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exposing susceptible cattle in 24-hour increments. It estimated the infectious period of the infected cattle to be 1.7 days, but showed the cattle were only infectious for a few hours before they developed fevers or classic FMD lesions. The authors also showed that the infectious period would have been estimated to be much higher (4.2 to 8.2 days) if detection of virus had been used as a substitute for infectiousness. A similar 2016 experiment using serotype A virus exposed susceptible pigs to infected pigs for 8 hour periods and found that pigs were able to spread disease for a full day before developing signs of disease. Analysis of this experimental data estimated the infectious period to be approximately 7 days. Again, the study showed that detection of virus was not an accurate substitution for infectiousness. An accurate understanding of the parameters of infectiousness is an important component of building epidemiological models which inform disease control strategies and policies.
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some of the animals. On the ethical side, one must also consider that FMD is a painful disease for the affected animals. The vesicles and blisters are painful in themselves, and restrict both eating and movement. Through ruptured blisters, the animal is also at risk from secondary bacterial infections. Production loss and vaccination in areas where the disease is endemic costs and estimated US$ 6.5 billion to 21 billion yearly, and controlling outbreaks in countries normally free of it costs and additional >US$ 1.5 billion per year. This cost is disproportionately borne by some of the poorest countries in the world. Controlling the virus with vaccines is difficult because there are multiple serotypes of the virus which require distinct vaccines. When an outbreak occurs, the virus must be analyzed before the correct vaccine can be identified. Research is ongoing to improve vaccination technology.
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similar to that of other RNA viruses. The most recent common ancestor appears to have evolved about 481 years ago (early 16th century). This ancestor then diverged into two clades which have given rise to the extant circulating Euro-Asiatic and South
African. SAT 1 diverged first 397 years ago, followed by sequential divergence of serotype SAT 2 (396 years ago), A (147 years ago), O (121 years ago), Asia 1 (89 years ago), C (86 years ago), and SAT 3 (83 years ago). Bayesian skyline plot reveals a population expansion in the early 20th century that is followed by a rapid decline in population size from the late 20th century to the present day. Within each serotype, there was no apparent periodic, geographic, or host species influence on the evolution of global FMD viruses. At least seven genotypes of serotype Asia 1 are known.
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bilateral effort and eradicated the disease without building a wall. To prevent tension between ranchers and the veterinarians, public broadcasts over the radio and with speakers on trucks were used to inform
Mexican ranchers why the U.S. veterinarians were working on their livestock. Ranchers who lost cattle due to being culled by the vets would receive financial compensation. However, the tension remained and resulted in clashes between local citizens and the military-protected U.S. veterinarians. These teams of veterinarians worked from outside the infection zone of the disease and worked their way to the heart of the epidemic. Over 60,000,000 injections were administered to livestock by the end of 1950.
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of aerosolized virus compared to infected cattle and sheep. Also, pigs are particularly vulnerable to infection through the oral route. It has been demonstrated experimentally that FMD can be spread to pigs when they eat commercial feed products contaminated by the FMD virus. Also, the virus can remain active for extended periods of time in certain feed ingredients, especially soybean meal. Feed biosecurity practices have become an important area of study since a 2013 outbreak of
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in the US, thought to be introduced through contaminated feed.
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this outbreak so serious was the amount of time between infection being present at the first outbreak locus, and when countermeasures were put into operation against the disease, such as transport bans and detergent washing of both vehicles and personnel entering livestock areas. The epidemic was probably caused by pigs that had been fed infected rubbish that had not been properly heat-sterilized. Further, the rubbish is believed to have contained remains of infected meat that had been illegally imported to
Britain.
378:, or inanimate objects, typically fodder and motor vehicles. The clothes and skin of animal handlers such as farmers, standing water, and uncooked food scraps and feed supplements containing infected animal products can harbor the virus, as well. Cows can also catch FMD from the semen of infected bulls. Control measures include quarantine and destruction of both infected and healthy (uninfected) livestock, and export bans for meat and other animal products to countries not infected with the disease.
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335:. In a neoteric subclinical infection, the virus remains in the pharynx and does not spread into the blood as it would in a clinical infection. Although animals with neoteric subclinical infections do not appear to have disease, they shed substantial amounts of virus in nasal secretions and saliva, so they are able to transmit the FMD virus to other animals. Neoteric subclinical infections often occur in vaccinated animals but can occur in unvaccinated animals as well.
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pre-meditated response to a known, assessed risk". FMD is usually nonfatal to adult animals. Pigs are capable of airborn transmission of the virus in one extreme case 250 km across the
English Channel, although not usually more than 10 km. There are no known cases of cattle or sheep spreading the virus beyond 3 km. The 2007 outbreak was caught much earlier, and was able to be contained after culling only 1,578 animals.
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FMD to importing countries. A widespread preventive vaccination would also conceal the existence of the virus in a country. From there, it could potentially spread to countries without vaccine programs. Lastly, an animal infected shortly after being vaccinated can harbor and spread FMD without showing symptoms itself, hindering containment and culling of sick animals as a remedy.
1095:, England. All livestock were culled and a quarantine erected over the area. Two other suspected outbreaks have occurred since, although these seem now not to be related to FMD. The only reported case in 2010 was a false alarm from GIS Alex Baker, as proven false by the Florida Farm and Agricultural Department, and quarantine/slaughter of cattle and pigs was confirmed from
531:. The center, located 1.5 mi (2.4 km) off the coast of Long Island, New York, is the only place in the United States where scientists can conduct research and diagnostic work on highly contagious animal diseases such as FMD. Because of this limitation, US companies working on FMD usually use facilities in other countries where such diseases are endemic.
782:) in China, so information on FMD in China can be found online using those words as search terms. One can find online many provincial orders and regulations on FMD control antedating China's acknowledgment that the disease existed in China, for example Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 1991 regulation on preventing the spread of Disease No.5.
659:, was diagnosed with a strain of FMD that only infects swine. Mortality was high, nearing 100% in the infected herd. The cause of the epidemic was not determined, but the farm was near a port city known for its pig-smuggling industry and illegal slaughterhouses. Smuggled swine or contaminated meat are thus likely sources of the disease.
425:, Africa, and South America. Symptoms of FMD in humans include malaise, fever, vomiting, red ulcerative lesions (surface-eroding damaged spots) of the oral tissues, and sometimes vesicular lesions (small blisters) of the skin. According to a newspaper report, FMD killed two children in England in 1884, supposedly due to infected milk.
804:, Surrey. All livestock in the vicinity were culled on 4 August. A nationwide ban on the movement of cattle and pigs was imposed, with a 3-km (1.9-mi) protection zone placed around the outbreak sites and the nearby virus research and vaccine production establishments, together with a 10-km (6.2-mi) increased surveillance zone.
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become carriers following acute infections with or without symptoms. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals can become carriers. Transmission of the FMD virus from carriers to susceptible animals is considered very unlikely under natural conditions and has not been conclusively demonstrated in field studies.
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For the farmer, culling animals often results in financial devastation with no ability to honor existing contractual arrangements, thus facing the prospective loss of farm, equipment, and future earning potential. Farmers, especially in more traditional systems, may also have emotional attachments to
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was the most seriously affected area of the country, with 843 cases. By the time the disease was halted in
October 2001, the crisis was estimated to have cost Britain £8 billion (equivalent to £17 billion in 2023) to the agricultural and support industries, and to the outdoor industry. What made
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Taiwan had previously been the major exporter of pork to Japan, and among the top 15 pork producers in the world in 1996. During the outbreak, over 3.8 million swine were destroyed at a cost of US$ 6.9 billion (equivalent to $ 13.1 billion in 2023). The
Taiwanese pig industry was devastated as a
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Reasons cited for restricting export from countries using FMD vaccines include, probably most importantly, routine blood tests relying on antibodies cannot distinguish between an infected and a vaccinated animal, which severely hampers screening of animals used in export products, risking a spread of
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Subclinical (asymptomatic) infections can be classified as neoteric or persistent based on when they occur and whether the animal is infectious. Neoteric subclinical infections are acute infections, meaning they occur soon after an animal is exposed to the FMD virus (about 1 to 2 days) and last about
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Initially, 40,000 combined vaccine doses for the strains O-1, A-24, and Asia-1 were available and administered to zoo animals and valuable breeding hogs. At the end of March, half a million new doses for O-1 and Asia-1 were made available. On the May 3rd, 13 million doses of O-1 vaccine arrived, and
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recognizes countries to be in one of three disease states with regard to FMD: FMD present with or without vaccination, FMD-free with vaccination, and FMD-free without vaccination. Countries designated FMD-free without vaccination have the greatest access to export markets, so many developed nations,
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There is significant variation in both susceptibility to infection and ability to spread disease between different species, virus strains, and transmission routes. For example, cattle are far more vulnerable than pigs to infection with aerosolized virus, and infected pigs produce 30 times the amount
342:
However, in an experiment where virus was collected from the pharynx of carrier cattle and inserted in the pharynx of susceptible cattle, the susceptible cattle became infected and developed characteristic blisters in the mouth and on the feet. This supports the theory that while the likelihood of a
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The disease spread rapidly among swine herds in Taiwan, with 200–300 new farms being infected daily. Causes for this include the high swine density in the area, with up to 6,500 hogs per square mile, feeding of pigs with untreated garbage, and the farms' proximity to slaughterhouses. Other systemic
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Although the risk of transmission from an individual FMD carrier is considered to be very low, there are many carriers in FMD-endemic regions, possibly increasing the number of chances for carrier transmission to occur. Also, it can be difficult to determine if an asymptomatic infection is neoteric
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Because vaccinated animals can become carriers, the waiting period to prove FMD-freedom is longer when vaccination rather than slaughter is used as an outbreak-control strategy. As a result, many FMD-free countries are resistant to emergency vaccination in case of in outbreak out of concern for the
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that declines rapidly after two to three days, blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling, and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness. Adult animals may suffer weight loss from which they do not recover for several months,
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have been artificially infected, but they are not believed to contract the disease under natural conditions. Cattle, Asian and
African buffalo, sheep, and goats can become carriers following an acute infection, meaning they are still infected with a small amount of virus but appear healthy. Animals
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officials started a mass cull of approximately 12%, or around three million in total, of the entire domestic pig population, and 107,000 of three million cattle of the country to halt the outbreak. According to the report based on complete 1D gene sequences, Korean serotype A virus was linked with
420:
Humans can be infected with FMD through contact with infected animals, but this is extremely rare. Some cases were caused by laboratory accidents. Because the virus that causes FMD is sensitive to stomach acid, it cannot spread to humans via consumption of infected meat, except in the mouth before
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in the spring and summer of 2001 was caused by the "Type O pan Asia" strain of the disease. This episode resulted in more than 2,000 cases of the disease in farms throughout the
British countryside. More than six million sheep and cattle were killed in an eventually successful attempt to halt the
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On
December 26, 1946, the United States and Mexico jointly declared that FMD had been found in Mexico. Initially, proposals from Texans were for an animal-proof wall, to prevent animals from crossing the border and spreading the disease, but the two countries eventually managed to cooperate in a
411:
Transmission of the FMD virus is possible before an animal has apparent signs of disease, a factor that increases the risk that significant spread of the virus has occurred before an outbreak is detected. A 2011 experiment measured transmission timing in cattle infected with serotype O virus by
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Of the seven serotypes of this virus, A, C, O, Asia 1, and SAT3 appear to be distinct lineages; SAT 1 and SAT 2 are unresolved clades. The mutation rate of the protein-encoding sequences of strains isolated between 1932 and 2007 has been estimated to be 1.46 × 10 substitutions/site/year, a rate
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Persistent subclinical infection (also referred to as a carrier state) occurs when an animal recovers from an acute infection but continues to have a small amount of replicating virus present in the pharynx. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats can all become carriers, but pigs cannot. Animals can
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reported a lame sow, which was later diagnosed with FMD. The source was believed to be remains of legally imported infected lamb from Argentina and Chile. The virus spread, and in total, 442,000 animals were slaughtered and the outbreak had an estimated cost of £370 million (equivalent to
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Great Britain's response to the 2001 outbreak of foot and mouth disease was a controversial policy of culling all animals within 3 km of an infected farm within 48 hours, leading to the slaughter of over 4 million animals. This was stated to be "a response to a desperate situation, not a
1899:
Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J. M.; Smoliga, G. R.; Bishop, E.; Pauszek, S. J.; Hartwig, E. J.; Rodriguez, L. L.; Arzt, J. (April 2016). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State".
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Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J. M.; Smoliga, G. R.; Bishop, E.; Pauszek, S. J.; Hartwig, E. J.; Rodriguez, L. L.; Arzt, J. (2014). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State".
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of the host. The cell is then forced to manufacture thousands of copies of the virus, and eventually bursts, releasing the new particles in the blood. The virus is genetically highly variable, which limits the effectiveness of vaccination. The disease was first documented in 1870.
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rejected calls by opposition parties to close the border to travel from Indonesia. In addition, New Zealand authorities have banned travellers from Indonesia from bringing meat products, screened baggage from Indonesia, and installed floor mats. New Zealand Prime Minister
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showing signs of infection. FMD is endemic in pastoral regions of China from Heilongjiang Province in the northeast to Sichuan Province and the Tibetan Autonomous region in the southwest. Chinese domestic media reports often use a euphemism "Disease Number Five" (五号病
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led the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to issue a call for increased global surveillance. Japan veterinary authorities confirmed an outbreak of type O FMD virus, currently more common in Asian countries where FMD is endemic.
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or persistent in the field, as both would be apparently healthy animals that test positive for the FMD virus. This fact complicates disease control, as the two types of subclinical infections have significantly different risks of spreading disease.
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Just as humans may spread the disease by carrying the virus on their clothes and bodies, animals that are not susceptible to the disease may still aid in spreading it. This was the case in Canada in 1952, when an outbreak flared up again after
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carrier spreading FMD is quite low, it is not impossible. It is not fully understood why ruminants but not pigs can become carriers or why some animals develop persistent infection while others do not. Both are areas of ongoing study.
582:, in 1929. This outbreak originated in hogs that had eaten infected meat scraps from a tourist steamship that had stocked meat in Argentina. Over 3,600 animals were slaughtered and the disease was contained in less than a month.
670:(SVD) in Taiwan. The symptoms are indistinguishable from FMD, which may have led to previous misdiagnosing of FMD as SVD. Laboratory analysis was seldom used for diagnosis, and FMD may thus have gone unnoticed for some time.
510:
Many early vaccines used dead samples of the FMD virus to inoculate animals, but those early vaccines sometimes caused real outbreaks. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that a vaccine could be made using only a single key
1072:. Due to strict government policies on sale of livestock, disinfection of all persons leaving and entering farms, and the cancellation of large events likely to be attended by farmers, a potentially economically disastrous
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from the virus. The task was to produce enough quantities of the protein to be used in the vaccination. On June 18, 1981, the US government announced the creation of a vaccine targeted against FMD, the world's first
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both the March and May shipments were distributed free of charge. With a danger of vaccination crews spreading the disease, only trained farmers were allowed to administer the vaccine under veterinary supervision.
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In response to the Indonesian outbreak, Australian authorities began checking parcels and baggage from Indonesia and China. Disinfectant floormats were also installed at Australian airports to clean footwear. The
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On 4 August, the strain of the virus was identified as a "01 BFS67-like" virus, one linked to vaccines and not normally found in animals, and isolated in the 1967 outbreak. The same strain was used at the nearby
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and the OIE. This was the first time China has publicly admitted to having FMD. China is still reporting FMD outbreaks. In 2007, reports filed with the OIE documented new or ongoing outbreaks in the provinces of
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South Korea was hit by the rarer type A FMD in January, and then the type O infection in April. The most serious case of foot-and-mouth outbreak in South Korea's history started in November 2010 in pig farms in
677:. Carcasses were disposed of by burning and burial, but burning was avoided in water resource-protection areas. In April, industrial incinerators were running around the clock to dispose of the carcasses.
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those from Laos. Korean serotype O viruses were divided into three clades and were closely related to isolates from Japan, Thailand, the UK, France, Ireland, South Africa, and Singapore, as well as Laos.
568:. About 3,500 livestock herds were infected across the US, totaling over 170,000 cattle, sheep, and swine. The eradication came at a cost of US$ 4.5 million (equivalent to $ 137 million in 2023).
458:
137:, since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals comparatively easily through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, and feed, and by domestic and wild
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243:(HFMDV), which is often confused for FMDV. Similarly, HFMDV is a viral infection belonging to the Picornaviridae family, but it is distinct from FMDV. HFMDV also affects cattle, sheep, and swine.)
774:), in an article "Breaking the Hoof and Mouth Disease Taboo", noted that FMD has long been covered up in China by referring to it that way. FMD is also called canker (口疮, literally "mouth ulcers"
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Taiwan had previous epidemics of FMD in 1913–14 and 1924–29, but had since been spared, and considered itself free of FMD as late as in the 1990s. On the 19th of March 1997, a sow at a farm in
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C. Stenfeldt; et al. (2014). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State".
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FMD occurs throughout much of the world, and while some countries have been free of FMD for some time, its wide host range and rapid spread represent cause for international concern. After
2233:
Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J.M.; Rodriguez, L.L.; Arzt, J. (April 2014). "Infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs using two novel simulated-natural inoculation methods".
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result, and the export market was in ruins. In 2007, Taiwan was considered free of FMD, but was still conducting a vaccination program, which restricts the export of meat from Taiwan.
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2865:
2124:"Molecular characterization of serotype Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Pakistan and Afghanistan; emergence of a new genetic Group and evidence for a novel recombinant virus"
1284:
Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J.M.; Rodriguez, L.L.; Arzt, J. (2014). "Infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs using two novel simulated-natural inoculation methods".
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can be carriers for up to 1–2 years and are considered very unlikely to infect other animals, although laboratory evidence suggests that transmission from carriers is possible.
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Like other RNA viruses, the FMD virus continually evolves and mutates, thus one of the difficulties in vaccinating against it is the huge variation between, and even within,
1215:"The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease II: Viral Pathways in Swine, Small Ruminants, and Wildlife; Myotropism, Chronic Syndromes, and Molecular Virus-Host Interactions"
2430:
Stenfeldt, Carolina; Pacheco, Juan M.; Brito, Barbara P.; Moreno-Torres, Karla I.; Branan, Matt A.; Delgado, Amy H.; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (21 November 2016).
673:
The swine depopulation was a massive undertaking, with the military contributing substantial manpower. At peak capacity, 200,000 hogs per day were disposed of, mainly by
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Charleston, B.; Bankowski, B. M.; Gubbins, S.; Chase-Topping, M. E.; Schley, D.; Howey, R.; Barnett, P. V.; Gibson, D.; Juleff, N. D.; Woolhouse, M. E. J. (6 May 2011).
1997:
Stenfeldt, Carolina; Eschbaumer, Michael; Rekant, Steven I.; Pacheco, Juan M.; Smoliga, George R.; Hartwig, Ethan J.; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (15 July 2016).
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Donaldson, A. I.; Alexandersen, S.; Sorensen, J. H.; Mikkelsen, T. (May 2001). "Relative risks of the uncontrollable (airborne) spread of FMD by different species".
3186:"Regulations of the Guangzi Zhuang Autonomous Region on the Prevention of the Spread of Disease Number 5 dated October 1991 as copied on the "Law Library" website"
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1085:
3437:
3849:
1705:"Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs; Identification of Oropharyngeal Tonsils as Sites of Primary and Sustained Viral Replication"
1321:"Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs; Identification of Oropharyngeal Tonsils as Sites of Primary and Sustained Viral Replication"
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820:, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) away, which is an American/French-owned BSL-4 vaccine manufacturing facility, and was identified as the likely source of infection.
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The US has had nine FMD outbreaks since it was first recognized on the northeastern coast in 1870; the most devastating happened in 1914. It originated from
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926:
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Arzt, Jonathan; Branan, Matthew A.; Delgado, Amy H.; Yadav, Shankar; Moreno-Torres, Karla I.; Tildesley, Michael J.; Stenfeldt, Carolina (December 2019).
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Yadav, Shankar; Stenfeldt, Carolina; Branan, Matthew A.; Moreno-Torres, Karla I.; Holmstrom, Lindsey K.; Delgado, Amy H.; Arzt, Jonathan (9 August 2019).
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1609:"The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after aerosol inoculation. Identification of the nasopharynx as the primary site of infection"
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have expressed concern about the impact of foot and mouth disease on New Zealand's substantial cattle, sheep and pig populations as well as wildlife.
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863:
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Because FMD rarely infects humans, but spreads rapidly among animals, it is a much greater threat to the agriculture industry than to human health.
889:, and has since spread in the country rapidly. More than 100 cases of the disease have been confirmed in the country so far, and in January 2011,
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the meat is swallowed. In the UK, the last confirmed human case occurred in 1966, and only a few other cases have been recorded in countries of
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1935:
Stenfeldt, Carolina; Pacheco, Juan M.; Singanallur, Nagendrakumar B.; Vosloo, Wilna; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (31 December 2019).
1764:"Morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of myocarditis in two pigs infected by foot-and mouth disease virus strains of serotypes O or A"
471:. No cross-protection has been seen between serotypes (a vaccine for one serotype will not protect against any others) and in addition, two
216:
may develop mild symptoms, but are resistant to the disease and do not pass it on to others of the same species. In laboratory experiments,
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1102:
In 2022, the disease was once again seen in cattle in Indonesia. Other countries are worried that it might spread to their countries soon.
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3661:
3608:
3453:"Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O with emphasis on Korea isolates: temporal and spatial dynamics"
791:
694:
625:
374:
The FMD virus can be transmitted in a number of ways, including close-contact, animal-to-animal spread, long-distance aerosol spread and
842:
due to the park containing deer; the park remained closed for three months. On 19 September 2007, a suspected case of FMD was found in
834:
These outbreaks caused a cull of all at-risk animals in the area surrounding Egham, including two farms near the famous four-star hotel
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in Japan in June after three cows tested positive. Some 270,000 cattle have been ordered slaughtered following the disease's outbreak.
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2666:
1492:"Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease from Persistently Infected Carrier Cattle to Naive Cattle via Transfer of Oropharyngeal Fluid"
929:(DAWE) is the responsible body and has been monitoring the situation. DAWE has determined there is only a low risk and has stockpiled
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2840:"High Steaks at the Border: When the United States and Mexico resolved their beef, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 240"
1438:"The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus"
1178:
Arzt, J.; Juleff, N.; Zhang, Z.; Rodriguez, L. L. (2011). "The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease I: Viral Pathways in Cattle".
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905:, by then ongoing since at least December 2010. Efforts to control the outbreak were hampered by illicit sales of infected meat.
524:
3640:"Latest swine news : FAO: Andean countries short of eradicating the foot-and-mouth disease – pig333, pig to pork community"
3160:
3803:
Arzt, J; White, W. R.; Thomsen, B. V.; Brown, C. C. (2010). "Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium".
17:
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831:, 19 km (12 mi) from the original outbreak, with a second case being confirmed on a nearby farm on 14 September.
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Arzt, J.; Baxt, B.; Grubman, M. J.; Jackson, T.; Juleff, N.; Rhyan, J.; Rieder, E.; Waters, R.; Rodriguez, L. L. (2011).
503:, which have large beef-exporting industries, practise vaccination in some areas, but have other vaccination-free zones.
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3429:
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2693:"Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Animal Health and Production - Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) - Questions and Answers"
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issues, such as lack of laboratory facilities, slow response, and initial lack of a vaccination program, contributed.
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including Canada, the United States, and the UK, work hard to maintain their current status. Some countries such as
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2375:"Relationship Between Clinical Signs and Transmission of an Infectious Disease and the Implications for Control"
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3662:"official government press release, New Zealand's Freedom From Foot-And-Mouth Disease, Biosecurity New Zealand"
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production can decline significantly. Though most animals eventually recover from FMD, the disease can lead to
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The incubation period for FMD virus has a range between one and 12 days. The disease is characterized by high
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1057:
240:
31:
4118:
2320:
1490:
Arzt, Jonathan; Belsham, Graham J.; Lohse, Louise; Bøtner, Anette; Stenfeldt, Carolina (12 September 2018).
314:(inflammation of the heart muscle) and death, especially in newborn animals. Some infected ruminants remain
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3869:"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?"
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3012:"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?"
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234:
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3136:"Breaking the Hoof and Mouth Disease Taboo – A Milestone in the March 5, 2010 issue of Nanfang Nongcunbao"
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A 1924 outbreak in California resulted not only in the slaughter of 109,000 farm animals, but also 22,000
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3573:"Indonesia foot and mouth outbreak among its livestock prompts New Zealand and Australia restrictions"
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2717:
Correa Melo, E; López, A (2002). "Control of foot and mouth disease: The experience of the Americas".
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1264:"Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Animal Products – Foot-and-Mouth Disease Hazard Specific Plan"
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2270:"Investigating the introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into an Ohio swine operation"
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the virus and may be able to transmit it to others. Pigs cannot serve as asymptomatic carriers.
4350:
4316:
4059:
1157:
930:
579:
173:
3705:
3665:
3615:
1068:
for a month, and the cancellation of many sporting events and leisure activities, such as the
331:
8 to 14 days. Acute infections are characterized by a high degree of replicating virus in the
4817:
4782:
4705:
918:
123:
3330:
1937:"Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep"
4879:
4520:
4510:
4224:
3582:
3218:
2494:
2386:
1948:
1716:
1332:
985:, the disease was widely distributed throughout the world. In 1996, endemic areas included
319:
288:
276:
3089:
8:
4429:
4380:
3967:
3577:
2268:
Bowman, Andrew S; Krogwold, Roger A; Price, Todd; Davis, Matt; Moeller, Steven J (2015).
1096:
1077:
938:
766:) rather than FMD in reports because of the sensitivity of the FMD issue. In March 2010,
517:
408:
volume 8 part 1 in which he links saliva-covered locusts with the spread of the disease.
77:
2498:
2390:
1952:
1720:
1336:
1088:
was designed by Parliament to provide the regulators with more powers to deal with FMD.
4672:
4561:
4551:
4415:
4278:
4243:
4213:
4096:
4071:
3901:
3868:
3828:
3482:
3430:"South Korea Reportedly Buries 1.4 Million Pigs Alive To Combat Foot And Mouth Disease"
3036:
3011:
2821:
2567:
2517:
2483:"Quantitative impacts of incubation phase transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus"
2482:
2458:
2431:
2407:
2374:
2296:
2269:
2215:
2148:
2123:
2099:
2074:
2025:
1998:
1971:
1936:
1876:
1849:
1790:
1763:
1739:
1704:
1649:
1518:
1491:
1464:
1437:
1404:
1379:
1355:
1320:
967:
959:
947:
839:
422:
347:
serious trade and economic implications of a prolonged period without FMD-free status.
101:
30:
This article is about the animal disease. For the distantly related human disease, see
4960:
3972:
3755:
2555:
2171:
Sellers, R.F. (1971). "Quantitative aspects of the spread of foot and mouth disease".
5041:
4904:
4748:
4667:
4645:
4515:
4370:
4273:
4101:
4032:
3989:
3906:
3888:
3820:
3711:
3474:
3164:
3041:
2726:
2586:"Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey"
2559:
2540:
Capella, Giovanni Luigi (20 October 2001). "Foot and mouth disease in human beings".
2522:
2463:
2412:
2357:
2326:
2301:
2250:
2207:
2153:
2104:
2030:
1976:
1917:
1881:
1830:
1795:
1744:
1641:
1576:
1523:
1469:
1409:
1360:
1301:
1236:
1231:
1214:
1195:
1191:
146:
72:
3884:
3832:
3486:
3027:
2571:
2219:
1653:
973:
483:
must be highly specific to the strain involved. Vaccination only provides temporary
457:
4627:
4616:
4397:
4238:
4091:
4083:
4024:
3896:
3880:
3812:
3464:
3185:
3031:
3023:
2783:. Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress. RS20890. Archived from
2551:
2512:
2502:
2453:
2443:
2432:"Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus during the Incubation Period in Pigs"
2402:
2394:
2291:
2281:
2242:
2199:
2143:
2135:
2094:
2086:
2020:
2010:
1966:
1956:
1909:
1871:
1861:
1822:
1785:
1775:
1734:
1724:
1631:
1623:
1586:
1513:
1503:
1459:
1449:
1399:
1391:
1380:"The Occurrence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Hedgehog under Natural Conditions"
1350:
1340:
1293:
1226:
1187:
886:
801:
472:
1319:
Stenfeldt, Carolina; Pacheco, Juan M.; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (2014).
604:"High Steaks at the Border: When the United States and Mexico resolved their beef"
160:
57:
4808:
4483:
4404:
4125:
4050:
3983:
3387:
3066:
2986:
2970:
2963:
1961:
1850:"Parameterization of the Durations of Phases of Foot-And-Mouth Disease in Cattle"
1729:
1541:
1345:
1140:
737:
105:
3302:
2593:
970:
and found the collected fluid could still cause the disease in healthy animals.
725:. During April and May, it spread to suburban Beijing, the northern province of
4766:
4737:
4710:
4687:
4500:
4263:
4176:
3994:
2507:
2246:
1678:
1297:
1132:
1069:
1046:
1045:
countries have been recognized as disease-free, and countries belonging to the
943:
700:
674:
259:
177:
134:
4008:
3952:
3469:
3452:
2286:
2139:
2090:
1780:
1395:
4990:
4845:
4743:
4566:
4457:
4202:
3892:
3816:
3381:"UN agency warns of increased foot-and-mouth threats after outbreaks in Asia"
2448:
1866:
1627:
1508:
1454:
1061:
1030:
994:
835:
544:
484:
432:, occurs more frequently in humans, especially in young children; the cause,
3363:
3346:
3324:
Final report on potential breaches of biosecurity at the Pirbright site 2007
3239:
3139:
2398:
717:
In April 2005, an Asia-1 strain of FMD appeared in the eastern provinces of
4895:
4727:
4650:
4640:
4587:
4547:
4538:
4386:
4087:
4036:
3910:
3824:
3614:(Report). Washington State Department of Health. March 2002. Archived from
3478:
3045:
2730:
2563:
2526:
2467:
2416:
2305:
2254:
2211:
2157:
2108:
2034:
1980:
1921:
1885:
1834:
1799:
1748:
1645:
1527:
1473:
1413:
1364:
1305:
1240:
1199:
1081:
982:
395:
315:
4175:
4105:
2203:
4884:
4131:
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD)
3732:"Calls for stricter border measures amid foot-and-mouth outbreak in Bali"
2015:
1050:
1038:
898:
890:
873:
479:
sequences that differ by as much as 30% for a given gene. This means FMD
438:
433:
311:
251:
112:
3295:"Results of Foot and Mouth Disease Strain in Surrey, extension of zones"
436:
virus, is different from the FMD virus. Coxsackie viruses belong to the
4914:
4870:
4527:
4446:
4325:
4028:
2825:
2809:
2542:
2372:
2075:"Phylogenomics and molecular evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus"
2052:
1913:
1826:
1636:
647:
Pork export from Taiwan during 1995 to 1998 shows the devastating drop.
631:
150:
3935:
2189:
539:
4835:
4798:
4682:
4268:
4192:
1762:
Stenfeldt, C; Pacheco, JM; Borca, MV; Rodriguez, LL; Arzt, J (2014).
1073:
1034:
1006:
914:
902:
817:
606:, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 240, April 25, 2019,
565:
500:
122:. The virus causes a high fever lasting two to six days, followed by
4115:
at OIE. WAHID Interface—OIE World Animal Health Information Database
2719:
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
921:
has offered its assistance but remains unconcerned, considering the
4505:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4330:
3350:
1018:
843:
754:
730:
718:
561:
468:
205:
201:
189:
138:
127:
2429:
4851:
4822:
4591:
4571:
4392:
4305:
4295:
2336:
2122:
Jamal, SM; Ferrari, G; Ahmed, S; Normann, P; Belsham, GJ (2011).
1934:
1847:
1064:
resulted in the slaughter of many animals, the postponing of the
1022:
1014:
1002:
750:
722:
705:
652:
564:, but its entry into the stockyards in Chicago turned it into an
512:
480:
332:
225:
154:
142:
119:
115:
108:
3115:"WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database"
3078:
Jia Hepeng, China confirms bird flu and foot-and-mouth outbreaks
1996:
913:
After being eradicated there in 1986, FMD was again detected in
823:
On 12 September, a new outbreak of the disease was confirmed in
306:
as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and cows'
4495:
4253:
4233:
3947:
3519:"Media statement: Foot and mouth disease detected in Indonesia"
1999:"The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Carrier State Divergence in Cattle"
1092:
1042:
990:
882:
828:
813:
796:
An infection of FMD in the United Kingdom was confirmed by the
656:
496:
391:
375:
213:
169:
1761:
126:
inside the mouth and near the hoof that may rupture and cause
4180:
4013:
3752:"The UK Foot and Mouth Epidemic of 2001: A Research Resource"
2962:
US Department of Agriculture—Foreign Animal Report 1998, p41
2232:
1898:
1318:
1283:
998:
977:
Distribution of seven pools of foot-and mouth disease viruses
963:
869:
824:
746:
726:
548:
302:
247:
209:
197:
1126:
4636:
4488:
4130:
3956:
1992:
1990:
1607:
Arzt, J.; Pacheco, J. M.; Rodriguez, L. L. (29 June 2010).
1026:
986:
572:
307:
258:. Infection occurs when the virus particle is taken into a
239:. (Humans, particularly young children, can be affected by
217:
193:
181:
51:
Hoof-and-mouth disease, Aphthae epizooticae, Apthous fever
1566:
1010:
901:
reported an outbreak affecting pigs in the region around
758:
491:
476:
387:
221:
185:
2776:
Segarra, Alejandro E.; Rawson, Jean M. (16 April 2001).
2267:
2121:
1987:
1436:
Stenfeldt, Carolina; Arzt, Jonathan (28 February 2020).
1177:
958:
The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by
3211:"Foot and Mouth Disease confirmed in cattle, in Surrey"
2359:
Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society
406:
Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society
2778:"Foot and Mouth Disease: A Threat to U.S. Agriculture"
2690:
Canadian Food Inspection Agency Q&A, question 20.
2480:
2226:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1212:
1009:
have not had an outbreak since 2001. In May 2014, the
868:
In April 2010, a report of three incursions of FMD in
3844:
3842:
3802:
3060:
Origin of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic 2001
2474:
1841:
1041:
has never had a case of foot-and-mouth disease. Most
523:
The North American FMD Vaccine Bank is housed at the
4069:
3925:
3551:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
3524:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
1606:
1122:
740:. On 13 May, China reported the FMD outbreak to the
3866:
3364:"BBC NEWS – UK – Outbreak at second farm confirmed"
3090:"Foot-and-mouth Outbreaks Confirmed – china.org.cn"
3009:
1480:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1377:
1279:
1277:
527:'s Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at
157:of both infected and healthy (uninfected) animals.
4113:Current status of Foot and Mouth Disease worldwide
3867:Knight-Jones, T. J. D.; Rushton, J. (2013-11-01).
3839:
1928:
1892:
798:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
141:. Its containment demands considerable efforts in
4055:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
3852:. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Archived from
2940:"The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID"
2916:"The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID"
2866:"The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID"
1502:(5): e00365–18, /msphere/3/5/mSphere365–18.atom.
394:are thought to play a similar role in the former
4988:
4138:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
2716:
1546:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1420:
1274:
3005:
3003:
846:, where a temporary control zone was set up by
666:A complicating factor is the endemic spread of
3704:Boden, Edward; Andrews, Anthony (2015-03-26).
3421:
1091:In August 2007, FMD was found at two farms in
853:
4951:Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood
4161:
4065:2007 Outbreak Foot and Mouth Disease Timeline
3266:"Foot and mouth: new possible cases reported"
3263:
3163:. Ks.cn.yahoo.com. 2006-03-14. Archived from
2964:http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fadrep.pdf
2891:"CNN - Breaking News, Latest News and Videos"
2810:"Foot and Mouth Disease in Mexico, 1946-1951"
2775:
2322:Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages
2261:
1435:
864:2010–2011 South Korea foot-and-mouth outbreak
838:. These outbreaks also caused the closure of
428:Another viral disease with similar symptoms,
232:Humans are only extremely rarely infected by
5032:History of agriculture in the United Kingdom
5017:Infectious diseases with eradication efforts
3703:
3000:
2318:
2183:
1812:
1703:Stenfeldt; et al. (September 3, 2014).
1567:Martinez-Salas E, Saiz M, Sobrino F (2008).
1378:McLauchlan, J. D.; Henderson, W. M. (1947).
1029:were "just one step away" from eradication;
585:
555:
4140:United States National Agricultural Library
3798:
3796:
3794:
3407:"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Roils Korean Farms"
3161:"Yahoo Question and Answers FMD in Chinese"
800:, on 3 August 2007, on farmland located in
792:2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
695:2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
626:1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth epidemic
4754:Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
4168:
4154:
3501:"Pork Prices Rising with FMD Meat on Sale"
3405:Ramstad, Evan; Woo, Jaeyeon (2011-01-11).
3404:
2832:
2807:
2366:
2164:
1160:, an archaic disease of uncertain etiology
1080:, with just one case recorded in Proleek,
56:
4095:
3900:
3511:
3468:
3316:
3035:
2642:"Foot and mouth 'killed people in 1800s'"
2516:
2506:
2457:
2447:
2406:
2295:
2285:
2147:
2098:
2024:
2014:
1970:
1960:
1875:
1865:
1789:
1779:
1738:
1728:
1702:
1635:
1575:. Caister Academic Press. pp. 1–38.
1517:
1507:
1463:
1453:
1403:
1354:
1344:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1230:
1105:
390:had carried off bones from dead animals.
4136:Species Profile - Foot and Mouth Disease
4070:Armstrong R, Davie J, Hedger RS (1967).
4053:12-part comprehensive overview from the
3791:
3010:Knight-Jones, T. J.; Rushton, J (2013).
972:
785:
688:
642:
619:
538:
456:
325:
159:
4425:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
2888:Foot-and-mouth virus: A global dilemma
2742:
2740:
2639:
2613:
2539:
2170:
1371:
525:United States Department of Agriculture
66:Ruptured oral blister in a diseased cow
14:
4989:
3777:"The Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease"
3689:. DEFRA. 30 April 2007. Archived from
3687:"Disease factsheet: Newcastle disease"
3400:
3398:
3396:
3052:
2362:. Cape Town, : The Society. 1893.
2312:
1542:"Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)"
1247:
1037:have been free of FMD for many years.
578:The US had its latest FMD outbreak in
282:Drooling due to foot-and-mouth disease
164:Ruptured blisters on the feet of a pig
4149:
3679:
3664:. Biosecurity.govt.nz. Archived from
2325:. Detselig Enterprises. p. 222.
266:
133:FMD has very severe implications for
4956:Post-vaccination follicular eruption
3754:. Fmd.brass.cf.ac.uk. Archived from
3538:
3450:
3427:
3092:. Russian.china.org.cn. 2006-01-17.
2737:
2173:Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health
2072:
757:. This included reports of domestic
492:World Organisation for Animal Health
404:(1843–1925) published a note in the
5047:Biological anti-agriculture weapons
4017:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
3737:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3393:
3347:"'Pirbright link' to farm outbreak"
2667:"List of FMD free Member Countries"
2423:
1902:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1815:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1534:
1219:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1180:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
908:
415:
200:. It has also been known to infect
27:Infectious disease affecting cattle
24:
4625:
3240:"Further farms tested for disease"
2808:Dusenberry, William (1955-04-07).
2049:"Foot and Mouth Virus Information"
860:2010 Japan foot-and-mouth outbreak
25:
5058:
5027:Food safety in the European Union
3921:
3589:from the original on 27 July 2022
2983:"What is foot and mouth disease?"
1573:Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology
923:risk to the country's biosecurity
529:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
487:that lasts from months to years.
475:within a given serotype may have
462:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
4971:Viral-associated trichodysplasia
4356:Modified varicella-like syndrome
4179:, symptoms and signs related to
3650:from the original on 2014-07-14.
3507:from the original on 2011-03-24.
3440:from the original on 2011-01-19.
3417:from the original on 2017-07-09.
1659:
1232:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01236.x
1192:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01204.x
1125:
966:of an infected animal through a
638:
598:
294:Infected hoof of the same heifer
287:
275:
4678:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
4072:"Foot-and-mouth disease in man"
3885:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013
3860:
3769:
3744:
3724:
3697:
3654:
3632:
3601:
3565:
3493:
3444:
3374:
3356:
3340:
3287:
3257:
3232:
3203:
3192:from the original on 2011-09-29
3178:
3153:
3128:
3107:
3096:from the original on 2011-07-24
3082:
3071:
3028:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013
2975:
2956:
2932:
2908:
2897:from the original on 2008-01-10
2882:
2858:
2801:
2769:
2754:. 6 August 2009. Archived from
2710:
2699:from the original on 2007-10-12
2684:
2673:from the original on 2014-08-11
2659:
2633:
2607:
2578:
2533:
2436:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
2350:
2115:
2066:
2041:
1854:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
1806:
1755:
1696:
1667:
1600:
1560:
712:
534:
369:
318:carriers, but they nonetheless
5037:Agricultural health and safety
4693:Verrucae palmares et plantares
3873:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
3016:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
2985:. Copus.org.uk. Archived from
2235:Research in Veterinary Science
2051:. Copus.org.uk. Archived from
1675:"Foot-and-Mouth Symptom Guide"
1569:"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus"
1312:
1286:Research in Veterinary Science
1206:
1171:
118:, including domestic and wild
13:
1:
4910:Hand, foot, and mouth disease
4405:Cytomegalic inclusion disease
3707:Black's Veterinary Dictionary
2640:Jeffery, Simon (2001-11-23).
2614:Jeffery, Simon (2001-11-23).
2556:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06444-3
1164:
630:In October 1967, a farmer in
452:
241:hand, foot, and mouth disease
32:Hand, foot, and mouth disease
4922:Foot-and-mouth disease virus
3301:. 2007-08-04. Archived from
3264:Miles Goslett (2007-08-03).
3217:. 2007-08-03. Archived from
3138:. Xumuren.cn. Archived from
2592:. 2007-08-14. Archived from
1962:10.1371/journal.pone.0227061
1730:10.1371/journal.pone.0106859
1681:. 2007-08-04. Archived from
1346:10.1371/journal.pone.0106859
1146:Hand, foot and mouth disease
430:hand, foot and mouth disease
361:Foot-and-mouth disease virus
256:foot-and-mouth disease virus
235:foot-and-mouth disease virus
168:Susceptible animals include
7:
4966:Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
4857:Congenital rubella syndrome
4602:Molluscum contagiosum virus
3428:Wong, Curtis (2011-01-12).
3188:. Law-lib.com. 1991-10-24.
1118:
854:Japan and Korea (2010–2011)
810:Institute for Animal Health
699:The epidemic of FMD in the
10:
5063:
4346:Disseminated herpes zoster
4284:Herpetic gingivostomatitis
2508:10.1038/s41598-019-39029-0
2247:10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.009
1298:10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.009
953:
857:
789:
692:
635:£8 billion in 2023).
623:
358:
250:responsible for FMD is an
29:
4943:
4893:
4868:
4833:
4806:
4797:
4764:
4725:
4701:
4614:
4580:
4557:Bovine papular stomatitis
4536:
4455:
4444:
4413:
4368:
4314:
4292:
4222:
4211:
4200:
4191:
4187:
3929:
3470:10.1007/s00705-011-0921-3
3353:. Dated 12 September 2007
2969:February 2, 2007, at the
2844:Science History Institute
2287:10.1186/s12917-015-0348-2
2140:10.1007/s10059-011-0249-6
2091:10.1007/s10059-011-0249-6
1781:10.1186/s13028-014-0042-6
1396:10.1017/s0022172400014194
1058:a serious outbreak of FMD
946:and Biosecurity Minister
927:Department of Agriculture
742:World Health Organization
608:Science History Institute
597:
592:
586:Mexico–U.S. border (1947)
556:United States (1870–1929)
402:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
71:
64:
55:
47:
42:
4997:Foot-and-mouth outbreaks
4976:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
4777:Merkel cell polyomavirus
4663:Laryngeal papillomatosis
4249:Herpes simplex keratitis
3850:"Foot-and-Mouth Disease"
3817:10.1177/0300985809354350
3546:"Foot-and-mouth disease"
3329:(Report). Archived from
3272:. London. Archived from
2748:"Foot and Mouth Disease"
2616:"Foot and Mouth Disease"
2449:10.3389/fvets.2016.00105
1867:10.3389/fvets.2019.00263
1628:10.1177/0300985810372509
1509:10.1128/mSphere.00365-18
1455:10.3390/pathogens9030167
814:Merial Animal Health Ltd
354:
5012:Sheep and goat diseases
4927:Boston exanthem disease
4597:Yaba monkey tumor virus
4279:Herpetiform esophagitis
4259:Neonatal herpes simplex
4009:FMD Myocarditis in Pigs
3411:The Wall Street Journal
2399:10.1126/science.1199884
2274:BMC Veterinary Research
1152:Swine vesicular disease
778:) or hoof jaundice (蹄癀
704:disease. The county of
668:swine vesicular disease
4351:Zoster-associated pain
4088:10.1136/bmj.4.5578.529
4044:Foot-and-Mouth Disease
3856:on September 11, 2007.
3609:Foot and Mouth Disease
1384:The Journal of Hygiene
1106:Ethical considerations
1086:Animal Health Act 2002
978:
648:
580:Montebello, California
552:
518:genetically engineered
464:
165:
94:hoof-and-mouth disease
86:Foot-and-mouth disease
43:Foot-and-mouth disease
18:Foot and mouth disease
5002:Animal viral diseases
4783:Merkel cell carcinoma
4706:Bovine papillomavirus
2944:atlas.cid.harvard.edu
2920:atlas.cid.harvard.edu
2870:atlas.cid.harvard.edu
2319:Graves, Will (2007).
2204:10.1136/vr.148.19.602
1084:. As one result, the
1001:is disease-free, and
997:; as of August 2007,
976:
919:Australian government
897:On 10 February 2011,
786:United Kingdom (2007)
689:United Kingdom (2001)
646:
620:United Kingdom (1967)
542:
460:
326:Subclinical Infection
163:
145:, strict monitoring,
4880:Alphavirus infection
4744:Erythema infectiosum
4521:Progressive vaccinia
4511:Generalized vaccinia
4336:Herpes zoster oticus
3805:Veterinary Pathology
3583:Agence France-Presse
2814:Agricultural History
2725:(3): 695–8, 689–94.
2016:10.1128/JVI.00388-16
1616:Veterinary Pathology
104:and sometimes fatal
4381:Human herpesvirus 6
3434:The Huffington Post
3270:The Daily Telegraph
2499:2019NatSR...9.2707A
2391:2011Sci...332..726C
2003:Journal of Virology
1953:2019PLoSO..1427061S
1721:2014PLoSO...9j6859S
1337:2014PLoSO...9j6859S
1097:Miyazaki Prefecture
939:Albanese Government
933:since 2004 anyhow.
768:Southern Rural News
78:Veterinary medicine
4859:("German measles")
4673:Bowenoid papulosis
4244:Herpes gladiatorum
4124:2014-10-10 at the
4049:2013-05-20 at the
4029:10.1111/tbed.12235
3386:2017-07-01 at the
3065:2012-04-26 at the
2828:– via JSTOR.
2487:Scientific Reports
1914:10.1111/tbed.12235
1827:10.1111/tbed.12235
1056:However, in 2001,
979:
968:Chamberland filter
960:Friedrich Loeffler
840:Windsor Great Park
772:Nanfang Nongcunbao
649:
553:
465:
423:continental Europe
267:Signs and symptoms
166:
147:trade restrictions
4984:
4983:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4905:Coxsackie A virus
4885:Chikungunya fever
4793:
4792:
4749:Reticulocytopenia
4721:
4720:
4610:
4609:
4516:Eczema vaccinatum
4440:
4439:
4393:Exanthema subitum
4364:
4363:
4341:Ophthalmic zoster
4306:B virus infection
4274:Eczema herpeticum
4004:
4003:
3451:Yoon, SH (2011).
2385:(6030): 726–729.
2332:978-1-55059-332-7
2192:Veterinary Record
2128:Infect Genet Evol
2073:Yoon, SH (2011).
2009:(14): 6344–6364.
1582:978-1-904455-22-6
1049:have stopped FMD
962:. He passed the
917:in May 2022. The
734:autonomous region
613:
612:
83:
82:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5054:
5022:Health disasters
4804:
4803:
4630:
4623:
4622:
4617:Papillomaviridae
4453:
4452:
4430:Kaposi's sarcoma
4398:Roseola vaccinia
4319:
4299:
4254:Herpetic sycosis
4239:Herpetic whitlow
4227:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4109:
4099:
4082:(5578): 529–30.
4040:
3927:
3926:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3800:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3693:on 10 June 2007.
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3585:. 25 July 2022.
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3472:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3402:
3391:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3360:
3354:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3022:(3–4): 161–173.
3007:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:. April 25, 2019
2836:
2830:
2829:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2335:. Archived from
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2018:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1947:(12): e0227061.
1932:
1926:
1925:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1639:
1622:(6): 1048–1063.
1613:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1585:. Archived from
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1433:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1270:on June 5, 2008.
1266:. Archived from
1260:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1175:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1066:general election
909:Indonesia (2022)
887:Gyeongsangbuk-do
602:
601:
590:
589:
416:Infecting humans
291:
279:
67:
60:
40:
39:
21:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5007:Bovine diseases
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4961:Lipschütz ulcer
4931:
4889:
4864:
4829:
4809:Paramyxoviridae
4789:
4760:
4717:
4697:
4626:
4606:
4576:
4552:Milker's nodule
4532:
4484:Monkeypox virus
4436:
4409:
4360:
4315:
4310:
4293:
4288:
4223:
4183:
4177:Skin infections
4174:
4126:Wayback Machine
4051:Wayback Machine
4005:
4000:
3999:
3938:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3865:
3861:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3801:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3779:. UK Parliament
3775:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3646:. 22 May 2014.
3638:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3555:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3449:
3445:
3426:
3422:
3403:
3394:
3388:Wayback Machine
3379:
3375:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3142:on July 7, 2011
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3067:Wayback Machine
3057:
3053:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2971:Wayback Machine
2961:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2538:
2534:
2479:
2475:
2428:
2424:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2266:
2262:
2231:
2227:
2198:(19): 602–604.
2188:
2184:
2169:
2165:
2120:
2116:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2042:
1995:
1988:
1933:
1929:
1897:
1893:
1846:
1842:
1811:
1807:
1768:Acta Vet. Scand
1760:
1756:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1488:
1481:
1434:
1421:
1376:
1372:
1317:
1313:
1282:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1248:
1211:
1207:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1141:Animal virology
1131:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1076:was avoided in
993:, and parts of
956:
948:Damien O'Connor
925:to be low. The
911:
866:
858:Main articles:
856:
794:
788:
738:northwest China
715:
697:
691:
641:
628:
622:
599:
588:
558:
537:
490:Currently, the
455:
418:
372:
363:
357:
328:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
292:
284:
283:
280:
269:
65:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4901:
4899:
4896:Picornaviridae
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4814:
4812:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4772:
4770:
4767:Polyomaviridae
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4738:Parvovirus B19
4733:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4711:Equine sarcoid
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4688:Pigmented wart
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:Butcher's wart
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4646:Heck's disease
4643:
4633:
4631:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4501:Vaccinia virus
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4463:
4461:
4450:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4421:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Genital herpes
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:Herpes simplex
4230:
4228:
4217:
4206:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4116:
4110:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4041:
4023:(2): 152–164.
4011:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3986:
3975:
3960:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:Classification
3923:
3922:External links
3920:
3917:
3916:
3879:(3): 161–173.
3859:
3838:
3790:
3768:
3743:
3740:. 5 July 2022.
3723:
3716:
3710:. Bloomsbury.
3696:
3678:
3653:
3631:
3600:
3564:
3537:
3510:
3503:. 2011-03-22.
3492:
3463:(5): 817–826.
3443:
3420:
3392:
3390:UN News Centre
3373:
3355:
3339:
3336:on 2008-07-27.
3315:
3286:
3256:
3231:
3202:
3177:
3152:
3127:
3106:
3081:
3070:
3051:
2999:
2974:
2955:
2931:
2907:
2881:
2857:
2831:
2800:
2768:
2736:
2709:
2683:
2658:
2632:
2606:
2577:
2550:(9290): 1374.
2532:
2473:
2422:
2365:
2349:
2331:
2311:
2260:
2241:(2): 396–405.
2225:
2182:
2163:
2114:
2085:(5): 413–421.
2065:
2040:
1986:
1927:
1908:(2): 152–164.
1891:
1840:
1821:(2): 152–164.
1805:
1754:
1715:(9): e106859.
1695:
1679:Farmers Weekly
1666:
1599:
1581:
1559:
1533:
1479:
1419:
1390:(4): 474–479.
1370:
1331:(9): e106859.
1311:
1292:(2): 396–405.
1273:
1246:
1225:(4): 305–326.
1205:
1186:(4): 291–304.
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:Viruses portal
1120:
1117:
1107:
1104:
1070:Isle of Man TT
1047:European Union
1013:informed that
955:
952:
944:Jacinda Ardern
910:
907:
855:
852:
790:Main article:
787:
784:
714:
711:
701:United Kingdom
693:Main article:
690:
687:
640:
637:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
611:
610:
595:
594:
593:External audio
587:
584:
557:
554:
536:
533:
454:
451:
444:Picornaviridae
417:
414:
371:
368:
359:Main article:
356:
353:
327:
324:
293:
286:
285:
281:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
268:
265:
135:animal farming
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5059:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4846:Rubella virus
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:Matonaviridae
4832:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Verruca plana
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Herpes zoster
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4203:Herpesviridae
4199:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3778:
3772:
3758:on 2011-05-15
3757:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3719:
3717:9781408149553
3713:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3668:on 2010-12-29
3667:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3621:on 2007-07-10
3617:
3610:
3604:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3370:. 2007-09-14.
3369:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3332:
3325:
3319:
3305:on 2007-09-27
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3276:on 2008-03-21
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3221:on 2007-08-19
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3167:on 2011-07-21
3166:
3162:
3156:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3004:
2989:on 2007-06-20
2988:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2790:on 2013-09-27
2786:
2779:
2772:
2758:on 2009-10-01
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2596:on 2007-09-27
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2339:on 2009-08-02
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2179:(6): 431–439.
2178:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:(5): 413–21.
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2055:on 2007-11-17
2054:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1685:on 2008-07-08
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1589:on 2012-02-07
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:North America
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:South America
992:
988:
984:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
906:
904:
900:
895:
892:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Great Fosters
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
707:
702:
696:
686:
682:
678:
676:
675:electrocution
671:
669:
664:
660:
658:
654:
645:
639:Taiwan (1997)
636:
633:
627:
617:
609:
605:
596:
591:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
550:
546:
545:Monmouthshire
541:
532:
530:
526:
521:
519:
514:
508:
504:
502:
498:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
459:
450:
447:
445:
441:
440:
439:Enteroviruses
435:
431:
426:
424:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
383:
379:
377:
367:
362:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
290:
278:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
236:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:water buffalo
171:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:cloven-hoofed
111:that affects
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
79:
76:
74:
70:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4894:
4869:
4844:
4834:
4807:
4775:
4765:
4736:
4728:Parvoviridae
4726:
4651:Genital wart
4641:plantar wart
4615:
4588:Yatapoxvirus
4562:Pseudocowpox
4548:Farmyard pox
4537:
4456:
4445:
4414:
4387:Roseolovirus
4385:
4379:
4369:
4294:
4212:
4201:
4119:Disease card
4079:
4075:
4020:
4016:
3988:
3977:
3962:
3942:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3854:the original
3811:(1): 15–27.
3808:
3804:
3781:. Retrieved
3771:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:the original
3746:
3735:
3726:
3706:
3699:
3691:the original
3681:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:the original
3656:
3643:
3634:
3623:. Retrieved
3616:the original
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3576:
3567:
3556:. Retrieved
3554:. 2022-05-16
3549:
3540:
3529:. Retrieved
3527:. 2022-05-09
3522:
3513:
3495:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3433:
3423:
3410:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3342:
3331:the original
3318:
3307:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3289:
3278:. Retrieved
3274:the original
3269:
3259:
3248:. Retrieved
3246:. 2007-08-04
3243:
3234:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3205:
3194:. Retrieved
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3165:the original
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3140:the original
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3109:
3098:. Retrieved
3084:
3073:
3054:
3019:
3015:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2977:
2958:
2947:. Retrieved
2943:
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2843:
2834:
2820:(2): 82–90.
2817:
2813:
2803:
2792:. Retrieved
2785:the original
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2751:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2686:
2675:. Retrieved
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:The Guardian
2645:
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:The Guardian
2619:
2609:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:the original
2580:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2321:
2314:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2043:
2006:
2002:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1669:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1572:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1548:. 2019-02-22
1545:
1536:
1499:
1495:
1445:
1441:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1268:the original
1222:
1218:
1208:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1090:
1082:County Louth
1055:
983:World War II
980:
957:
935:
912:
896:
891:South Korean
879:
867:
833:
822:
806:
795:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
716:
713:China (2005)
698:
683:
679:
672:
665:
661:
650:
629:
614:
577:
570:
559:
543:FMD notice;
535:Epidemiology
522:
509:
505:
489:
466:
448:
443:
437:
427:
419:
410:
405:
400:
396:Soviet Union
384:
380:
373:
370:Transmission
364:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
316:asymptomatic
300:
255:
245:
233:
231:
167:
132:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
4871:Togaviridae
2493:(1): 2707.
1637:10217/40276
1051:vaccination
1039:New Zealand
899:North Korea
874:South Korea
442:within the
434:Coxsackie A
312:myocarditis
252:aphthovirus
151:quarantines
143:vaccination
48:Other names
4991:Categories
4915:Herpangina
4528:Buffalopox
4447:Poxviridae
4326:Chickenpox
4060:FMD portal
3990:DiseasesDB
3762:2011-01-15
3672:2011-01-15
3644:pig333.com
3625:2007-08-05
3558:2022-05-16
3531:2022-05-16
3457:Arch Virol
3309:2007-08-04
3280:2007-08-04
3250:2007-08-04
3225:2007-08-03
3196:2011-01-15
3171:2011-01-15
3146:2011-01-15
3121:2011-01-15
3100:2011-01-15
2993:2011-01-15
2949:2018-11-16
2925:2018-11-16
2901:2008-01-29
2875:2018-11-16
2794:2018-12-08
2762:2009-08-24
2703:2008-01-26
2677:2014-08-04
2652:2007-08-14
2626:2007-08-14
2600:2007-08-14
2543:The Lancet
2343:2008-05-16
2059:2011-01-15
1689:2007-08-06
1593:2007-08-10
1448:(3): 167.
1165:References
729:, and the
632:Shropshire
477:nucleotide
453:Prevention
153:, and the
102:infectious
4944:Ungrouped
4799:RNA virus
4489:Monkeypox
4269:Cold sore
4193:DNA virus
3893:0167-5877
3368:bbc.co.uk
3117:. Oie.int
2850:27 August
2280:(1): 38.
2079:Mol Cells
1774:(1): 42.
1552:28 August
1442:Pathogens
1074:epizootic
1035:Australia
1007:Argentina
915:Indonesia
903:Pyongyang
818:Pirbright
776:kǒuchuāng
764:wǔhàobìng
566:epizootic
520:vaccine.
501:Argentina
469:serotypes
206:elephants
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