509:
massive manpower advantage of the communist states, now including China, made land warfare a losing proposition for
America and its allies. Instead it was necessary to relate rely on technological superiority and airpower and seapower. For East Asia, Hoover recommended a different defensive alliance that included Japan, Formosa, and the Philippines, but did not include South Korea. By minimizing reliance on Army land forces, it was a cost-saving procedure. He recommends a Japan being encouraged to build up its forces as well. Hoover's position was widely adopted by formerly isolationist Republicans like Sen. Robert Taft, and criticized by the internationalist-oriented Republicans such as John Foster Dulles. Dwight D. Eisenhower agreed with Hoover's deemphasis on expensive ground armies and followed through in implementing that policy after his election in 1952.
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banks were closed so they were short of money. They flooded the
American embassies especially in London. Hoover volunteered and soon took charge of operations in London in cooperation with other London-based American businessmen and the US ambassador. Hoover raised money locally until gold appropriated by Congress arrived. His team helped tens of thousands with loans and travel assistance. He finished his emergency role by October.
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334:. Most of the decline was due to a plunge in GDP in the US and worldwide. However beyond that was additional decline. Some countries protested and others also retaliated with trade restrictions and tariffs. American exports to the protesters fell 18% and exports to those who retaliated fell 31%. Economists and economic historians have a consensus view that the SmootâHawley Tariff worsened the effects of the Great Depression.
1739:
473:
A few of the former Allies continued to make payments to the United States on their war loans after the moratorium expired, but only
Finland was able and willing to meet all obligations. German reparation payments did not resume in 1932 due to the overall economic situation. Germany's war debts were
50:
Latin
America: Hoover sought to improve relations with Latin American countries, emphasizing economic cooperation, investment, and non-intervention in their affairs. As President, Hoover began what President Roosevelt continued as "the Good Neighbor Policy," which aimed to strengthen ties and mutual
508:
When the Korean war broke out in 1950, Hoover first gave his friend Truman public support. But late in the year, as
Chinese intervention pushed the American, South Korean and UN forces back to the South, Hoover made a major address that called for a new strategy. He repeated his warning that the
70:
broke out in August 1914, pitting
Germany and its allies against France and Britain and their allies. The US was neutral, and about 125,000 American tourists and visitors were trapped in Europe and needed to get home immediately. The transatlantic passenger ships were temporarily cancelled, and
352:
According to
William Leuchtenburg, during Hoover's term, the world order established in the immediate aftermath of World War I began to crumble. As president, Hoover largely made good on his pledge made prior to assuming office not to interfere in Latin America's internal affairs. In 1930, he
431:
to lead a commission to Haiti in 1930. Forbes gave Hoover a plan to stabilize Haiti and remove the
Marines. An agreement in August 1931 started the withdrawal and a similar plan led to Hoover's withdrawal of troops from Nicaragua. Franklin Roosevelt later completed the process, calling it the
27:
400:
in 1904, states that the United States could intervene in the internal affairs of Latin
American countries if they committed flagrant and chronic financial wrongdoings. The U.S. took over the police role to stop interventions by European powers. Hoover in 1930 endorsed the
594:
Bertrand M. Patenaude, "A Race against
Anarchy: Even after the Great War ended, famine and chaos threatened Europe. Herbert Hoover rescued the continent, reviving trade, rebuilding infrastructure, and restoring economic order, holding a budding Bolshevism in check."
499:
After being frozen out by Roosevelt, Hoover was delighted that his offer of help to the new President Harry S Truman was quickly accepted. They became friends and Hoover took on the role as chief advisor regarding food relief and other help to impoverished Europe.
300:, a puppet state. The Hoover administration deplored the invasion, but also sought to avoid antagonizing the Japanese, fearing that taking too strong a stand would weaken the moderate forces in the Japanese government and alienate a potential ally against the
54:
Tariffs and Protectionism: Hoover implemented protectionist policies, including signing the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930, which raised tariffs on imported goods. This move aimed to protect American industry but other countries retaliated and US exports
465:
The proposal was met with initial disapproval from France and many American citizens, but after much telephone lobbying by Hoover, it had gained support from 15 nations by 6 July. It was approved by the
58:
Non-interventionism: Hoover strongly favored a non-interventionist approach to foreign wars. He campaigned to keep the United States out of direct military involvement in World War II during 1939-1941.
266:(1930-1933) agreed with Hoovers's emphasis on disarmament and went along with postponement of new construction and cutting the fleet. Other naval officers disagreed sharply with Hoover's policies.
150:
epidemic then ravaging Russia. Hoover strongly detested Bolshevism, and felt the American aid would demonstrate the superiority of Western capitalism and thus help contain the spread of communism.
330:
on over 20,000 imported goods. The new law and tariffs imposed by America's trading partners in retaliation were major factors of the reduction of American exports and imports by 67% during
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41:
Food: When the US entered the war in 1917 Hoover left London and headed the new U.S. Food Administration, coordinating food supplies and relief efforts to the Allies
142:
of late 1921. At its peak, the ARA employed 300 Americans, more than 120,000 Russians and fed 10.5 million people daily. Its Russian operations were headed by Col.
3091:
3031:
3026:
2948:
2543:
786:
Kris James Mitchener, Kirsten Wandschneider, and Kevin Hjortshøj O'Rourke. "The Smoot-Hawley Trade War" (No. w28616. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021)
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3401:
3121:
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3036:
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2582:
2572:
535:
1522:
McKercher, B. J. C. "'A Certain Irritation': The White House, the State Department, and the Desire for a Naval Settlement with Great Britain, 1927â1930."
3161:
3096:
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523:
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2127:
3396:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3141:
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2617:
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3333:
3216:
3136:
2971:
2597:
2122:
162:
3366:
3361:
3068:
2916:
2868:
2491:
1328:
Cabanes, Bruno. "The hungry and the sick: Herbert Hoover, the Russian famine, and the professionalization of humanitarian aid" in Bruno Cabanes,
86:
3315:
3176:
2758:
2698:
2637:
2271:
47:
Disarmament: Hoover was an advocate for arms reduction and international disarmament as a means to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts.
216:
Worked with other nations to restrain Japanese aggression in China. Although he did use military force to protect American interests in China.
3343:
2550:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
518:
44:
Russia: During the postwar Russian Revolution, Hoover played a key role in providing humanitarian relief to famine-stricken areas of Russia.
3371:
1491:
2139:
3251:
3003:
2943:
2768:
2484:
545:
127:
458:
in 1917/18. The moratorium was the result of a proposal President Hoover issued on 20 June 1931 that was intended to ease the ongoing
3063:
2990:
1967:
1958:
611:
Charles M. Edmondson, "An Inquiry into the Termination of Soviet Famine Relief Programmes and the Renewal of Grain Export, 1922â23",
540:
475:
366:
347:
235:, which he hoped would allow the United States to shift money from the military to domestic needs. Hoover and his Secretary of State
2733:
2718:
2394:
2389:
1908:
304:, which he saw as a much greater threat. In response to the Japanese invasion, Hoover and Secretary of State Stimson outlined the
3208:
3058:
2998:
2773:
2655:
2507:
2276:
2180:
2132:
1929:
1217:
Nash, George H. "The 'Great Humanitarian': Herbert Hoover, the Relief of Belgium, and the Reconstruction of Europe after War I."
530:
153:
The ARA's operations in Russia were shut down on June 15, 1923, after it was discovered that Russia renewed the export of grain.
2955:
2938:
2855:
2788:
550:
1300:
Banholzer, Simon, and Tobias Straumann. "Why the French Said 'Non': A New Perspective on the Hoover Moratorium of June 1931."
3411:
3259:
2743:
2738:
2665:
2235:
2068:
1577:
Parafianowicz, Halina. "Hoover's Moratorium and Some Aspects of American Policy Towards Eastern and Central Europe in 1931,"
1139:
1115:
1094:
422:
382:
2863:
2728:
126:. In 1921, to ease famine in Russia, the ARA's director in Europe, Walter Lyman Brown, began negotiated an agreement with
1736:
Herbert Hoover Reassessed: Essays Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Inauguration of Our Thirty-First President
3310:
3302:
3050:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2361:
1941:
273:, Hoover urged further cutbacks in armaments and the outlawing of tanks and bombers, but his proposals were not adopted.
1486:
Kubo, Fumiaki, RyĹŤji Hattori, and Satoshi Hattori. "The 1930s: Japanâs War with China and American Non-Recognition." in
938:
3325:
3232:
2930:
2763:
2748:
2723:
2707:
2691:
1987:
1472:
Kennedy, Greg. "Depression and security: Aspects influencing the United States Navy during the Hoover administration."
704:
Greg Kennedy, "Depression and security: Aspects influencing the United States Navy during the Hoover administration."
3353:
3190:
2199:
2073:
418:
386:
289:
134:
in August, 1921; an additional implementation agreement was signed by Brown and People's Commissar for Foreign Trade
101:
935:
Report of the President's Commission for the Study and Review of Conditions in the Republic of Haiti: March 26, 1930
2778:
2325:
2170:
1438:
80:
1644:
Walker III, William O. "Crucible for peace: Herbert Hoover, modernization, and economic growth in Latin America."
2117:
2112:
1229:
812:
459:
2230:
2266:
2187:
1972:
1932:
1202:
1155:
950:
Robert M. Spector, "W. Cameron Forbes in Haiti: Additional Light on the Genesis of the 'Good Neighbor' Policy"
282:
123:
112:
3338:
2976:
2753:
2684:
2317:
1532:
McKercher, B. J. C. "Chrysalis Of Power: Us Foreign Policy And The Retreat From Isolationism, 1919â1941." in
805:"Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions"
2204:
2039:
1953:
1901:
1544:
1192:
377:
to support the government against a left-wing revolution. Notwithstanding those actions, he wound down the
270:
2095:
1307:
Braeman, John. "Power and Diplomacy: the 1920's Reappraised." The Review of Politics 44.3 (1982): 342â369.
122:
Under Hoover's direction, very large scale food relief was distributed to Europe after the war though the
2009:
1999:
1479:
Koyoma, Kumiko. 2009. âThe Passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?â
317:
293:
1797:
1321:
Burk, Kathleen. "The Lineaments of Foreign Policy: The United States and a 'New World Order,' 1919â39."
1257:
1239:
2291:
2034:
821:
1727:
Goodall, Alex. "U.S. Foreign Relations under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover: Power and Constraint." in
1720:
Doenecke, Justus D. "Historians' Views of the Republican Era: Was Roosevelt an Entirely New Turn?" in
581:
Benjamin M. Weissman, "Herbert Hoover and the famine in Soviet Russia, 1921-23" in Mark Hatfield, ed.
2240:
2192:
2004:
787:
146:. The Medical Division of the ARA functioned from November 1921 to June 1923 and helped overcome the
139:
830:
804:
222:
In 1931 imposed a moratorium on intergovernmental debts to reduce the impact of the Great Depression
38:
Belgian relief in 1914-1917. He worked with Berlin and London to allow shipments of food to Belgium.
30:
American Relief Administration (ARA) American relief mission to Russia headed by Herbert Hoover 1921
2014:
1594:
Pemberton, Jo-Anne. "The Hoover Plan, Reparations and the French Constructive Plan." in Pemberton,
873:
462:
and provide time for recovery. The moratorium included payments on both principal and interest.
247:. As a result of Hoover's efforts, the United States and other major naval powers signed the 1930
2464:
2044:
1894:
451:
251:. The treaty represented the first time that the naval powers had agreed to cap their tonnage of
240:
1794:
An American epic. 2, Famine in forty five nations : organization behind the front 1914-1923
2245:
825:
467:
428:
1876:
1692:
Wilson, John R. M. âThe Quaker and the Sword: Herbert Hooverâs Relations with the Military.â
3274:
2450:
2175:
2100:
2019:
1871:
1807:
1344:
Awkward dominion: American political, economic, and cultural relations with Europe, 1919-1933
1274:
688:
John R. M. Wilson. âThe Quaker and the Sword: Herbert Hooverâs Relations with the Military.â
455:
454:
obligations and of the repayment of the war loans that the United States had extended to the
1881:
1866:
1816:
1212:
2029:
1125:
433:
406:
343:
177:
2476:
1629:
The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931â1933
8:
2209:
2080:
2024:
1843:
Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President
1804:
An American epic. 3, Famine in forty-five nations. The battle on the front line 1914-1923
393:
358:
248:
1783:
1539:
McPherson, Alan. "Herbert Hoover, Occupation Withdrawal, and the Good Neighbor Policy."
2416:
2286:
2160:
1992:
1853:
1836:
1745:
Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover and the HistoriansâRecent Developments: A Review Essay"
1708:
1656:
Strange Allies: Britain, France and the Dilemmas of Disarmament and Security, 1929â1933
1589:
1572:
1561:
1458:
1421:
1364:
1224:
Nash, George H. "An American Epicâ: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I."
920:
Alan McPherson, "Herbert Hoover, Occupation Withdrawal, and the Good Neighbor Policy."
851:
843:
747:
600:
397:
370:
143:
138:
on December 30, 1921. The U.S. Congress appropriated $ 20,000,000 for relief under the
2676:
2214:
2165:
2085:
1517:
1371:
Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas
1315:
1135:
1111:
1090:
1084:
998:
855:
445:
308:, which held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force.
201:
1780:
An American Epic: Introduction: The Relief of Belgium and Northern France, 1914-1930
1742:, major collection of 29 essays by scholars; 8 deal with foreign policy, pp 313â448.
1428:
American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: HooverâStimson Foreign Policy, 1929â1933
979:"Why the French Said 'Non': A New Perspective on the Hoover Moratorium of June 1931"
2410:
2090:
1634:
Van Meer, Elisabeth. "The Transatlantic Pursuit of a World Engineering Federation"
990:
835:
739:
402:
354:
331:
326:
trade policies, was signed by President Hoover on June 17, 1930. The act raised US
305:
263:
236:
1507:
The United States in world affairs: An account of American foreign relations: 1932
1500:
The United States in world affairs: An account of American foreign relations: 1931
1335:
Chapman, Michael E. "Ironies of Character: Hoover's Foreign Policy with Asia." in
1129:
2801:
2443:
2428:
2348:
1105:
322:
The Tariff Act of 1930, commonly known as the SmootâHawley Tariff, implemented
2825:
1917:
1826:
800:
491:
President Roosevelt deliberately kept Hoover from any role after Pearl Harbor.
252:
194:
131:
20:
1617:
Rogers, Benjamin F. ââDear Mr. Presidentâ: The Hoover-Truman Correspondence.â
1443:
George Jr, James H. "Another Chance: Herbert Hoover and World War II Relief."
1312:
Herbert Hoover and economic diplomacy; Department of Commerce policy 1921-1928
1016:
964:
839:
436:." It ended three decades of intervention, but ignored the rise of dictators.
405:
that repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary in favor of what was later called the
3390:
2821:
1131:
Herbert Hoover: The American Presidents Series: The 31st President, 1929-1933
1002:
994:
362:
323:
210:
Ended British expansion of its naval and air bases in the Western hemisphere.
135:
730:
Current, Richard N. (1954). "The Stimson Doctrine and the Hoover Doctrine".
2816:
2422:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2281:
2250:
1750:
1411:
Feeding Occupied France during World War I: Herbert Hoover and the Blockade
978:
301:
256:
1882:
David E. Hamilton, "Herbert Hoover: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)
2891:
2796:
2144:
2063:
2051:
1877:
David Greenberg, "Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)
1209:
Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson
378:
374:
232:
184:
67:
1872:
Eugene P. Trani, "Warren Harding: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)
1757:
Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941
868:
Douglas A. Irwin, "The Smoot-Hawley tariff: A quantitative assessment."
2886:
2105:
2056:
1982:
1867:
Saladin Ambar, "Woodrow Wilson: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)
1787:
1673:
1649:
1639:
1622:
1527:
1448:
1354:
847:
751:
311:
1598:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) pp. 185â277. On war debts owed to US.
1293:
Accinelli, Robert D. "The Hoover Administration and the World Court."
2811:
1766:
A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover
1729:
A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover
1722:
A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover
1388:
1337:
A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover
297:
285:
244:
23:
for his entire career, with emphasis to his roles from 1914 to 1933.
1404:
Good Neighbors? Three Decades of Inter-American Relations, 1930-1960
1349:
Current, Richard N. "The Stimson Doctrine and the Hoover Doctrine."
743:
365:. Hoover did not completely refrain from the use of the military in
2806:
1764:
Kahan, Paul. "Herbert Hoover's Diplomacy Toward Latin America." in
163:
United States Department of Commerce § Foreign economic policy
1697:
1383:
Doenecke, Justus D. "The Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover."
693:
172:
In his Memoirs Hoover recalled his main efforts to promote peace:
1886:
672:
670:
1705:
Historical dictionary from the great war to the great depression
1534:
A Companion to US Foreign Relations: Colonial Era to the Present
1254:
Master of Emergencies, 1917â1918, The Life of Herbert Hoover, 3.
890:
711:
327:
147:
1668:
Wheeler, Gerald E. "Republican Philippine Policy, 1921-1933."
775:
Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776
667:
1455:
Peddling protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression
450:
The Hoover Moratorium was a one-year suspension of Germany's
190:
Negotiated treaties calling for arbitration and conciliation.
117:
26:
1663:
Herbert Hoover and famine relief to Soviet Russia, 1921â1923
1168:
Life of Herbert Hoover : Keeper of the Torch, 1933-1964
1107:
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776
2506:
1823:
Memoirs volume 2: The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920â1933
1586:
Heir to empire: United States economic diplomacy, 1916-1923
1395:
Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era
1330:
The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918-1924
1247:
The Humanitarian, 1914â1917, The Life of Herbert Hoover, 2.
1068:
Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era
878:
1685:
Wilson, John R. M. âHerbert Hooverâs Military Policy.â in
1182:
The Life of Herbert Hoover: Imperfect Visionary, 1918-1928
902:
213:
Worked to sustain democratic government in Weimar Germany.
655:
643:
91:
German occupation of north-east France during World War I
1435:
Herbert Hoover--the Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914-23
1030:
Dear Mr. President': The Hoover-Truman Correspondence."
74:
1551:
William E. Borah and American Foreign Policy: 1907-1929
777:(University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 100â03.
570:
The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914-1917
2706:
1199:
The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928-1933
3407:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
95:
2236:
Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site
1304:
56.4 (2021): 1040â1060. doi:10.1177/0022009420949924
631:
312:
Trade decline: Higher tariff and hostile retaliation
19:
covers the international activities and policies of
1614:(1975). 398 pp; a weak defense of Hoover's policies
1437:(U of Iowa Press, 1979). Eight essays by scholars.
524:
Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration
156:
1236:The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer 1874â1914
977:Banholzer, Simon; Straumann, Tobias (2020-11-17).
976:
1850:The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative
1833:Memoirs volume 3: The Great Depression, 1929â1941
1610:Robinson, Edgar Eugene, and Vaughn Davis Bornet.
1558:The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative
1469:(Jan 2015) 65#1 pp 19â24. online; popular history
474:finally consolidated and paid off in 1953 by the
219:Worked a limit the international naval arms race.
3388:
2123:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt
536:History of ChinaâUnited States relations to 1948
1680:American Business and Foreign Policy: 1920â1933
1490:(Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2017). 83â102.
180::" Ending intervention policy in Latin America.
87:German occupation of Belgium during World War I
1813:Memoirs volume 1: Years of Adventure 1874-1920
1612:Herbert Hoover: President of the United States
1596:The Story of International Relations, Part Two
1571:(1987); essays by scholars on various topics.
1569:Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives
1264:An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover
1055:An uncommon man: the triumph of Herbert Hoover
3417:Aftermath of World War I in the United States
2692:
2492:
1902:
1848:Myers, William Starr; Walter H. Newton, eds.
1556:Myers, William Starr; Walter H. Newton, eds.
1465:Jeansonne, Glen S. "Hoover goes to Belgium."
207:Reduced naval competition with Great Britain.
128:Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
3225:
3084:
3019:
2964:
2879:
1124:
896:
884:
717:
676:
106:
34:Hoover had many interests around the world:
3402:1933 disestablishments in the United States
2272:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
369:; he thrice threatened intervention in the
255:, as previous agreements had only affected
2699:
2685:
2651:
2499:
2485:
1909:
1895:
439:
361:and a move towards non-interventionism in
204:and activities that did not involve force.
118:American relief and Russian famine of 1921
1856:many documents included in the narrative.
1738:(US Government Printing Office, 1981).
1564:many documents included in the narrative.
829:
519:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1913â1933
481:
476:London Agreement on German External Debts
3397:1929 establishments in the United States
2390:1928 United States presidential election
1751:https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12547
25:
2508:History of United States foreign policy
2277:Hoover Institution Library and Archives
2181:Belgian American Educational Foundation
1103:
1082:
1009:
957:
908:
799:
729:
661:
649:
637:
167:
3389:
1361:Herbert Hoover's Latin-American policy
1269:Stimson, Henry L. and McGeorge Bundy.
937:(US Government Printing Office, 1930)
551:Hoover Institution Library and Archive
546:United KingdomâUnited States relations
412:
2680:
2480:
1890:
1682:(University Press of Kentucky, 1971).
1281:Herbert Hoover: forgotten progressive
541:Latin AmericaâUnited States relations
423:United States occupation of Nicaragua
348:Latin AmericaâUnited States relations
75:Belgium and occupied France 1914â1917
2370:Republican National Convention, 1920
1457:(Princeton University Press, 2011).
1418:Republican Foreign Policy, 1921-1933
1378:A History of American Foreign Policy
1287:
1942:United States Secretary of Commerce
1605:Henry L. Stimson and Japan, 1931-33
1271:On Active Services in Peace and War
1086:The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover
531:International relations (1919â1939)
262:Hoover's Chief of Naval Operations
13:
2708:Public policy of the United States
1988:Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929
1916:
1772:
1149:
870:Review of Economics and statistics
385:and nearly bringing an end to the
243:, which sought to prevent a naval
96:Food Administrator in US 1917â1918
14:
3428:
1860:
1714:
1689:, ed. Lee Nash. (2010) pp 115â32.
1665:(Hoover Institution Press, 1974).
1488:The History of US-Japan Relations
1191:(2016), long scholarly biography
419:United States occupation of Haiti
102:United States Food Administration
2661:
2660:
2650:
2460:
2459:
2326:The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue
2171:Commission for Relief in Belgium
2113:State of the Union Address, 1929
1266:(1984), focus on post-presidency
337:
157:Secretary of Commerce, 1921-1928
81:Commission for Relief in Belgium
17:Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover
1541:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1302:Journal of Contemporary History
1060:
1047:
1044:Jeansonne, (2016) pp 357â378.
1038:
1022:
983:Journal of Contemporary History
970:
944:
927:
914:
862:
813:The Journal of Economic History
793:
780:
767:
758:
723:
698:
694:https://doi.org/10.2307/1987233
682:
486:
2188:American Relief Administration
1933:President of the United States
1687:Herbert Hoover and World Peace
1619:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1385:Journal of Libertarian Studies
1160:
1156:Bibliography of Herbert Hoover
1089:. University Press of Kansas.
1076:
1032:Presidential Studies Quarterly
922:Presidential Studies Quarterly
732:The American Historical Review
618:
605:
588:
575:
562:
460:international financial crisis
239:focused on extending the 1922
226:
124:American Relief Administration
113:American Relief Administration
62:
1:
2318:Backstairs at the White House
1696:38#2 (1974), pp. 41â47,
1332:(Cambridge UP, 2014) 189â247.
1175:Herbert HooverL A Public Life
494:
3412:Presidency of Herbert Hoover
2205:Commission for Polish Relief
2069:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
2040:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
1201:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
271:World Disarmament Conference
231:Hoover placed a priority on
7:
2949:Low-level radioactive waste
2000:Reapportionment Act of 1929
1323:Journal of American Studies
1110:. Oxford University Press.
1104:Herring, George C. (2008).
1083:Fausold, Martin L. (1985).
512:
396:, articulated by President
294:National Revolutionary Army
183:Advocated adherence to the
10:
3433:
2292:Herbert C. Hoover Building
2035:Federal Home Loan Bank Act
1749:78#1 (2018) p. 75-86
1621:16#3 (1986), pp. 503â10,
1514:Herbert Hoover and Germany
1351:American Historical Review
1153:
1134:. Henry Holt and Company.
822:Cambridge University Press
443:
416:
373:, and he sent warships to
341:
315:
160:
110:
99:
84:
78:
3352:
3324:
3301:
3273:
3250:
3207:
3189:
3049:
2989:
2929:
2854:
2787:
2714:
2646:
2514:
2438:
2403:
2360:
2336:
2259:
2223:
2193:Russian Famine Relief Act
2153:
2005:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1952:
1924:
1707:(Scarecrow Press, 2013).
1670:Pacific Historical Review
1481:Journal of Policy History
1433:Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed.
933:William Cameron Forbes,
840:10.1017/S0022050700040602
583:Herbert Hoover Reassessed
140:Russian Famine Relief Act
107:Post-war relief in Europe
2200:U.S. Food Administration
2074:U.S. occupation of Haiti
1638:(2012) 53#1 pp 120â145.
1636:Technology & Culture
1474:Diplomacy and Statecraft
1369:DeConde, Alexander, ed.
1126:Leuchtenburg, William E.
995:10.1177/0022009420949924
706:Diplomacy and Statecraft
692:38#2 (1974), pp. 41â47,
615:33#3 (1981), pp. 370â385
556:
503:
276:
2451:Franklin D. Roosevelt â
2349:English translation of
2045:Federal Home Loan Banks
2010:SmootâHawley Tariff Act
1755:Hogan, Michael J. ed.
1262:Smith, Richard Norton.
452:World War I reparations
440:Debt moratorium of 1931
383:occupation of Nicaragua
318:SmootâHawley Tariff Act
241:Washington Naval Treaty
2246:Lou Henry Hoover House
1845:, (4 vols. 1974â1977).
1672:28.4 (1959): 377â390.
1661:Weissman, Benjamin M.
1581:. (1987) 6#1 pp 63â84.
1549:Maddox, Robert James.
1526:31.5 (2007): 829â863.
1447:16.3 (1992): 389â407.
1353:59.3 (1954): 513â542.
1219:The Tocqueville Review
1189:Herbert Hoover: A Life
1180:Clements, Kendrick A.
1053:Richard Norton Smith,
1034:16.3 (1986): 503-510.
872:80.2 (1998): 326-334.
773:Alfred E. Eckes, Jr.,
482:Ex-president 1933â1964
468:United States Congress
429:William Cameron Forbes
367:Latin American affairs
31:
2431:(great-granddaughter)
2241:HooverâMinthorn House
2176:University Foundation
2128:Judicial appointments
2101:Medicine Ball Cabinet
1759:(Cambridge UP, 2000).
1648:30.1 (2006): 83â117.
1627:Thorne, Christopher.
1543:44.4 (2014): 623â639
1387:8.2 (1987): 311â340.
1325:26.3 (1992): 377â391.
1154:Further information:
1028:Benjamin F. Rogers, "
924:44.4 (2014): 623-639.
357:, a rejection of the
85:Further information:
29:
3217:Same-sex immigration
2030:Mexican Repatriation
1734:Hatfield, Mark, ed.
1476:6.2 (1995): 342â372.
1409:Druelle, Clotilde.
1393:Doenecke, Justus D.
1376:DeConde, Alexander.
1359:DeConde, Alexander.
1342:Costigliola, Frank.
954:(1966) 6#2 pp 28-45.
708:6.2 (1995): 342-372.
434:Good Neighbor policy
407:Good Neighbor policy
344:Good Neighbor policy
200:Cooperated with the
178:Good Neighbor policy
168:President, 1929â1933
2210:Finnish Relief Fund
2161:Sons of Gwalia mine
2081:London Naval Treaty
2025:Revenue Act of 1932
2020:Economy Act of 1932
1841:Hawley, Ellis, ed.
1768:(2014) pp: 484â501.
1678:Wilson, Joan Hoff.
1536:(2020) pp: 345â381.
1426:Ferrell, Robert H.
1346:(Cornell UP, 1984).
1279:Wilson, Joan Hoff.
1221:38.2 (2017): 55â70.
1207:Morison, Elting E.
1070:(1979) pp 224, 231.
1066:Justus D. Doenecke,
1057:(1984) pp 390â391.
1017:"Hoover Moratorium"
965:"Hoover Moratorium"
911:, pp. 183â186.
899:, pp. 120â121.
720:, pp. 122â123.
679:, pp. 117â119.
664:, pp. 175â176.
652:, pp. 479â480.
413:Haiti and Nicaragua
394:Roosevelt Corollary
387:occupation of Haiti
359:Roosevelt Corollary
249:London Naval Treaty
2759:Telecommunications
2656:List of presidents
2417:Herbert Hoover Jr.
2297:U.S. Postage stamp
2287:Hoover Institution
1993:Federal Farm Board
1658:(Routledge, 2019).
1646:Diplomatic History
1603:Rappaport, Armin.
1560:(1936) pp 577â618.
1524:Diplomatic History
1512:Lochner, Louis P.
1505:Lippmann, Walter.
1498:Lippmann, Walter.
1453:Irwin, Douglas A.
1445:Diplomatic History
1297:4.3 (1977): 28â36.
1295:Peace & Change
1283:(1975) pp 168â208.
599:2 (2020): 183-200
585:(1981) pp 390â396.
398:Theodore Roosevelt
371:Dominican Republic
187:with reservations.
144:William N. Haskell
32:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3246:
3245:
3185:
3184:
3045:
3044:
2985:
2984:
2925:
2924:
2674:
2673:
2474:
2473:
2444:â Calvin Coolidge
2321:(1979 miniseries)
2215:Hoover Commission
2086:Hoover Moratorium
1831:Hoover, Herbert.
1821:Hoover, Herbert.
1811:Hoover, Herbert.
1802:Hoover, Herbert.
1792:Hoover, Herbert.
1778:Hoover, Herbert.
1654:Webster, Andrew.
1584:Parrini, Carl P.
1416:Ellis, L. Ethan.
1380:(1963), textbook.
1310:Brandes, Joseph.
1288:Scholarly studies
1226:Prologue Magazine
1197:Jeansonne, Glen.
1187:Jeansonne, Glen.
1166:Best, Gary Dean.
1141:978-0-8050-6958-7
1117:978-0-19-972343-0
1096:978-0-7006-0259-9
952:Caribbean Studies
897:Leuchtenburg 2009
885:Leuchtenburg 2009
718:Leuchtenburg 2009
677:Leuchtenburg 2009
446:Hoover Moratorium
427:Hoover appointed
296:and establishing
290:Republic of China
253:auxiliary vessels
202:League of Nations
3424:
3223:
3222:
3082:
3081:
3017:
3016:
2962:
2961:
2877:
2876:
2785:
2784:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2463:
2462:
2411:Lou Henry Hoover
2344:Freedom Betrayed
2166:Zinc Corporation
2140:Executive Orders
2091:Stimson Doctrine
1945:
1936:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1724:(2014): 543â565.
1694:Military Affairs
1579:American Studies
1339:(2014): 502â521.
1252:Nash, George H.
1245:Nash, George H.
1234:Nash, George H.
1145:
1121:
1100:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
989:(4): 1040â1060.
974:
968:
961:
955:
948:
942:
931:
925:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
866:
860:
859:
833:
809:
797:
791:
784:
778:
771:
765:
762:
756:
755:
727:
721:
715:
709:
702:
696:
690:Military Affairs
686:
680:
674:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
622:
616:
609:
603:
592:
586:
579:
573:
568:George H. Nash,
566:
403:Clark Memorandum
355:Clark Memorandum
306:Stimson Doctrine
288:, defeating the
264:William V. Pratt
237:Henry L. Stimson
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3348:
3320:
3297:
3275:Native American
3269:
3242:
3221:
3203:
3181:
3107:F. D. Roosevelt
3080:
3041:
3015:
2981:
2960:
2921:
2875:
2850:
2783:
2710:
2705:
2675:
2670:
2642:
2568:F. D. Roosevelt
2510:
2505:
2475:
2470:
2434:
2429:Margaret Hoover
2399:
2356:
2351:De re metallica
2332:
2255:
2219:
2149:
2015:National anthem
1956:
1948:
1939:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1863:
1775:
1773:Primary sources
1717:
1567:Nash, Lee, ed.
1509:(Harper, 1933).
1502:(Harper, 1932).
1402:Dozer, Donald.
1290:
1173:Burner, David.
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:Further reading
1142:
1118:
1097:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
975:
971:
962:
958:
949:
945:
932:
928:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
867:
863:
831:10.1.1.482.4975
807:
801:Whaples, Robert
798:
794:
785:
781:
772:
768:
763:
759:
744:10.2307/1844715
728:
724:
716:
712:
703:
699:
687:
683:
675:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
632:
623:
619:
613:Soviet Studies,
610:
606:
593:
589:
580:
576:
572:(1983) pp 1â14.
567:
563:
559:
515:
506:
497:
489:
484:
448:
442:
425:
417:Main articles:
415:
350:
342:Main articles:
340:
320:
314:
281:In 1931, Japan
279:
229:
170:
165:
159:
120:
115:
109:
104:
98:
93:
83:
77:
65:
12:
11:
5:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3252:Infrastructure
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3004:Climate change
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2944:Nuclear energy
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:War on Poverty
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Transportation
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1978:Foreign policy
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:Herbert Hoover
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1861:External links
1859:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1800:
1790:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1747:Annals of Iowa
1743:
1732:
1731:(2014): 53â76.
1725:
1716:
1715:Historiography
1713:
1712:
1711:
1703:Wynn, Neil A.
1701:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1642:
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1625:
1615:
1608:
1600:
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1520:
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1495:
1494:
1484:
1483:21 (2): 163-86
1477:
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1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1414:
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1381:
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1367:
1357:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1243:
1238:(1983) vol 1.
1232:
1222:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1122:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1037:
1021:
1019:US History.com
1008:
969:
967:US History.com
956:
943:
926:
913:
901:
889:
887:, p. 117.
877:
861:
803:(March 1995).
792:
779:
766:
764:Taussig (1931)
757:
738:(3): 513â542.
722:
710:
697:
681:
666:
654:
642:
630:
617:
604:
587:
574:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
527:
526:
514:
511:
505:
502:
496:
493:
488:
485:
483:
480:
444:Main article:
441:
438:
414:
411:
339:
336:
332:the Depression
316:Main article:
313:
310:
278:
275:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
198:
195:Kellogg-Briand
191:
188:
181:
169:
166:
161:Main article:
158:
155:
132:Maxim Litvinov
119:
116:
111:Main article:
108:
105:
100:Main article:
97:
94:
79:Main article:
76:
73:
64:
61:
60:
59:
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
39:
21:Herbert Hoover
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3429:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
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3394:
3392:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:By Presidency
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:G. H. W. Bush
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:L. B. Johnson
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:By Presidency
3083:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:By Presidency
3018:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2991:Environmental
2988:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:By Presidency
2963:
2957:
2954:
2950:
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2898:
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2880:By Presidency
2878:
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2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
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2822:Great Society
2820:
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2697:
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2667:
2659:
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2649:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:G. H. W. Bush
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
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2173:
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2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
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2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:Supreme Court
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
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2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
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2033:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1934:
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1820:
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1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1799:
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1789:
1788:online review
1785:
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1744:
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1559:
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1525:
1521:
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1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:History Today
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
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1216:
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1210:
1206:
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1200:
1196:
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1190:
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1127:
1123:
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1109:
1108:
1102:
1098:
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1087:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1015:Staff (nndg)
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
966:
963:Staff (nndg)
960:
953:
947:
940:
936:
930:
923:
917:
910:
905:
898:
893:
886:
881:
875:
871:
865:
857:
853:
849:
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841:
837:
832:
827:
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783:
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733:
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719:
714:
707:
701:
695:
691:
685:
678:
673:
671:
663:
658:
651:
646:
640:, p. 58.
639:
634:
627:
621:
614:
608:
602:
598:
597:Hoover Digest
591:
584:
578:
571:
565:
561:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
516:
510:
501:
492:
479:
477:
471:
470:in December.
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
447:
437:
435:
430:
424:
420:
410:
408:
404:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
381:, ending the
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Latin America
360:
356:
353:released the
349:
345:
338:Latin America
335:
333:
329:
325:
324:protectionist
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
258:
257:capital ships
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
199:
196:
193:Expanded the
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
174:
173:
164:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:Leonid Krasin
133:
129:
125:
114:
103:
92:
88:
82:
72:
69:
57:
53:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
36:
35:
28:
24:
22:
18:
3101:
3092:T. Roosevelt
2817:New Frontier
2719:Agricultural
2560:
2544:T. Roosevelt
2458:
2449:
2442:
2423:Allan Hoover
2350:
2343:
2324:
2316:
2312:Hoover Field
2307:Hoover Chair
2302:Hoover Medal
2282:Hoover Tower
2267:Bibliography
2251:Rapidan Camp
2154:Other events
1977:
1973:Inauguration
1849:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1803:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1756:
1746:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1704:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1674:online jstor
1669:
1662:
1655:
1650:online jstor
1645:
1635:
1628:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1427:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1384:
1377:
1373:(4 vol 1979)
1370:
1360:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1311:
1301:
1294:
1280:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1246:
1235:
1225:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1130:
1106:
1085:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1011:
986:
982:
972:
959:
951:
946:
934:
929:
921:
916:
909:Fausold 1985
904:
892:
880:
869:
864:
817:
811:
795:
782:
774:
769:
760:
735:
731:
725:
713:
705:
700:
689:
684:
662:Fausold 1985
657:
650:Herring 2008
645:
638:Fausold 1985
633:
625:
620:
612:
607:
596:
590:
582:
577:
569:
564:
507:
498:
490:
487:World War II
472:
464:
449:
426:
391:
351:
321:
302:Soviet Union
280:
269:At the 1932
268:
261:
230:
171:
152:
121:
66:
33:
16:
15:
3209:Immigration
3191:Gun control
3069:Middle East
2999:Solid waste
2802:New Freedom
2797:Square Deal
2774:Vaccination
2329:(1996 film)
2145:Hoover desk
2064:Banana Wars
2052:Hooverville
1944:(1921â1928)
1935:(1929â1933)
1740:online free
1228:21 (1989).
1161:Biographies
1077:Works cited
379:Banana Wars
375:El Salvador
233:disarmament
227:Disarmament
197:peace pact.
185:World Court
68:World War I
63:World War I
3391:Categories
3162:G. W. Bush
3117:Eisenhower
3009:G. W. Bush
2956:Smart grid
2939:Hydropower
2902:G. W. Bush
2836:G. W. Bush
2623:G. W. Bush
2588:L. Johnson
2578:Eisenhower
2231:Early life
2106:Hooverball
2057:Bonus Army
1983:Hoover Dam
1968:Transition
1954:Presidency
495:Late 1940s
3316:Stem cell
3064:Criticism
2812:Fair Deal
2744:Fireworks
2739:Education
2551:1913â1933
2539:1897â1913
2534:1861â1897
2529:1829â1861
2524:1801â1829
2519:1776â1801
2362:Elections
1852:. (1936)
1003:0022-0094
856:145691938
826:CiteSeerX
298:Manchukuo
286:Manchuria
245:arms race
2864:Monetary
2856:Economic
2807:New Deal
2789:Domestic
2754:Taxation
2729:Cultural
2666:Category
2465:Category
1959:timeline
1128:(2009).
624:Hoover,
513:See also
55:plunged.
51:respect.
3311:Genetic
3303:Science
3199:Clinton
3157:Clinton
3122:Kennedy
3059:History
3051:Foreign
2897:Clinton
2869:history
2618:Clinton
2583:Kennedy
2096:Cabinet
1835:(1952)
1825:(1952)
1815:(1952)
1806:(1961)
1796:(1960)
1782:(1959)
1588:(1969)
1553:(1964).
1516:(1960)
1430:(1957).
1420:(1968)
1363:(1951)
1314:(1962)
1273:(1948)
1256:(1996)
1211:(1960)
1203:excerpt
1193:excerpt
1177:(1979).
1170:(2013).
848:2123771
824:: 144.
752:1844715
626:Memoirs
328:tariffs
283:invaded
3326:Social
3147:Reagan
3142:Carter
3112:Truman
3102:Hoover
3097:Wilson
2931:Energy
2892:Reagan
2831:Reagan
2749:Fiscal
2724:Arctic
2608:Reagan
2603:Carter
2573:Truman
2561:Hoover
2556:Wilson
2413:(wife)
2404:Family
2260:Legacy
1854:online
1837:online
1827:online
1817:online
1798:online
1784:online
1709:online
1698:online
1640:online
1631:(1972)
1623:online
1607:(1963)
1590:online
1573:online
1562:online
1545:online
1528:online
1518:online
1492:online
1459:online
1449:online
1439:online
1422:online
1413:(2019)
1406:(1959)
1397:(1979)
1389:online
1365:online
1355:online
1318:borrow
1316:online
1275:online
1258:online
1249:(1988)
1240:online
1230:online
1213:online
1184:(2010)
1138:
1114:
1093:
1001:
939:online
874:online
854:
846:
828:
788:online
750:
628:2:332.
601:online
456:Allies
148:typhus
3372:Biden
3367:Trump
3362:Obama
3354:Space
3344:Biden
3339:Trump
3334:Obama
3293:Obama
3288:Nixon
3283:Grant
3265:Biden
3260:Trump
3238:Biden
3233:Trump
3177:Biden
3172:Trump
3167:Obama
3132:Nixon
3074:Obama
3037:Biden
3032:Trump
3027:Obama
2977:Trump
2972:Obama
2917:Biden
2912:Trump
2907:Obama
2887:Nixon
2846:Trump
2841:Obama
2764:Trade
2638:Biden
2633:Trump
2628:Obama
2593:Nixon
2425:(son)
2419:(son)
2337:Books
1786:also
852:S2CID
844:JSTOR
820:(1).
808:(PDF)
748:JSTOR
557:Notes
504:1950s
277:China
3137:Ford
2779:Visa
2734:Drug
2598:Ford
2395:1932
2385:1940
2380:1932
2375:1928
2224:Life
2118:1930
1940:3rd
1930:31st
1136:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1091:ISBN
999:ISSN
421:and
392:The
346:and
89:and
991:doi
836:doi
740:doi
409:.
292:'s
3393::
997:.
987:56
985:.
981:.
941:.
850:.
842:.
834:.
818:55
816:.
810:.
790:.
746:.
736:59
734:.
669:^
478:.
389:.
259:.
130:,
2824:/
2700:e
2693:t
2686:v
2500:e
2493:t
2486:v
1961:)
1957:(
1910:e
1903:t
1896:v
1700:.
1242:.
1144:.
1120:.
1099:.
1005:.
993::
858:.
838::
754:.
742::
432:"
176:"
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