22:
91:(HRC) to consider complaints from individuals who claim their rights under the Covenant have been violated. Several complainants must have exhausted all domestic remedies, and anonymous complaints are not permitted. The Committee must bring complaints to the attention of the relevant party, which must respond within six months. Following consideration, the Committee must forward its conclusions to the party and the complainant.
282:(2020) - Without robust national and international efforts, the effects of climate change in receiving states may expose individuals to a violation of their rights under articles 6 or 7 of the Covenant, thereby triggering the non-refoulement obligations of sending states. However, it was not the case in this particular case.
94:
While not expressly provided for in the
Protocol, the HRC regards the recognition of its competence to hear complaints as imposing an obligation not to hinder access to the committee and to prevent any retaliation against complainants. It regards its findings as authoritative determinations of
292:
302:
219:
do not recognise the jurisdiction of the HRC to hear complaints resulting from
Article 26 of the ICCPR, covering discrimination and equality before the law, except insofar as they relate to rights expressly affirmed in the Covenant.
307:
312:
297:
80:
2013:
1279:
1199:
84:
1463:
693:
278:
1978:
774:
789:
779:
705:
1224:
1768:
1673:
1423:
2018:
1219:
1204:
769:
1923:
59:
on 16 December 1966, and entered into force on 23 March 1976. As of July 2024, it had 116 state parties and 35 signatories. Three of the ratifying states (
52:
1898:
899:
1518:
1367:
1229:
784:
1214:
1114:
2028:
1713:
1209:
2038:
1538:
1274:
95:
obligations under the
Covenant, and their adoption as being required in order to provide an "effective remedy" under Article 2 of the ICCPR.
1398:
1159:
1149:
1144:
874:
345:
1588:
1483:
1179:
1164:
1099:
1089:
919:
794:
1878:
1249:
1034:
1019:
849:
834:
1254:
1169:
1049:
974:
954:
949:
819:
1948:
1269:
1194:
1104:
1059:
1004:
924:
884:
864:
2033:
1568:
1321:
1291:
1259:
1244:
1134:
1094:
1079:
1074:
1039:
989:
944:
879:
859:
854:
839:
824:
814:
809:
799:
236:
does not recognise the competence of the HRC to hear complaints regarding in-absentia trials for offences against the republic.
1628:
1603:
1239:
1234:
1189:
1139:
1124:
1109:
1069:
1054:
1029:
994:
929:
889:
869:
804:
744:
505:
1908:
1362:
1264:
1184:
1174:
1084:
1044:
1024:
1009:
999:
969:
964:
959:
939:
934:
914:
904:
894:
467:
1943:
1828:
1788:
1129:
1119:
984:
979:
909:
110:
A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the
Optional Protocol.
2023:
1563:
1393:
829:
117:
154:
consider the
Optional Protocol to only apply to complaints which arose after it entered into force for those countries.
1718:
1658:
844:
646:
250:(1994) â held that sexual orientation was included in the treaty's antidiscrimination provisions as a protected status.
212:
of the HRC to consider complaints which have already been considered under another international complaint procedure.
1963:
1903:
1883:
1743:
1498:
1388:
1357:
651:
1843:
1793:
1598:
1548:
1403:
1998:
1988:
1938:
1868:
1863:
1773:
1733:
1728:
1698:
1693:
1623:
1543:
1513:
1448:
676:
605:
595:
2008:
1993:
1918:
1803:
1758:
1723:
1648:
1438:
1428:
1064:
1014:
116:
does not recognise the jurisdiction of the HRC to consider complaints which have already been examined by the
1928:
1893:
1888:
1838:
1818:
1668:
1583:
1533:
1503:
1493:
1453:
700:
230:
do not recognise the jurisdiction of the HRC to hear complaints relating to their use of the death penalty.
1983:
1973:
1953:
1873:
1853:
1848:
1778:
1708:
1683:
1678:
1633:
1613:
1608:
1593:
1578:
1553:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1443:
1433:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1154:
764:
610:
79:
The
Optional Protocol establishes an individual complaints mechanism for the ICCPR similar to those of the
2003:
1968:
1958:
1933:
1858:
1833:
1813:
1808:
1763:
1738:
1703:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1618:
1558:
1508:
1488:
1352:
600:
1913:
1798:
1783:
1753:
1688:
1638:
1573:
1528:
1473:
498:
1823:
1748:
1523:
293:
Optional
Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
25:
Parties to the First
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1342:
739:
404:
1286:
749:
688:
671:
579:
88:
274:(2001) â non-objective way of evaluating official language skills of a candidate in elections.
1347:
535:
491:
262:
303:
Optional
Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure
270:
681:
530:
8:
626:
246:
227:
68:
56:
734:
308:
Optional
Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
540:
477:
254:
450:
313:
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
754:
405:"HRC General Comment 33: Obligations of States Parties under the Optional Protocol"
49:
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
51:
is an international treaty establishing an individual complaint mechanism for the
729:
298:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
81:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1382:
569:
525:
514:
209:
99:
451:"Refworld | Ioane Teitiota v. New Zealand (Advance unedited version)"
346:"UN Treaty Collection, Status of the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR"
1301:
574:
564:
131:
169:
1326:
266:(2000) â linguistic discrimination in communication with authorities.
233:
193:
147:
135:
21:
759:
189:
143:
85:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1316:
1311:
185:
165:
161:
157:
127:
113:
64:
60:
2014:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
1296:
483:
472:
223:
216:
205:
201:
197:
181:
177:
151:
173:
139:
123:
1306:
1464:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
87:. Parties agree to recognise the competence of the UN
258:(1999) â religious discrimination in school funding.
53:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1979:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1280:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
1368:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1380:
2019:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
499:
1924:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1769:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
1674:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
1424:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
1899:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic
506:
492:
1519:Treaties of the Central African Republic
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
20:
1200:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
396:
2029:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1714:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1381:
1292:List of human rights abuses by country
780:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
745:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
2039:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
1539:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1363:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
487:
325:
1399:Treaties entered into force in 1976
118:European Commission on Human Rights
98:The Optional Protocol required ten
13:
1589:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1484:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
790:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
652:National human rights institutions
647:List of human rights organisations
14:
2050:
1879:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
480:, the Protocol's monitoring body.
461:
775:at GuantĂĄnamo Bay detention camp
513:
1949:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
900:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
606:Natural rights and legal rights
596:Claim rights and liberty rights
105:
71:) have denounced the protocol.
55:(ICCPR). It was adopted by the
2034:Treaties extended to Greenland
1569:Treaties of the Czech Republic
770:against Palestinians by Israel
443:
434:
422:
387:
378:
369:
360:
1:
1629:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1604:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
468:Text of the Optional Protocol
318:
279:Ioane Teitiota v. New Zealand
1909:Treaties of the Soviet Union
611:Negative and positive rights
375:OP1-ICCPR, Articles 2 and 3.
239:
7:
1944:Treaties of North Macedonia
1829:Treaties of the Philippines
1789:Treaties of the Netherlands
1353:List of human rights awards
1225:in the United Arab Emirates
601:Individual and group rights
286:
10:
2055:
2024:Treaties extended to Aruba
1564:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
1394:Treaties concluded in 1966
1275:of the Marcos dictatorship
74:
16:1966 United Nations treaty
1719:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1659:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
1335:
1220:in the State of Palestine
1205:in the Dominican Republic
785:during the Gaddafi regime
722:
667:
660:
639:
619:
588:
560:
549:
521:
410:. UN HRC. 5 November 2008
1964:Treaties of Turkmenistan
1904:Treaties of South Africa
1884:Treaties of Sierra Leone
1744:Treaties of the Maldives
1499:Treaties of Burkina Faso
1389:Human rights instruments
1844:Treaties of South Korea
1794:Treaties of New Zealand
1599:Treaties of El Salvador
1549:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1404:United Nations treaties
1343:History of human rights
750:Enforced disappearances
740:Crimes against humanity
1999:Treaties of Yugoslavia
1989:Treaties of Uzbekistan
1939:Treaties of Tajikistan
1869:Treaties of Seychelles
1864:Treaties of San Marino
1774:Treaties of Montenegro
1734:Treaties of Madagascar
1729:Treaties of Luxembourg
1699:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
1694:Treaties of Kazakhstan
1624:Treaties of the Gambia
1544:Treaties of Costa Rica
1514:Treaties of Cape Verde
1449:Treaties of Azerbaijan
1287:Incitement to genocide
580:Universal jurisdiction
478:Human Rights Committee
429:HRC General Comment 33
89:Human Rights Committee
83:and Article 14 of the
44:
2009:1966 in New York City
1994:Treaties of Venezuela
1919:Treaties of Sri Lanka
1804:Treaties of Nicaragua
1759:Treaties of Mauritius
1724:Treaties of Lithuania
1649:Treaties of Guatemala
1439:Treaties of Australia
1429:Treaties of Argentina
1348:List of global issues
440:OP1-ICCPR, Article 9.
393:OP1-ICCPR, Article 5.
384:OP1-ICCPR, Article 4.
366:OP1-ICCPR, Article 1.
263:Diergaardt v. Namibia
208:do not recognise the
24:
1929:Treaties of Suriname
1894:Treaties of Slovenia
1889:Treaties of Slovakia
1839:Treaties of Portugal
1819:Treaties of Paraguay
1669:Treaties of Honduras
1584:Treaties of Djibouti
1534:Treaties of Colombia
1504:Treaties of Cameroon
1494:Treaties of Bulgaria
1454:Treaties of Barbados
1230:in the United States
1005:in Jammu and Kashmir
551:Fundamental concepts
102:to come into force.
1984:Treaties of Uruguay
1974:Treaties of Ukraine
1954:Treaties of Tunisia
1874:Treaties of Senegal
1854:Treaties of Romania
1849:Treaties of Moldova
1779:Treaties of Namibia
1709:Treaties of Lesotho
1684:Treaties of Ireland
1679:Treaties of Iceland
1634:Treaties of Germany
1614:Treaties of Finland
1609:Treaties of Estonia
1594:Treaties of Ecuador
1579:Treaties of Denmark
1554:Treaties of Croatia
1479:Treaties of Bolivia
1469:Treaties of Belgium
1459:Treaties of Belarus
1444:Treaties of Austria
1434:Treaties of Armenia
1419:Treaties of Andorra
1414:Treaties of Algeria
1409:Treaties of Albania
1215:in the Soviet Union
1115:in Papua New Guinea
765:Human rights abuses
723:Human rights abuses
627:Corporal punishment
431:, paragraphs 13â14.
247:Toonen v. Australia
228:Trinidad and Tobago
164:, France, Germany,
134:, France, Germany,
69:Trinidad and Tobago
57:UN General Assembly
30: State parties
2004:Treaties of Zambia
1969:Treaties of Uganda
1959:Treaties of Turkey
1934:Treaties of Sweden
1859:Treaties of Russia
1834:Treaties of Poland
1814:Treaties of Panama
1809:Treaties of Norway
1764:Treaties of Mexico
1739:Treaties of Malawi
1704:Treaties of Latvia
1664:Treaties of Guyana
1654:Treaties of Guinea
1644:Treaties of Greece
1619:Treaties of France
1559:Treaties of Cyprus
1509:Treaties of Canada
1489:Treaties of Brazil
1210:in the Philippines
735:Crime of apartheid
271:IgnatÄne v. Latvia
168:, Ireland, Italy,
45:
1914:Treaties of Spain
1799:Treaties of Niger
1784:Treaties of Nepal
1754:Treaties of Malta
1689:Treaties of Italy
1639:Treaties of Ghana
1574:Treaties of Zaire
1529:Treaties of Chile
1474:Treaties of Benin
1376:
1375:
1358:Three generations
718:
717:
635:
634:
255:Waldman v. Canada
42: Non-parties
36: Signatories
2046:
1824:Treaties of Peru
1749:Treaties of Mali
1524:Treaties of Chad
1130:in Punjab, India
755:Forced migration
665:
664:
558:
557:
553:and philosophies
508:
501:
494:
485:
484:
455:
454:
447:
441:
438:
432:
426:
420:
419:
417:
415:
409:
400:
394:
391:
385:
382:
376:
373:
367:
364:
358:
357:
355:
353:
342:
41:
35:
29:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1331:
1160:in South Africa
1150:in Sierra Leone
1145:in Saudi Arabia
875:in Burkina Faso
830:in Azad Kashmir
714:
656:
631:
615:
584:
554:
552:
545:
536:Intersex people
517:
512:
473:List of parties
464:
459:
458:
449:
448:
444:
439:
435:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
392:
388:
383:
379:
374:
370:
365:
361:
351:
349:
344:
343:
326:
321:
289:
242:
108:
77:
43:
39:
37:
33:
31:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:in Switzerland
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:in South Korea
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:in North Korea
1097:
1092:
1090:in New Zealand
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:in Kyrgyzstanâ
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
920:in El Salvador
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
845:in Balochistan
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
795:in Afghanistan
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Atrocity crime
726:
724:
720:
719:
716:
715:
713:
712:
710:
708:
703:
698:
696:
691:
686:
684:
679:
674:
668:
662:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
643:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
630:
629:
623:
621:
617:
616:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
590:
586:
585:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
561:
555:
550:
547:
546:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
522:
519:
518:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
482:
481:
475:
470:
463:
462:External links
460:
457:
456:
442:
433:
421:
395:
386:
377:
368:
359:
323:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
288:
285:
284:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
241:
238:
107:
104:
76:
73:
38:
32:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:in Uzbekistan
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:in the Russia
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:in Kazakhstan
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
850:in Bangladesh
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:in Azerbaijan
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
725:
721:
711:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:South America
699:
697:
695:
694:North America
692:
690:
687:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
640:Organizations
638:
628:
625:
624:
622:
618:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
587:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
556:
548:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
520:
516:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
489:
486:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
452:
446:
437:
430:
425:
406:
402:Paragraph 4,
399:
390:
381:
372:
363:
347:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
324:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
281:
280:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
248:
244:
243:
237:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
103:
101:
100:ratifications
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
23:
19:
1255:in Venezuela
1170:in Sri Lanka
1050:in Lithuania
975:in Indonesia
955:in Hong Kong
950:in Guatemala
820:in Australia
810:in Argentina
661:By continent
589:Distinctions
570:Positive law
515:Human rights
445:
436:
428:
424:
412:. Retrieved
398:
389:
380:
371:
362:
350:. Retrieved
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
232:
222:
215:Germany and
214:
210:jurisdiction
156:
122:
112:
109:
106:Reservations
97:
93:
78:
48:
46:
18:
1302:Persecution
1270:in Zimbabwe
1195:in Thailand
1105:in Pakistan
1060:in Malaysia
925:in Ethiopia
885:in Cambodia
865:in Botswana
677:Middle East
575:Sovereignty
565:Natural law
414:22 December
132:El Salvador
1383:Categories
1327:War crimes
1260:in Vietnam
1245:in Ukraine
1135:in Romania
1095:in Nigeria
1080:in Myanmar
1075:in Morocco
1065:in Manipur
1040:in Lebanon
1015:in Kashmir
990:in Ireland
945:in Germany
880:in Burundi
860:in Bolivia
855:in Belarus
840:in Bahrain
825:in Austria
815:in Armenia
800:in Algeria
352:14 October
348:. UN OHCHR
319:References
188:, Russia,
170:Luxembourg
142:, Russia,
1240:in Uganda
1235:in Turkey
1190:in Taiwan
1125:in Poland
1110:in Panama
1070:in Mexico
1055:in Malawi
1030:in Kuwait
995:in Israel
930:in France
890:in Canada
870:in Brazil
805:in Angola
240:Decisions
234:Venezuela
194:Sri Lanka
192:, Spain,
148:Sri Lanka
136:Guatemala
1265:in Yemen
1185:in Syria
1175:in Sudan
1155:in Sindh
1085:in Nepal
1045:in Libya
1025:in Kenya
1010:in Japan
1000:in Italy
970:in India
965:in Haiti
960:in Egypt
940:in Ghana
935:in Gabon
915:in Egypt
905:in China
895:in Chile
760:Genocide
531:Children
287:See also
190:Slovenia
144:Slovenia
1336:Related
1322:Victims
1317:Torture
1312:Slavery
1120:in Peru
985:in Iraq
980:in Iran
910:in Cuba
706:Oceania
620:Aspects
186:Romania
166:Iceland
162:Denmark
158:Croatia
128:Croatia
114:Austria
75:Summary
65:Jamaica
61:Belarus
1297:Murder
689:Europe
672:Africa
526:Humans
224:Guyana
217:Turkey
206:Uganda
202:Turkey
198:Sweden
182:Poland
178:Norway
152:Turkey
150:, and
40:
34:
28:
541:Women
408:(PDF)
174:Malta
140:Malta
124:Chile
1307:Rape
682:Asia
416:2008
354:2011
226:and
204:and
67:and
47:The
1385::
327:^
200:,
196:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
160:,
146:,
138:,
130:,
126:,
120:.
63:,
507:e
500:t
493:v
453:.
418:.
356:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
