1640:
the public councils! Such an attachment of a small or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake, since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people to surrender their interests.
1676:“General Wilkinson,” House debate, Annuals of the Congress of the United States, vol. 18 (January 18, 1808), pp. 1461-1462. General Wilkinson was given back his commission by President James Madison on February 14, 1812. In explaining why General Wilkinson was being recommissioned, President Madison wrote “that although there are instances in the Court, as well as in the conduct of the Officer on trial, which are evidently and justly objectionable, his acquittal of the several charges agst. him is approved, and his sword is accordingly ordered to be restored.” Andro Linklater, An Artist in Treason: The Extraordinary Double Life of General James Wilkinson (New York: Walker Publishing Company, 2009), p. 294.
29:
2265:
376:
the United States, (2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive propaganda that is instigated from foreign countries and attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our
Constitution, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any necessary remedial legislation."
976:, raised the possibility that AIPAC would come under greater scrutiny by the Department of Justice. While Franklin pleaded guilty to passing government secrets to Rosen and Weissman, as well as to an Israeli government official, the cases against Rosen and Weissman were dismissed and no actions against AIPAC were instituted.
384:, which opposed having such responsibility on the basis that it lacked the resources and personnel; consequently, authority over enforcing the act was transferred to the Department of Justice in 1942. A "Foreign Agents Registration Section" was created within the DOJ's newly established War Division during
379:
Pursuant to the findings and recommendations of the committee, FARA was enacted in 1938 to target foreign propaganda and political subversion, particularly from Nazi sources abroad; foreign agents were implicated by the law regardless of whether they were acting "for or on behalf of" those interests.
1654:: “How far foreign powers would be ready to take part in the confusions he would not say. Threats that they will be invited have it seems been thrown out. He drew the melancholy picture of foreign intrusions as exhibited in the History of Germany, and urged it as a standing lesson to other nations.”
375:
in 1930s
Germany, the House created the Special Committee on Un-American Activities to address the growing concerns about foreign propaganda in the U.S. The committee was tasked with conducting investigations into three issues: "(1) the extent, character, and objects of Nazi propaganda activities in
295:
FARA does not prohibit lobbying for foreign interests, nor does it ban or restrict any specific activities. Its explicit purpose is to promote transparency with respect to foreign influence over
American public opinion, policy, and laws; to that end, the DOJ is required to make such information
1639:
As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe
405:
and narrowed the meaning of "foreign agent." Consequently, an individual or organization could not be placed in the FARA database unless the government proved that they were acting "at the order, request, or under the direction or control, of a foreign principal" and proved that the alleged foreign
447:. In 2004 the Justice Department stated that the FARA Unit's database for tracking foreign lobbyists was in disrepair; by 2007, it launched an online database which can be used by the public to search filings and current reports. That same year, the DOJ reported that there were approximately 1,700
1718:
Maggie McKinley, “Lobbying and the
Petition Clause,” Stanford Law Review, vol. 68, issue 5 (May 2016), pp. 1131- 1206; and Nicholas W. Allard, “Lobbying Is an Honorable Profession: The Right to Petition and the Competition to Be Right,” Stanford Law & Policy Review, vol. 19, no. 1 (2008), pp.
1008:
Nonprofits have complained that the broad definitions in FARA can capture much routine nonprofit activity, requiring them to potentially register as foreign agents. In response, there have been proposals to amend the Act to define foreign principals under the Act to only be foreign governments or
511:
The law does not include news or press services not owned by the foreign principal. It also provides explicit exemptions for organizations engaged in "religious, scholastic, academic, or scientific pursuits or of the fine arts," as well as for those "not serving predominantly a foreign interest."
1728:
Testimony of Carl J. Austrian, American-Jewish
Committee, in U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 1, To Require the Registration of Certain Persons Employed by Agencies To Disseminate Propaganda in the U.S., hearing on H.R. 1591, 75th Cong., 1st sess., June 16, 1937,
363:, did Congress make the first formal attempts to regulate or restrict foreign lobbying, taking into consideration measures that would require foreign agents to publicly disclose their advocacy and prohibiting noncitizen residents from acting as foreign agents without prior government permission.
380:
The law would not ban such activities but instead require that individuals engaged in propaganda on behalf of foreign governments and principals register with the government and disclose information about their clients, activities, and contract terms. Enforcement of the act was assigned to the
410:
violations of the Act, ensuring more voluntary compliance while making it clear when the law has been violated. This has resulted in a shift from the law's initial focus on criminal prosecution, as the number of successful civil cases and administrative resolutions increased since that time.
409:
Due to the greater burden of proof placed on the government, until 2015, there only seven criminal prosecutions under FARA, none of which resulted in a conviction. However, a civil injunctive remedy also was added to allow the
Department of Justice to warn individuals and entities of possible
983:
revealed that in 2018 the ministry was concerned that compliance with FARA would damage the reputation of
Israeli-directed American groups, and that political donors would be reluctant to fund them if registered under the law. The ministry thus sought legal advice on FARA from law firm
507:
Organizations under such foreign control can include political agents, public relations counsel, publicity agents, information-service employees, political consultants, fundraisers or those who represent the foreign power before any agency or official of the United States government.
676:
and journalist whom the U.S. government alleged had violated pre-war Iraq financial sanctions by taking payments from Iraqi intelligence operatives. In addition to charges under the FARA, Lindauer was indicted for Title 18 Section 2332d (financial crimes) and placed under the
2098:
400:
In 1966 the Act was amended and narrowed to emphasize agents actually working with foreign powers who sought economic or political advantage by influencing governmental decision-making. The amendments shifted the focus of the law from propaganda to
849:
Although the act was designed to apply to any foreign agent, it has been accused of being used to target countries out of favor with a given administration. This was alleged by the Irish
Northern Aid Committee in legal filings. In the 1980s, the
617:
which collected money from supporters in the U.S., denied a relationship with the IRA and claimed selective prosecution was based on the
Attorney General's hostility towards their beliefs. While failing to do so in 1972, in May 1981, the
335:
over allegations that he was a
Spanish spy. In 1852, a joint resolution was introduced in Congress that invoked Washington's warning and reaffirmed the U.S. government's commitment "'Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence'".
681:(IEEPA). During and after her one-year incarceration, she was twice judged incompetent to stand trial. In court, Lindauer won against USDOJ efforts to forcibly drug her with anti-psychotic medication. The case was dropped in 2009.
2812:"Office of Public Affairs | Former High-Ranking New York State Government Employee Charged with Acting as an Undisclosed Agent of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party | United States Department of Justice"
406:
agent engaged "in political activities for or in the interests of such foreign principal," including by "represent the interests of such foreign principal before any agency or official of the Government of the United States."
426:
and nuclear war but felt his reputation would be harmed if the films were to be classified officially as "political propaganda." The court affirmed an earlier lower court ruling in favor of one of the film's distributors in
3370:
2088:
1029:
reported that the Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C. sent letters to American executives urging them to lobby against bills seeking to enhance U.S. economic competitiveness, thereby sparking possible FARA concerns.
687:(2005) included a charge of conspiracy to act as an unregistered agent of a foreign government in the "oil-for-food" scandal helping Saddam Hussein's government. Samir was fined $ 300,000 and sentenced to probation.
2922:
2598:
1004:
authority to better enforce the Act, and to eliminate the Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption to improve compliance. The Department of Justice has also proposed expanding civil enforcement under the statute.
391:
Following the end of the war in 1945, enforcement of FARA declined significantly: Only two indictments were brought between 1945 and 1955, followed by nine "failure to file" indictments between 1955 and 1962.
2630:
307:
For most of its existence, FARA was relatively obscure and rarely invoked; since 2017, the law has been enforced with far greater regularity and intensity, particularly against officials connected to the
3346:
2569:
2819:
2758:
3455:
571:
331:
seeking to influence both the American government and the public, namely through local "tools and dupes". As early as 1808, the House of Representatives sought to investigate U.S. Army General
2955:
1348:
988:, from 2018 through at least 2022. The proposed solution was for Israel to create and fund a new American nonprofit organization that would be informally managed by the Israeli government.
997:
2167:
1509:
1389:
1765:
U.S. Congress, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Investigation of Nazi and Other Propaganda, 74th Cong., 1st sess., February 15, H.Rept. 153 (Washington: GPO, 1935), p. 2.
1797:
3367:
858:(CISPES) allegedly based on selective enforcement of FARA. It has been noted that during the same period it investigated CISPES, the FBI ignored possible FARA violations such as
622:
won a court case forcing the committee to register with the IRA as its foreign principal, but the committee was allowed to include a written disclaimer against the court ruling.
1000:
released an audit of the National Security Division's enforcement of FARA. The audit noted that NSD officials had proposed amending FARA to provide the Justice Department with
913:
339:
Notwithstanding deeply rooted anxieties about foreign interference in American politics, it is not illegal for Americans to advocate for foreign governments or interests. The
316:
3126:
1468:
3391:
3297:
3267:
2913:
2192:
327:
Foreign influence over American politics has been a recurring concern since the nation's founding. In 1796, prior to his retirement from the presidency, George Washington
2591:
319:(NSD). Since 2016, there has been a 30 percent increase in registrations; as of November 2022, there were over 500 active foreign agents registered with the FARA Unit.
2222:
3244:
2620:
640:: 831 F.2d 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1987) shortened the statute of limitations for agents who refuse to register, contrary to the express language in Section 8(e) of the Act.
2678:
2312:
328:
2728:
2466:
435:
provided exemptions under FARA for certain agents who register with Congress and are thereby permitted to lobby the legislative and executive branches directly.
3338:
2561:
909:
855:
838:
3580:
2247:
2013:
1831:
312:. Subsequent high-profile indictments and convictions under FARA have prompted greater public, political, and legal scrutiny, including calls for reform.
3575:
2811:
2750:
1697:
605:(1981) in which the government sought to compel the committee, which was already registered under FARA, to register more specifically as an agent of the
202:
3445:
1570:
833:
office in Washington, D.C. in 1981 and the prohibition against fundraising within the United States on behalf of certain violent groups opposed to the
3422:
2998:
2001, p 108: "The DOJ's search for those who fail to disclose accurately their relationship with foreign groups and enforcement of FARA is selective."
2137:
829:
authorize the exemption of otherwise covered agents. Additionally, there have been laws targeting specific foreign agents, such as the closure of the
340:
2945:
1340:
1009:
political parties or those operating on their behalf, as well as amend the current broad and unclear agency definition in FARA to instead mimic the
2890:
2407:
2857:
1418:
985:
47:
An Act to require the registration of certain persons employed by agencies to disseminate propaganda in the United States and for other purposes.
3200:
1023:
warned U.S. companies and executives that advocating on behalf of Chinese government interests may violate FARA requirements. In November 2021,
2446:
1199:
955:
198:
2293:
2159:
1885:
Staff of S. Comm. on Foreign Relations, 87th Cong., Nondiplomatic Activities of Representatives of Foreign Governments 11 (Comm. Print 1962).
1493:
1373:
655:
of acting as agents of a foreign government under FARA, as well as various conspiracy charges after entering the United States to spy on the
2427:
1794:
841:
prohibits, among other activities, domestic fundraising that benefits foreign organizations designated by the United States as terrorist.
3062:
3024:
2497:
1317:
678:
3097:
2522:
1804:, written testimony given before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties (April 5, 2022)
3595:
3547:
355:, and makes no distinction between citizens and noncitizens. As a result, efforts to address foreign influence have generally avoided
2331:
3590:
3122:
1865:
1449:
932:
3387:
3281:
2751:"Elliott Broidy Pleads Guilty for Back-Channel Lobbying Campaign to Drop 1MDB Investigation and Remove a Chinese Foreign National"
2365:
1974:
3388:"Nick Robinson, "Foreign Agents" in an Interconnected World: FARA and the Weaponization of Transparency, Duke Law Journal (2020)"
1010:
2189:
876:
repeatedly demanded that leaders of the American Zionist Council register as "agents of a foreign government." In November 1962
315:
FARA is administered and enforced by the FARA Unit of the Counterintelligence and Export Control Section (CES) within the DOJ's
3585:
2036:
1951:
348:
996:
There have been proposals to reform FARA to both improve its enforcement and modernize its provisions. In September 2016, the
3600:
3109:
2279:
2011:
Foreign Lobbyist Database Could Vanish; Justice Department claims merely copying its foreign agents database could destroy it
1906:
834:
3321:
3225:
2065:
1931:
3570:
3520:
3241:
2214:
917:
744:
pled guilty in October 2020 to acting as an unregistered foreign agent, admitting taking $ 9 million to secretly lobby the
2653:
1848:
Amending Act Requiring Registration of Foreign Agents: Hearings Before the Subcomm. No. 4 of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary
2789:
961:
884:
694:
532:
444:
2306:
738:
of India), after 29 years in operation in the United States, formally registered as a "foreign agent" on 27 August 2020.
873:
273:
258:
156:
143:
2712:
2463:
1274:
3074:
3035:
2352:
1777:
925:
830:
567:
was spreading propaganda as an agent of foreign governments. The trial judge dismissed the case for lack of evidence.
344:
3175:
2369:
184:
2544:
1655:
304:
of subversive activities; since 1966, enforcement has shifted mostly to civil penalties and voluntary compliance.
3501:
1993:
1164:
1140:
1116:
1092:
1068:
851:
787:
728:
698:
546:
There have been several dozen criminal prosecutions and civil cases under the Act. Among the most prominent are:
432:
124:
116:
3319:
Audit of the National Security Division’s Enforcement and Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act
2244:
1828:
418:
In 1995, the term "political propaganda" was removed from Subsection 611 following the 1987 Supreme Court case,
3487:
2010:
1017:
877:
822:
1949:
The Documentary "This Film Is Not Yet Rated" Raises an Interesting Question About the MPAA Film Ratings System
1601:
1247:
3565:
3052:
Agents of repression: the FBI's secret wars against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movements
1204:
859:
556:
3007:
Yuk K. Law, "The Foreign Agents Registration Act: A new Standard for Determining Agency", pp. 373, 379, 380.
1562:
887:
ordered the American Zionist Council to register as a foreign agent under FARA because it was funded by the
3414:
2562:"Virginia Man Pleads Guilty in Scheme to Conceal Pakistan Government Funding for His U.S. Lobbying Efforts"
2121:
980:
905:
360:
1689:
943:
818:
706:
77:
2880:
2404:
2394:
Yuk K. Law, "The Foreign Agents Registration Act: A new Standard for Determining Agency", pp. 379, 380.
1450:"The Danger of Banning Foreign Lobbying: It's a Real Problem, But Biden's Proposal Isn't the Right Fix"
1001:
745:
619:
297:
289:
100:
3515:
3197:
2847:
763:, a former high-ranking New York State official, with acting as an undisclosed agent of China and the
160:
3535:
3090:
1209:
472:–era reforms. Eight decades after being enacted, FARA is finally worth the paper it was written on."
3539:
3155:
2443:
579:
was aggravated by the fact that the defendant had been notified by letter of his burden to register.
888:
2679:"Major RNC, Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy pleads guilty to acting as unregistered foreign agent"
1540:
2625:
2044:
1341:"Analysis: Beyond yachts and planes - U.S. turns to foreign agent laws to curb Russian influence"
1188:
764:
720:
528:
716:
officially registered as a foreign agent and will be required to disclose financial information.
3142:
2424:
749:
735:
626:
180:
3059:
3021:
2514:
2494:
1309:
3094:
1623:
891:
and thereby acting on behalf of Israel; the Department of Justice later withdrew its demand.
673:
656:
606:
237:
2621:"Justice Department Has Ordered Key Chinese State Media Firms to Register as Foreign Agents"
2329:
Report to Congress On the Activities and Operations Of the Public Integrity Section For 1978
28:
3087:
Decade of Transition: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Origins of the American-Israeli Alliance
2950:
1293:
936:
814:
690:
309:
301:
2328:
1850:, 77th Cong. 28 (1941) (statement of Hon. Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Assistant Sec’y of State) .
559: (D.D.C. 1951) which the US government claimed that the peace organization led by
8:
2271:
950:
unsuccessfully petitioned the Department of Justice to register the lobby under the Act.
753:
422:, in which a California State Senator wanted to distribute three films from Canada about
381:
2976:
See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 951; Public Law 893, 50 U.S.C. §§ 851–857; and 18 U.S.C. § 2386.
1862:
1419:"The Justice Department's New, Unprecedented Use of the Foreign Agents Registration Act"
2885:
2373:
1971:
802:
724:
576:
456:
292:(DOJ) and disclose their relationship, activities, and related financial compensation.
150:
3232:, 2005, US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Grand Jury Indictment.
3123:"The DOJ Is Using "Foreign Agents" Accusations to Repress Black Liberation Organizers"
2996:
Propaganda without propagandists?: six case studies in U.S. propaganda, Hampton Press,
2872:
2414:, United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, Decided July 25, 1986.
2089:"Former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort files as foreign agent for Ukraine work"
1530:
1193:
920:
initiated FARA inquiries against four environmental advocacy organizations, including
771:
3289:
3105:
3070:
3031:
2720:
2686:
2285:
2275:
2129:
2033:
1902:
1651:
1501:
1460:
1381:
939:
880:
1948:
813:
FARA is one of several federal statutes aimed at persons called foreign agents. The
630:(1986) in which the court found that the Irish Northern Aid Committee's publication
2782:"Ex-top aide to N.Y. Gov. Kathy Hochul was a secret Chinese agent, prosecutors say"
2548:
2474:
947:
826:
614:
564:
462:
Following a spike in public attention, registrations, and prominent cases in 2016,
109:
3543:
3368:
Interaction Open Letter to Congress Concerning the Foreign Agents Registration Act
495:
if they act "at the order, request, or under the direction or control" ("agents")
490:
of organizations or of persons outside of the United States ("foreign principal"),
3374:
3325:
3318:
3253:
3248:
3229:
3222:
3209:
3204:
3179:
3101:
3066:
3055:
3028:
2852:
2501:
2470:
2450:
2431:
2411:
2348:
2335:
2316:
2267:
Race, Law and Public Policy: Cases and Materials on Law and Public Policy of Race
2251:
2196:
2093:
2057:
2040:
2017:
1997:
1978:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1869:
1835:
1801:
1781:
1658:, edited by Max Farrand, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911), p. 530.
1455:
1278:
792:
464:
332:
262:
2946:"US edition of Hong Kong newspaper Sing Tao forced to register as foreign agent"
2654:"OFBJP now listed as foreign agent under US Law, ties with ruling BJP laid bare"
3047:
2663:
973:
969:
965:
797:
741:
668:
660:
560:
372:
3480:
2781:
2122:"Michael Flynn Was Paid to Represent Turkey's Interests During Trump Campaign"
501:
of persons who are "controlled or subsidized in major part" by this principal.
3559:
3293:
2914:"TV Company Linked To Russia's RT America Registers As Foreign Agent In U.S."
2881:"U.S. Designates China's Official Media as Operatives of the Communist State"
2724:
2690:
2133:
1505:
1464:
1385:
520:
516:
281:
277:
269:
188:
3481:"Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): Background and Issues for Congress"
3282:"Israel feared legal trouble over US advocacy efforts, leaked files suggest"
2289:
1667:“Non-Intervention,” Congressional Globe vol. 21 (January 19, 1852), p. 298.
1592:
National Security Division, U. S. Department of Justice (August 17, 2017).
1271:
1020:
921:
777:
709:
agency. He later pleaded guilty to tax evasion and making false statements.
634:
also must register under the Act and with the IRA as its foreign principal.
593:
536:
468:
magazine declared, "FARA is no longer a forgotten and oft ignored piece of
385:
285:
2349:
The Foreign Agents Registration Act: A new Standard for Determining Agency
1775:
Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): Background and Issues for Congress
1774:
1531:
National Security Division, U.S. Department of Justice (August 17, 2017).
388:, and a total of 23 criminal cases were prosecuted on the basis of FARA.
3184:
3173:
Leaders Fear Probe Will Force Pro-Israel Lobby To File as ‘Foreign Agent’
2658:
1038:
Chronology of amendments to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938.
782:
589:
452:
3172:
2160:"Mike Flynn attended intelligence briefings while a lobbyist for Turkey"
1072:
515:
Examples of organizations lobbying on behalf of foreign governments are
480:
The Act requires periodic disclosure of all activities and finances by:
2200:
1990:
1168:
1144:
1120:
1096:
896:
759:
On September 3, 2024, the U.S. Justice Department arrested and charged
713:
652:
644:
356:
128:
3446:"Chinese embassy lobbies U.S. business to oppose China bills -sources"
2848:"U.S. Orders Chinese State News Outlets to Register as Foreign Agents"
2423:
4 June 2008, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit,
3550:
3339:"Bridging the Gap: Calibrating FARA Enforcement With Civil Penalties"
1215:
760:
584:
524:
423:
575:(D.D.C. 1959) where Frank's lack of registration as an agent of the
1593:
1239:
901:
866:
772:
Notable organizations listed by the United States as foreign agents
702:
469:
448:
402:
352:
296:
publicly available. FARA was enacted in 1938 primarily to counter
280:. It requires "foreign agents"—defined as individuals or entities
3450:
2491:
Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in Wartime America, Volume 1
1959:
1873:
1025:
610:
52:
601:
2355:, Volume 6, Issue 2, 1982, Article 5, pp. 366, 372-374, 379.
1690:"Foreign Lobbying Isn't Inherently Bad—Until There Are Lies"
734:
The Overseas Friends of the BJP (OFBJP—BJP being the ruling
2405:
Attorney General of the United States V. Irish People, Inc.
900:
stated that FARA "has been used as a tool to go after such
648:
3270:, Associated Press, January 21, 2006 Accessed May 18, 2007
2592:"Russia's RT America registers as 'foreign agent' in U.S."
1591:
998:
U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General
451:
representing more than 100 countries before Congress, the
359:
in favor of transparency. Only in 1917, shortly after the
3121:
Poirot, Collin P.; Shahshahani, Azadeh (April 25, 2023).
2917:
1494:"The swampy business of lobbying for foreign governments"
1374:"The swampy business of lobbying for foreign governments"
3530:
443:
An online database of FARA registrants was added by the
2713:"Elliott Broidy Pleads Guilty in Foreign Lobbying Case"
2190:
Adding it up: The Top Players in Foreign Agent Lobbying
1532:
844:
663:
groups thought to be committing terrorist acts in Cuba.
910:
Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador
856:
Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador
2515:"F.B.I. Arrests Man Said to Be a Front for Donations"
1795:
ENHANCING THE FOREIGN AGENTS REGISTRATION ACT OF 1938
1756:
H.Res. 198 (73rd Congress), agreed to March 20, 1934.
1747:
H.R. 5287 (65th Congress), introduced August 24, 1917
1281:
Congressional Research Service. Updated March 7, 2019
839:
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
2879:
Jakes, Lara; Myers, Steven Lee (February 18, 2020).
1738:
H.R. 2583 (65th Congress), introduced April 10, 1917
1624:"Farewell Address | The American Presidency Project"
931:
The American Zionist Council was reorganized as the
535:, Netherlands Board of Tourism and Conventions, and
2120:Baker, Peter; Rosenberg, Matthew (March 10, 2017).
484:people and organizations that are under control of
3242:"Defense Analyst Guilty in Israeli Espionage Case"
2846:Yik-tung, Ng; Siu-fung, Lau (September 19, 2018).
2245:Foreign Agents Registration Act—Cases and Material
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1448:
101:
3120:
3018:Criminal Injustice: Confronting the Prison Crisis
2584:
2366:"Irish America and the Ulster Conflict 1968-1995"
1447:Michel, Casey; Freeman, Ben (September 3, 2020).
3557:
2845:
1901:. Kluwer Law International. 2012. p. 2062.
1442:
1440:
459:, many of whom were not registered under FARA.
2485:
2483:
1915:
1807:
2464:Oil-for-Food Witness Receives Lenient Sentence
2119:
1200:Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme Act 2018
956:United States v. Franklin, Rosen, and Weissman
865:running back cover advertisements to help the
68:Foreign Propagandists Registration Act of 1938
3412:
1446:
1437:
16:United States law regulating foreign lobbying
3280:Fang, Lee; Poulson, Jack (August 17, 2024).
3114:
2545:Kashmir activist sentenced to 2 years in Va.
2480:
2444:United States vs. Samir A. Vincent documents
1294:Foreign Agents Registration Act: An Overview
1272:Foreign Agents Registration Act: An Overview
288:("foreign principals")—to register with the
144:22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse
3581:United States foreign relations legislation
3279:
3268:"Ex-Pentagon Analyst Sentenced to 12 Years"
1858:
1856:
1829:Foreign Agents Registration Act Enforcement
1729:unpublished (Washington: GPO, 1937), p. 28.
1033:
679:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
284:for foreign governments, organizations, or
3576:United States federal criminal legislation
3167:
3165:
2878:
1991:Foreign Agent Registration Act website FAQ
627:Attorney General v. The Irish People, Inc.
220:Reported by the joint conference committee
39:Foreign Principal Registration Act of 1938
2651:
2403:Appeal of Department of Justice Order at
2086:
2028:
2026:
1972:Block v. Meese, 793 F.2d 1303 (D.C. Cir.)
1656:Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
1533:"Foreign Agents Registration Unit (FARA)"
552:United States v. Peace Information Center
226:on May 27, 1938 (Agreed) and by the
3531:Foreign Agents Registration Unit website
2911:
2652:Friedrich, Pieter (September 16, 2020).
2034:Foreign Lobbying Database Up and Running
1938:, Cornell University Law School website.
1853:
933:American Israel Public Affairs Committee
282:engaged in domestic lobbying or advocacy
3536:Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938
3443:
3349:from the original on September 17, 2024
3300:from the original on September 17, 2024
3162:
2958:from the original on September 17, 2024
2822:from the original on September 17, 2024
2263:
1863:Notes on 22 U.S.C. § 611 : US Code
1700:from the original on September 17, 2024
1011:Restatement of the Law of Agency, Third
854:(FBI) conducted operations against the
563:African American Civil Rights activist
438:
3558:
3444:Martina, Michael (November 13, 2021).
3415:"Barr lambastes Apple in China speech"
3413:Woodruff Swan, Betsy (July 16, 2020).
3394:from the original on February 26, 2020
2792:from the original on September 3, 2024
2780:Dienst, Jonathan (September 3, 2024).
2779:
2711:Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 20, 2020).
2601:from the original on November 13, 2017
2512:
2489:Martin J. Manning, Clarence R. Wyatt,
2188:Anupama Narayanswamy and Luke Rosiak,
2023:
1512:from the original on September 5, 2022
1488:
1486:
1471:from the original on September 4, 2020
1392:from the original on September 5, 2022
1351:from the original on September 5, 2022
1320:from the original on September 5, 2022
904:and human rights organizations as the
808:
723:in 2018 ordered the Chinese state-run
278:persons representing foreign interests
3223:US vs Franklin, Rosen, & Weissman
2943:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2731:from the original on January 23, 2021
2710:
1893:
1891:
1684:
1682:
1338:
1196:, for similar laws in other countries
874:President Eisenhower's administration
3129:from the original on August 18, 2023
2912:Chappell, Bill (November 14, 2017).
2525:from the original on August 18, 2017
2257:
2215:"Confessions of a Putin Spin Doctor"
2212:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1368:
1366:
1289:
1287:
1267:
1265:
918:House Committee on Natural Resources
916:. n 2018, the Republican-controlled
845:Allegations of selective enforcement
2937:
2893:from the original on March 24, 2020
2633:from the original on April 18, 2019
2225:from the original on March 12, 2014
2170:from the original on March 10, 2017
2140:from the original on March 25, 2017
2020:PublicIntegrity.org, July 28, 2004.
1573:from the original on April 13, 2024
1483:
962:United States Department of Defense
533:Japan National Tourism Organization
13:
3473:
3425:from the original on July 18, 2020
2925:from the original on June 21, 2019
2860:from the original on April 7, 2020
2834:
2645:
2101:from the original on June 29, 2017
1888:
1679:
991:
572:United States v. John Joseph Frank
541:
179:in the House as H.R. 1591 by
106:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
3612:
3596:Anti-fascism in the United States
3495:
3458:from the original on July 7, 2022
3198:"2 Senior AIPAC Employees Ousted"
2944:Cheng, Selina (August 26, 2021).
2761:from the original on June 1, 2023
2572:from the original on May 31, 2023
2513:Savage, Charlie (July 19, 2011).
2353:Fordham International Law Journal
2308:United States v John Joseph Frank
2068:from the original on May 29, 2016
2062:LII / Legal Information Institute
2058:"22 U.S. Code § 613 - Exemptions"
1604:from the original on May 18, 2024
1404:
1363:
1284:
1262:
1250:from the original on May 18, 2024
1240:"Foreign Agents Registration Act"
1056:U.S. Presidential Administration
926:Natural Resources Defense Council
835:Israeli–Palestinian peace process
831:Palestine Liberation Organization
685:United States v. Samir A. Vincent
2425:D. C. Docket No. 98-00721-CR-JAL
2254:, Department of Justice website.
2087:Hamburger, Tom (June 27, 2017).
1838:, Department of Justice website.
1543:from the original on May 9, 2011
972:, and AIPAC senior Iran analyst
869:national army recruit fighters.
413:
395:
27:
3591:1938 in international relations
3551:Statute Compilations collection
3507:Foreign Agents Registration Act
3437:
3406:
3380:
3361:
3331:
3312:
3273:
3260:
3235:
3216:
3191:
3079:
3041:
3010:
3001:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2905:
2804:
2773:
2743:
2704:
2676:
2670:
2613:
2554:
2537:
2506:
2456:
2437:
2417:
2397:
2388:
2358:
2341:
2322:
2300:
2264:Johnson, Robert C. Jr. (1998).
2243:There were 85 cases as of 1992.
2237:
2206:
2182:
2152:
2113:
2080:
2050:
2003:
1984:
1965:
1941:
1879:
1841:
1787:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1670:
1661:
1645:
1616:
1585:
1555:
1524:
852:Federal Bureau of Investigation
788:China Global Television Network
731:to register as a foreign agent.
729:China Global Television Network
699:Federal Bureau of Investigation
609:(IRA). The committee, based in
527:, Dickens & Madson Canada,
433:Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995
251:Foreign Agents Registration Act
210:on August 2, 1937 (Passed)
22:Foreign Agents Registration Act
3488:Congressional Research Service
1332:
1302:
1297:Congressional Research Service
1232:
823:Federated States of Micronesia
697:, was arrested in 2011 by the
672:(2004) involved a former U.S.
1:
3586:Lobbying in the United States
1339:Cohen, Luc (August 4, 2022).
1226:
1205:Lobbying in the United States
322:
230:on June 2, 1938 (Agreed)
216:on May 18, 1938 (Passed)
3601:Fascism in the United States
3521:Resources in other libraries
2985:Executive Order 12947 (1995)
1899:Department of Justice Manual
1459:. Vol. 99, no. 5.
1310:"Frequently Asked Questions"
914:Palestine Information Office
906:Irish Northern Aid Committee
602:Irish Northern Aid Committee
329:warned about foreign nations
7:
3571:75th United States Congress
2016:September 17, 2024, at the
1800:September 17, 2024, at the
1780:September 30, 2022, at the
1182:
981:Israeli ministry of Justice
819:Compact of Free Association
707:Inter-Services Intelligence
651:intelligence officers were
300:, with an initial focus on
78:75th United States Congress
10:
3617:
3373:February 26, 2020, at the
3328:, September 2016, p 17-18.
3324:February 12, 2020, at the
3100:February 26, 2017, at the
3065:February 25, 2017, at the
3027:February 25, 2017, at the
3016:Elihu Rosenblatt, editor,
2500:February 25, 2017, at the
2449:February 14, 2006, at the
2430:February 21, 2012, at the
2250:November 21, 2014, at the
1977:December 10, 2011, at the
1962:website, February 5, 2007.
1954:November 29, 2011, at the
1929:22 USC § 611 - Definitions
1868:February 22, 2012, at the
1002:civil investigative demand
979:Leaked documents from the
701:for lobbying secretly for
620:U.S. Department of Justice
366:
317:National Security Division
3516:Resources in your library
3203:January 19, 2017, at the
3178:January 27, 2012, at the
3091:Columbia University Press
3020:, South End Press, 1999,
2469:October 15, 2008, at the
2039:October 27, 2017, at the
1210:Russian foreign agent law
695:India's Jammu and Kashmir
172:
167:
149:
139:
134:
115:
96:
91:
83:
72:
64:
51:
43:
35:
26:
2338:, Department of Justice.
1834:January 7, 2015, at the
1563:"NSD Organization Chart"
1221:
1212: – 2012 Russian law
1034:Chronology of amendments
968:, AIPAC policy director
935:(AIPAC). In 1988 former
889:Jewish Agency for Israel
487:a foreign government, or
475:
361:U.S. entered World War I
203:Senate Foreign Relations
3247:March 14, 2017, at the
3150:Cite magazine requires
2626:The Wall Street Journal
2045:Congressional Quarterly
1996:April 14, 2012, at the
1628:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
1189:Alien and Sedition Acts
765:Chinese Communist Party
721:U.S. Justice Department
638:United States v. McGoff
588:(D.D.C. 1977) involved
557:97 F. Supp. 255
529:Invest Northern Ireland
349:petition the government
347:enshrines the right to
224:agreed to by the Senate
195:Committee consideration
2666:on September 17, 2020.
2629:. September 18, 2018.
1934:June 14, 2017, at the
1194:Foreign agent#Legality
1104:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1080:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1053:U.S. Legislative Bill
1050:U.S. Statute Citation
736:Bharatiya Janata Party
712:On November 13, 2017,
693:, a U.S. citizen from
181:John William McCormack
3345:. December 21, 2023.
3228:May 20, 2012, at the
2818:. September 3, 2024.
2597:. November 13, 2017.
2195:July 1, 2017, at the
1277:May 16, 2024, at the
885:Department of Justice
756:government interests.
674:Congressional staffer
669:Susan Lindauer et al
657:U.S. Southern Command
607:Irish Republican Army
445:Department of Justice
290:Department of Justice
238:Franklin D. Roosevelt
161:ch. 11, subch. II
3566:1938 in American law
3188:, December 31, 2004.
2951:Hong Kong Free Press
2757:. October 20, 2020.
2568:. December 7, 2011.
815:Taiwan Relations Act
746:Trump administration
691:Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai
600:Attorney General v.
498:of this principal or
439:Twenty-first century
351:, including through
310:Trump administration
302:criminal prosecution
3050:, Jim Vander Wall,
2272:Black Classic Press
1425:. December 18, 2019
1316:. August 21, 2017.
1246:. August 17, 2017.
809:Related legislation
647:" (1998–2000) five
592:and was ended by a
382:Department of State
371:In response to the
168:Legislative history
23:
3343:www.wilmerhale.com
3266:Barakat, Matthew.
2886:The New York Times
2717:The New York Times
2519:The New York Times
2493:, ABC-CLIO, 2010,
2462:Larry Neumeister,
2410:2012-04-07 at the
2334:2012-04-02 at the
2315:2014-05-03 at the
2213:Lake, Eli (2014).
2203:, August 18, 2009.
2126:The New York Times
1981:at OpenJurist.org.
1569:. August 4, 2017.
1176:Lyndon B. Johnson
1047:Public Law Number
1044:Date of Enactment
942:and former senior
894:A 2023 article in
861:Soldier of Fortune
803:Xinhua News Agency
725:Xinhua News Agency
577:Dominican Republic
403:political lobbying
353:political lobbying
191:) on July 28, 1937
36:Other short titles
21:
3502:Library resources
3377:, April 23, 2018.
3110:978-0-231-11262-8
3085:Abraham Ben-Zvi,
2551:, March 30, 2012.
2543:Matthew Barakat,
2477:, April 25, 2008.
2281:978-1-58073-019-8
1908:978-1-4548-2445-9
1696:. July 21, 2021.
1652:Gouverneur Morris
1180:
1179:
940:William Fulbright
881:Robert F. Kennedy
667:United States v.
583:United States v.
521:Flynn Intel Group
517:DMP International
345:U.S. Constitution
274:public disclosure
272:law that imposes
247:
246:
222:on May 23, 1938;
214:Passed the Senate
118:Statutes at Large
87:September 6, 1938
3608:
3491:
3490:. June 30, 2020.
3485:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3335:
3329:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3239:
3233:
3220:
3214:
3213:, April 21, 2005
3195:
3189:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3118:
3112:
3083:
3077:
3045:
3039:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2994:James Shanahan,
2992:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2843:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2677:Hsu, Spencer S.
2674:
2668:
2667:
2662:. Archived from
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2549:Associated Press
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2487:
2478:
2475:Associated Press
2460:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2421:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:. Archived from
2370:CAIN Web Service
2362:
2356:
2345:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2292:. Archived from
2261:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2210:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2054:
2048:
2030:
2021:
2009:Kevin Bogardus,
2007:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1945:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1826:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1784:(fas.org), p. 4.
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:"Browse Filings"
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1236:
1152:John F. Kennedy
1133:October 4, 1961
1128:Harry S. Truman
1041:
1040:
1018:Attorney General
948:Victor Marchetti
878:Attorney General
827:Marshall Islands
632:The Irish People
615:Northern Ireland
565:W. E. B. Du Bois
554:
457:federal agencies
208:Passed the House
153:sections created
119:
107:
103:
57:
31:
24:
20:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3556:
3555:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:Further reading
3471:
3461:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3375:Wayback Machine
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3326:Wayback Machine
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3254:Washington Post
3249:Wayback Machine
3240:
3236:
3230:Wayback Machine
3221:
3217:
3210:Washington Post
3205:Wayback Machine
3196:
3192:
3180:Wayback Machine
3170:
3163:
3152:|magazine=
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3115:
3102:Wayback Machine
3084:
3080:
3067:Wayback Machine
3056:South End Press
3046:
3042:
3029:Wayback Machine
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2853:Radio Free Asia
2844:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2816:www.justice.gov
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2786:www.nbcnews.com
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2683:Washington Post
2675:
2671:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2502:Wayback Machine
2488:
2481:
2471:Wayback Machine
2461:
2457:
2451:Wayback Machine
2442:
2438:
2432:Wayback Machine
2422:
2418:
2412:Wayback Machine
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2376:on May 31, 2011
2364:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2342:
2336:Wayback Machine
2327:
2323:
2317:Wayback Machine
2305:
2301:
2296:on May 3, 2014.
2282:
2274:. p. 472.
2262:
2258:
2252:Wayback Machine
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2219:The Daily Beast
2211:
2207:
2197:Wayback Machine
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2094:Washington Post
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2047:, May 30, 2007.
2041:Wayback Machine
2031:
2024:
2018:Wayback Machine
2008:
2004:
1998:Wayback Machine
1989:
1985:
1979:Wayback Machine
1970:
1966:
1956:Wayback Machine
1946:
1942:
1936:Wayback Machine
1927:
1916:
1909:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1870:Wayback Machine
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1836:Wayback Machine
1827:
1808:
1802:Wayback Machine
1793:Nick Robinson,
1792:
1788:
1782:Wayback Machine
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1598:www.justice.gov
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1567:www.justice.gov
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1456:Foreign Affairs
1445:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1314:www.justice.gov
1308:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1285:
1279:Wayback Machine
1270:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1244:www.justice.gov
1238:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1185:
1125:H.R. 4386
1109:August 3, 1950
1085:April 29, 1942
1077:H.R. 5988
1061:August 7, 1939
1036:
994:
992:Proposed reform
953:The 2005 case,
847:
811:
793:RT (TV network)
774:
550:
544:
542:Prominent cases
478:
465:Foreign Affairs
441:
416:
398:
369:
341:First Amendment
333:James Wilkinson
325:
298:Nazi propaganda
276:obligations on
243:
240:on June 8, 1938
234:Signed into law
199:House Judiciary
117:
105:
73:Enacted by
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3554:
3553:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:External links
3494:
3493:
3492:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3436:
3405:
3379:
3360:
3330:
3311:
3272:
3259:
3257:, Oct. 6, 2005
3234:
3215:
3190:
3161:
3113:
3078:
3048:Ward Churchill
3040:
3009:
3000:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2936:
2904:
2871:
2833:
2803:
2772:
2742:
2703:
2669:
2644:
2612:
2583:
2553:
2536:
2505:
2479:
2455:
2436:
2416:
2396:
2387:
2357:
2340:
2321:
2299:
2280:
2256:
2236:
2205:
2181:
2151:
2112:
2079:
2049:
2022:
2002:
1983:
1964:
1947:Julie Hilden,
1940:
1914:
1907:
1887:
1878:
1852:
1840:
1806:
1786:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1694:news.yahoo.com
1678:
1669:
1660:
1644:
1615:
1584:
1554:
1523:
1482:
1436:
1403:
1362:
1331:
1301:
1283:
1261:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:H.R. 470
1147:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1016:In July 2020,
993:
990:
974:Keith Weissman
966:Larry Franklin
846:
843:
810:
807:
806:
805:
800:
798:Sing Tao Daily
795:
790:
785:
780:
773:
770:
769:
768:
757:
742:Elliott Broidy
739:
732:
717:
710:
688:
682:
664:
661:Cuban American
641:
635:
623:
597:
580:
568:
561:Pan-Africanist
543:
540:
505:
504:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
491:
488:
477:
474:
440:
437:
429:Block v. Meese
420:Meese v. Keene
415:
412:
397:
394:
373:rise of Nazism
368:
365:
324:
321:
259:22 U.S.C.
245:
244:
242:
241:
231:
217:
211:
205:
192:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
154:
147:
146:
141:
140:Titles amended
137:
136:
132:
131:
121:
113:
112:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3613:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3144:
3143:cite magazine
3128:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3075:9780896086463
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3036:9780896085398
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2380:September 27,
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1704:September 24,
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1633:September 24,
1629:
1625:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1516:September 24,
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:The Economist
1495:
1489:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:The Economist
1375:
1369:
1367:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:July 4, 1966
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:S. 2399
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
986:Sandler Reiff
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
957:
951:
949:
945:
941:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
879:
875:
872:In the 1950s
870:
868:
864:
862:
857:
853:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
748:on behalf of
747:
743:
740:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
675:
671:
670:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
624:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:
585:Park Tong-Sun
581:
578:
574:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
548:
547:
539:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
500:
497:
496:
494:
489:
486:
485:
483:
482:
481:
473:
471:
467:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
425:
421:
414:1995 revision
411:
407:
404:
396:1966 revision
393:
389:
387:
383:
377:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
334:
330:
320:
318:
313:
311:
305:
303:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:United States
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
239:
236:by President
235:
232:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
166:
163:§ 611 et seq.
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
120:
114:
111:
104:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3538:as amended (
3506:
3462:November 14,
3460:. Retrieved
3449:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3418:
3408:
3398:February 26,
3396:. Retrieved
3382:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3342:
3333:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3286:The Guardian
3285:
3275:
3262:
3252:
3237:
3218:
3208:
3193:
3183:
3131:. Retrieved
3116:
3086:
3081:
3051:
3043:
3017:
3012:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2916:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2884:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2851:
2826:September 8,
2824:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2796:September 8,
2794:. Retrieved
2785:
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2754:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2716:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2664:the original
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2605:November 14,
2603:. Retrieved
2594:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2518:
2508:
2490:
2458:
2439:
2419:
2399:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2374:the original
2360:
2347:Yuk K. Law,
2343:
2324:
2307:
2302:
2294:the original
2266:
2259:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2163:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2125:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2092:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2032:Alex Knott,
2005:
1986:
1967:
1943:
1898:
1881:
1847:
1843:
1789:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1693:
1672:
1663:
1647:
1638:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1608:September 5,
1606:. Retrieved
1597:
1587:
1577:September 5,
1575:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1497:
1475:September 6,
1473:. Retrieved
1454:
1429:September 6,
1427:. Retrieved
1422:
1396:September 5,
1394:. Retrieved
1377:
1355:September 5,
1353:. Retrieved
1344:
1334:
1324:September 5,
1322:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1296:
1254:September 5,
1252:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1173:S. 693
1160:P.L. 89-486
1136:P.L. 87-366
1112:P.L. 81-642
1088:P.L. 77-532
1064:P.L. 76-319
1037:
1024:
1021:William Barr
1015:
1013:definition.
1007:
995:
978:
970:Steven Rosen
954:
952:
930:
922:Earthjustice
895:
893:
871:
860:
848:
812:
778:CGTN America
684:
666:
659:and various
637:
631:
625:
599:
594:plea bargain
582:
570:
551:
545:
537:Ketchum Inc.
514:
510:
506:
479:
463:
461:
442:
428:
419:
417:
408:
399:
390:
386:World War II
378:
370:
338:
326:
314:
306:
294:
265:
254:
250:
248:
233:
227:
223:
219:
213:
207:
194:
176:
135:Codification
56:(colloquial)
18:
3185:The Forward
2755:justice.gov
2735:October 21,
2696:October 21,
2659:Two Circles
2637:February 1,
2566:justice.gov
783:China Daily
590:South Korea
453:White House
3560:Categories
3353:August 15,
3304:August 21,
3133:August 18,
3022:pp 104-105
2962:August 27,
2201:ProPublica
1227:References
897:The Nation
714:RT America
645:Cuban Five
357:censorship
323:Background
263:§ 611
177:Introduced
97:Public law
44:Long title
3546:) in the
3294:0261-3077
3171:Ori Nir,
2897:April 18,
2725:0362-4331
2691:0190-8286
2229:March 12,
2134:0362-4331
2072:April 29,
1506:0013-0613
1465:0015-7120
1386:0013-0613
1216:Smith Act
964:employee
946:official
867:Rhodesian
821:with the
761:Linda Sun
750:Malaysian
653:convicted
525:DLA Piper
449:lobbyists
424:acid rain
157:22 U.S.C.
92:Citations
84:Effective
65:Nicknames
3456:Archived
3429:July 18,
3423:Archived
3419:POLITICO
3392:Archived
3371:Archived
3347:Archived
3322:Archived
3298:Archived
3245:Archived
3226:Archived
3201:Archived
3176:Archived
3127:Archived
3098:Archived
3093:, 1998,
3063:Archived
3058:, 2001,
3025:Archived
2956:Archived
2929:March 3,
2923:Archived
2891:Archived
2864:April 6,
2858:Archived
2820:Archived
2790:Archived
2759:Archived
2729:Archived
2631:Archived
2599:Archived
2570:Archived
2529:July 20,
2523:Archived
2498:Archived
2467:Archived
2447:Archived
2428:Archived
2408:Archived
2332:Archived
2313:Archived
2290:54617416
2248:Archived
2223:Archived
2193:Archived
2174:June 29,
2168:Archived
2164:NBC News
2144:June 29,
2138:Archived
2105:June 29,
2099:Archived
2066:Archived
2037:Archived
2014:Archived
1994:Archived
1975:Archived
1952:Archived
1932:Archived
1876:website.
1866:Archived
1832:Archived
1798:Archived
1778:Archived
1698:Archived
1602:Archived
1571:Archived
1541:Archived
1537:fara.gov
1510:Archived
1469:Archived
1390:Archived
1349:Archived
1318:Archived
1275:Archived
1248:Archived
1183:See also
1163:80
1139:75
1115:64
1091:56
1067:53
960:against
924:and the
902:anti-war
863:magazine
825:and the
817:and the
703:Pakistan
470:New Deal
123:52
53:Acronyms
3544:details
3451:Reuters
2765:May 31,
2595:Reuters
2576:May 31,
1960:FindLaw
1874:FindLaw
1423:Lawfare
1345:Reuters
1026:Reuters
937:Senator
754:Chinese
611:Belfast
367:History
343:to the
286:persons
268:) is a
266:et seq.
102:Pub. L.
3504:about
3292:
3108:
3073:
3060:p. 375
3034:
2723:
2689:
2495:p. 522
2288:
2278:
2132:
1905:
1547:May 6,
1504:
1463:
1384:
1299:(2019)
1167:
1143:
1119:
1095:
1071:
912:, and
908:, the
837:. The
555:,
455:, and
431:. The
261:
151:U.S.C.
127:
110:75–583
108:
3484:(PDF)
3095:p. 98
1719:23-69
1222:Notes
1165:Stat.
1141:Stat.
1117:Stat.
1093:Stat.
1069:Stat.
649:Cuban
476:Scope
228:House
159:
125:Stat.
3464:2021
3431:2020
3400:2020
3355:2024
3306:2024
3290:ISSN
3156:help
3135:2023
3106:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3032:ISBN
2964:2021
2931:2018
2899:2020
2866:2020
2828:2024
2798:2024
2767:2023
2737:2020
2721:ISSN
2698:2020
2687:ISSN
2639:2020
2607:2017
2578:2023
2531:2011
2382:2008
2310:case
2286:OCLC
2276:ISBN
2231:2014
2176:2017
2146:2017
2130:ISSN
2107:2017
2074:2016
1903:ISBN
1706:2022
1635:2022
1610:2022
1579:2022
1549:2011
1518:2022
1502:ISSN
1477:2020
1461:ISSN
1431:2022
1398:2022
1382:ISSN
1357:2022
1326:2022
1256:2022
1073:1244
752:and
727:and
719:The
255:FARA
249:The
76:the
60:FARA
3548:GPO
3540:PDF
2918:NPR
1169:244
1145:784
1121:399
1097:248
944:CIA
928:".
883:'s
705:'s
257:) (
197:by
129:631
3562::
3486:.
3454:.
3448:.
3421:.
3417:.
3390:.
3341:.
3296:.
3288:.
3284:.
3251:,
3207:,
3182:,
3164:^
3147::
3145:}}
3141:{{
3125:.
3104:,
3089:,
3069:,
3054:,
2954:.
2948:.
2921:.
2889:.
2883:.
2856:.
2850:.
2836:^
2814:.
2788:.
2784:.
2753:.
2727:.
2719:.
2715:.
2685:.
2681:.
2656:.
2623:.
2564:.
2547:,
2521:.
2517:.
2482:^
2473:,
2368:.
2351:,
2284:.
2270:.
2221:.
2217:.
2199:,
2166:.
2162:.
2136:.
2128:.
2124:.
2097:.
2091:.
2064:.
2060:.
2043:,
2025:^
1958:,
1917:^
1890:^
1872:,
1855:^
1809:^
1692:.
1681:^
1637:.
1626:.
1600:.
1596:.
1565:.
1539:.
1535:.
1508:.
1500:.
1496:.
1485:^
1467:.
1453:.
1439:^
1421:.
1406:^
1388:.
1380:.
1376:.
1365:^
1347:.
1343:.
1312:.
1286:^
1264:^
1242:.
613:,
531:,
523:,
519:,
201:,
189:MA
3542:/
3466:.
3433:.
3402:.
3357:.
3308:.
3158:)
3154:(
3137:.
3038:.
2966:.
2933:.
2901:.
2868:.
2830:.
2800:.
2769:.
2739:.
2700:.
2641:.
2609:.
2580:.
2533:.
2453:.
2434:.
2384:.
2319:.
2233:.
2178:.
2148:.
2109:.
2076:.
2000:/
1911:.
1708:.
1612:.
1581:.
1551:.
1520:.
1479:.
1433:.
1400:.
1359:.
1328:.
1258:.
958:,
767:.
643:"
596:.
253:(
187:-
185:D
183:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)