Machecoul died down later in the spring, the former pastor at Machecoul, the non-juring priest François Priou, refused to celebrate at the now "liberated" church because the schismatic constitutional priest had profaned it. Instead, he said the Mass outside on a makeshift altar.
903:
899:(approximately 10 miles (16 km) to the northwest) on 23 March, this time joined by some of the irregular army that had been forming elsewhere, and sacked it. A republican patrol surprised the Vendeans, who were carousing on liberated cellars, and killed between 200 and 500 of them. The angry peasants returned to Machecoul and in reprisal killed another dozen prisoners on 27 March. In total, about 200 died (not all in the battle), and when the survivors of Pornic returned to Machecoul, they pulled the detained "blue coats" out of the prison and shot them, a process that lasted over the next few weeks, into mid-April.
866:
138:
780:. In the geographic area south of the Loire, resistance to recruitment was particularly intense, and much of this area also resented intrusion by partisans of the republic, called "blue coats", who brought with them new ideas about district and judicial organization, and who required reorganization of parishes with the so-called juring priests (those who had taken the civil oath). Consequently, the insurgency became a combination of many impulses, at which conscription and the organization of parishes led the list. The response to it was incredibly violent on both sides.
69:
126:
911:
coats" from the parish were saved by the request of their own neighborhoods; others were even cleared by tribunals established to monitor executions, and overseen by the local jurist, René François Souchu. Souchu, a lawyer and judge by profession, directed the execution of approximately 50 republican officials and adherents on 3 April; they were shot down and buried in a field outside of the city.
940:, he wrote, and others exploded from the surrounding fields. Within a short time the entire affair had become a wholesale massacre of republican troops, the constitutional priest, known radical sympathizers and anyone involved with the municipal administration. Prisoners had their hands tied behind their backs, and were linked with a rope passed under their armpits, in a so-called
936:, where he was taken after being rescued by republican forces. Boullemer admitted that he had spent most of the six weeks of the upheaval at Machecoul in the safety of his granary, hiding from the peasants. His account of the terror, though lost nothing in the fact that he had seen little: the peasants in the town sounded the
924:, a farmer, merchant and a deputy to the convention, tried to harangue the attackers into quiescence, but could not be heard above the din. Most of the Republican troops and officials scattered before the threatening crowd. According to Louis Mortimer-Ternaux, another eye-witness, only three officers and five or six
920:
guns, scythes, knives, shovels and pikes. They shouted, running the streets: peace! peace!" Boullemer's account continues: they descended on
Machecoul, confronted a detachment of the National guard that had come to enforce the levy. One hundred National Guardsmen and police defended the town against them.
1019:
that year occurred on 31 March 1793, and, significantly, the initial violence was directed at the local priest Letort. Letort personified the revolution, and the republican government in Paris by taking the Civil Oath of the Clergy, essentially becoming a puppet of the republicans in Paris, at least
962:
a royalist. It was a convenient epithet: to be called a federalist alienated one from the principal radical goal of the revolution, which was to create a single, unified French
Republic. Any notion of sectionalism—the possibility that a department or departments could establish for themselves
894:
and other strongholds. On 19 March, many counter-revolutionary suspects were rounded up and the republicans inflicted their own massacres: in La
Rochelle, six non-juring priests were hacked to death and their heads (and other body parts) shown throughout the city. About a week later, the insurgents
882:
priest, Pierre Letort, who was bayoneted to death and whose body was mutilated, Pagnot the magistrate, and Étienne
Gaschignard, the principal of the college. The National Guard was routed, and the rebels, including many women, seized those they called "patriots" —also called the "Blues", or the
982:
This uncompromising vision of revolutionary goals implied a plain and brutal truth: "convert heads or chop them off." One deputy complained, "if there were only 30,000, it would be a simple matter of putting them all to the sword, but there are so many!" Boullemer's written description of the event
919:
The most influential of the contemporary reports came from
Citizen Boullemer, and was published in over 1000 pamphlets later in the year. Boullemer claimed to be among the few surviving eyewitnesses: "there arrived from all exits of the city, five to six thousand peasants, women and children, armed
1082:
Citizen
Boullemer, of Machecoul was a former judge and a crony of the local public prosecutor, Souchu, who escaped the butchery by supporting the insurgency. Boullemer's recitation of the horrors of the massacre at Machecoul by the so-called brigands, reached the Legislature in late 1793. Fife, p.
952:
From the
Jacobin clubs, the convention, and the streets and alleyways in Paris, this could only be viewed as insurrection. For them, the Revolution meant a France indivisible. Anything that divided France—anything that varied from the path set the revolutionary government—was dangerous
928:
remained at their posts. At that time, according to him, some national guardsmen who had tried to escape through an alley were ambushed by peasants, pursued, and finally brought down by the crowd at the feet of the deputy, Maupassant. The crowd then pulled him off his horse and killed him with a
1113:
Souchu was captured in mid-April by republican troops and immediately executed. Gérard, pp. 134–136. Apparently, as republican troops approached
Machecoul, he donned a red liberty cap and rushed out to greet the army, claiming he had been held against his will. Someone denounced him and he was
910:
Tales of brutality, some of which may have been true, abounded; numbers of those killed escalated. Current research suggests that 150 were executed in the town overall, but contemporary republican reports put the figure at 500. Despite the demonization of the insurgents, though, twenty-two "blue
957:
or, worse, of royalist sentiment. The historians' debate over federalism and the French
Revolution reaches almost to the days of the Revolution itself. To be called a "federalist" in 1793, 1794, or 1795, or any other time in the revolution, for that matter, was tantamount to being labeled as an
1035:
noted that most French nobles lived in cities by 1789. An Intendants' survey showed one of the few areas where they still lived with the peasants was the Vendée. Consequently, the conflicts that drove the revolution in Paris, for example, were also lessened in this particularly isolated part of
944:; then they were dragged into fields and forced to dig their own graves before being gunned down. Patriots, those who supported the revolution, were hunted down, lashed to trees, and emasculated. Patriot women were raped and cut down in orchards. Boullemer placed the count of the dead at 552.
819:
was the first trigger of the rebellion. Those who refused the oath, called non-juring priests, had been exiled or imprisoned. Women on their way to Mass were beaten in the streets. Religious orders had been suppressed and Church property, confiscated. On 3 March 1793, most of the churches were
999:
There were other levy riots across France, when the departments started to draft men into the army in response to the Levy Decree but reaction in the northwest in March was particularly pronounced with large scale rioting verging on insurrection. By early April, in areas north of the
878:(no enlistments) and surrounded the Republic's conscription officers in the town. A nervous soldier opened fire and the enraged crowd retaliated. Between 22 and 26 soldiers were killed, including their lieutenant, Pierre-Claude Ferré. The immediate victims also included the
873:
The irregular army raised in the countryside had not reached Machecoul, but the officials from the conscription officers had. On Monday, 11 March 1793, a crowd arrived in the center of the town, from the surrounding countryside; they started the chant
771:
Although the Machecoul massacre, and others that followed it, are often viewed (variously) as a royalist revolt, or a counter-revolution, twenty-first century historians generally agree that Vendée revolt was a complicated popular event brought on by
887:. There they killed the guardsmen and some notable inhabitants, about 20 in total, although according to some testimony, as many as 26 were killed on the first day and 18 the next day. Alfred Lallié, another witness, gave 22 as the count of dead.
827:; very few peasants benefited from the sales. To add to this insult, on 23 February 1793 the Convention required the raising of an additional 300,000 troops from the provinces, an act which enraged the populace, who took up arms instead as
237:
443:
623:
518:
890:
The situation then spiraled out of control. In the following days, the insurgents swelled to some six thousand men and women, and some of the republican adherents and their families fled to
468:
393:
463:
383:
230:
1061:
vol. 130, p. 155, digitized 2006. Accessed 29 April 2015. Souchu was a local functionaire of government in Machecoul, who held a long-standing alliance with the Charette family. See
558:
428:
458:
538:
223:
1057:
René-François Souchu, 25 November 1752, Chateau-Renault, died 25 April 1793, Machecoul, son of Rene Souchu and his wife Renée Peltier. See Societé archéologique et historique,
988:
548:
438:
528:
971:, federalism meant the watering-down of the Revolution, the violation of the civic body, and the loss of their dreams. If the peasants of the Vendée did not want to fight
493:
433:
618:
483:
413:
543:
663:
578:
408:
503:
816:
418:
388:
448:
378:
708:
1008:, there were few troops to control rebels and what had started as rioting quickly took on the form of a full insurrection led by priests and the local nobility.
398:
330:
403:
713:
688:
513:
673:
473:
363:
488:
1011:
Evidence links these events to local dissatisfaction with the reorganization of the church into a government entity. The unrest began halfway through
608:
573:
563:
423:
987:, sent a thousand copies to the convention, the Executive Council and to all departments; it also served as a basis for the official report that
797:
1693:
1483:
285:
1781:
1796:
834:
In March 1793, as word of the conscription requirements filtered into the countryside, many Vendéans refused to satisfy the decree of the
879:
811:
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy required all clerics to swear allegiance to it and, by extension, to the increasingly anti-clerical
323:
21:
831:; the term "Royal" was added later. This army fought first and foremost for the reopening of parish churches with the former priests.
953:
to the success for the revolution itself. Any idea, an action, or thought that ran counter to the revolutionary ideology smacked of
815:. All but seven of the 160 French bishops refused the oath, as did about half of the parish priests. Persecution of the clergy and
1004:, order had been restored by the revolutionary government, but south of the river, in the four departments that became known as the
812:
796:
of the disquieting condition of Vendée, and this news was quickly followed by the exposure of a royalist plot organized by the
316:
1610:
1786:
1062:
1677:
1252:
884:
1729:
1701:
1592:
1515:
1430:
1397:
1202:
1174:
1149:
921:
154:
820:
ordered closed. Soldiers confiscated sacramental vessels and the people were forbidden to place crosses on graves.
801:
753:
805:
1791:
1343:
808:
of 300,000 on the whole of France, decreed by the National Convention in February 1793, that the region erupted.
1491:
968:
838:
issued on 23 February 1793. Within weeks the rebel forces had formed a substantial, if ill-equipped, army, the
1664:
Le district de Machecoul, 1788–1793: Ă©tudes sur les origines et les dĂ©buts de l'insurrection vendĂ©enne
883:
people who supported the republican cause—and led them to prison in the old castle and the convent of
628:
1071:
Le district de Machecoul, 1788–1793:Ă©tudes sur les origines et les dĂ©buts de l'insurrection vendĂ©enne
777:
728:
633:
975:
the Revolution, if they preferred their priests and their (dead) king to their liberty, then they must be
523:
613:
478:
1776:
1771:
789:
340:
290:
250:
963:
a set of conditions and a government—must be labeled as anti-revolutionary. For the moderate
718:
373:
215:
1031:
seems to have been more permanently in residence and not so resented as in other parts of France.
902:
828:
643:
603:
498:
187:
142:
593:
308:
638:
588:
368:
280:
1434:
1178:
1153:
1032:
865:
130:
678:
568:
192:
745:
346:
265:
60:
8:
793:
683:
583:
652:
843:
693:
668:
598:
553:
1752:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1667:
1650:
1636:
1620:
1606:
1588:
1571:
1557:
1540:
1526:
1511:
1487:
1451:
1426:
1405:
1393:
1287:
1275:
1198:
1170:
1145:
1097:
854:
723:
533:
453:
137:
1749:
Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique.
1580:
1059:
Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique,
749:
296:
800:. It was not until the social unrest combined with the external pressures from the
773:
508:
167:
158:
98:
983:
was published as a pamphlet in November 1793, and the representative on mission,
1630:
1194:
984:
703:
658:
1092:
For an explanation of federalism and the French Revolution, see Paul R. Hanson,
932:
Boullemer's wrote his sensational account well after the fact, in the safety of
1549:
768:; most of the victims were administrators, merchants and citizens of the city.
1765:
1734:
1537:
The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It
1226:
Charles Tilly, "Local Conflicts in the Vendée before the rebellion of 1793",
1116:
The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It
756:. The first massacre took place on 11 March 1793, in the provincial city of
698:
36:
23:
1617:
Jacobin Republic Under Fire: The Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution.
1094:
Jacobin Republic Under Fire: The Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution.
1689:
1479:
1671:
1561:
1409:
979:
the Revolution and, consequently, they must be severed from its benefits.
1756:
1654:
1640:
1624:
1575:
1544:
1530:
1455:
1291:
1279:
1104:, particularly Chapter Four, "The Federalist Program" (pp. 99–122).
1101:
1027:
as in Paris or in other French provinces. In the rural Vendée, the local
824:
765:
272:
1036:
France by the strong adherence of the populace to their Catholic faith.
937:
68:
1715:
954:
853:
pieces. Most of the insurgents operated on a much smaller scale, using
1747:
Société archéologique et historique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique.
869:
Ruins of the Château de Machecoul where most of the killings occurred.
850:
757:
94:
1024:
857:, supported by the local knowledge and the good-will of the people.
245:
1028:
964:
925:
1632:
Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency
1195:
Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency
958:
anti-revolutionary; to be called anti-revolutionary meant one was
1568:
The Terror: the shadow of the guillotine, France, 1792–1794
1284:
The Terror: the shadow of the guillotine, France, 1792–1794
846:
338:
1751:
vol. 130, p. 155, digitized 2006. Accessed 29 April 2015.
1737:, "Local Conflicts in the Vendée before the rebellion of 1793",
906:
Sisters of Calvary abbey where some of the prisoners were taken.
1016:
941:
933:
896:
891:
125:
1722:
The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order
1423:
The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order
1001:
761:
1012:
1556:
British Museum, William Clowes & Sons, Limited, 1885
1404:
British Museum, William Clowes & Sons, Limited, 1885
895:
from Machecoul seized the neighboring harbor town of
1635:, Lexington, University Press of Kentucky, 2006.
1525:London, New York, NY, Hambledon and London, 2004,
1274:London, New York, NY, Hambledon and London, 2004,
1197:, Lexington, University Press of Kentucky, 2006
1763:
1039:
1694:Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
1136:
1134:
1118:, NY, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014, p. 164.
823:Nearly all the purchasers of church land were
1316:
1314:
1312:
324:
231:
1570:. New York : St. Martin's Press, 2006.
1475:
1473:
1286:, New York : St. Martin's Press, 2006.
1222:
1220:
1131:
1023:Class differences were not as great in the
73:19th century representation of the massacre
1619:University Park, Penn State Press, 2003.
1354:
1352:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1233:
1096:University Park, Penn State Press, 2003,
776:of the Revolution, mass conscription, and
331:
317:
238:
224:
1470:
1217:
1189:
1187:
1647:France and the Cult of the Sacred Heart,
1554:Catalog of Printed Books: Boi–bon.
1508:Daily Life During the French Revolution.
1448:France and the Cult of the Sacred Heart,
1402:Catalog of Printed Books: Boi–bon.
1142:Daily Life During the French Revolution,
901:
864:
1539:. NY, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006.
1349:
1297:
1247:
1245:
914:
1764:
1649:University of California Press, 2000,
1587:, Blackwell Publishing, France, 1996.
1450:University of California Press, 2000,
1208:
1184:
1169:, Blackwell Publishing, France, 1996.
1724:. Blackwell Publishing France, 2008.
1523:The French Revolution and the People.
1425:, Blackwell Publishing France, 2008,
1272:The French Revolution and the People,
764:. The city was a thriving center of
312:
219:
1797:1793 events of the French Revolution
1242:
1708:A History of the French Revolution,
1678:General Hoche and Counterinsurgency
1340:A History of the French Revolution,
1253:General Hoche and Counterinsurgency
13:
1782:Massacres of the War in the Vendée
1510:Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.
1506:Anderson, James Maxwell Anderson.
1258:, 67.2 (2003), pp. 529–540.
947:
744:is one of the first events of the
14:
1808:
804:(1790) and the introduction of a
1683:, 67.2, pp. 529–540.
1585:The French Revolution, 1770–1814
1167:The French Revolution, 1770–1814
802:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
754:civil constitution of the clergy
136:
124:
67:
1681:The Journal of Military History
1461:
1440:
1415:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1332:
1323:
1256:The Journal of Military History
1140:James Maxwell Anderson (2007).
1107:
1086:
1076:
760:, in the district of the lower
1605:Seyssel , Champ Vallon, 1992,
1392:Seyssel , Champ Vallon, 1992,
1264:
1159:
1114:summarily killed. David Bell,
1051:
922:Louis-Charles-CĂ©sar Maupassant
155:Louis-Charles-CĂ©sar Maupassant
1:
991:presented to the convention.
813:National Constituent Assembly
783:
197:4000–6000 men and women
16:Part of the War in the Vendée
1741:II, Fall 1961, p. 219-.
1144:Greenwood Publishing Group,
1125:
1040:Notes, citations and sources
994:
842:, supported by two thousand
7:
1787:History of Loire-Atlantique
1720:Sutherland, Donald M. G. .
1696:. NY, Penguin Books, 2004,
1603:La Vendee: 1789–1793.
1390:La Vendee: 1789–1793.
860:
54:First Massacre of Machecoul
10:
1813:
1500:
989:François Toussaint Villers
790:representatives on mission
444:1st Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche
1739:French Historical Studies
1421:Donald M. G. Sutherland.
1228:French Historical Studies
354:
342:French Revolutionary Wars
260:
252:French Revolutionary Wars
201:
180:
166:Pierre-Claude Ferré
148:
117:
77:
66:
58:
53:
1645:Jonas, Raymond Anthony.
1282:p. 194 and Graeme Fife,
1044:
37:46.9939000°N 1.8217000°W
1706:Stephens, Henry Morse.
1685:(subscription required)
1486:, Penguin Books, 2004,
1446:Raymond Anthony Jonas,
1260:(subscription required)
840:Royal and Catholic Army
778:Jacobin anti-federalism
1792:1793 murders in France
1629:Joes, Anthony James.
1400:pp. 126–136 and
1338:Henry Morse Stephens,
1239:Joes, pp. 52–53.
1230:II, Fall 1961, p. 219.
907:
870:
624:2nd Moulin-aux-Chèvres
519:1st Moulin-aux-Chèvres
149:Commanders and leaders
42:46.9939000; -1.8217000
1193:Anthony James Joes,
1033:Alexis de Tocqueville
905:
868:
798:Marquis de la Rouërie
429:1st Port-Saint-Pierre
202:Casualties and losses
929:stroke of a shovel.
915:Contemporary reports
469:1st La Châtaigneraie
849:and a few captured
794:National Convention
748:, a revolt against
464:2nd Port-Saint-Père
394:2nd Sables-d'Olonne
384:1st Sables-d'Olonne
33: /
1676:North, Jonathan.
908:
885:Sisters of Calvary
871:
742:Machecoul massacre
459:1st Saint-Colombin
188:National Guardsmen
1777:Massacres in 1793
1772:Conflicts in 1793
1710:Scribner, 1905.
1666:. Forest, 1869.
1615:Hanson, Paul R.
1611:978-2-87673-160-8
855:guerrilla tactics
829:The Catholic Army
750:mass conscription
746:War in the Vendée
737:
736:
479:Fontenay-le-Comte
347:War in the Vendée
306:
305:
214:
213:
113:
112:
61:War in the Vendée
1804:
1746:
1686:
1662:Lallié, Alfred.
1661:
1600:
1521:Andress, David.
1495:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1419:
1413:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1342:Scribner, 1905,
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:Andress, p. 195.
1318:
1307:
1306:Andress, p. 194.
1304:
1295:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:Jonathan North,
1249:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1191:
1182:
1165:François Furet.
1163:
1157:
1138:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1055:
1006:Vendée Militaire
967:and the radical
774:anti-clericalism
653:Virée de Galerne
559:La Roche-sur-Yon
494:Montreuil-Bellay
349:
343:
333:
326:
319:
310:
309:
255:
253:
247:Royalist Revolts
240:
233:
226:
217:
216:
207:about 200 killed
172:
163:
141:
140:
129:
128:
99:Loire-Atlantique
79:
78:
71:
51:
50:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1762:
1761:
1744:
1684:
1659:
1601:GĂ©rard, Alain.
1598:
1581:Furet, François
1503:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1445:
1441:
1420:
1416:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1294:, pp. 108–109.
1270:David Andress,
1269:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1192:
1185:
1164:
1160:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1108:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1073:, Forest, 1869.
1069:Alfred Lallié,
1066:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
997:
985:Jacques Garnier
950:
948:View from Paris
917:
863:
817:of the faithful
786:
738:
733:
729:2nd Noirmoutier
648:
634:2nd Noirmoutier
619:Treize-Septiers
614:1st Noirmoutier
529:Martigné-Briand
350:
341:
339:
337:
307:
302:
256:
251:
248:
246:
244:
190:
168:
165:
159:
135:
131:French Republic
123:
109:Vendéen victory
101:
72:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1760:
1759:
1742:
1735:Tilly, Charles
1732:
1718:
1704:
1687:
1674:
1657:
1643:
1627:
1613:
1596:
1578:
1566:Fife, Graeme.
1564:
1550:British Museum
1547:
1535:Bell, David A.
1533:
1519:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1469:
1467:Jonas, p. 113.
1460:
1439:
1414:
1388:Alain GĂ©rard,
1378:
1376:Jonas, p. 117.
1369:
1360:
1348:
1331:
1322:
1308:
1296:
1263:
1241:
1232:
1216:
1207:
1183:
1158:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1106:
1085:
1075:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
996:
993:
949:
946:
916:
913:
862:
859:
836:levee en masse
785:
782:
735:
734:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:Croix-Bataille
661:
656:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
374:Pont-Charrault
371:
366:
361:
355:
352:
351:
336:
335:
328:
321:
313:
304:
303:
301:
300:
297:13 Vendémiaire
293:
288:
283:
277:
276:
269:
261:
258:
257:
243:
242:
235:
228:
220:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
151:
150:
146:
145:
133:
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
64:
63:
56:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:0-631-23363-6
1727:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:0-14-101727-9
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:Schama, Simon
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1593:0-631-20299-4
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:0-313-33683-0
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1431:0-631-23363-6
1428:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:9782876731608
1395:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1367:Fife, p. 107.
1364:
1358:Fife, p. 108.
1355:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1329:Fife, p. 109.
1326:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1204:
1203:0-8131-2339-9
1200:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1175:0-631-20299-4
1172:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1150:0-313-33683-0
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1063:pages 317-332
1060:
1054:
1050:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
992:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
956:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
912:
904:
900:
898:
893:
888:
886:
881:
877:
876:Pas de milice
867:
858:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
821:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:informed the
791:
788:In 1791, two
781:
779:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:
650:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:2nd Châtillon
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Saint-Fulgent
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Château d'Aux
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:1st Châtillon
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:3rd Machecoul
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:1st Beaupréau
437:
435:
434:2nd Machecoul
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
419:Saint-Gervais
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:1st Machecoul
357:
356:
353:
348:
344:
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
315:
314:
311:
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:
263:
262:
259:
254:
241:
236:
234:
229:
227:
222:
221:
218:
209:
206:
205:
200:
196:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
173:
171:
164:
162:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
139:
134:
132:
127:
122:
121:
116:
108:
105:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
88:
85:11 March 1793
84:
81:
80:
76:
70:
65:
62:
57:
52:
49:
46:
25:46°59′38.04″N
1748:
1738:
1721:
1707:
1680:
1663:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1602:
1584:
1567:
1553:
1536:
1522:
1507:
1480:Simon Schama
1463:
1447:
1442:
1422:
1417:
1401:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1283:
1271:
1266:
1255:
1235:
1227:
1210:
1166:
1161:
1141:
1115:
1109:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1070:
1058:
1053:
1022:
1010:
1005:
998:
981:
976:
972:
959:
951:
931:
918:
909:
889:
875:
872:
839:
835:
833:
822:
810:
787:
770:
741:
739:
651:
639:La Tremblaye
599:2nd Montaigu
579:1st Montaigu
358:
295:
271:
264:
169:
160:
118:Belligerents
59:Part of the
28:1°49′18.12″W
18:
1745:(in French)
1660:(in French)
1599:(in French)
1386:(in French)
1214:Joes, p.52.
1067:(in French)
969:Montagnards
766:grain trade
539:Ponts-de-CĂ©
273:Chouannerie
176:René Souchu
40: /
1766:Categories
1492:0141017279
955:federalism
784:Background
644:2nd Cholet
594:Pont-Barré
569:Chantonnay
389:2nd Pornic
379:1st Pornic
369:1st Cholet
1672:674177680
1562:855979766
1494:, p. 589.
1458:, p. 112.
1410:855979766
1126:Citations
995:Aftermath
965:Girondins
926:gendarmes
851:artillery
844:irregular
825:bourgeois
758:Machecoul
714:Pontlieue
709:La Flèche
694:Avranches
689:Pontorson
684:Granville
584:Tiffauges
554:3rd Luçon
544:2nd Luçon
514:Parthenay
504:1st Luçon
399:1st Coron
193:Gendarmes
95:Machecoul
1757:21209067
1655:49570126
1641:69255762
1625:51804615
1576:70335347
1545:70335302
1531:59305988
1484:Citizens
1456:49570126
1412:, p. 21.
1292:70335347
1280:59305988
1102:51804615
1029:nobility
960:de facto
861:Massacre
752:and the
679:Fougères
669:Entrames
449:1st Legé
414:Challans
404:Chemillé
291:Quiberon
210:4 killed
181:Strength
143:Vendéens
90:Location
1501:Sources
1205:. p.51.
977:against
847:cavalry
724:Savenay
719:Le Mans
534:Vihiers
474:Palluau
454:Thouars
409:Aubiers
364:Jallais
249:of the
170:†
161:†
1755:
1728:
1716:652178
1714:
1700:
1670:
1653:
1639:
1623:
1609:
1591:
1574:
1560:
1543:
1529:
1514:
1490:
1454:
1435:p. 155
1429:
1408:
1396:
1344:p. 261
1290:
1278:
1201:
1179:p. 124
1173:
1154:p. 205
1148:
1100:
1025:Vendée
1017:Easter
942:rosary
938:tocsin
934:Rennes
897:Pornic
892:Nantes
880:juring
704:Angers
609:Pallet
574:Vrines
564:Vertou
509:Nantes
499:Saumur
424:Vezins
281:Toulon
266:Vendée
157:
106:Result
1045:Notes
1002:Loire
762:Loire
674:Ernée
659:Laval
589:Coron
1753:OCLC
1726:ISBN
1712:OCLC
1698:ISBN
1668:OCLC
1651:OCLC
1637:OCLC
1621:OCLC
1607:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1572:OCLC
1558:OCLC
1541:OCLC
1527:OCLC
1512:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1452:OCLC
1427:ISBN
1406:OCLC
1394:ISBN
1288:OCLC
1276:OCLC
1199:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1098:OCLC
1083:108.
1013:Lent
806:levy
740:The
489:Doué
286:Lyon
186:100
82:Date
973:for
699:Dol
191:10
1768::
1692:.
1583:.
1552:.
1482:,
1472:^
1433:.
1351:^
1311:^
1299:^
1244:^
1219:^
1186:^
1177:.
1152:.
1133:^
1065:,
1015:;
345:–
97:,
1595:.
1518:.
1437:.
1346:.
1181:.
1156:.
332:e
325:t
318:v
239:e
232:t
225:v
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