180:
260:
805:
605:
164:
426:
852:
765:
686:
405:
1023:
660:
1117:
565:
958:
620:
441:
363:
231:
1036:
320:
971:
538:
335:
725:
378:
205:
1049:
1062:
945:
1145:
997:
866:
524:
484:
1103:
218:
1337:
104:
1131:
245:
275:
1390:, Assistant Secretary of State, played key roles after Kellogg and Briand agreed on a two party treaty between the U.S. and France. It was originally intended as a bilateral treaty, but Castle worked to expand it to a multinational agreement that included practically the entire world. Castle managed to overcome French objections through his discussions with the French ambassador, replacing the narrow Franco-American agreement with a treaty that attracted almost all major and minor nations.
893:
779:
392:
1822:
673:
290:
1736:
1720:
349:
1704:
984:
932:
793:
738:
591:
1075:
1173:
880:
469:
578:
1159:
647:
305:
2819:
1197:
751:
552:
511:
455:
830:
634:
712:
699:
919:
1089:
498:
1010:
817:
906:
36:
1853:
mechanism to compel compliance from signatories, since the pact only calls for violators to "be denied of the benefits furnished by treaty". They also said that the Pact appealed to the West because it promised to secure and protect previous conquests, thus securing their place at the head of the international legal order indefinitely. They wrote in 2017:
1801:
As a practical matter, the
Kellogg–Briand Pact did not live up to its primary aims, but has arguably had some success. It did not end war or stop the rise of militarism, and was unable to keep the international peace in succeeding years. Its legacy remains as a statement of the idealism expressed by
1879:
or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the
Purposes of the United Nations." One legal consequence is that it is unlawful to annex territory by force, although other forms of annexation have not been prevented. More broadly, there is now a strong presumption
1902:
an important early venture in multilateralism. ... nternational law evolved to circumscribe the use of armed force with legal restrictions. The forcible acquisition of territory by conquest became illegitimate and individual criminal liability might attach to those who pursued it. In criminalizing
1228:
in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". The pact was signed by
Germany, France, and the United States on 27 August 1928, and by most other states soon after. Sponsored by
1869:
The pact, in addition to binding the particular nations that signed it, has also served as one of the legal bases establishing the international norms that the threat or use of military force in contravention of international law, as well as the territorial acquisitions resulting from it, are
1852:
have argued that the Pact inaugurated "a new era of human history" characterized by the decline of inter-state war as a structuring dynamic of the international system. According to
Shapiro and Hathaway one reason for the historical insignificance of the pact was the absence of an enforcement
1313:
The High
Contracting Parties solemnly declare in the names of their respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies and renounce it as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another.
1266:, and lack of influence on foreign policy. The pact had no mechanism for enforcement, and many historians and political scientists see it as mostly irrelevant and ineffective. Nevertheless, the pact served as the legal basis for the concept of a
2702:
1880:
against the legality of using, or threatening, military force against another country. Nations that have resorted to the use of force since the
Charter came into effect have typically invoked self-defense or the right of collective defense.
1802:
advocates for peace in the interwar period. However, it also helped to erase the legal distinction between war and peace, because the signatories, having renounced the use of war, began to wage wars without declaring them, as in the
1326:
The High
Contracting Parties agree that the settlement or solution of all disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them, shall never be sought except by pacific means.
1689:
voting against over concerns with
British imperialism. While the U.S. Senate did not add any reservations to the treaty, it did pass a measure which interpreted the treaty as not infringing upon the United States' right of
2272:
1865:
Hathaway and
Shapiro show that between 1816 and 1928 there was on average one military conquest every ten months. After 1945, in very sharp contrast, the number of such conflicts declined to one in every four years.
1874:
was confirmed and broadened by the United
Nations Charter, which provides in article 2, paragraph 4, that "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the
1837:
who, in a nationally televised series on American diplomacy between the two world wars, referred to the pact as a "worthless piece of paper". In his history of Europe from 1914 to 1948, historian
1786:
continued. The pact's central provisions renouncing the use of war, and promoting peaceful settlement of disputes and the use of collective force to prevent aggression, were incorporated into the
1763:
1903:
war Kellogg–Briand played a role in the development of a new norm of behavior in international relations, a norm that continues to play a role in our current international order.
1844:
While the Pact has been ridiculed for its moralism and legalism and lack of influence on foreign policy, it did lead to a more activist American foreign policy. Legal scholars
2269:
3084:
2738:(2019) 95#1 pp 45–62. Argues for a major impact – that this prohibition is key to understanding international law and state behavior in the last century.
3109:
3089:
2765:
Kampmark, Binoy. "Punishing wars of aggression: conceptualising Nazi State criminality and the US policy behind shaping the crime against peace, 1943–1945."
2143:
Binoy Kampmark, "Punishing wars of aggression: conceptualising Nazi State criminality and the US policy behind shaping the crime against peace, 1943–1945."
2088:
1861:
as a tool of law enforcement, and ignited the explosion in the number of international organizations that regulate so many aspects of our daily lives.
1790:
and other treaties. Although civil wars continued, wars between established states have been rare since 1945, with a few major exceptions such as the
1250:
A common criticism is that the Kellogg–Briand Pact did not live up to all of its aims but has arguably had some success. It was unable to prevent the
3114:
3049:
3009:
2026:
3119:
3069:
3129:
3099:
3059:
2008:
1735:
1393:
The pact was first signed on 27 August 1928 in Paris at the French Foreign Ministry by the representatives from Australia, Belgium, Canada,
3074:
3054:
2879:
3094:
3034:
1795:
3029:
3024:
1258:
and execution of wartime German leaders in 1946. Furthermore, declared wars became very rare after 1945. It has been ridiculed for its
3079:
3064:
3044:
2654:
2634:
3144:
3039:
2844:
1857:
As its effects reverberated across the globe, it reshaped the world map, catalyzed the human rights revolution, enabled the use of
3134:
1742:
3139:
2869:
1719:
2586:
2566:
1703:
3124:
2525:
2477:
1394:
3104:
188:
2924:
2874:
1289:
and other treaties, which gave rise to a more activist American foreign policy which began with the signing of the pact.
474:
2899:
2712:
2614:
2397:
2128:
610:
2294:"The Avalon Project : The Kellogg–Briand Pact – Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States"
2994:
2849:
489:
76:
2979:
1230:
172:
2741:
Johnson, Gaynor. "Austen Chamberlain and the Negotiation of the Kellogg–Briand Pact, 1928" in Gaynor Johnson, ed.
2974:
2914:
2734:
Hathaway, Oona A., and Scott J. Shapiro. "International law and its transformation through the outlawry of war."
2248:
2727:
Hathaway, Oona A. and Shapiro, Scott J. "International law and its transformation through the outlawry of war".
3154:
2984:
2969:
2944:
2884:
2338:
1778:, agreed to put the Kellogg–Briand Pact in effect without waiting for other western signatories to ratify. The
17:
2674:
DeBenedetti, Charles. "Borah and the Kellogg–Briand Pact." The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 63.1 (1972): 22–29.
3019:
2949:
2889:
1286:
1263:
2823:
1200:
2964:
2954:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2894:
1405:, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States. It took effect on 24 July 1929.
3159:
3149:
3014:
2999:
2989:
2959:
2904:
1807:
1782:
had made agreement between Romania and the Soviet Union challenging and dispute between the nations over
1745:
1553:
1387:
250:
2909:
2660:
Carroll, Francis M. "War and Peace and International Law: The Kellogg–Briand Peace Pact Reconsidered."
2230:
1811:
1791:
2311:
1963:
1841:
referred to the Pact as "vacuous" and said that it was "a dead letter from the moment it was signed."
3004:
2919:
2859:
1363:
58:
46:
1575:
871:
2864:
2839:
1938:
1237:
2447:
1913:
1787:
1671:
1413:
1150:
431:
368:
2604:
2515:
2387:
2118:
1876:
1666:(after Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1993), and, as a result of the dissolution of Yugoslavia,
1537:
1533:
770:
383:
1408:
By that date, the following nations had deposited instruments of ratification of the pact:
1779:
1694:
and not obliging the nation to enforce it by taking action against those who violated it.
1685:
In the United States, the Senate approved the treaty 85–1, with only Wisconsin Republican
8:
2854:
2698:
2420:
1918:
1884:
1651:
1591:
1428:
1267:
1108:
950:
809:
2792:
War as an instrument of national policy : and its renunciation in the pact of Paris
1285:
Similar provisions to those in the Kellogg–Briand Pact were later incorporated into the
2795:
2753:
2682:
2440:
2177:
1815:
1775:
1615:
1528:
1478:
1473:
1002:
756:
625:
529:
2776:'In Relation to the Pact': Radical Pacifists and the Kellogg–Briand Pact, 1928–1939".
1898:
Political scientists Julie Bunck and Michael Fowler in 2018 argued that the Pact was:
2708:
2692:
2610:
2521:
2473:
2393:
2334:
2293:
2124:
2057:
2020:
1985:
1871:
1858:
1821:
1774:
in Moscow on February 9, 1929, the Soviet Union and its western neighbors, including
1771:
1759:
1726:
1523:
1433:
1418:
1376:
1244:
742:
103:
2722:
1762:
and remains in effect. One month following its conclusion, a similar agreement, the
2583:
2563:
2173:
2164:
Josephson, Harold (1979). "Outlawing War: Internationalism and the Pact of Paris".
2049:
1888:
1849:
1845:
1458:
1448:
1402:
1380:
1271:
1255:
1251:
1233:
898:
570:
543:
325:
310:
168:
2649:
Bunck, Julie M., and Michael R. Fowler. "The Kellogg–Briand Pact: A Reappraisal."
2074:
Bunck, Julie M., and Michael R. Fowler. "The Kellogg–Briand Pact: A Reappraisal".
1618:
for a total of 57 state parties by 1929. Six states joined between 1930 and 1934:
2629:
Julie M. Bunck, and Michael R. Fowler. "The Kellogg-Briand Pact: A Reappraisal."
2590:
2570:
2362:
2328:
2276:
1991:
1933:
1923:
1803:
1710:
1679:
1571:
1372:
1240:
857:
340:
280:
184:
127:
52:
2089:"There's Still No Reason to Think the Kellogg–Briand Pact Accomplished Anything"
1336:
2495:
2053:
1826:
1686:
1659:
1136:
397:
2606:
Climate Conflicts – A Case of International Environmental and Humanitarian Law
2833:
2800:
2469:
2061:
1928:
1834:
410:
163:
2758:
Josephson, Harold. "Outlawing war: Internationalism and the Pact of Paris."
2500:
2007:
Westminster, Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons.
1766:, was concluded in Geneva, which obliged its signatory parties to establish
1678:(both in 1994). The Free City of Danzig, which had joined the Pact in 1929,
2667:
Cavendish, Richard. "The Kellogg–Briand Pact Aims to Bring an End to War".
2120:
War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals
1892:
1767:
1691:
1627:
1548:
1275:
1225:
784:
1895:
tried and executed the top leaders responsible for starting World War II.
1222:
General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy
97:
General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy
2750:
The Pact Of Paris Officially The General Pact For The Renunciation Of War
2461:
2330:
Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonsecu and his Regime, Romania, 1940–1944
1838:
1833:
The popular perception of the Kellogg–Briand Pact was best summarized by
1611:
1498:
1398:
1054:
678:
354:
295:
2517:
The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World
2192:
The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World
2785:
The Pact of Paris – A Study of the Briand–Kellogg Treaty
1783:
1595:
1587:
1204:
989:
937:
1883:
Notably, the pact also served as the legal basis for the concept of a
1603:
1503:
1493:
1468:
1279:
1028:
691:
665:
596:
210:
2009:"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 16 Dec 2013 (pt 0004)"
1667:
1663:
1655:
1643:
1623:
1607:
1579:
1543:
1259:
1178:
1122:
1080:
1067:
885:
797:
792:
737:
2818:
1675:
1631:
1488:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1423:
1164:
963:
652:
583:
557:
516:
460:
446:
223:
1764:
General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
1639:
1599:
1563:
1558:
1513:
1508:
1483:
1041:
911:
835:
822:
717:
704:
639:
265:
236:
179:
1619:
1583:
976:
924:
804:
133:
2704:
Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg–Briand Pact
2389:
The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture
2218:
Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg–Briand Pact
1647:
1635:
1518:
1438:
1094:
1015:
730:
503:
2679:
Frank B. Kellogg and American foreign relations, 1925–1929
2203:
Charles DeBenedetti, "Borah and the Kellogg–Briand Pact."
1646:
declared its accession to the treaty in 1971, followed by
1229:
France and the U.S., the Pact is named after its authors,
2602:
2493:
Menand, Louis (18 September 2017). "Drop Your Weapons".
1682:
and became a regular part of Poland after World War II.
2078:, vol. 27, no. 2, Spring 2019, pp. 229–276. HeinOnline.
1758:
The 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact was concluded outside the
1282:
the top leaders responsible for starting World War II.
2721:"H-Diplo Roundtable XXI-15 on The Internationalists"
1962:
See certified true copy of the text of the treaty in
2651:
Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
2631:
Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
2076:
Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
2439:
301:
2421:"Milestones: 1921–1936 – Office of the Historian"
2831:
2596:
2540:For detailed discussion by several scholars see
2116:
1770:in any case of dispute. With the signing of the
241:
2743:Locarno Revisited: European Diplomacy 1920–1929
2513:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
3085:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
1570:12 additional parties joined after that date:
775:
374:
3110:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
2514:Hathaway, Oona A.; Shapiro, Scott J. (2017).
422:
3090:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
2150:
2025:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1887:. It was for committing this crime that the
125:
2431:
2123:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 46.
2112:
2110:
2042:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2486:
2220:(Yale University Press, 1952) pp. 140–143.
1534:Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
465:
102:
2360:
2163:
2040:Marsh, Norman S. (1963). "Book Reviews".
1371:The plan was devised by American lawyers
747:
616:
601:
437:
271:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
3115:Treaties of the Second Hellenic Republic
2392:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 39.
2326:
2190:Oona A. Hathaway, and Scott J. Shapiro,
2107:
1820:
1335:
862:
359:
256:
3050:Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
3010:Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
2697:
2460:
2437:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1743:Secretary of State for External Affairs
534:
480:
331:
316:
286:
14:
3120:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
3070:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
2832:
2492:
1980:
1978:
1976:
3130:Treaties of the Union of South Africa
3100:Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
3060:Treaties of the French Third Republic
2039:
1816:German and Soviet invasions of Poland
1243:. The pact was concluded outside the
771:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
2689:Republican Foreign Policy, 1921–1933
2385:
1997:
1753:
51:In particular, it has problems with
29:
3075:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
3055:Treaties of the Free City of Danzig
2880:Treaties entered into force in 1929
2584:Budapest Articles of Interpretation
2564:Budapest Articles of Interpretation
1973:
108:Kellogg–Briand Pact with signatures
24:
3095:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
3035:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
2520:. Simon and Schuster. p. xv.
2466:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949
2178:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00323.x
1397:, France, Germany, Great Britain,
25:
3171:
3030:Treaties of the Ditadura Nacional
3025:Treaties of the Albanian Republic
2811:
2603:Silke Marie Christiansen (2016).
3080:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
3065:Treaties of the Irish Free State
3045:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
2817:
2446:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
1734:
1718:
1702:
1231:United States Secretary of State
1226:international agreement on peace
1195:
1171:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1008:
995:
982:
969:
956:
943:
930:
917:
904:
891:
878:
864:
850:
828:
815:
803:
791:
777:
763:
749:
736:
723:
710:
697:
684:
671:
658:
645:
632:
618:
603:
589:
576:
563:
550:
536:
522:
509:
496:
482:
467:
453:
439:
424:
417:31 signatories by effective date
403:
390:
376:
361:
347:
333:
318:
303:
288:
273:
258:
243:
229:
216:
203:
178:
162:
34:
3145:Treaties of the Weimar Republic
3040:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
2845:Aggression in international law
2623:
2576:
2556:
2543:
2534:
2507:
2454:
2413:
2379:
2354:
2320:
2313:League of Nations Treaty Series
2304:
2286:
2281:Dictionary of Wisconsin History
2262:
2241:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2184:
1870:unlawful. The interdiction of
1825:Mockery of the Pact during the
3135:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2137:
2081:
2068:
2033:
1956:
1804:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1642:. After the Second World War,
43:This article needs editing to
13:
1:
3140:Treaties of the United States
2870:Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
2745:. (Routledge, 2004) pp 54–67.
2283:. Accessed 11 November 2008.
1944:
1808:Italian invasion of Abyssinia
1287:Charter of the United Nations
3125:Treaties of the Soviet Union
1796:conflicts in the Middle East
1356: Territories of parties
1297:The main text is very short:
27:1928 international agreement
7:
3105:Treaties of the Netherlands
2805:When the World Outlawed War
2662:Canadian Journal of History
2657:, a major scholarly survey.
2593:(see under footnotes), 1934
2573:(see under footnotes), 1934
2205:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1907:
1388:William Richards Castle Jr.
189:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
3176:
2925:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
2875:Treaties concluded in 1928
2364:A History of Soviet Russia
2013:publications.parliament.uk
1812:Soviet invasion of Finland
1792:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
1379:, and promoted by Senator
1364:League of Nations mandates
1350: Subsequent adherents
1344: Original signatories
1331:
844:25 countries once in force
2900:Treaties of British India
2707:. Yale University Press.
2664:(2018) 53#1 : 86–96.
2609:. Springer. p. 153.
2438:Quigley, Carroll (1966).
2361:von Rauch, Georg (1962).
2327:Deletant, Dennis (2006).
2117:Kelly Dawn Askin (1997).
1194:
1189:
196:
155:
140:
121:
113:
101:
96:
2995:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
2850:Interwar-period treaties
2589:25 February 2007 at the
2569:25 February 2007 at the
2249:"US Department of State"
2054:10.1093/iclqaj/12.3.1049
1987:Kellogg–Briand Pact 1928
1768:conciliation commissions
1725:German Foreign Minister
1709:French Foreign Minister
1386:Borah and U.S. diplomat
45:comply with Knowledge's
2980:Treaties of New Zealand
2147:(2018) 37#1 pp. 38–56.
1939:Washington Naval Treaty
1680:ceased to exist in 1939
1366:administered by parties
1292:
1247:and remains in effect.
1238:French foreign minister
1220:– officially the
2975:Treaties of Luxembourg
2915:Treaties of Costa Rica
2783:Miller, David Hunter.
2549:Hathaway and Shapiro,
2386:King, Charles (2013).
2367:. Praeger. p. 208
1914:Geneva Protocol (1924)
1905:
1863:
1830:
1788:United Nations Charter
1672:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1368:
1329:
1254:but was the basis for
1151:Bosnia and Herzegovina
144:24 July 1929
126:
3155:Treaties of Venezuela
2985:Treaties of Nicaragua
2970:Treaties of Lithuania
2945:Treaties of Guatemala
2885:Treaties of Australia
2824:Kellogg-Briand Treaty
2780:39.3 (2014): 395–420.
2769:(2018) 37#1 pp 38–56.
2736:International Affairs
2729:International Affairs
2653:27 #2(2018): 229–276
2633:27 #2(2018): 229–276
2551:The Internationalists
1900:
1877:territorial integrity
1855:
1824:
1538:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1339:
1300:
1201:Kellogg-Briand Treaty
3020:Treaties of Thailand
2950:Treaties of Honduras
2890:Treaties of Barbados
2762:3.4 (1979): 377–390.
2731:(2019) 95#1 pp 45–62
2687:Ellis, Lewis Ethan.
2677:Ellis, Lewis Ethan.
2275:11 June 2011 at the
2207:63.1 (1972): 22–29.
1780:Bessarabian question
2965:Treaties of Liberia
2955:Treaties of Iceland
2940:Treaties of Finland
2935:Treaties of Estonia
2930:Treaties of Denmark
2895:Treaties of Belgium
2790:Shotwell, James T.
2748:Jones, E. Stanley.
2298:avalon.law.yale.edu
2216:Robert H. Ferrell,
2194:(2017) p. xxi, 114.
2095:. 29 September 2017
1964:League of Nations,
1919:Anti-Comintern Pact
1885:crime against peace
1652:Antigua and Barbuda
1268:crime against peace
1214:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1109:Antigua and Barbuda
951:Free City of Danzig
93:
92:Kellogg–Briand Pact
59:improve the content
3160:Eponymous treaties
3150:Treaties of Turkey
3015:Treaties of Sweden
3000:Treaties of Panama
2990:Treaties of Norway
2960:Treaties of Latvia
2905:Treaties of Canada
2778:Peace & Change
2772:Limberg, Michael.
2760:Diplomatic History
2699:Ferrell, Robert H.
2166:Diplomatic History
1970:, p. 57 (No. 2137)
1889:Nuremberg Tribunal
1859:economic sanctions
1831:
1616:Dominican Republic
1369:
1272:Nuremberg Tribunal
1224:– is a 1928
1003:Dominican Republic
530:Dominican Republic
173:Secretary of State
91:
2910:Treaties of Chile
2822:Works related to
2767:War & Society
2671:58.8 (2008): 11+.
2527:978-1-5011-0986-7
2479:978-0-14-310992-1
2425:history.state.gov
2270:John James Blaine
2145:War & Society
1814:in 1939, and the
1772:Litvinov Protocol
1760:League of Nations
1754:Effect and legacy
1727:Gustav Stresemann
1658:(both 1988), the
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1245:League of Nations
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2812:External links
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67:January 2024
64:
57:Please help
44:
2582:Article 5,
2562:Article 2,
2553:pp 311–335.
2099:29 December
1839:Ian Kershaw
1612:Switzerland
1499:Netherlands
1414:Afghanistan
1055:Switzerland
679:Netherlands
432:Afghanistan
355:New Zealand
156:Negotiators
2855:Law of war
2834:Categories
2501:Condé Nast
2340:0230502091
1945:References
1784:Bessarabia
1596:Costa Rica
1588:Luxembourg
1320:Article II
1278:tried and
1205:Wikisource
990:Costa Rica
938:Luxembourg
148:1929-07-24
2315:, vol. 93
2256:state.gov
2062:0020-5893
1968:, vol. 94
1741:Canadian
1604:Venezuela
1504:Nicaragua
1494:Lithuania
1469:Guatemala
1305:Article I
1190:Full text
1029:Venezuela
692:Nicaragua
666:Lithuania
597:Guatemala
211:Australia
141:Effective
2807:(2011).
2701:(1952).
2691:(1968).
2681:(1961).
2587:Archived
2567:Archived
2464:(2016).
2405:8 August
2371:8 August
2346:7 August
2310:Text in
2273:Archived
2021:cite web
1908:See also
1713:speaking
1670:(1992),
1668:Slovenia
1664:Slovakia
1656:Dominica
1650:(1973),
1644:Barbados
1624:Colombia
1614:and the
1608:Paraguay
1580:Honduras
1524:Portugal
1459:Ethiopia
1429:Bulgaria
1280:executed
1264:legalism
1260:moralism
1179:Slovenia
1123:Dominica
1081:Barbados
1068:Paraguay
886:Honduras
743:Portugal
475:Bulgaria
136:, France
122:Location
2794:(1929)
2752:(1929)
1829:in 1929
1776:Romania
1748:signing
1729:signing
1676:Croatia
1632:Ecuador
1536:(later
1529:Romania
1489:Liberia
1479:Iceland
1474:Hungary
1464:Finland
1454:Estonia
1444:Denmark
1424:Austria
1419:Albania
1332:Parties
1165:Croatia
964:Ecuador
757:Romania
653:Liberia
626:Iceland
611:Hungary
584:Finland
558:Estonia
517:Denmark
461:Austria
447:Albania
311:Ireland
281:Germany
224:Belgium
197:Parties
146: (
2796:online
2787:(1928)
2754:online
2723:online
2711:
2693:online
2683:online
2655:online
2635:online
2613:
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2231:"UNTC"
2127:
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1640:Brazil
1600:Mexico
1592:Danzig
1576:Greece
1572:Persia
1564:Turkey
1559:Sweden
1514:Panama
1509:Norway
1484:Latvia
1401:, the
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1348:
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1181:(1994)
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114:Signed
2450:–295.
2252:(PDF)
1950:Notes
1620:Haiti
1584:Chile
1554:Spain
1449:Egypt
1434:China
1399:India
1256:trial
977:Haiti
925:Chile
899:Hejaz
810:Spain
544:Egypt
490:China
341:Japan
326:Italy
296:India
134:Paris
2709:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2407:2019
2394:ISBN
2373:2019
2348:2019
2335:ISBN
2279:".
2125:ISBN
2101:2017
2058:ISSN
2027:link
1891:and
1848:and
1674:and
1662:and
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1638:and
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1375:and
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