620:
339:
2373:
1329:. Additional evidence for the evolution of bacterial flagella includes the existence of vestigial flagella, intermediate forms of flagella and patterns of similarities among flagellar protein sequences, including the observation that almost all of the core flagellar proteins have known homologies with non-flagellar proteins. Furthermore, several processes have been identified as playing important roles in flagellar evolution, including self-assembly of simple repeating subunits, gene duplication with subsequent divergence, recruitment of elements from other systems ('molecular bricolage') and recombination.
1291:(T3SS) found in many gram-negative bacteria, hence one likely evolved from the other. Because the T3SS has a similar number of components as a flagellar apparatus (about 25 proteins), which one evolved first is difficult to determine. However, the flagellar system appears to involve more proteins overall, including various regulators and chaperones, hence it has been argued that flagella evolved from a T3SS. However, it has also been suggested that the flagellum may have evolved first or the two structures evolved in parallel. Early single-cell organisms' need for
1513:("movement on purpose") the clockwise rotation of a flagellum is suppressed by chemical compounds favorable to the cell (e.g. food). When moving in a favorable direction, the concentration of such chemical attractants increases and therefore tumbles are continually suppressed, allowing forward motion; likewise, when the cell's direction of motion is unfavorable (e.g., away from a chemical attractant), tumbles are no longer suppressed and occur much more often, with the chance that the cell will be thus reoriented in the correct direction.
556:
7006:
57:
73:
602:, in the rotor. The flagellum is highly energy efficient and uses very little energy. The torque is transferred from the MotAB to the torque helix on FliG's D5 domain and with the increase in the requirement of the torque or speed more MotAB are employed. Because the flagellar motor has no on-off switch, the protein epsE is used as a mechanical clutch to disengage the motor from the rotor, thus stopping the flagellum and allowing the bacterium to remain in one place.
2358:
1533:
1181:
1558:
1544:
1663:
1321:". However, many proteins can be deleted or mutated and the flagellum still works, though sometimes at reduced efficiency. Moreover, with many proteins unique to some number across species, diversity of bacterial flagella composition was higher than expected. Hence, the flagellar apparatus is clearly very flexible in evolutionary terms and perfectly able to lose or gain protein components. For instance, a number of mutations have been found that
1525:
8832:
1233:
such a speed, a bacterium would take about 245 days to cover 1 km; although that may seem slow, the perspective changes when the concept of scale is introduced. In comparison to macroscopic life forms, it is very fast indeed when expressed in terms of number of body lengths per second. A cheetah, for example, only achieves about 25 body lengths per second.
1490:, two flagellar systems co-exist, using different sets of genes and different ion gradients for energy. The polar flagella are constitutively expressed and provide motility in bulk fluid, while the lateral flagella are expressed when the polar flagella meet too much resistance to turn. These provide swarming motility on surfaces or in viscous fluids.
1654:, polypeptide complexes extending from each of the outer nine microtubule doublets towards the central pair, with the "head" of the spoke facing inwards. The radial spoke is thought to be involved in the regulation of flagellar motion, although its exact function and method of action are not yet understood.
1501:
Flagella are left-handed helices, and when rotated counter-clockwise by their rotors, they can bundle and rotate together. When the rotors reverse direction, thus rotating clockwise, the flagellum unwinds from the bundle. This may cause the cell to stop its forward motion and instead start twitching
1637:
Besides the axoneme and basal body, relatively constant in morphology, other internal structures of the flagellar apparatus are the transition zone (where the axoneme and basal body meet) and the root system (microtubular or fibrilar structures that extend from the basal bodies into the cytoplasm),
1232:
The rotational speed of flagella varies in response to the intensity of the proton-motive force, thereby permitting certain forms of speed control, and also permitting some types of bacteria to attain remarkable speeds in proportion to their size; some achieve roughly 60 cell lengths per second. At
2231:
is superficially similar to the bacterial flagellum; in the 1980s, they were thought to be homologous on the basis of gross morphology and behavior. Both flagella and archaella consist of filaments extending outside the cell, and rotate to propel the cell. Archaeal flagella have a unique structure
1689:
and flagella are ultimately the same, they are sometimes classed by their pattern of movement, a tradition from before their structures have been known. In the case of flagella, the motion is often planar and wave-like, whereas the motile cilia often perform a more complicated three-dimensional
5137:
Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah; Hampl, Vladimir; Heiss, Aaron; Hoppenrath, Mona; Lara, Enrique; le Gall, Line; Lynn, Denis H.; McManus, Hilary; Mitchell, Edward A. D.;
2308:. Research into the structure of archaella made significant progress beginning in the early 2010s, with the first atomic resolution structure of an archaella protein, the discovery of additional functions of archaella, and the first reports of archaella in Nanoarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota.
522:, such as the hollow, rod-like "plug" in their centers extending out through the plasma membrane. The similarities between bacterial flagella and bacterial secretory system structures and proteins provide scientific evidence supporting the theory that bacterial flagella evolved from the
2182:, due to the pair of flagella of unequal length. It has taken on a specific meaning in referring to cells with an anterior straminipilous flagellum (with tripartite mastigonemes, in one or two rows) and a posterior usually smooth flagellum. It is also used to refer to the taxon
2276:
Bacterial flagella are thicker than archaella, and the bacterial filament has a large enough hollow "tube" inside that the flagellin subunits can flow up the inside of the filament and get added at the tip; the archaellum is too thin (12-15 nm) to allow
1553:. In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets (see structure at bottom center of image).
5816:
1638:
more variable and useful as indicators of phylogenetic relationships of eukaryotes. Other structures, more uncommon, are the paraflagellar (or paraxial, paraxonemal) rod, the R fiber, and the S fiber. For surface structures, see below.
1453:
microscopy. The rotation of the filaments relative to the cell body causes the entire bacterium to move forward in a corkscrew-like motion, even through material viscous enough to prevent the passage of normally flagellated bacteria.
5187:
Andersen, R. A.; Barr, D. J. S.; Lynn, D. H.; Melkonian, M.; Moestrup, Ø.; Sleigh, M. A. (February 1991). "Terminology and nomenclature of the cytoskeletal elements associated with the flagellar/ciliary apparatus in protists".
1268:
During flagellar assembly, components of the flagellum pass through the hollow cores of the basal body and the nascent filament. During assembly, protein components are added at the flagellar tip rather than at the base.
559:
Bacterial flagellar motor assembly: Shown here is the C-ring at the base with FliG in red, FliM in yellow, and FliN in shades of purple; the MS-ring in blue; the MotAB in brown; the LP-ring in pink; and the rod in
2236:, the archaeal proteins (archaellins) are made with class 3 signal peptides and they are processed by a type IV prepilin peptidase-like enzyme. The archaellins are typically modified by the addition of N-linked
1295:(mobility) support that the more mobile flagella would be selected by evolution first, but the T3SS evolving from the flagellum can be seen as 'reductive evolution', and receives no topological support from the
3381:
Galkin, Vitold E.; Yu, Xiong; Bielnicki, Jakub; Heuser, John; Ewing, Cheryl P.; Guerry, Patricia; Egelman, Edward H. (18 April 2008). "Divergence of
Quaternary Structures Among Bacterial Flagellar Filaments".
2346:, and a terminal plate is present in the transitional zone. An inner ring-like structure attached to the tubules of the flagellar doublets within the transitional zone has been observed in transverse section.
1205:
1426:
Counterclockwise rotation of a monotrichous polar flagellum pushes the cell forward with the flagellum trailing behind, much like a corkscrew moving inside cork. Water on the microscopic scale is highly
5828:
1719:
Eukaryotic flagella or cilia, probably an ancestral characteristic, are widespread in almost all groups of eukaryotes, as a relatively perennial condition, or as a flagellated life cycle stage (e.g.,
2270:
While bacterial cells often have many flagellar filaments, each of which rotates independently, the archaeal flagellum is composed of a bundle of many filaments that rotates as a single assembly.
1299:
trees. The hypothesis that the two structures evolved separately from a common ancestor accounts for the protein similarities between the two structures, as well as their functional diversity.
5788:
Hibberd, DJ (1976). "The ultrastructure and taxonomy of the
Chrysophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae): a survey with some new observations on the ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae".
4160:
Rajagopala, Seesandra V; Titz, Björn; Goll, Johannes; Parrish, Jodi R; Wohlbold, Katrin; McKevitt, Matthew T; Palzkill, Timothy; Mori, Hirotada; Finley, Russell L; Uetz, Peter (January 2007).
489:
The flagellar filament is the long, helical screw that propels the bacterium when rotated by the motor, through the hook. In most bacteria that have been studied, including the gram-negative
1570:
Aiming to emphasize the distinction between the bacterial flagella and the eukaryotic cilia and flagella, some authors attempted to replace the name of these two eukaryotic structures with "
349:, and the eukaryotic flagellum uses a complex sliding filament system. Eukaryotic flagella are ATP-driven, while prokaryotic flagella can be ATP-driven (Archaea) or proton-driven (Bacteria).
2284:, but the components of bacterial flagella and archaella share no sequence similarity. Instead, some components of archaella share sequence and morphological similarity with components of
2151:
heterodynamic: flagella with different beating patterns (usually with one flagellum functioning in food capture and the other functioning in gliding, anchorage, propulsion or "steering")
1463:, more than 30 individual flagella are organized outside the cell body, helically twining about each other to form a thick structure (easily visible with the light microscope) called a "
1408:, which act in concert to drive the bacteria in a single direction. In many cases, the bases of multiple flagella are surrounded by a specialized region of the cell membrane, called the
1317:
Some authors have argued that flagella cannot have evolved, assuming that they can only function properly when all proteins are in place. In other words, the flagellar apparatus is "
541:, that is, the scaffolding rings of the inner membrane (IM), the scaffolding pairs of the outer membrane (OM), and the rod/needle (injectisome) or rod/hook (flagellum) sections.
2892:
Streif, Stefan; Staudinger, Wilfried Franz; Marwan, Wolfgang; Oesterhelt, Dieter (December 2008). "Flagellar
Rotation in the Archaeon Halobacterium salinarum Depends on ATP".
1252:, respectively. The two directions of rotation are not identical (with respect to flagellum movement) and are selected by a molecular switch. Clockwise rotation is called the
8846:
5138:
Mozley-Stanridge, Sharon E.; Parfrey, Laura W.; Pawlowski, Jan; Rueckert, Sonja; Shadwick, Laura; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Spiegel, Frederick W. (September 2012).
3184:
Ng, Sandy Y.M.; Chaban, Bonnie; Jarrell, Ken F. (2006). "Archaeal
Flagella, Bacterial Flagella and Type IV Pili: A Comparison of Genes and Posttranslational Modifications".
330:
are smaller, and thinner appendages, with different functions. Cilia are attached to the surface of flagella and are used to swim or move fluid from one region to another.
4394:
Ruan, Juanfang; Kato, Takayuki; Santini, Claire-Lise; Miyata, Tomoko; Kawamoto, Akihiro; Zhang, Wei-Jia; Bernadac, Alain; Wu, Long-Fei; Namba, Keiichi (11 December 2012).
442:
and has a sharp bend just outside the outer membrane; this "hook" allows the axis of the helix to point directly away from the cell. A shaft runs between the hook and the
5329:
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James (2000). "Section 19.4Cilia and
Flagella: Structure and Movement".
1705:, and other proteins are moved up and down the length of the flagellum, is essential for proper functioning of the flagellum, in both motility and signal transduction.
1582:), preserving "flagella" for the bacterial structure. However, the discriminative usage of the terms "cilia" and "flagella" for eukaryotes adopted in this article (see
6084:
de Sousa
Machado, J. Nuno; Vollmar, Leonie; Schimpf, Julia; Chaudhury, Paushali; Kumariya, Rashmi; van der Does, Chris; Hugel, Thorsten; Albers, Sonja-Verena (2021).
1528:
Eukaryotic flagella. 1–axoneme, 2–cell membrane, 3–IFT (IntraFlagellar
Transport), 4–Basal body, 5–Cross section of flagella, 6–Triplets of microtubules of basal body
7604:
1212:
7624:
3552:
Atsumi, Tatsuo; McCartert, Linda; Imae, Yasuo (January 1992). "Polar and lateral flagellar motors of marine Vibrio are driven by different ion-motive forces".
3493:
Singh, Prashant K.; Sharma, Pankaj; Afanzar, Oshri; Goldfarb, Margo H.; Maklashina, Elena; Eisenbach, Michael; Cecchini, Gary; Iverson, T. M. (17 April 2024).
129:
509:, the filament is made up of 11 protofilaments approximately parallel to the filament axis. Each protofilament is a series of tandem protein chains. However,
1509:
It is not known which stimuli drive the switch between bundling and tumbling, but the motor is highly adaptive to different signals. In the model describing
4059:
Gophna, Uri; Ron, Eliora Z.; Graur, Dan (July 2003). "Bacterial type III secretion systems are ancient and evolved by multiple horizontal-transfer events".
3659:
364:
that move with a bending mechanism. Bacteria and archaea do not have dynein or microtubules in their flagella, and they move using a rotary mechanism.
1842:
Flagella or cilia are completely absent in some groups, probably due to a loss rather than being a primitive condition. The loss of cilia occurred in
5058:"The collapse of the two-kingdom system, the rise of protistology and the founding of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP)"
6443:
4369:
2357:
1498:
Bundling is an event that can happen in multi-flagellated cells, bundling the flagella together and causing them to rotate in a coordinated manner.
294:, the flagellum has a different structure, protein composition, and mechanism of propulsion but shares the same function of providing motility. The
1650:
arms (an "inner" and an "outer" arm) to the adjacent microtubule; these produce force through ATP hydrolysis. The flagellar axoneme also contains
345:(bacterial and archaeal) flagella run in a rotary movement, while eukaryotic flagella run in a bending movement. The prokaryotic flagellum uses a
3330:
Diószeghy, Zoltán; Závodszky, Péter; Namba, Keiichi; Vonderviszt, Ferenc (18 June 2004). "Stabilization of flagellar filaments by HAP2 capping".
393:
Eukaryotic flagella—those of animal, plant, and protist cells—are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth. Eukaryotic flagella and
5982:
Thomas, Nikhil A.; Bardy, Sonia L.; Jarrell, Ken F. (April 2001). "The archaeal flagellum: a different kind of prokaryotic motility structure".
7614:
5930:
2955:
1894:
A number of terms related to flagella or cilia are used to characterize eukaryotes. According to surface structures present, flagella may be:
6470:
6027:"Getting a hold on archaeal type IV pili: an expanding repertoire of cellular appendages implicates complex regulation and diverse functions"
7657:
386:) are superficially similar to bacterial flagella in that it also has a rotary motor, but are different in many details and considered non-
6086:"Autophosphorylation of the KaiC-like protein ArlH inhibits oligomerization and interaction with ArlI, the motor ATPase of the archaellum"
2372:
2273:
Bacterial flagella grow by the addition of flagellin subunits at the tip; archaeal flagella grow by the addition of subunits to the base.
4879:
Canals, Rocío; Ramirez, Silvia; Vilches, Silvia; Horsburgh, Gavin; Shaw, Jonathan G.; Tomás, Juan M.; Merino, Susana (15 January 2006).
4830:
Canals, Rocío; Altarriba, Maria; Vilches, Silvia; Horsburgh, Gavin; Shaw, Jonathan G.; Tomás, Juan M.; Merino, Susana (February 2006).
4550:
Kudryashev, Mikhail; Cyrklaff, Marek; Baumeister, Wolfgang; Simon, Markus M.; Wallich, Reinhard; Frischknecht, Friedrich (March 2009).
2582:
1690:
motion with a power and recovery stroke. Yet another traditional form of distinction is by the number of 9+2 organelles on the cell.
1516:
Even if all flagella would rotate clockwise, however, they often cannot form a bundle due to geometrical and hydrodynamic reasons.
1198:
590:). The rotor transports protons across the membrane, and is turned in the process. The rotor alone can operate at 6,000 to 100,000
5671:
Corliss, J.O.; Lom, J (2000). "An annotated glossary of protozoological terms". In Lee, J.J.; Leedale, G.F.; Bradbury, P. (eds.).
3905:
Minamino, Tohru; Imada, Katsumi; Namba, Keiichi (2008). "Mechanisms of type III protein export for bacterial flagellar assembly".
1954:
tripartite (= straminipilous) hairs: with three regions (a base, a tubular shaft, and one or more terminal hairs). Occurs in most
7020:
594:, but with the flagellar filament attached usually only reaches 200 to 1000 rpm. The direction of rotation can be changed by the
7544:
6935:
2532:
Malo, Aurelio F; Gomendio, Montserrat; Garde, Julian; Lang-Lenton, Barbara; Soler, Ana J; Roldan, Eduardo R.S (22 June 2006).
5234:
4338:
4144:
3739:
3628:
3279:
2516:
1674:
and flagella generate motion on a cellular level. Examples range from the propulsion of single cells such as the swimming of
1666:
Beating pattern of eukaryotic "flagellum" and "cillum", a traditional distinction before the structures of the two are known.
1236:
Through use of their flagella, bacteria are able to move rapidly towards attractants and away from repellents, by means of a
550:
372:
346:
3020:
Lowe, Graeme; Meister, Markus; Berg, Howard C. (February 1987). "Rapid rotation of flagellar bundles in swimming bacteria".
2243:
Discoveries in the 1990s revealed numerous detailed differences between the archaeal and bacterial flagella. These include:
4317:
Pallen, M.J.; Gophna, U. (2007). "Bacterial
Flagella and Type III Secretion: Case Studies in the Evolution of Complexity".
2010:
According to the number of flagella, cells may be: (remembering that some authors use "ciliated" instead of "flagellated")
1506:. Tumbling results in a stochastic reorientation of the cell, causing it to change the direction of its forward swimming.
6346:
6899:
3978:
Pallen, Mark J.; Matzke, Nicholas J. (October 2006). "From The Origin of
Species to the origin of bacterial flagella".
3678:
6367:
5701:"A Short Guide to Common Heterotrophic Flagellates of Freshwater Habitats Based on the Morphology of Living Organisms"
6463:
5914:
5751:
5652:
5619:
5592:
5565:
5486:
5454:
5340:
5264:
2939:
1679:
1237:
1225:
The cylindrical shape of flagella is suited to locomotion of microscopic organisms; these organisms operate at a low
876:
8733:
7650:
568:) made up of protein, located at the flagellum's anchor point on the inner cell membrane. The engine is powered by
5502:
Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Parfrey, Laura
Wegener; Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Katz, Laura A.; Lara, Enrique (22 July 2011).
6532:
5358:"Intraflagellar Transport and Cilia-Dependent Renal Disease: The Ciliary Hypothesis of Polycystic Kidney Disease"
2296:
These differences support the theory that the bacterial flagella and archaella are a classic case of biological
1759:
5680:
4928:
Kim, MunJu; Bird, James C.; Van Parys, Annemarie J.; Breuer, Kenneth S.; Powers, Thomas R. (23 December 2003).
3854:
Sun, Qifang; Yuan, Chengzhi; Zhou, Sainan; Lu, Jing; Zeng, Meiyan; Cai, Xiong; Song, Houpan (19 October 2023).
2330:
881:
5947:
Ghosh, Abhrajyoti; Albers, Sonja-Verena (1 February 2011). "Assembly and function of the archaeal flagellum".
1273:, flagellar filaments assemble spontaneously in a solution containing purified flagellin as the sole protein.
6634:
1619:
534:
124:
5283:
Lindemann, CB; Lesich, KA (15 February 2010). "Flagellar and ciliary beating: the proven and the possible".
3063:
Berg, Howard C.; Anderson, Robert A. (October 1973). "Bacteria Swim by Rotating their Flagellar Filaments".
2969:
Silverman, Michael; Simon, Melvin (May 1974). "Flagellar rotation and the mechanism of bacterial motility".
7758:
7609:
6456:
77:
4362:
3940:
Asakura, Sho; Eguchi, Goro; Iino, Tetsuo (October 1964). "Reconstitution of bacterial flagella in vitro".
7643:
7534:
7045:
2281:
1288:
523:
8868:
1622:
for flagellar microtubules and is about 500 nanometers long. Basal bodies are structurally identical to
1337:
Different species of bacteria have different numbers and arrangements of flagella, named using the term
619:
8894:
8855:
8754:
7524:
7025:
6990:
2637:
Wang, Qingfeng; Suzuki, Asaka; Mariconda, Susana; Porwollik, Steffen; Harshey, Rasika M (1 June 2005).
2202:
akont: cells without flagella. It was also used to refer to taxonomic groups, as Aconta or Akonta: the
913:
338:
8628:
3227:
Metlina, A. L. (November 2004). "Bacterial and archaeal flagella as prokaryotic motility organelles".
117:
7579:
2289:
1549:
1037:
1029:
918:
17:
2188:
stephanokont: cells with a crown of flagella near its anterior end, e.g., the gametes and spores of
2131:, flagella are laterally to terminally inserted, but are directed posteriorly during rapid swimming.
8352:
7241:
7113:
7100:
6629:
4697:
McCarter, Linda L. (2004). "Dual Flagellar Systems Enable Motility under Different Circumstances".
4209:
Titz, Björn; Rajagopala, Seesandra V.; Ester, Claudia; Häuser, Roman; Uetz, Peter (November 2006).
1698:
1118:
1112:
982:
838:
112:
100:
4258:
Kakkanat, Asha; Phan, Minh-Duy; Lo, Alvin W.; Beatson, Scott A.; Schembri, Mark A. (10 May 2017).
8592:
7519:
7499:
6965:
3697:
3604:
1702:
1476:
1450:
865:
247:
3435:"Structural Insights into Type III Secretion Systems of the Bacterial Flagellum and Injectisome"
2457:"Assembly and Motility of Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii"
1229:, where the viscosity of the surrounding water is much more important than its mass or inertia.
8884:
8789:
8728:
8667:
8381:
7529:
7381:
6892:
6594:
6569:
2264:
1734:
The first situation is found either in specialized cells of multicellular organisms (e.g., the
1318:
1312:
1185:
977:
595:
591:
573:
519:
499:
495:
375:
at its base which can turn clockwise or counterclockwise. They provide two of several kinds of
323:
136:
8749:
8740:
8326:
7574:
7401:
7344:
7079:
6945:
6833:
6619:
6512:
5774:
5741:
5609:
5582:
5474:
5439:
5254:
4529:
1755:
1714:
1578:
since the 1970s) or "cilia" for both (e.g., Hülsmann, 1992; Adl et al., 2012; most papers of
1503:
1287:
At least 10 protein components of the bacterial flagellum share homologous proteins with the
1282:
1241:
1123:
987:
650:
5224:
4096:"Evolution of the type III secretion system and its effectors in plant–microbe interactions"
2612:
7326:
7126:
7030:
6995:
6866:
6382:
6315:
5863:
5010:
4951:
4650:"Effect of viscosity on swimming by the lateral and polar flagella of Vibrio alginolyticus"
4407:
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3757:
3561:
3391:
3339:
3308:
3162:
3072:
3029:
2978:
2301:
1380:
1374:
1144:
572:, i.e., by the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) across the bacterial cell membrane due to a
511:
505:
8452:
5851:
1614:
is characteristic of the eukaryotic flagellum. At the base of a eukaryotic flagellum is a
8:
8889:
8677:
7569:
7504:
7271:
7260:
7137:
7120:
6492:
4396:"Architecture of a flagellar apparatus in the fast-swimming magnetotactic bacterium MO-1"
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3529:
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3451:
3434:
3395:
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3127:
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3033:
2982:
2162:
isokont: cells with flagella of equal length. It was also formerly used to refer to the
7926:
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6333:
6279:
6169:
6134:
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6007:
5995:
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1308:
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582:
species have two kinds of flagella, lateral and polar, and some are driven by a sodium
387:
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5110:
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4998:
4974:
4929:
4807:
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3605:"The Bacterial Flagellar Motor: Structure and Function of a Complex Molecular Machine"
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5768:
5747:
5722:
5676:
5648:
5615:
5588:
5561:
5533:
5482:
5450:
5420:
5379:
5336:
5300:
5260:
5230:
5169:
5155:
5114:
5079:
5038:
4979:
4910:
4861:
4812:
4763:
4758:
4741:
4714:
4679:
4665:
4630:
4625:
4616:
4600:
4573:
4568:
4551:
4511:
4435:
4344:
4334:
4299:
4240:
4191:
4140:
4117:
4112:
4095:
4076:
4041:
3995:
3957:
3922:
3887:
3836:
3735:
3634:
3624:
3577:
3534:
3516:
3495:"CryoEM structures reveal how the bacterial flagellum rotates and switches direction"
3476:
3464:
3456:
3433:
Worrall, Liam J.; Majewski, Dorothy D.; Strynadka, Natalie C.J. (15 September 2023).
3407:
3355:
3312:
3275:
3244:
3201:
3166:
3131:
3088:
2994:
2935:
2909:
2874:
2856:
2817:
2768:
2719:
2668:
2604:
2563:
2512:
2486:
2437:
2280:
Many components of bacterial flagella share sequence similarity to components of the
2207:
1446:
1149:
1057:
928:
771:
763:
676:
268:
31:
6011:
5891:
5312:
5209:
4726:
4585:
4024:
Saier, M (March 2004). "Evolution of bacterial type III protein secretion systems".
4007:
3367:
3213:
3006:
308:" to describe its lash-like swimming motion. The flagellum in archaea is called the
300:
8841:
8697:
8541:
8488:
8440:
8399:
8364:
8357:
8294:
8171:
8097:
7406:
7386:
7310:
7184:
7131:
7070:
6398:
6390:
6323:
6271:
6221:
6205:
6164:
6146:
6097:
6056:
6038:
5991:
5956:
5871:
5797:
5712:
5523:
5515:
5410:
5369:
5292:
5197:
5159:
5151:
5106:
5069:
5028:
5018:
4969:
4959:
4900:
4892:
4851:
4843:
4802:
4794:
4753:
4706:
4669:
4661:
4620:
4612:
4563:
4501:
4491:
4425:
4415:
4326:
4289:
4279:
4230:
4222:
4181:
4173:
4107:
4068:
4033:
3987:
3949:
3914:
3877:
3867:
3826:
3816:
3766:
3705:
3616:
3589:
3569:
3524:
3506:
3446:
3419:
3399:
3347:
3304:
3236:
3193:
3158:
3149:
Harshey, RM (2003). "Bacterial motility on a surface: many ways to a common goal".
3123:
3114:
Jahn, T L; Bovee, E C (October 1965). "Movement and Locomotion of Microorganisms".
3100:
3080:
3049:
3037:
2986:
2901:
2864:
2848:
2807:
2799:
2758:
2750:
2709:
2699:
2658:
2650:
2594:
2553:
2545:
2476:
2468:
2427:
2203:
2083:
2049:
1970:
acronematic: flagella with a single, terminal mastigoneme or flagellar hair (e.g.,
1847:
1402:) have multiple flagella located at the same spot on the bacterial surface such as
1245:
1052:
660:
491:
255:, for example, uses its flagella to propel itself through the stomach to reach the
160:
7726:
6429:"Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum"
4896:
4847:
4798:
3351:
3256:
397:
are identical in structure, but have different lengths, waveforms, and functions.
232:
8473:
7705:
7514:
7391:
7217:
7201:
7189:
7005:
6930:
6517:
5717:
5700:
5555:
4648:
Atsumi, T; Maekawa, Y; Yamada, T; Kawagishi, I; Imae, Y; Homma, M (August 1996).
4284:
3821:
1627:
1409:
1358:
1226:
1154:
941:
833:
583:
479:
455:
105:
6428:
5637:
5229:. The Systematics Association Special Volume. Vol. 59. Taylor and Francis.
3755:
Hildebrand, Milton (November 1959). "Motions of the running Cheetah and Horse".
598:
almost instantaneously, caused by a slight change in the position of a protein,
398:
8657:
8498:
8408:
8394:
8195:
8051:
7999:
7856:
7775:
7584:
7315:
7230:
7106:
6480:
5504:"The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms"
5330:
5003:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3872:
3511:
2173:
2169:
2059:
2045:
2021:
1978:
1945:
1919:
1915:
1586:
below) is still common (e.g., Andersen et al., 1991; Leadbeater et al., 2000).
1579:
1082:
923:
845:
264:
256:
6151:
5097:
Hülsmann, Norbert (August 1992). "Undulipodium: End of a useless discussion".
4783:"Regulation of lateral flagella gene transcription in Vibrio parahaemolyticus"
4037:
3856:"Helicobacter pylori infection: a dynamic process from diagnosis to treatment"
3240:
2905:
2599:
1561:
The "9+2" structure is visible in this cross-section micrograph of an axoneme.
1256:
with the body following the flagella. Counterclockwise rotation is called the
8878:
8836:
8587:
8559:
8463:
8436:
8433:
8367:
7861:
7835:
7785:
7594:
7564:
7449:
7444:
7171:
7148:
7085:
7055:
7050:
6763:
6723:
6698:
6614:
6527:
6502:
6350:
6217:
6209:
6160:
6111:
6052:
6043:
4552:"Comparative cryo-electron tomography of pathogenic Lyme disease spirochetes"
4496:
3520:
3460:
2860:
2704:
2654:
2179:
2074:
1990:
1941:
1820:
1575:
998:
908:
886:
823:
538:
475:
459:
451:
447:
446:, passing through protein rings in the cell's membrane that act as bearings.
228:
85:
5675:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Society of Protozoologists. pp. 1346–85.
4964:
4832:"Analysis of the Lateral Flagellar Gene System of Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3"
4420:
3403:
1898:
whiplash flagella (= smooth, acronematic flagella): without hairs, e.g., in
1464:
56:
8774:
8744:
8604:
8255:
8107:
8102:
8004:
7940:
7804:
7670:
7666:
7589:
7484:
7411:
7366:
7338:
7235:
7211:
7060:
6985:
6955:
6950:
6940:
6743:
6715:
6693:
6686:
6666:
6606:
6522:
6507:
6408:
6235:
6178:
6119:
6070:
6003:
5968:
5773:(2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p.
5726:
5537:
5519:
5424:
5399:"Evolution of microtubule organizing centers across the tree of eukaryotes"
5383:
5304:
5173:
5118:
5083:
4983:
4914:
4865:
4767:
4718:
4634:
4577:
4515:
4439:
4348:
4303:
4244:
4195:
4121:
4080:
4045:
3999:
3961:
3926:
3891:
3840:
3638:
3538:
3468:
3411:
3359:
3316:
3248:
3205:
3170:
2913:
2878:
2772:
2723:
2672:
2608:
2567:
2549:
2490:
2441:
2292:(the nomenclature of pili and protein secretion systems is not consistent).
2285:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2128:
2124:
2109:
2101:
2087:
2039:
2025:
2015:
1923:
1899:
1867:
1812:
1804:
1774:
1678:
to the transport of fluid along a stationary layer of cells such as in the
1651:
1611:
1571:
1442:
1296:
1107:
828:
808:
781:
776:
730:
718:
628:
555:
409:
405:
394:
260:
5883:
5074:
5057:
5023:
4816:
4683:
3709:
3581:
3135:
3092:
2998:
2821:
2803:
2432:
2415:
2233:
1904:
hairy flagella (= tinsel, flimmer, pleuronematic flagella): with hairs (=
259:
where it may colonise the epithelium and potentially cause gastritis, and
8804:
8779:
8767:
8582:
8536:
8337:
8304:
8284:
8205:
8118:
7989:
7957:
7895:
7885:
7820:
7795:
7743:
7554:
7539:
7489:
7354:
7178:
6975:
6970:
6925:
6845:
6811:
6738:
6733:
6624:
6252:
Longcore, Joyce E.; Pessier, Allan P.; Nichols, Donald K. (March 1999). "
6193:
6133:
Nuno de Sousa Machado, João; Albers, Sonja-Verena; Daum, Bertram (2022).
5042:
4946:
4260:"Novel genes associated with enhanced motility of Escherichia coli ST131"
2836:
2754:
2343:
2183:
2163:
2105:
2079:
2055:
1994:
1984:
1955:
1949:
1905:
1828:
1816:
1796:
1766:
1675:
1599:
1459:
1164:
1093:
818:
803:
748:
587:
533:
have been elucidated in great detail, especially with the development of
530:
402:
361:
342:
320:
72:
4601:"Analysis of the Polar Flagellar Gene System of Vibrio parahaemolyticus"
4226:
3991:
2852:
8818:
8813:
8794:
8784:
8762:
8418:
8342:
8162:
8133:
8061:
8040:
7911:
7799:
7753:
7695:
7439:
7376:
7305:
7297:
7095:
7090:
7035:
6840:
6780:
6773:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6703:
6649:
6639:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6403:
6283:
6192:
Jarrell, Ken F; Albers, Sonja-Verena; Machado, J Nuno de Sousa (2021).
6083:
5960:
5481:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–24.
5296:
5201:
4177:
3778:
2389:
2339:
2224:
2113:
2092:
2069:
2000:
1927:
1871:
1859:
1851:
1824:
1778:
1735:
1615:
1557:
1543:
1532:
1510:
1438:
1384:)—both flagella rotate but coordinate to produce coherent thrust.
962:
813:
736:
724:
712:
706:
443:
383:
309:
240:
213:
6135:"Towards Elucidating the Rotary Mechanism of the Archaellum Machinery"
6102:
6085:
5554:
Austin, CR (1995). Grudzinskas, Jurgis Gediminas; Yovich, J L (eds.).
5415:
5398:
4710:
4330:
3197:
2472:
537:. The best understood parts are the parts between the inner and outer
142:
8799:
8672:
8662:
8508:
8483:
8413:
8265:
8245:
8231:
8210:
8138:
8018:
7921:
7900:
7846:
7738:
7717:
7509:
7494:
7434:
7416:
7396:
7371:
7332:
7160:
6861:
6823:
6796:
6768:
6661:
6644:
6579:
6552:
6484:
6328:
6303:
6262:
4999:"Bacterial flagella rotating in bundles: a study in helical geometry"
3918:
3573:
3084:
3041:
2990:
2414:
Bardy, Sonia L.; Ng, Sandy Y. M.; Jarrell, Ken F. (1 February 2003).
2335:
2065:
2029:
1843:
1770:
1743:
1631:
1623:
1486:
1372:
bacteria have a single flagellum on each of two opposite ends (e.g.,
1249:
742:
700:
483:
435:
431:
353:
The three types of flagella are bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic.
319:
are identical in structure but have different lengths and functions.
291:
272:
205:
81:
62:
35:
6394:
6275:
3791:
the cheetah's fastest recorded speed was 110 km/h (68 mph)
3770:
3295:
Macnab, Robert M. (October 2003). "How Bacteria Assemble Flagella".
1662:
1630:, so that the interior of the flagellum is accessible to the cell's
1445:
arising from opposite poles of the cell, and are located within the
529:
The atomic structure of both bacterial flagella as well as the TTSS
8835: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
8692:
8687:
8599:
8564:
8493:
8478:
8468:
8347:
8270:
8221:
8185:
8152:
8066:
7978:
7875:
7830:
7710:
7690:
7559:
7265:
7224:
7206:
6980:
6917:
6908:
6806:
6562:
6547:
6542:
4740:
Merino, Susana; Shaw, Jonathan G.; Tomás, Juan M. (October 2006).
2321:
2196:. Term introduced by Blackman & Tansley (1902) to refer to the
2033:
2004:
1971:
1875:
1832:
1800:
1747:
1728:
1524:
1481:
1292:
1139:
1134:
283:
224:
6194:"A comprehensive history of motility and Archaellation in Archaea"
3329:
1765:
Flagellated lifecycle stages are found in many groups, e.g., many
8609:
8128:
8082:
7721:
7674:
7619:
7549:
7426:
7165:
6828:
6728:
6681:
6557:
5062:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
4549:
2325:
2297:
2228:
1883:
1836:
1751:
1739:
1595:
1537:
1428:
1087:
1008:
972:
427:
287:
236:
27:
Cellular appendage functioning as locomotive or sensory organelle
2891:
2123:
opisthokont: cells with flagella inserted posteriorly, e.g., in
1754:
and many eukaryotes with a "flagellate condition" (or "monadoid
8531:
8389:
8092:
7968:
7700:
7281:
7252:
6671:
6132:
4829:
2583:"Helicobacter pylori: ulcers and more: the beginning of an era"
2260:
2237:
1863:
1792:
1787:
1724:
1647:
1013:
1003:
967:
578:
518:
The basal body has several traits in common with some types of
471:
463:
357:
217:
8503:
8071:
7733:
4878:
4137:
The edge of evolution: the search for the limits of Darwinism
2363:
Multiple flagella in lophotrichous arrangement on surface of
2317:
2178:
heterokont: term introduced by Luther (1899) to refer to the
2168:
anisokont: cells with flagella of unequal length, e.g., some
1879:
1782:
1686:
1671:
1432:
1302:
692:
439:
327:
316:
295:
220:
209:
201:
184:
39:
5328:
4647:
4211:"Novel Conserved Assembly Factor of the Bacterial Flagellum"
3732:
Living at Micro Scale: The Unexpected Physics of Being Small
2636:
2531:
1933:
with stiff hairs (= tubular hairs, retronemes, mastigonemes
1914:
with fine hairs (= non-tubular, or simple hairs): occurs in
8847:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
7599:
6877:
4930:"A macroscopic scale model of bacterial flagellar bundling"
2394:
2097:
1720:
1646:
Each of the outer 9 doublet microtubules extends a pair of
1418:
bacteria have flagella projecting in all directions (e.g.,
599:
565:
305:
178:
169:
4742:"Bacterial lateral flagella: an inducible flagella system"
3492:
2455:
Silflow, Carolyn D.; Lefebvre, Paul A. (1 December 2001).
1999:
with proboscis (trunk-like protrusion of the cell): e.g.,
175:
6801:
5587:. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 65.
5186:
4208:
4159:
3374:
2686:
Albers, Sonja-Verena; Jarrell, Ken F. (27 January 2015).
2639:"Sensing wetness: a new role for the bacterial flagellum"
2342:. Nine interconnected props attach the kinetosome to the
450:
organisms have two of these basal body rings, one in the
7665:
3432:
6478:
5508:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5501:
3380:
2737:
Quax, TEF; Albers, SV; Pfeiffer, F (14 December 2018).
6251:
5909:(Fifteenth, Global ed.). NY, NY. pp. 70–71.
5223:
Leadbeater, Barry S. C.; Green, John C., eds. (2000).
4927:
2334:
the flagellum is 19–20 μm long. A nonfunctioning
564:
The bacterial flagellum is driven by a rotary engine (
371:
Bacterial flagella are helical filaments, each with a
246:
A microorganism may have from one to many flagella. A
5468:
5466:
4393:
4257:
4094:
McCann, Honour C.; Guttman, David S. (January 2008).
3660:"Inside nature's most efficient motor: the flagellar"
3272:
Pili and Flagella: Current Research and Future Trends
2509:
Pili and flagella: current research and future trends
2240:
which are necessary for proper assembly or function.
2137:
subakrokont: cells with flagella inserted subapically
2119:
According to the place of insertion of the flagella:
312:
to note its difference from the bacterial flagellum.
163:
6191:
5942:
5940:
5852:"The origin of eukaryotic and archaebacterial cells"
5643:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
4881:"Polar Flagellum Biogenesis in Aeromonas hydrophila"
2232:
which lacks a central channel. Similar to bacterial
1449:
as shown by breaking the outer-membrane and also by
181:
166:
5136:
4780:
3551:
2154:
isodynamic: flagella beating with the same patterns
1974:); some authors use the term as synonym of whiplash
172:
5981:
5699:Jeuck, Alexandra; Arndt, Hartmut (November 2013).
5636:
5463:
3904:
2736:
2140:pleurokont: cells with flagella inserted laterally
1964:stichonematic flagella: with a single row of hairs
1547:Longitudinal section through the flagella area in
8292:
5937:
5252:
4599:Kim, Yun-Kyeong; McCarter, Linda L. (July 2000).
3939:
3723:
3270:Jarrell, K (2009). "Archaeal Flagella and Pili".
2148:gliding: a flagellum that trails on the substrate
1594:The core of a eukaryotic flagellum, known as the
8876:
5790:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany
5473:Webster, John; Weber, Roland (25 January 2007).
5248:
5246:
4739:
4484:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
4473:
3860:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
6247:
6245:
6024:
5444:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5256:Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology
5222:
4934:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4400:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3898:
3183:
3019:
2837:"Coordination of eukaryotic cilia and flagella"
2454:
2263:ions; archaeal flagella rotation is powered by
2134:akrokont: cells with flagella inserted apically
367:Other differences among these three types are:
275:, being sensitive to wetness outside the cell.
271:, the flagellum can also function as a sensory
8850:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
5849:
5843:
5549:
5547:
5397:Yubuki, Naoji; Leander, Brian S. (July 2013).
4781:Belas, R; Simon, M; Silverman, M (July 1986).
4058:
2968:
2786:Haimo, L T; Rosenbaum, J L (1 December 1981).
2785:
2413:
2247:Bacterial flagella rotation is powered by the
1618:, "blepharoplast" or kinetosome, which is the
8253:
7651:
6893:
6464:
5580:
5396:
5362:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
5243:
4093:
3973:
3971:
3853:
3679:"Unlocking the secrets of nature's nanomotor"
2934:(Sixth ed.). New York, NY. p. 942.
2685:
1967:pantonematic flagella: with two rows of hairs
1940:bipartite hairs: with two regions. Occurs in
1731:, which may be produced continually or not).
1626:. The flagellum is encased within the cell's
1606:surrounding two central single microtubules (
1206:
482:, and the S ring is directly attached to the
6242:
5817:"Origin and evolution of flagellar movement"
5472:
5349:
5273:
5049:
4921:
4316:
3977:
3784:
3488:
3486:
3062:
2580:
2448:
2288:, which are assembled through the action of
486:. The filament ends with a capping protein.
421:
6025:Chimileski, Scott; Papke, R. Thane (2015).
5946:
5544:
5324:
5322:
5226:Flagellates: Unity, Diversity and Evolution
5132:
5130:
5128:
4598:
4467:
4162:"The protein network of bacterial motility"
3602:
2925:
2923:
2574:
2525:
2407:
2158:Other terms related to the flagellar type:
1708:
1693:
1260:with the flagella lagging behind the body.
7658:
7644:
6900:
6886:
6471:
6457:
5929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5856:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5698:
5670:
5614:. London: Academic Press. pp. 57–79.
5332:Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Movement
5253:Barsanti, Laura; Gualtieri, Paolo (2006).
5140:"The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes"
4990:
4052:
3968:
3754:
3323:
3263:
2962:
2954:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2779:
2502:
2500:
2038:triflagellated: e.g., the gametes of some
1701:, the process by which axonemal subunits,
1583:
1303:Flagella and the intelligent design debate
1213:
1199:
71:
55:
34:. For the flagella of male Solifugae, see
8160:
6402:
6344:
6327:
6225:
6168:
6150:
6101:
6060:
6042:
5746:. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 98–99.
5716:
5560:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5527:
5414:
5373:
5163:
5073:
5032:
5022:
4973:
4963:
4945:
4904:
4855:
4806:
4757:
4690:
4673:
4624:
4567:
4505:
4495:
4429:
4419:
4293:
4283:
4234:
4185:
4111:
3881:
3871:
3830:
3820:
3729:
3698:"Bacterial engines have their own clutch"
3695:
3528:
3510:
3483:
3450:
3113:
2868:
2811:
2762:
2713:
2703:
2662:
2598:
2557:
2480:
2431:
1332:
30:For the insect anatomical structure, see
8840:
5694:
5692:
5319:
5125:
5096:
4696:
4019:
4017:
3933:
3220:
3142:
3013:
2920:
1670:The regular beat patterns of eukaryotic
1661:
1657:
1556:
1542:
1531:
1523:
1244:brought about by rotating its flagellum
554:
412:found in both flagella and motile cilia.
337:
204:for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hair-like
6365:
6260:, a Chytrid Pathogenic to Amphibians".
5904:
5787:
5766:
4872:
4823:
4733:
4641:
4522:
3802:
3734:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3545:
3288:
3269:
3226:
3148:
2929:
2506:
2497:
2378:Physical model of a bacterial flagellum
14:
8877:
6426:
5898:
5814:
5739:
5553:
5355:
5055:
4996:
4774:
4446:
3676:
3603:Kojima, Seiji; Blair, David F (2004),
3309:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090832
3294:
3163:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.091014
2581:Lacy, BE; Rosemore, J (October 2001).
1519:
426:The bacterial flagellum is made up of
7639:
6881:
6452:
5689:
5607:
5437:
5056:Taylor, F J R Max (1 November 2003).
4355:
4023:
4014:
3789:. Struik Publishers. pp. 37–38.
3107:
3056:
2679:
1989:with undulating membrane: e.g., some
1589:
551:Rotating locomotion in living systems
478:layer, the M ring is embedded in the
416:
6349:. Oakland University. Archived from
6301:
5673:An illustrated guide to the protozoa
4592:
4387:
4134:
3730:Dusenbery, DB (2009). "Chapter 13".
3657:
2349:
2320:to have a single flagellum on their
2218:
1441:, in contrast, have flagella called
462:organisms have four such rings: the
6345:Lindemann, Charles (4 April 2008).
5634:
5356:Pazour, Gregory J. (October 2004).
4474:Echazarreta, MA; Klose, KE (2019).
4375:from the original on 9 October 2022
3847:
3785:Hunter, Luke; Hamman, Dave (2003).
3748:
3452:10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-025503
3177:
3128:10.1146/annurev.mi.19.100165.000321
2835:Wan, Kirsty Y. (21 November 2018).
2834:
2788:"Cilia, flagella, and microtubules"
2730:
2511:. Norfolk: Caister academic press.
1598:is a bundle of nine fused pairs of
193:
24:
6294:
5996:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00575.x
5876:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40596.x
5802:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb01352.x
5375:10.1097/01.ASN.0000141055.57643.E0
5144:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2688:"The archaellum: how archaea swim"
2144:According to the beating pattern:
1803:(assexual zoospores and gametes),
25:
8911:
6437:
5611:The Fine Structure of Algal Cells
2534:"Sperm design and sperm function"
2416:"Prokaryotic motility structures"
576:set up by the cell's metabolism (
8830:
7004:
6302:Berg, Howard C. (January 2000).
5949:Biochemical Society Transactions
5156:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
5099:European Journal of Protistology
4759:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00403.x
4666:10.1128/jb.178.16.5024-5026.1996
4617:10.1128/JB.182.13.3693-3704.2000
4569:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06613.x
4113:10.1111/J.1469-8137.2007.02293.X
3696:Whitfield, John (19 June 2008).
3609:International Review of Cytology
2743:Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
2371:
2356:
1180:
1179:
618:
356:The flagella in eukaryotes have
159:
6676:
6427:Matzke, NJ (10 November 2003).
6185:
6126:
6077:
6018:
5975:
5907:Brock biology of microorganisms
5808:
5781:
5760:
5733:
5664:
5628:
5601:
5581:South, GR; Whittick, A (1987).
5574:
5495:
5431:
5390:
5216:
5180:
5090:
4543:
4310:
4251:
4202:
4153:
4128:
4087:
3796:
3689:
3670:
3651:
3596:
3426:
2885:
2828:
1839:fungi (zoospores and gametes).
613:Microbial and microbot movement
8405:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
6347:"Mechanisms of sperm motility"
6254:Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis
3803:Meadows, Robin (10 May 2011).
2630:
2331:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2044:quadriflagellated: e.g., some
1769:(zoospores and male gametes),
1565:
13:
1:
8375:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
6936:High lipid content microalgae
6635:Microtubule organizing center
6444:Cell Image Library - Flagella
6368:"Life at Low Reynolds Number"
6304:"Motile Behavior of Bacteria"
5111:10.1016/s0932-4739(11)80231-2
4897:10.1128/JB.188.2.542-555.2006
4848:10.1128/JB.188.3.852-862.2006
4799:10.1128/jb.167.1.210-218.1986
4073:10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00612-7
3954:10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80026-7
3621:10.1016/s0074-7696(04)33003-2
3439:Annual Review of Microbiology
3352:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.029
3297:Annual Review of Microbiology
3151:Annual Review of Microbiology
3116:Annual Review of Microbiology
2932:Molecular biology of the cell
2507:Jarrell, Ken F., ed. (2009).
2400:
2227:possessed by some species of
1620:microtubule organizing center
1394:Greek combining term meaning
6907:
5905:Madigan, Michael T. (2019).
5718:10.1016/j.protis.2013.08.003
4285:10.1371/journal.pone.0176290
4139:. New York, NY: Free Press.
3942:Journal of Molecular Biology
3822:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001061
3677:Nagata, Yoshio (June 2014).
2894:Journal of Molecular Biology
2054:octoflagellated: e.g., some
1791:, as male gametes), centric
1641:
1584:§ Flagella versus cilia
1276:
227:), and from a wide range of
208:that protrudes from certain
7:
7535:Fish diseases and parasites
7046:Photosynthetic picoplankton
6375:American Journal of Physics
5743:Protozoa and other Protists
5445:Leadbeater & Green 2000
5259:. Florida, USA: CRC Press.
4997:Macnab, RM (January 1977).
3980:Nature Reviews Microbiology
3658:Dean, Tim (2 August 2010).
2792:The Journal of Cell Biology
2383:
2014:uniflagellated: e.g., most
1889:
1493:
1289:type three secretion system
1263:
524:type-three secretion system
239:with flagella are known as
38:. For Eukaryotic only, see
10:
8916:
7809:
7525:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
7026:Heterotrophic picoplankton
5850:Cavalier-Smith, T (1987).
5557:Gametes - the spermatozoon
5440:"The flagellate condition"
3873:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1257817
3805:"How Bacteria Shift Gears"
3512:10.1038/s41564-024-01674-1
3274:. Caister Academic Press.
2282:type III secretion systems
1712:
1457:In certain large forms of
1306:
1280:
914:Bacteria collective motion
548:
515:has seven protofilaments.
438:-thick hollow tube. It is
29:
8714:
8648:
8573:
8550:
8517:
8450:
8324:
8317:
8283:
8244:
8219:
8193:
8184:
8151:
8116:
8080:
8049:
8026:
8017:
7987:
7966:
7948:
7939:
7909:
7883:
7874:
7844:
7818:
7783:
7774:
7767:
7681:
7580:Marine primary production
7477:
7425:
7362:
7353:
7296:
7251:
7156:
7147:
7069:
7013:
7002:
6915:
6854:
6789:
6714:
6605:
6491:
6152:10.3389/fmicb.2022.848597
6139:Frontiers in Microbiology
6031:Frontiers in Microbiology
5984:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
5827:: 137–138. Archived from
5584:Introduction to Phycology
4746:FEMS Microbiology Letters
4166:Molecular Systems Biology
4135:Behe, Michael J. (2007).
4038:10.1016/j.tim.2004.01.003
3664:Australian Life Scientist
3241:10.1007/s10541-005-0065-8
2906:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.057
2692:Frontiers in Microbiology
2311:
2290:type II secretion systems
2210:(Oltmanns, 1904), or the
2020:biflagellated: e.g., all
1827:(zoospores and gametes),
1799:(zoospores and gametes),
1550:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1502:in place, referred to as
1038:Synthetic molecular motor
919:Collective cell migration
422:Structure and composition
401:are immotile, and have a
135:
123:
111:
99:
94:
70:
54:
49:
7696:Mastigophora/Flagellates
7500:Algal nutrient solutions
7242:Thalassiosira pseudonana
7114:Flavobacterium columnare
7101:Enteric redmouth disease
6630:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
6044:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00362
4497:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00131
2705:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00023
2655:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600668
2587:The Journal of Nutrition
2064:multiflagellated: e.g.,
1983:with spines: e.g., some
1762:, an artificial group).
1709:Evolution and occurrence
1699:Intraflagellar transport
1694:Intraflagellar transport
839:Self-propelled particles
544:
535:cryo-electron microscopy
333:
315:Eukaryotic flagella and
8734:Baas-Becking hypothesis
7520:Diel vertical migration
7036:Microphyte (microalgae)
7021:Eukaryotic picoplankton
6966:Paradox of the plankton
5285:Journal of Cell Science
4965:10.1073/pnas.2633596100
4885:Journal of Bacteriology
4836:Journal of Bacteriology
4787:Journal of Bacteriology
4654:Journal of Bacteriology
4605:Journal of Bacteriology
4421:10.1073/pnas.1215274109
4215:Journal of Bacteriology
3404:10.1126/science.1155307
2930:Alberts, Bruce (2015).
2600:10.1093/jn/131.10.2789S
2255:or occasionally by the
1874:, in the sperm of some
1703:transmembrane receptors
1574:" (e.g., all papers by
1477:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
1451:electron cryotomography
866:Biohybrid microswimmers
797:Microbots and particles
248:gram-negative bacterium
8729:Microbial biogeography
7382:Gelatinous zooplankton
6210:10.1093/femsmc/xtab002
6090:Molecular Microbiology
5520:10.1098/rspb.2011.0289
4556:Molecular Microbiology
4026:Trends in Microbiology
3783:Although according to
2841:Essays in Biochemistry
2550:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0449
1667:
1562:
1554:
1540:
1529:
1333:Flagellar arrangements
1313:Irreducible complexity
596:flagellar motor switch
574:concentration gradient
561:
500:Caulobacter crescentus
496:Salmonella typhimurium
403:structurally different
350:
299:
137:Anatomical terminology
7749:Fungus-like organisms
7575:Marine microorganisms
7345:Velvet (fish disease)
7080:Aeromonas salmonicida
6946:Marine microorganisms
6620:Intermediate filament
6513:Endoplasmic reticulum
5075:10.1099/ijs.0.02587-0
5024:10.1073/pnas.74.1.221
3710:10.1038/news.2008.903
3229:Biochemistry (Moscow)
2804:10.1083/jcb.91.3.125s
2433:10.1099/mic.0.25948-0
2338:lies adjacent to the
2192:, the spores of some
1825:plasmodiophoromycetes
1777:(male gametes), some
1756:level of organization
1715:Evolution of flagella
1713:Further information:
1665:
1658:Flagella versus cilia
1560:
1546:
1535:
1527:
1283:Evolution of flagella
1124:cytoplasmic streaming
558:
549:Further information:
454:layer and one in the
341:
80:image of flagellated
8464:Simple cell membrane
8400:Pseudoparenchymatous
8388:Filamentous/trichal/
8372:Colonial flagellated
8305:Collar of microvilli
7327:Pfiesteria piscicida
7127:Marine bacteriophage
7031:Marine microplankton
6867:Extracellular matrix
6366:Purcell, EM (1977).
5770:Aquatic phycomycetes
5767:Sparrow, FK (1960).
5438:Raven, J.A. (2000).
4699:Microbial Physiology
4480:Flagellar Synthesis"
4363:"Bacterial flagella"
3907:Molecular BioSystems
3758:Journal of Mammalogy
3615:, Elsevier: 93–134,
3186:Microbial Physiology
2755:10.1042/ETLS20180089
2302:convergent evolution
2127:(Vischer, 1945). In
1846:, some green algae (
1835:(male gametes), and
1819:(probably gametes),
1685:Although eukaryotic
1536:Cross section of an
1381:Alcaligenes faecalis
1375:Campylobacter jejuni
1145:Molecular biophysics
877:bacterial biohybrids
512:Campylobacter jejuni
506:Vibrio alginolyticus
466:associates with the
434:. Its shape is a 20-
263:– a risk factor for
8678:Contractile vacuole
8629:Meiosis in protists
8610:Mitosis in protists
8588:Multinucleate cells
7810:Flagellar apparatus
7759:Ambiregnal protists
7701:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
7570:Ocean acidification
7505:Artificial seawater
7272:Coscinodiscophyceae
7138:Streptococcus iniae
7121:Pelagibacter ubique
6570:Cytoplasmic granule
6387:1977AmJPh..45....3P
6320:2000PhT....53a..24B
5868:1987NYASA.503...17C
5815:Sleigh, MA (1985).
5514:(1715): 2081–2090.
5015:1977PNAS...74..221M
4956:2003PNAS..10015481K
4940:(26): 15481–15485.
4412:2012PNAS..10920643R
4406:(50): 20643–20648.
4276:2017PLoSO..1276290K
4227:10.1128/JB.00820-06
3992:10.1038/nrmicro1493
3683:Nikkei Asian Review
3566:1992Natur.355..182A
3499:Nature Microbiology
3396:2008Sci...320..382G
3344:2004FEBSL.568..105D
3077:1973Natur.245..380B
3034:1987Natur.325..637L
2983:1974Natur.249...73S
2853:10.1042/ebc20180029
2593:(10): 2789S–2793S.
2365:Helicobacter pylori
2257:sodium-motive force
2249:proton motive force
2214:(Christensen, 1962)
1977:with scales: e.g.,
1809:labyrinthulomycetes
1520:Eukaryotic flagella
1474:spp. (particularly
1405:Helicobacter pylori
1319:irreducibly complex
1160:Non-motile bacteria
1099:Axophilic migration
1048:Molecular propeller
1043:Molecular modelling
608:Part of a series on
570:proton-motive force
468:lipopolysaccharides
382:Archaeal flagella (
252:Helicobacter pylori
8509:Periplast/pellicle
8232:Periplast/pellicle
8172:Cruciform division
6595:Weibel–Palade body
6479:Structures of the
5961:10.1042/BST0390064
5740:Sleigh, M (1989).
5659:lee tubular hairs.
5608:Dodge, JD (1973).
5297:10.1242/jcs.051326
5202:10.1007/bf01320809
4178:10.1038/msb4100166
2739:"Taxis in archaea"
2618:on 7 February 2009
2096:, the gametes (or
1854:except cycads and
1811:(zoospores), some
1742:, or the ciliated
1668:
1590:Internal structure
1563:
1555:
1541:
1530:
1309:Intelligent design
1238:biased random walk
1063:Molecular tweezers
882:protist biohybrids
721:(electric current)
672:Protist locomotion
645:Bacterial motility
562:
417:Bacterial flagella
377:bacterial motility
351:
118:H1.00.01.1.01032
8895:Protein complexes
8863:Missing or empty
8856:cite encyclopedia
8842:Chambers, Ephraim
8827:
8826:
8724:Microbial ecology
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8683:Eyespot apparatus
8313:
8312:
8295:Choanoflagellates
8279:
8278:
8240:
8239:
8180:
8179:
8147:
8146:
8013:
8012:
7935:
7934:
7870:
7869:
7633:
7632:
7473:
7472:
7460:Siphonostomatoida
7455:Poecilostomatoida
7407:Crustacean larvae
7311:Choanoflagellates
7292:
7291:
7282:Bacillariophyceae
7277:Fragilariophyceae
7196:Emiliania huxleyi
7041:Nanophytoplankton
6961:Milky seas effect
6875:
6874:
6655:Spindle pole body
6431:. talkdesign.org.
6103:10.1111/mmi.14781
5475:"Spores of Fungi"
5416:10.1111/tpj.12145
5403:The Plant Journal
5368:(10): 2528–2536.
5236:978-1-4822-6822-5
4711:10.1159/000077866
4660:(16): 5024–5026.
4611:(13): 3693–3704.
4340:978-3-8055-8340-4
4331:10.1159/000107602
4221:(21): 7700–7706.
4146:978-0-7432-9620-5
3913:(11): 1105–1115.
3741:978-0-674-03116-6
3704:: news.2008.903.
3630:978-0-12-364637-8
3560:(6356): 182–184.
3390:(5874): 382–385.
3281:978-1-904455-48-6
3235:(11): 1203–1212.
3198:10.1159/000094053
3071:(5425): 380–382.
3028:(6105): 637–640.
2649:(11): 2034–2042.
2518:978-1-904455-48-6
2473:10.1104/pp.010807
2350:Additional images
2219:Archaeal flagella
2208:Bacillariophyceae
2024:, the gametes of
1680:respiratory tract
1447:periplasmic space
1356:bacteria such as
1341:, from the Greek
1223:
1222:
1150:Molecular machine
1058:molecular shuttle
951:Biological motors
929:Swarming motility
902:Collective motion
269:swarming bacteria
151:
150:
146:
32:Antenna (biology)
16:(Redirected from
8907:
8872:
8866:
8861:
8859:
8851:
8834:
8833:
8698:Mastigont system
8651:
8576:
8553:
8542:Gliding motility
8520:
8457:
8402:/plektenchymatic
8358:Amoeboflagellate
8331:
8322:
8321:
8298:
8290:
8289:
8259:
8251:
8250:
8225:
8199:
8191:
8190:
8165:
8158:
8157:
8122:
8086:
8055:
8029:
8024:
8023:
7993:
7972:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7915:
7889:
7881:
7880:
7850:
7824:
7788:
7781:
7780:
7772:
7771:
7660:
7653:
7646:
7637:
7636:
7387:Hunting copepods
7360:
7359:
7185:Chaetocerotaceae
7154:
7153:
7071:Bacterioplankton
7008:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6432:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6407:. Archived from
6406:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6341:
6331:
6329:10.1063/1.882934
6288:
6287:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6154:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6105:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6046:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5944:
5935:
5934:
5928:
5920:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5642:
5635:Lee, RE (2008).
5632:
5626:
5625:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5447:, pp. 27–48
5435:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5377:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5291:(Pt 4): 519–28.
5280:
5271:
5270:
5250:
5241:
5240:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5134:
5123:
5122:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5068:(6): 1707–1714.
5053:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5026:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4949:
4947:cond-mat/0312562
4925:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4571:
4562:(6): 1415–1434.
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4454:"tricho- prefix"
4450:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4021:
4012:
4011:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3919:10.1039/b808065h
3902:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3875:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3574:10.1038/355182a0
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3514:
3505:(5): 1271–1281.
3490:
3481:
3480:
3454:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3338:(1–3): 105–109.
3327:
3321:
3320:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3192:(3–5): 167–191.
3181:
3175:
3174:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3085:10.1038/245380a0
3060:
3054:
3053:
3042:10.1038/325637a0
3017:
3011:
3010:
2991:10.1038/249073a0
2966:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2945:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2798:(3): 125s–130s.
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2643:The EMBO Journal
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2611:. Archived from
2602:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2467:(4): 1500–1507.
2461:Plant Physiology
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2411:
2375:
2360:
2204:Zygnematophyceae
2084:Hemimastigophora
2050:Collodictyonidae
1848:Zygnematophyceae
1815:(gametes), some
1795:(male gametes),
1773:(male gametes),
1325:the motility of
1246:counterclockwise
1242:runs and tumbles
1215:
1208:
1201:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1053:molecular sensor
1030:Synthetic motors
942:Molecular motors
733:(magnetic field)
622:
605:
604:
492:Escherichia coli
474:associates with
408:rather than the
195:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
143:edit on Wikidata
140:
75:
59:
47:
46:
21:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8875:
8874:
8864:
8862:
8853:
8852:
8831:
8828:
8823:
8716:
8702:
8649:
8644:
8574:
8569:
8551:
8546:
8518:
8513:
8454:
8451:
8446:
8328:
8325:
8309:
8293:
8275:
8254:
8236:
8220:
8215:
8194:
8176:
8161:
8143:
8117:
8112:
8081:
8076:
8052:Dinoflagellates
8050:
8045:
8027:
8009:
7988:
7983:
7967:
7962:
7949:
7931:
7910:
7905:
7884:
7866:
7845:
7840:
7819:
7814:
7784:
7763:
7684:classifications
7683:
7677:
7664:
7634:
7629:
7560:Marine mucilage
7515:Biological pump
7469:
7421:
7392:Ichthyoplankton
7349:
7316:Dinoflagellates
7288:
7247:
7218:Nannochloropsis
7202:Eustigmatophyte
7190:Coccolithophore
7143:
7065:
7009:
7000:
6931:CLAW hypothesis
6911:
6906:
6876:
6871:
6850:
6785:
6710:
6601:
6518:Golgi apparatus
6494:
6487:
6477:
6440:
6435:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6395:10.1119/1.10903
6370:
6356:
6354:
6297:
6295:Further reading
6292:
6291:
6276:10.2307/3761366
6250:
6243:
6190:
6186:
6131:
6127:
6082:
6078:
6023:
6019:
5980:
5976:
5945:
5938:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5903:
5899:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5831:on 3 March 2016
5813:
5809:
5786:
5782:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5738:
5734:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5552:
5545:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5436:
5432:
5395:
5391:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5327:
5320:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5221:
5217:
5185:
5181:
5135:
5126:
5095:
5091:
5054:
5050:
4995:
4991:
4926:
4922:
4877:
4873:
4828:
4824:
4779:
4775:
4738:
4734:
4695:
4691:
4646:
4642:
4597:
4593:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4341:
4319:Genome Dynamics
4315:
4311:
4270:(5): e0176290.
4256:
4252:
4207:
4203:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4133:
4129:
4100:New Phytologist
4092:
4088:
4057:
4053:
4022:
4015:
3986:(10): 784–790.
3976:
3969:
3938:
3934:
3903:
3899:
3852:
3848:
3815:(5): e1001061.
3801:
3797:
3771:10.2307/1376265
3753:
3749:
3742:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3694:
3690:
3675:
3671:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3631:
3601:
3597:
3550:
3546:
3491:
3484:
3431:
3427:
3379:
3375:
3328:
3324:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3268:
3264:
3225:
3221:
3182:
3178:
3147:
3143:
3112:
3108:
3061:
3057:
3018:
3014:
2977:(5452): 73–74.
2967:
2963:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2928:
2921:
2890:
2886:
2833:
2829:
2784:
2780:
2735:
2731:
2684:
2680:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2616:(abstract page)
2615:
2579:
2575:
2538:Biology Letters
2530:
2526:
2519:
2505:
2498:
2453:
2449:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2314:
2221:
1937:), divided in:
1911:), divided in:
1892:
1717:
1711:
1696:
1660:
1644:
1628:plasma membrane
1592:
1568:
1522:
1496:
1431:, unlike usual
1410:polar organelle
1364:polar flagellum
1359:Vibrio cholerae
1335:
1315:
1307:Main articles:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1227:Reynolds number
1219:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1155:Nanoengineering
1130:
1115:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1020:
994:
952:
935:
934:
933:
903:
895:
894:
893:
870:
860:
852:
851:
850:
834:Janus particles
798:
790:
789:
788:
766:
756:
755:
754:
695:
685:
684:
683:
667:
647:
639:
553:
547:
520:secretory pores
480:plasma membrane
456:plasma membrane
424:
419:
336:
162:
158:
147:
90:
66:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8913:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8844:, ed. (1728).
8825:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8731:
8720:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8654:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8621:
8618:
8615:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8585:
8579:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8556:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8460:
8458:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8427:
8426:Siphonocladous
8424:
8416:
8409:Multinucleated
8406:
8403:
8397:
8395:Parenchymatous
8392:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8334:
8332:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8301:
8299:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8228:
8226:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8202:
8200:
8196:Kinetoplastids
8188:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8125:
8123:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8089:
8087:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8058:
8056:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8038:
8032:
8030:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8002:
7996:
7994:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7975:
7973:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7918:
7916:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7892:
7890:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7862:Phycobilisomes
7859:
7857:Pit connection
7853:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7836:Phycobilisomes
7833:
7827:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7791:
7789:
7786:Chloroplastida
7778:
7776:Archaeplastida
7769:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7698:
7687:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7663:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7585:Pseudoplankton
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7478:Related topics
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7431:
7429:
7427:Copepod orders
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7335:
7330:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7302:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7263:
7257:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7231:Prasinophyceae
7228:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7117:
7110:
7107:Flavobacterium
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6922:
6920:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6790:Other internal
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6726:
6720:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6489:
6488:
6476:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6439:
6438:External links
6436:
6434:
6433:
6424:
6414:on 5 June 2011
6363:
6353:on 16 May 2008
6342:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6270:(2): 219–227.
6241:
6184:
6125:
6096:(3): 943–956.
6076:
6017:
5990:(2): 147–174.
5974:
5936:
5915:
5897:
5842:
5807:
5780:
5759:
5752:
5732:
5711:(6): 842–860.
5688:
5681:
5663:
5653:
5627:
5620:
5600:
5593:
5573:
5566:
5543:
5494:
5487:
5462:
5455:
5430:
5409:(2): 230–244.
5389:
5348:
5341:
5318:
5272:
5265:
5242:
5235:
5215:
5179:
5150:(5): 429–514.
5124:
5105:(3): 253–257.
5089:
5048:
4989:
4920:
4891:(2): 542–555.
4871:
4842:(3): 852–862.
4822:
4793:(1): 210–218.
4773:
4752:(2): 127–135.
4732:
4705:(1–2): 18–29.
4689:
4640:
4591:
4542:
4521:
4466:
4445:
4386:
4354:
4339:
4309:
4250:
4201:
4152:
4145:
4127:
4086:
4051:
4032:(3): 113–115.
4013:
3967:
3932:
3897:
3846:
3795:
3765:(4): 481–495.
3747:
3740:
3722:
3688:
3669:
3650:
3629:
3595:
3544:
3482:
3445:(1): 669–698.
3425:
3373:
3322:
3287:
3280:
3262:
3219:
3176:
3141:
3106:
3055:
3012:
2961:
2940:
2919:
2884:
2847:(6): 829–838.
2827:
2778:
2749:(4): 535–546.
2729:
2678:
2629:
2573:
2544:(2): 246–249.
2524:
2517:
2496:
2447:
2426:(2): 295–304.
2405:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2313:
2310:
2304:, rather than
2294:
2293:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2234:type IV pilins
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2186:
2176:
2174:Prasinophyceae
2170:Euglenophyceae
2166:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2117:
2116:
2062:
2060:Prasinophyceae
2052:
2046:Prasinophyceae
2042:
2036:
2022:Dinoflagellata
2018:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1991:kinetoplastids
1987:
1981:
1979:Prasinophyceae
1975:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1946:Prasinophyceae
1931:
1920:Dinoflagellata
1916:Euglenophyceae
1902:
1891:
1888:
1821:foraminiferans
1710:
1707:
1695:
1692:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1640:
1591:
1588:
1580:Cavalier-Smith
1567:
1564:
1521:
1518:
1495:
1492:
1480:) and related
1424:
1423:
1413:
1385:
1367:
1362:have a single
1334:
1331:
1304:
1301:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1265:
1262:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1083:Brownian motor
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
999:Motor proteins
995:
993:
992:
991:
990:
985:
983:intraflagellar
980:
975:
970:
965:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
937:
936:
932:
931:
926:
924:Quorum sensing
921:
916:
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
892:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
871:
869:
868:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
849:
848:
846:Swarm robotics
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
787:
786:
785:
784:
779:
768:
767:
762:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
697:
696:
691:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:
680:
679:
668:
666:
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
651:run-and-tumble
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
624:
623:
615:
614:
610:
609:
586:rather than a
546:
543:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
391:
380:
335:
332:
265:stomach cancer
229:microorganisms
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
76:
68:
67:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8912:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8885:Cell movement
8883:
8882:
8880:
8873:
8870:
8857:
8849:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8837:public domain
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8755:Fertilization
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8713:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8647:
8638:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8630:
8627:
8623:Pleuromitosis
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8560:Hydrogenosome
8558:
8557:
8555:
8549:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8516:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8438:
8435:
8434:Multicellular
8432:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8323:
8320:
8316:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8282:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8256:Dictyostelids
8252:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8119:Apicomplexans
8115:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8084:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8048:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7941:Stramenopiles
7938:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7661:
7656:
7654:
7649:
7647:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7595:Tychoplankton
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7565:Microbial mat
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7450:Monstrilloida
7448:
7446:
7445:Harpacticoida
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7402:Marine larvae
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7253:Diatom orders
7250:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7172:Bacteriastrum
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Phytoplankton
7146:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7086:Cyanobacteria
7084:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7056:Picoeukaryote
7054:
7052:
7051:Picobiliphyte
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7007:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6764:Proteinoplast
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6724:Mitochondrion
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6716:Endosymbionts
6713:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6699:Lamellipodium
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6615:Microfilament
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Autophagosome
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6503:Cell membrane
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6493:Endomembrane
6490:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6469:
6467:
6462:
6460:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6430:
6425:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6308:Physics Today
6305:
6300:
6299:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6246:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6198:FEMS Microbes
6195:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5932:
5926:
5918:
5916:9781292235103
5912:
5908:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5763:
5755:
5753:9780521428057
5749:
5745:
5744:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5656:
5654:9781139469876
5650:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5631:
5623:
5621:9780323158237
5617:
5613:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5594:9781444314205
5590:
5586:
5585:
5577:
5569:
5567:9780521479967
5563:
5559:
5558:
5550:
5548:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5488:9781139461504
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5467:
5458:
5456:9781482268225
5452:
5449:. CRC Press.
5448:
5446:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
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5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5342:0-7167-3136-3
5338:
5334:
5333:
5325:
5323:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5277:
5268:
5266:9780203492598
5262:
5258:
5257:
5249:
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5232:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
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5175:
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5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4531:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4470:
4455:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3948:(1): 42–IN9.
3947:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:(1): 77–100.
3302:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2941:9780815344643
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:Xanthophyceae
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2110:pteridophytes
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2075:Stephanopogon
2071:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:Cryptophyceae
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:sensu stricto
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:apicomplexans
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:(zoospores),
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:apicomplexans
1810:
1807:(zoospores),
1806:
1805:hyphochytrids
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:pteridophytes
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1652:radial spokes
1649:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Lophotrichous
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:Amphitrichous
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1258:thruster mode
1255:
1254:traction mode
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
955:
948:
947:
944:
943:
939:
938:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:Active matter
907:
906:
899:
898:
888:
887:robotic sperm
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
872:
867:
864:
863:
856:
855:
847:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:Microparticle
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
794:
793:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
760:
759:
751:(temperature)
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
694:
689:
688:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
646:
643:
642:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:Microswimmers
626:
625:
621:
617:
616:
612:
611:
607:
606:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
557:
552:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
516:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
501:
497:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
476:peptidoglycan
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Gram-negative
457:
453:
452:peptidoglycan
449:
448:Gram-positive
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:Primary cilia
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
369:
368:
365:
363:
359:
354:
348:
344:
340:
331:
329:
325:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:three domains
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:mucous lining
254:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:
156:
144:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
93:
88:
87:
86:Chlamydomonas
83:
79:
74:
69:
64:
61:Structure of
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8865:|title=
8845:
8829:
8775:Heterotrophy
8745:Reproduction
8620:Orthomitosis
8605:Heterokaryon
8552:Mitochondria
8526:
8453:Cell surface
8329:organization
8285:Opisthokonta
8108:Micronucleus
8103:Macronucleus
8005:Pneumatocyst
7821:Glaucophytes
7805:Phragmoplast
7744:Thallophytes
7671:Protistology
7667:Microbiology
7590:Stromatolite
7485:Aeroplankton
7412:Salmon louse
7367:Chaetognatha
7339:Symbiodinium
7337:
7325:
7320:
7240:
7236:Raphidophyte
7223:
7216:
7212:Stramenopile
7194:
7177:
7170:
7136:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7078:
7061:Picoplankton
6986:Spring bloom
6956:Mycoplankton
6951:Meroplankton
6941:Holoplankton
6744:Gerontoplast
6694:Pseudopodium
6687:Radial spoke
6667:Undulipodium
6607:Cytoskeleton
6523:Parenthesome
6416:. Retrieved
6409:the original
6378:
6374:
6355:. Retrieved
6351:the original
6314:(1): 24–29.
6311:
6307:
6267:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6034:
6030:
6020:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5955:(1): 64–69.
5952:
5948:
5906:
5900:
5862:(1): 17–54.
5859:
5855:
5845:
5833:. Retrieved
5829:the original
5824:
5820:
5810:
5796:(2): 55–80.
5793:
5789:
5783:
5769:
5762:
5742:
5735:
5708:
5704:
5672:
5666:
5658:
5638:
5630:
5610:
5603:
5583:
5576:
5556:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5478:
5443:
5433:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5331:
5288:
5284:
5255:
5225:
5218:
5196:(1–3): 1–8.
5193:
5189:
5182:
5147:
5143:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5009:(1): 221–5.
5006:
5002:
4992:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4524:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4448:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4357:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4136:
4130:
4106:(1): 33–47.
4103:
4099:
4089:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4029:
4025:
3983:
3979:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3812:
3809:PLOS Biology
3808:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3731:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3701:
3691:
3682:
3672:
3663:
3653:
3642:, retrieved
3612:
3608:
3598:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3502:
3498:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3335:
3332:FEBS Letters
3331:
3325:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3271:
3265:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3122:(1): 21–58.
3119:
3115:
3109:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3025:
3021:
3015:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2931:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2590:
2586:
2576:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2508:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2423:
2420:Microbiology
2419:
2409:
2364:
2329:
2315:
2295:
2286:type IV pili
2259:– a flow of
2251:– a flow of
2242:
2222:
2212:Rhodophyceae
2198:Oedogoniales
2194:Bryopsidales
2190:Oedogoniales
2157:
2143:
2129:Haptophyceae
2125:Opisthokonta
2118:
2102:Oedogoniales
2091:
2088:Caryoblastea
2080:Parabasalida
2073:
2040:Foraminifera
2032:and of some
2026:Charophyceae
2016:Opisthokonta
2009:
1995:parabasalids
1934:
1924:Haptophyceae
1908:
1906:mastigonemes
1900:Opisthokonta
1893:
1855:
1841:
1829:myxogastrids
1817:radiolarians
1786:
1764:
1733:
1718:
1697:
1684:
1669:
1645:
1636:
1607:
1603:
1600:microtubules
1593:
1569:
1548:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1456:
1443:endoflagella
1437:
1425:
1419:
1416:Peritrichous
1415:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1354:Monotrichous
1353:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1297:phylogenetic
1286:
1270:
1267:
1257:
1253:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1108:Cytoskeleton
978:motor switch
957:
940:
829:Nanoparticle
809:Nanorobotics
782:photokinesis
777:chemokinesis
745:(fluid flow)
731:Magnetotaxis
719:Electrotaxis
627:
577:
563:
528:
517:
510:
504:
490:
488:
430:subunits of
425:
395:motile cilia
373:rotary motor
366:
362:microtubules
355:
352:
347:rotary motor
314:
277:
250:
245:
197:
154:
152:
89:sp. (10000×)
84:
44:
8805:Necrotrophy
8790:Saprotrophy
8780:Phagotrophy
8768:Phototrophy
8761:Nutrition:
8750:Life cycles
8741:Development
8715:Ecology and
8583:Nucleomorph
8537:Pseudopodia
8338:Unicellular
8222:Euglenoidea
8206:Kinetoplast
7990:Brown algae
7958:Mastigoneme
7896:Mastigoneme
7886:Cryptophyta
7796:green algae
7754:Slime molds
7555:Manta trawl
7540:Heterotroph
7490:Algaculture
7355:Zooplankton
7298:Flagellates
7179:Chaetoceros
7132:SAR11 clade
6991:Thin layers
6976:Planktology
6971:Planktivore
6926:Algal bloom
6846:Magnetosome
6812:Spliceosome
6739:Chromoplast
6734:Chloroplast
6625:Microtubule
6404:2433/226838
6381:(1): 3–11.
6204:: xtab002.
5835:21 February
5190:Protoplasma
4379:29 December
4067:: 151–163.
3702:Nature News
2344:plasmalemma
2184:Heterokonta
2164:Chlorophyta
2114:gymnosperms
2106:Chlorophyta
2056:Diplomonada
2001:apusomonads
1985:brown algae
1956:Heterokonta
1950:Heterokonta
1948:, and some
1872:amoebozoans
1860:angiosperms
1852:gymnosperms
1823:(gametes),
1797:brown algae
1779:gymnosperms
1767:green algae
1736:choanocytes
1676:spermatozoa
1612:9+2 axoneme
1572:undulipodia
1566:Terminology
1460:Selenomonas
1439:Spirochetes
1165:Virophysics
1113:prokaryotic
1094:Endocytosis
819:DNA machine
804:Microbotics
749:Thermotaxis
715:(chemicals)
588:proton pump
566:Mot complex
531:injectisome
410:9+2 axoneme
406:9+0 axoneme
343:Prokaryotic
321:Prokaryotic
278:Across the
241:flagellates
231:to provide
214:sperm cells
212:and animal
95:Identifiers
8890:Organelles
8879:Categories
8819:Auxotrophy
8814:Mixotrophy
8795:Parasitism
8785:Osmotrophy
8763:Autotrophy
8717:physiology
8593:Plasmodium
8519:Locomotion
8455:structures
8419:Coenocytic
8163:Phytomyxea
8134:Apicoplast
8062:Dinokaryon
8041:Trichocyst
7912:Haptophyte
7800:Phycoplast
7768:Morphology
7739:Cryptogams
7550:Macroalgae
7510:Autotrophs
7440:Cyclopoida
7377:Ctenophora
7306:Brevetoxin
7096:Cyanotoxin
7091:Cyanobiont
6841:Proteasome
6834:Inclusions
6781:Nitroplast
6774:Apicoplast
6759:Elaioplast
6754:Amyloplast
6749:Leucoplast
6704:Filopodium
6650:Basal body
6640:Centrosome
6590:Peroxisome
6585:Glyoxysome
6575:Melanosome
6485:organelles
6418:19 October
5821:Cell Motil
5682:1891276239
4172:(1): 128.
3157:: 249–73.
2900:(1): 1–8.
2401:References
2390:Ciliopathy
2340:kinetosome
2225:archaellum
2093:Multicilia
2070:Ciliophora
2030:bryophytes
2028:, of most
1928:Pavlovales
1909:sensu lato
1862:, pennate
1771:bryophytes
1760:Flagellata
1624:centrioles
1616:basal body
1511:chemotaxis
1390:bacteria (
1119:eukaryotic
963:archaellum
859:Biohybrids
814:Nanomotors
737:Phototaxis
725:Gravitaxis
713:Chemotaxis
707:Anemotaxis
444:basal body
388:homologous
310:archaellum
267:. In some
8800:Biotrophy
8673:Extrusome
8663:Cytostome
8527:Flagellum
8484:Cell wall
8443:/histonal
8423:Siphonous
8414:Syncytial
8382:Coenobial
8378:Sarcinoid
8327:Levels of
8266:Macrocyst
8246:Amoebozoa
8211:Glycosome
8139:Microneme
8019:Alveolata
7927:Haptonema
7922:Coccolith
7901:Periplast
7847:Red algae
7831:Cyanelles
7718:Infusoria
7495:Algal mat
7435:Calanoida
7417:Sea louse
7397:Jellyfish
7372:Ciguatera
7333:Saxitoxin
7321:Flagellum
7270:Classes:
7261:Centrales
7161:Auxospore
6862:Cell wall
6824:Cytoplasm
6797:Nucleolus
6769:Tannosome
6677:Flagellum
6662:Myofibril
6645:Centriole
6580:Microbody
6553:Phagosome
6338:178516210
6263:Mycologia
6218:2633-6685
6161:1664-302X
6112:0950-382X
6053:1664-302X
5925:cite book
5639:Phycology
4325:: 30–47.
3521:2058-5276
3477:261963968
3461:0066-4227
2950:cite book
2861:0071-1365
2336:centriole
2316:The only
2112:and some
2066:Opalinata
2034:metazoans
1878:, and in
1876:metazoans
1844:red algae
1833:metazoans
1801:oomycetes
1750:), as in
1748:metazoans
1744:epithelia
1729:zoospores
1642:Mechanism
1632:cytoplasm
1602:known as
1487:Aeromonas
1277:Evolution
1250:clockwise
988:evolution
958:Flagellum
743:Rheotaxis
727:(gravity)
701:Aerotaxis
677:amoeboids
656:twitching
484:cytoplasm
436:nanometer
432:flagellin
384:archaella
301:flagellum
292:Eukaryota
273:organelle
225:zoospores
206:appendage
155:flagellum
82:eukaryote
65:flagellum
63:bacterial
50:Flagellum
36:Solifugae
18:Flagellar
8900:Bacteria
8693:Axostyle
8688:Pyrenoid
8668:Fimbriae
8600:Dikaryon
8565:Mitosome
8494:Skeleton
8479:Frustule
8469:Mucilage
8441:tissular
8365:Colonial
8348:Amoeboid
8343:Monadoid
8271:Sorocarp
8186:Excavate
8153:Rhizaria
8083:Ciliates
8067:Dinocyst
8028:General:
7979:Frustule
7950:General:
7876:Hacrobia
7727:Sporozoa
7722:Ciliates
7711:Heliozoa
7691:Protozoa
7675:Protists
7266:Pennales
7225:Navicula
7207:Frustule
6981:Red tide
6918:plankton
6909:Plankton
6855:External
6807:Ribosome
6563:Acrosome
6548:Endosome
6543:Lysosome
6258:sp. nov.
6256:gen. et
6236:37334237
6227:10117864
6179:35387068
6120:34219289
6071:25999922
6012:34411164
6004:11250034
5969:21265748
5892:38405158
5727:24239731
5538:21429931
5425:23398214
5384:15466257
5313:18673550
5305:20145000
5210:40755371
5174:23020233
5119:23195228
5084:14657097
4984:14671319
4915:16385045
4866:16428388
4768:16978346
4727:21963003
4719:15170400
4635:10850984
4586:19650892
4578:19210619
4535:26 March
4516:31119103
4459:26 March
4440:23184985
4370:Archived
4349:18753783
4304:28489862
4264:PLOS ONE
4245:16936039
4196:17667950
4122:18078471
4081:12909351
4046:15001186
4008:24057949
4000:16953248
3962:14222895
3927:18931786
3892:37928189
3883:10621068
3841:21572986
3644:23 April
3639:15037363
3539:38632342
3530:11087270
3469:37713458
3412:18420936
3368:33886010
3360:15196929
3317:12730325
3249:15627373
3214:30386932
3206:16983194
3171:14527279
3007:10370084
2914:18786541
2879:30464007
2773:33525831
2724:25699024
2673:15889148
2609:11584108
2568:17148374
2491:11743094
2442:12624192
2384:See also
2326:chytrids
2324:are the
2306:homology
2108:), some
2005:bodonids
1972:bodonids
1890:Typology
1884:chytrids
1882:(except
1752:ciliates
1610:). This
1608:singlets
1604:doublets
1576:Margulis
1504:tumbling
1494:Bundling
1484:such as
1482:bacteria
1470:In some
1465:fascicle
1345:meaning
1323:increase
1293:motility
1271:In vitro
1264:Assembly
1186:Category
1140:Mucilage
1135:Gray goo
703:(oxygen)
584:ion pump
539:membrane
526:(TTSS).
324:fimbriae
284:Bacteria
237:protists
233:motility
198:flagella
8839::
8636:Zygotic
8633:Gametic
8575:Nucleus
8353:Coccoid
8318:General
8129:Rhoptry
8036:Alveoli
7969:Diatoms
7706:Testate
7620:MOCNESS
7530:f-ratio
7465:More...
7166:Axodine
7014:By size
6996:More...
6829:Cytosol
6729:Plastid
6682:Axoneme
6558:Vacuole
6538:Exosome
6533:Vesicle
6508:Nucleus
6383:Bibcode
6316:Bibcode
6284:3761366
6170:8978795
6062:4419858
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5884:3113314
5864:Bibcode
5705:Protist
5529:3107637
5165:3483872
5011:Bibcode
4952:Bibcode
4906:1347287
4857:1347325
4817:3013835
4684:8759871
4530:"Lopho"
4507:6504787
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4431:3528567
4408:Bibcode
4295:5425062
4272:Bibcode
4236:1636259
4187:1943423
3832:3091840
3787:Cheetah
3779:1376265
3590:4315167
3582:1309599
3562:Bibcode
3420:7702002
3392:Bibcode
3384:Science
3340:Bibcode
3136:5318439
3101:4173914
3093:4593496
3073:Bibcode
3050:4242129
3030:Bibcode
2999:4598030
2979:Bibcode
2870:6281475
2822:6459327
2813:2112827
2764:7289035
2715:4307647
2664:1142604
2559:1618917
2482:1540183
2298:analogy
2238:glycans
2229:Archaea
2058:, some
2003:, some
1993:, some
1922:, some
1870:, some
1866:, some
1864:diatoms
1850:), the
1837:chytrid
1793:diatoms
1758:", see
1740:sponges
1725:gametes
1596:axoneme
1538:axoneme
1429:viscous
1420:E. coli
1343:trichos
1327:E. coli
1240:, with
1088:Biochip
1076:Related
1009:kinesin
973:axoneme
772:Kinesis
764:Kinesis
739:(light)
661:gliding
440:helical
428:protein
304:means "
288:Archaea
235:. Many
216:, from
106:D005407
8639:Sporic
8617:Closed
8532:Cilium
8489:Lorica
8390:hyphal
8098:Cirrus
8093:Cilium
8000:Lamina
7682:Former
7615:AusCPR
7605:C-MORE
6916:About
6672:Cilium
6495:system
6357:18 May
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4478:Vibrio
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2312:Fungal
2253:H ions
1856:Ginkgo
1788:Ginkgo
1783:cycads
1648:dynein
1472:Vibrio
1339:tricho
1184:
1014:dynein
1004:myosin
968:cilium
709:(wind)
579:Vibrio
503:, and
472:P ring
470:, the
464:L ring
358:dynein
290:, and
261:ulcers
221:spores
218:fungal
8650:Other
8504:Theca
8474:Scale
8072:Theca
7734:Algae
6817:Vault
6412:(PDF)
6371:(PDF)
6334:S2CID
6280:JSTOR
6008:S2CID
5888:S2CID
5309:S2CID
5206:S2CID
4942:arXiv
4723:S2CID
4626:94540
4582:S2CID
4373:(PDF)
4366:(PDF)
4004:S2CID
3775:JSTOR
3586:S2CID
3473:S2CID
3416:S2CID
3364:S2CID
3253:S2CID
3210:S2CID
3097:S2CID
3046:S2CID
3003:S2CID
2328:. In
2318:fungi
2300:, or
2277:this.
2100:) of
2098:zoids
1880:fungi
1721:zoids
1687:cilia
1672:cilia
1433:water
1396:crest
1392:lopho
693:Taxis
560:gray.
545:Motor
334:Types
317:cilia
298:word
296:Latin
210:plant
202:Latin
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130:67472
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8869:help
8658:Cyst
8614:Open
8499:Test
8437:s.s.
8368:s.s.
7625:SCAR
7600:Zoid
7545:HNLC
6481:cell
6420:2009
6359:2008
6232:PMID
6214:ISSN
6175:PMID
6157:ISSN
6116:PMID
6108:ISSN
6067:PMID
6049:ISSN
6000:PMID
5965:PMID
5931:link
5911:ISBN
5880:PMID
5837:2016
5748:ISBN
5723:PMID
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5616:ISBN
5589:ISBN
5562:ISBN
5534:PMID
5483:ISBN
5479:2007
5451:ISBN
5421:PMID
5380:PMID
5337:ISBN
5301:PMID
5261:ISBN
5231:ISBN
5170:PMID
5115:PMID
5080:PMID
5039:PMID
4980:PMID
4911:PMID
4862:PMID
4813:PMID
4764:PMID
4715:PMID
4680:PMID
4631:PMID
4574:PMID
4537:2022
4512:PMID
4461:2022
4436:PMID
4381:2021
4345:PMID
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4300:PMID
4241:PMID
4192:PMID
4141:ISBN
4118:PMID
4077:PMID
4061:Gene
4042:PMID
3996:PMID
3958:PMID
3923:PMID
3888:PMID
3837:PMID
3736:ISBN
3717:2017
3646:2024
3635:PMID
3625:ISBN
3578:PMID
3535:PMID
3517:ISSN
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3457:ISSN
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2995:PMID
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2769:PMID
2720:PMID
2669:PMID
2624:2008
2605:PMID
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2223:The
2206:and
2172:and
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1400:tuft
1347:hair
1311:and
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638:Taxa
600:FliG
360:and
328:pili
326:and
306:whip
101:MeSH
7798:":
7610:CPR
6802:RNA
6399:hdl
6391:doi
6324:doi
6272:doi
6222:PMC
6206:doi
6165:PMC
6147:doi
6098:doi
6094:116
6057:PMC
6039:doi
5992:doi
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5872:doi
5860:503
5798:doi
5713:doi
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5524:PMC
5516:doi
5512:278
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5293:doi
5289:123
5198:doi
5194:164
5160:PMC
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