475:
576:
146:
75:
387:
329:
657:
707:
718:, created at the start of the occupation, requisitioned supplies, leading to the cessation of industrial activity. This material was then systematically transferred to Germany. Factories emptied of their equipment were sometimes transformed for other uses: hospitals, prisons, stockyards, stables, etc. From the end of 1916, the equipment that remained in place and the buildings themselves were systematically destroyed to suppress competition from French industry after the war. During the retreat of the German army in September and October 1918, the mining installations were dynamited and the galleries flooded. The dismantling of all the breweries in the occupied areas to recover the copper is described in the
897:
876:
816:
584:
784:
836:
800:
888:
Lille and 4,399 in
Tourcoing; in total 20,000 in the area, in the proportion of three women for every man. The health inspection imposed on young girls, similar to that imposed on prostitutes, was particularly traumatizing. The deportees were most often employed in agricultural work. Indeed, unlike the cities suffering from massive unemployment following the closure of factories, agriculture lacked manpower due to the departure of the mobilized men. In most cases, the workers (mostly women workers) were taken to the fields and watched by armed soldiers; they were subjected to exhausting work and suffered from malnutrition.
1995:
749:
483:
852:
768:
972:
954:. Economic collaboration was more widespread: voluntary or industrial work accepting orders for the army, mayors diverting food intended for civilians for soldiers, etc. The collaboration also took the form of denunciations, whether of concealed French soldiers, hiding places of weapons, food or objects withdrawn from requisitions. Most of these were motivated by local jealousy and the secret German military police (Geheime Feldpolizei) employed French informants.
572:, France contributed to this aid by making payments to the Belgian government in exile (so that this indirect aid would be officially ignored by German authorities who actually knew about it). The financing of the CRB for a total amount of $ 700,000,000 throughout the war was provided at the level of $ 205,000,000 by the French Treasury $ 386,000,000 by the United States Treasury, $ 109,000,000 by the UK Treasury, and $ 52,000,000 of donations, mainly American).
600:
municipalities paid for the supplies and passed on part of it to the inhabitants. The foodstuffs were transported from
Belgium to depots mostly by river, due to rail transport being reserved for the German army. The aid of the CRB alleviated the shortage: its share in the supply is dominant in 1916, 1917 and 1918. The perception among prefects, the returnees, and in the general public was that "without American aid the population would have starved to death."
917:
situation, the requisitions and the abuses led a large number of inhabitants to escape from the suffering. In
December 1915, a convoy of 750 only included five forced evacuees. Subsequently, when the number of desired departures began to outnumber the available spots in the convoys, the German authorities refused some of the requests. Some town hall officials who participated in the preparation of the lists were bribed by applicants to obtain a place.
87:
316:
549:, the Senior Commander of the German Army in Belgium. This convention extended the food aid of the CRB, from which Belgium had benefited since October 22, 1914, to the populations of occupied France. The German army gave assurances that the goods would not be requisitioned. As in Belgium, the German authorities were interested in this aid, which avoided hunger riots and made it possible to continue levies on local agricultural production.
942:
929:
provision of food aid to prisoners. All such acts were punishable with imprisonment. It also included the most active and risky actions of resistance, such as sabotage of railway tracks, aid to soldiers, organization of escape networks, publishing and distributing the underground press (with low circulation, in the best of cases several hundred, the press was sometimes limited to a few copies; the most notable was the newspaper
531:
duration of the war. The
Germans seized 80% of the 1915 wheat crop, and 75% of the potato crop. They also took the majority of the eggs and cattle. At the end of 1918, the livestock in the territories was reduced to a quarter compared to before the war. Famine loomed in the fall of 1914 and the question of food supplies was the main concern for the authorities in seeking aid from neutral countries.
25:
731:
wire, and finally the wool of mattresses and pillows, including those of the hospitals. This last confiscation particularly traumatized a starving population, including many patients, who were already deprived of heating and now of bedding, with the use of straw as a replacement being prohibited as well. These requisitions were accompanied by incessant excavations. Many
423:, each published by the respective municipalities under German control. Even this was limited to practical and commercial information. Hence, news from the front could only filter through via underground newspapers with very low circulation or rumors. In practice, the majority of the population remained completely in the dark about external events.
963:
of supplies. Although it is impossible to assess them, illegitimate births resulting from these unions appear to be quite numerous. Some marriages between soldiers and French women have been accepted by the authorities. Such women were generally stigmatized by part of the occupied population. These "Boche women" were often decried upon liberation.
616:
got their supplies in
Belgium; this was a very risky activity, which explains the high prices they charged. At first, some German soldiers and officers helped civilians, which was officially prohibited; but even this source of supply dried up from 1917 on, when the army itself began suffering from a shortage.
697:
The closure of textile factories, the largest employer in the Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing agglomeration, and metallurgical industries, caused a high rate of unemployment. In 1918, 46,300 inhabitants of Lille received unemployment benefit (36% of the total population), 24,977 in
Tourcoing (38%), 23,484 in
668:
Atrocities were committed by the German troops on their entry into France in August and
September 1914, which included the destruction of buildings and executions in retaliation for alleged resistance. Approximately 10,000 civilians, who were repatriated in February 1915, were deported to Germany, in
628:
Malnutrition led to epidemics of typhoid in late 1915-early 1916, bacillary dysentery, increased deaths from tuberculosis and contributed to the general excess mortality. The mortality rate in Lille fluctuated according to the supply of food. In
December 1915, it stood at 20â°, close to the average of
398:
Within the occupied territory, travel from one municipality to another required authorization from the German authorities and the issuing of a pass. Violations of these traffic rules could be punished with imprisonment or a fine. Such obstacles predictably increased the feeling of confinement for the
962:
Relations between occupiers and occupied, however, were not uniformly hostile. Cohabitation with soldiers in requisitioned housing was often cordial or even supportive and created bonds of friendship as well as romantic relationships, which could be genuine or motivated to facilitate the requisition
887:
Work camps were organized for which young girls and young women, torn from their families, were transported and loaded into cattle wagons for distant destinations; for example, from Lille to the
Ardennes. The deportations of April 1916, which might be described as round-ups, affected 9,300 people in
730:
As soon as the
Germans arrived, all cars had to be handed over to the occupiers. Various products and objects of daily life were requisitioned, such as bicycles, household items, including copper, tin and alloys (essentially all metal objects), rubber (including bicycle tires), skins, oils, leather,
530:
blockade of her ports, suffered from a lack of food and refused to support the populations of the occupied territories. This included almost all of Belgium, whose population totaled more than 10 million inhabitants. The Germans seized stocks as soon as they arrived and then made requisitions for the
994:
The memory of the First World War prompted the majority of the population of the northern regions to flee to the south in June 1940. During the occupation of 1940â44, acts of resistance multiplied, collaboration was much weaker than in the rest of France, and the Vichy government was very unpopular
983:
According to the 1923 censuses of the Ministry of Liberated Regions, out of all the municipalities in the affected areas (including in addition to the occupied areas, that of the front), 620 were completely destroyed; 1,334 were destroyed to a degree of more than 50%; 2,349 were partially damaged;
904:
The Germans evacuated the women, children and old people from their homes towards other parts of France, not to feed them, but to recover lodgings to house their own troops. After the inhabitants of Lille, whose homes were destroyed by the bombardments of the siege of October 11 and 12, 1914, were
676:
Heavy monetary contributions were imposed on the municipalities as well. A first contribution of 1,300,000 F was requisitioned from the city of Lille on November 1, 1914 by the German authorities, which was raised to 1,500,000 F per month from January 1915. In total, 184 million F were paid by the
619:
Although subjected to the levies of the enemy, the farmers, who managed to hide part of their production, suffered less from famine. Minors were also relatively privileged in the supply chain. The situation, very difficult in the towns, was particularly dramatic in Lille, which suffered throughout
615:
Trade and catering remained free, but the prohibitive prices of the foodstuffs available made them accessible only to a privileged minority. The development of allotment gardens helped to alleviate the shortage somewhat. Complements were also provided by "go-getters" or "supply men", smugglers who
503:
The Germans requisitioned most of the public buildings for their administration, the "Kommandantur" and for their troops; high schools and colleges were transformed into hospitals. Individual homes could at any time be requisitioned for soldiers. Large restaurants and places to relax were reserved
394:
As soon as they arrived, the Germans hindered the movement of French residents and prevented the flow of information. Automobiles were requisitioned on October 15, 1914; next, bicycles, telephones and radio telegraphs were confiscated. Even pigeons had to be slaughtered for fear of transmission of
632:
The birth rate, meanwhile, collapsed. The number of births in Lille dropped from 4885 in 1913 to 2154 in 1915, 602 in 1917, and 609 in 1918. Thus the demographic deficit, the excess of deaths over births, amounted to 14317 from October 1914 to February 1917. In 1918, 80% of adolescents were below
611:
and the difficult living situation were chronicled by Yves Congar who was only a child at the time. In his notebooks he describes the high inflation of food prices as well as the shortages affecting the territories occupied by the German army. Congar wrote on November 4, 1914, that "we don't have
603:
The food situation fluctuated; it deteriorated from October 1914 to April 1915; improved from the arrival of aid from the CRB in the spring of 1915; then deteriorated again from 1916. In Lille, the per capita daily rations fell to 1300 calories in 1917, then rose to 1400 in 1918 (intake in normal
987:
According to economist Alfred Sauvy, the cost of lost property and its restoration is estimated at 34 billion gold francs. Some of the equipment brought to Germany was recovered and the industry restarted fairly quickly in the early 1920s, but the slower reconstruction lasted into the mid-1930s.
916:
The first of these "repatriations" were imposed because the inhabitants preferred, initially, to undergo the difficulties of the occupation than to leave their place of life. Thus, the 450 people evacuated by train in March 1915 included only 47 volunteers. As early as 1915, the difficult supply
599:
CANF included seven districts, in Lille, Valenciennes, Saint-Quentin, Marle, Tergnier, Fourmies and Longwy. Each commune had a local committee, warehouses and distribution offices. Lille had 60 offices, most of which were set up in schools, with the whole being managed by 800 civil servants. The
928:
The resistance to the German occupation was evident but varied in degree. It included both passive resistance, such as indifference displayed towards the occupier or refusal to come into contact, and small forms of daily resistance such as opposition to requisitions and forced labor as well as
883:
The inhabitants were subjected to forced labor imposed not only on men but also on women and children starting at the age of 9. Workers were assigned to various jobs such as washing uniforms, earthworks, unloading wagons, and, just as France required for German prisoners, digging trenches and
355:
It would be hard to find war maps with captions to indicate occupied areas. During the duration of the hostilities, the combatants alone commanded the attention of the world. Considered as stolen and usurped, the occupied territories did not give rise to any particular graphic representation.
591:
The Food Committee of Northern France (CANF) was created under the patronage of the CRB and the National Relief and Food Committee (Belgian) for the distribution of food. Its administrative headquarters were in Brussels, and its executive committee chaired by Louis Guérin, a member of the
933:, which changed its name several times and whose group was dismantled by the Germans in 1916). It also entailed the collection of military intelligence communicated to the allies, activity organized in networks, with the best known being that of Jacquet, Trulin and Louise de Bettignies.
552:
The CRB, funded by donations and grants from the United States Government, purchased food from the United States (42%), the British colonies (25%), Great Britain (24%), the Netherlands (9%) and a small quantity from France itself. Food imported into Belgium remained the property of the
673:. In most localities, major personalities were taken hostage. Thus, upon their arrival in Lille, the Germans took 19 hostages, the Mayor, the Prefect, the Bishop, and 8 municipal councilors, who were summoned daily to the Kommandantur and forced to report every 6 days to the Citadel.
504:
exclusively for German troops, and military parades and concerts were organized. The proximity of the front (Lille was only fifteen kilometers away) generated constant troop movements. The larger cities became places of relaxation for soldiers on leave and, in Lille, those of the
545:, at first contacted Switzerland, on the advice of the Commander of the place, General von Heinrich. After this unsuccessful attempt, further steps led to an agreement signed on April 13, 1915 in Brussels between the Commission for Relief in Belgium, or CRB, and General
402:
Connections with unoccupied France were prohibited until April 1916. Only correspondence with relatives who were prisoners of war was authorized. It was limited to one card per month, and was also subject to censorship. Only half of the cards that passed through the
308:
For the whole of the occupied territory, the statistics of the Food Committee of the North of France indicate 2,235,467 inhabitants in 1915, but only 1,663,340 as of June 30, 1918; the decrease over the entire period beginning in the autumn of 1914 was even higher.
949:
Active collaboration was more limited than that experienced in occupied France during World War II. Collaboration inspired by intellectual or ideological support was practically non-existent except for correspondents of the propaganda periodical
305:'s population fell from 82,644 to 58,674. Some localities near the front and some towns in the Ardennes were emptied of the majority of their population. At the end of the war, Rethel had only 1,600 inhabitants, compared to 5,187 in 1911.
486:
Leisure and entertainment at the Front: German troops relax outside their billet between Lens and Arras on the Western Front. Two are amusing themselves with a piano while a third is preparing food. In the background, a sentry keeps
462:. Partly because of its proximity to the front, occupied north-east France was ruled by the military, rather than by a civilian occupation administration. Economic exploitation of the occupied zone increased throughout the war.
289:. The population of this area greatly decreased during this period due to both the excessive mortality relative to births as well as deportations and voluntary migration to unoccupied France. Thus, the department of the
604:
periods is on average of the order of 2800, a state of undernourishment is reached at below 2000). This insufficient amount of food was, moreover, unbalanced with severe deficiencies, particularly in vitamins.
698:
Roubaix (38%). In 1916, only 35,000 inhabitants of Lille out of 150,000 could support themselves; three-quarters of the inhabitants of Tourcoing subsisted on relief; 80% of those in Valenciennes alone.
356:
Perceived as an area of the front, nothing designated them as occupied. This "unthinkable" has been perpetuated in memory. Hence physical violence has been erased from both physical and mental maps.
629:
the pre-war period, during one of the very rare periods when the supply is approaching normal. It rose to 42â° in March 1916, fluctuated between 41 and 55â° in 1917, and between 41 and 55â° in 1918.
920:
In total, nearly 500,000 people out of a population of around 2 million in 1914 were repatriated via Switzerland from October 1914 until the end of the war. This represented a high rate of 25%.
689:. Small towns were not spared, either. Responding to the request of the municipalities, the French government granted loans through complex financial circuits to the major cities of the region.
474:
991:
The German government refused to extradite those responsible for the abuses and the open trials were unsuccessful. This impunity contributed to the feeling of injustice among the inhabitants.
495:
of 1907, which defined the rules applicable to the occupation of a territory by an enemy army, due to looting and the imposition of forced labor that contributed to their own war effort.
858:
3550:
3565:
641:
3749:
1687:
Connolly, James (2014). "Fresh Eyes, Dead Topic? Writing the History of the Occupation of Northern France in the First World War". In Broch, Ludivine; Carrol, Alison (eds.).
596:
of Lille, at the Prefecture of the Nord département. Foodstuffs intended exclusively for distribution could not be traded. Offenses were punished with fines or imprisonment.
815:
822:
783:
240:, which were part of the German Reich from 1871 until their return to France at the end of the war in November 1918, are not included among the occupied territories.
799:
3284:
2455:
637:
3726:
3754:
2268:
415:
3942:
3669:
3361:
2326:
1920:
351:
While the stories of the battlefield gained notoriety after the end of the war, the suffering of the occupied populations was often relegated to obscurity.
4049:
1056:
438:
was located in the zone, representing a major setback for the French industry. A number of important towns and cities were situated within it too, notably
3957:
3712:
554:
535:
575:
3952:
3642:
3593:
3508:
1960:
884:
installing barbed wire, in violation of the Hague Conventions, which prohibited the employment of civilians for the war effort against their homeland.
826:
3796:
540:
269:
The occupied zone was under military administration but some territories were assigned a particular status. The northern part of the valley of the
3637:
3002:
1950:
4182:
1706:
Connolly, James (2014). "Mauvaise Conduite: Complicity and Respectability in the Occupied Nord, 1914-1918". In De Schaepdrijver, Sophie (ed.).
1283:
2433:
2495:
835:
344:
in September 1914, the Germans gained control of a portion of French territory, which remained under German occupation behind the stabilized
3697:
3627:
3266:
2485:
2396:
145:
767:
3721:
2619:
2073:
748:
378:
Interest in the German occupation was in practice limited to the inhabitants of the affected areas in the years following the conflict.
2296:
2626:
1913:
370:
2278:
1007:
local narratives and studies were published, but subsequently these territories were neglected by the French historiography of the
3947:
1733:
413:
The publication of the prewar newspapers was also stopped, so the only periodicals available were the German propaganda newspaper
4187:
3879:
3717:
3704:
3661:
3570:
3296:
3105:
3012:
2914:
2672:
2319:
1982:
875:
4071:
4061:
3929:
3843:
3777:
3614:
3493:
3166:
2192:
2048:
2017:
1883:
1864:
1841:
1803:
1784:
1499:
1267:
262:
was temporarily liberated in 1917 but the border area remained under German domination for four years: Lille for 1,465 days,
225:
These territories constituted 3.7% of the area and 8.2% of the population of France itself with about 2 million inhabitants.
386:
4192:
4018:
3438:
2230:
1906:
312:
The majority of the population was made up of women, children and the elderly, with most of the men having been mobilized.
43:
35:
3789:
2748:
2253:
4003:
328:
3988:
3278:
2687:
2445:
1715:
1677:
706:
656:
74:
1994:
3863:
3557:
3373:
2652:
2123:
1974:
1822:
1761:
1696:
337:
61:
851:
3115:
3050:
2088:
1022:
Those who were under occupation considered their experience too difficult to be understood by other French people.
565:
521:
1136:. Publications de la fondation Carnegie pour la paix internationale. Presses universitaires de France. p. 56.
896:
293:, which had 319,000 inhabitants before the war, counted only 175,000 at the time of liberation. The population of
4114:
3919:
3899:
3686:
3622:
3445:
3314:
2225:
2145:
2083:
1650:
2786:
4172:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3588:
2240:
2215:
2113:
1025:
Those who lived through the occupations of the two world wars consider the first to be infinitely harder than
579:
French children being instructed by a German teacher during the World War I occupation, Champagne, March 1917.
426:
Meanwhile, the occupied zone included some of the most industrialized parts of France: 64 percent of France's
285:
was placed under German civil authority until December 1916, and was then subject to the military governor of
3889:
3884:
3848:
3782:
3674:
3520:
3110:
2962:
2500:
2428:
2359:
2128:
2098:
2093:
905:
deported, the first evacuations began in January 1915. The trip via Switzerland with re-entry into France at
3838:
3465:
3405:
3302:
3207:
2977:
2763:
2467:
2306:
2205:
1970:
648:, a high school. During this period the Charité hospital remained the only civilian hospital in the city.
4076:
3513:
3498:
3356:
3308:
3080:
2631:
2505:
2418:
2413:
2182:
2170:
2165:
1978:
345:
2692:
1776:
4056:
4013:
3290:
3055:
3040:
2942:
2811:
2379:
2291:
2248:
1945:
670:
526:
The shortage of food began shortly after the arrival of the occupying army. Germany itself, due to the
3998:
3766:
3350:
3338:
3100:
3085:
2806:
2697:
2391:
2369:
2118:
2108:
2041:
774:
341:
332:
German troops wearing the Stahlhelm, advancing through a French town during World War I (c. 1916â18).
2952:
945:
Map of devastation of northeastern France. Zones totally destroyed: red. Significant damage: yellow.
4177:
3973:
3460:
3450:
3379:
3332:
3320:
3260:
3075:
3070:
2992:
2401:
2374:
2078:
1898:
162:
583:
4044:
4036:
3978:
3738:
3433:
3196:
3030:
3025:
2957:
2816:
2801:
2796:
2776:
2657:
2534:
1655:
1623:
492:
2997:
340:
in 1914, fighting reached French soil early in the war. Though their advance was stopped at the
3811:
3535:
3470:
3326:
3060:
2987:
2937:
2922:
2904:
2877:
2791:
2758:
2423:
2384:
2364:
2175:
2068:
1066:
is set in German-occupied France where the protagonist works in the occupation administration.
984:
423 remained intact; 293,043 buildings were completely destroyed and 148,948 severely damaged.
297:
fell from 217,000 inhabitants at the beginning of 1914 to 112,000 in October 1918 and that of
176:
3801:
3455:
3344:
3120:
3090:
3020:
2967:
2889:
2857:
2831:
2781:
2712:
2614:
2567:
2351:
2220:
2103:
1061:
103:
4151:
4066:
2753:
2727:
2677:
2034:
505:
237:
2702:
1257:
482:
8:
4133:
3272:
3136:
3095:
2972:
2932:
2927:
2872:
2555:
2549:
2450:
1689:
France in an Era of Global War, 1914-1945: Occupation, Politics, Empire and Entanglements
636:
Most of the hospitals were requisitioned by the German army; in Lille, this included the
593:
211:
115:
4086:
569:
4093:
4008:
3367:
3231:
3213:
3178:
3142:
2982:
2947:
2899:
2884:
2771:
2722:
2561:
2520:
2200:
1277:
546:
508:. The considerable density of troops reached extreme proportions in localities such as
204:
197:
190:
910:
645:
4126:
4120:
4081:
3983:
3816:
3399:
3254:
3237:
3045:
2867:
2847:
2682:
2667:
2597:
2585:
2286:
2263:
2210:
1879:
1860:
1837:
1818:
1799:
1780:
1757:
1711:
1692:
1673:
1495:
1263:
1069:
366:
3184:
3154:
3148:
3065:
2894:
2862:
2852:
2591:
2515:
2510:
2438:
2258:
2158:
736:
1492:
Pabert - Journal d'un officier-brasseur dans la France occupée de la Grande Guerre
255:. However, the Franco-Belgian border was maintained and the crossings controlled.
3993:
3833:
3172:
2732:
2707:
2406:
2314:
2153:
1051:
976:
608:
3826:
3806:
3477:
3190:
3035:
2826:
2717:
2573:
2477:
2460:
1030:
1004:
842:
558:
130:
154:
4166:
3937:
3225:
3219:
2662:
2579:
2490:
2007:
1930:
1038:
478:
German military parade on the Place de la RĂ©publique in Lille, December 1914.
169:
119:
1011:. However, two accounts of this "forgotten" history were published in 2010,
3387:
2821:
2012:
1856:
862:
527:
463:
451:
134:
3598:
3503:
3201:
2636:
2057:
1934:
1834:
La guerre des bouches (1914-1918). Ravitaillement et alimentation Ă Lille
971:
661:
435:
431:
123:
1258:
Committee for the economic and financial history of France, ed. (2016).
266:
for 1,502 days, and Roubaix from October 14, 1914, to October 17, 1918.
1836:(in French). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion.
1034:
732:
111:
1072:
is a 2017 novel about a real allied spy ring of the same name, set in
677:
city of Lille to the occupier in 4 years, 12.9 million by the city of
247:
was also occupied, with the exception of the western part of maritime
86:
3393:
3160:
1008:
906:
686:
407:
404:
315:
302:
281:) was attached to the General Government of Belgium; the district of
233:
1928:
1033:
compared to what was suffered in other parts of France, both in the
900:
French citizens evacuating Bapaume, ca. 1917, in horse-drawn wagons.
3653:
1965:
455:
427:
290:
248:
229:
218:
79:
941:
758:
682:
678:
459:
447:
298:
259:
244:
153:
The territory occupied by Germany at the end of 1914 included 10
107:
1670:
The Long Silence: The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I
710:
View of an artillery machine shop, Lille, France, 1917 or 1918.
660:
German troops photographed on a Sturmpanzerwagen (A7V tank) in
509:
129:
This entailed various impositions on the population, including
91:
16:
Occupation of French territory by Germany between 1914 and 1918
2026:
587:
French peasants and a German guard, northeastern France, 1915.
3821:
1073:
806:
443:
439:
294:
282:
278:
274:
270:
252:
183:
78:
German soldiers resting during the occupation of the town of
1315:
149:
Scene in front of the cathedral of Laon, France, March 1917.
1876:
La grande guerre dans le Nord et le Pas-de-Calais 1914-1918
1520:
1026:
913:
was at different times made by train, car or cattle wagon.
790:
789:
Monument to the teachers Debordeaux, Poulette and Leroy in
286:
263:
979:, France, showing the devastation of World War I fighting.
805:
Commemorative monument to the national defense in 1870 in
1303:
620:
the occupation more severely than the region as a whole.
1568:
1544:
1532:
1471:
1447:
1363:
1351:
1113:
1459:
1399:
1176:
1152:
1131:
879:
Families separated in Lille during the First World War.
390:
French citizens in Lille reading war reports, ca. 1917.
90:
German occupation of the city hall (hĂŽtel de ville) of
1773:
Les cicatrices rouges 14-18 France et Belgique occupés
1508:
1435:
1423:
1188:
1140:
1387:
1375:
1236:
1224:
1164:
137:, and requisitions of property, services, and goods.
1604:
1592:
1580:
1556:
1411:
1339:
1327:
1291:
1212:
1200:
1091:
1089:
664:, France, 21 March 1918, during Operation Michael.
466:became increasingly common as the war dragged on.
243:The vast majority of the territory of neighboring
1738:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1734:"Occupations during the War (France and Belgium)"
1490:Denisse, Albert; Le Cars, Franck (October 2020).
1101:
1086:
512:with some 15,000 soldiers for 6,600 inhabitants.
4164:
891:
3003:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1708:Military Occupations in First World War Europe
1489:
498:
2042:
1914:
319:Front in 1914. Click to see enlarged version.
561:, until its distribution to the population.
3486:
2049:
2035:
1921:
1907:
1282:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1253:
1251:
491:The German occupation did not respect the
1793:
1477:
1453:
1357:
1260:Public finances in times of war 1914-1918
1182:
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
3285:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1873:
1705:
1686:
1429:
1405:
1194:
970:
940:
895:
874:
739:were likewise unbolted and melted down.
705:
655:
582:
574:
481:
473:
385:
327:
314:
144:
106:territory, mostly along the border with
85:
73:
3662:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1812:
1751:
1667:
1248:
1158:
4165:
1831:
1770:
1731:
1417:
1393:
1381:
1333:
1321:
1242:
1230:
1206:
1134:Le ravitaillement de la France occupée
1095:
995:in the north-east from November 1940.
100:German occupation of north-east France
3615:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
2958:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
2030:
2018:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
1902:
1850:
1754:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
1672:(2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris.
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1465:
1441:
1369:
1345:
1309:
1297:
1218:
1170:
1146:
1119:
1107:
1044:
923:
701:
381:
140:
4019:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
469:
18:
3948:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2749:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1029:, and in itself more trying in the
743:Bronze statues demounted and melted
612:half a gram of bread left to eat."
13:
2688:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1661:
1132:Paul Collinet; Paul Stahl (1928).
348:for much of the rest of the war.
34:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
4204:
4183:FranceâGermany military relations
1262:(in French). Paris. p. 213.
957:
3051:Second Battle of the Piave River
2673:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1993:
1894:Journal de la Guerre (1914-1918)
1815:Lille dans les serres allemandes
936:
850:
834:
814:
798:
782:
773:Monument to the dead of 1870 in
766:
747:
623:
522:Commission for Relief in Belgium
44:guide to writing better articles
23:
4115:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3315:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2056:
1725:
1651:Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin
1616:
1483:
870:
725:
692:
515:
157:in part or in full, includingË
4188:Military occupations of France
3938:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3797:Deportations from East Prussia
3594:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1691:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
1494:(in French). Editeurs divers.
1125:
607:The occupation of the city of
555:American Ambassador to Belgium
301:from 122,723 to 77,824, while
102:refers to the period in which
1:
3849:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1878:(in French). Lille: La Voix.
892:Evacuations and repatriations
714:An administration called the
94:, France, during World War I.
4004:SazonovâPalĂ©ologue Agreement
3303:Estonian War of Independence
2978:Southern Palestine offensive
1853:La France occupée. 1914-1918
966:
733:works of art in public space
434:and 40 percent of the total
395:messages by carrier pigeon.
7:
4193:German military occupations
3958:USA against Austria-Hungary
3357:Turkish War of Independence
3309:Latvian War of Independence
3041:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2632:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1644:
755:L'Aveugle et le Paralytique
499:Omnipresence of the Germans
228:The current departments of
10:
4209:
4041:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3589:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
3056:Second Battle of the Marne
2943:Second battle of the Aisne
2812:Second Battle of Champagne
2653:German invasion of Belgium
669:particular to the camp of
519:
410:reached their recipients.
338:German invasion of Belgium
336:Owing to the speed of the
323:
4147:
4106:
4027:
3966:
3928:
3872:
3861:
3822:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3765:
3737:
3685:
3607:
3581:
3533:
3426:
3419:
3351:Irish War of Independence
3247:
3129:
3101:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3086:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3011:
2913:
2840:
2741:
2698:First Battle of the Marne
2645:
2607:
2542:
2533:
2476:
2350:
2339:
2305:
2277:
2239:
2191:
2144:
2137:
2064:
2002:
1991:
1941:
1832:Lembré, Stéphane (2016).
998:
651:
342:First Battle of the Marne
3974:Constantinople Agreement
3267:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
3130:Co-belligerent conflicts
3106:Second Romanian campaign
3076:Third Transjordan attack
2787:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
2693:Battle of Grand Couronné
1851:Nivet, Philippe (2011).
1794:Buffetaud, Yves (2014).
1771:Becker, Annette (2010).
1732:Wegner, Larissa (2014).
1079:
685:, 25 million by that of
681:, 48 million by that of
4037:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3989:BulgariaâGermany treaty
3297:Greater Poland Uprising
3197:National Protection War
3081:MeuseâArgonne offensive
3031:German spring offensive
3026:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2802:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2777:Second Battle of Artois
2658:Battle of the Frontiers
1874:Le Maner, Yves (2011).
1668:McPhail, Helen (2001).
1656:World War I reparations
1049:Much of the 1928 novel
952:La Gazette des Ardennes
416:La Gazette des Ardennes
365:, Paris: Fayard, 2010,
4062:Paris Peace Conference
4050:UkraineâCentral Powers
3844:Massacres of Albanians
3812:Late Ottoman genocides
3619:Bulgarian occupations
3327:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3291:HungarianâRomanian War
3116:Naval Victory Bulletin
3111:Armistice with Germany
3061:Hundred Days Offensive
2988:Battle of La Malmaison
2938:Second battle of Arras
2905:Battle of Transylvania
2759:Second Battle of Ypres
2627:Sarajevo assassination
2516:South African Republic
1929:Countries occupied by
1813:Deruyck, René (1992).
1752:Kennedy, Paul (1989).
1324:, pp. 24, 56, 57.
1015:by Philippe Nivet and
980:
946:
901:
880:
711:
665:
638:Saint-Sauveur hospital
588:
580:
488:
479:
391:
376:
333:
320:
150:
95:
83:
4173:France in World War I
4072:Treaty of St. Germain
4045:RussiaâCentral Powers
3999:SykesâPicot Agreement
3827:Pontic Greek genocide
3802:Destruction of Kalisz
3778:Eastern Mediterranean
3339:PolishâLithuanian War
3121:Armistice of Belgrade
3091:Armistice of Salonica
3021:Operation Faustschlag
2968:Third Battle of Oituz
2890:Baranovichi offensive
2858:Lake Naroch offensive
2832:Battle of Robat Karim
2807:VistulaâBug offensive
2782:Battles of the Isonzo
2713:First Battle of Ypres
1710:. London: Routledge.
1529:, p. 133 to 141.
1017:Les Cicatrices Rouges
974:
944:
899:
878:
709:
659:
586:
578:
568:'s intervention with
485:
477:
389:
363:Les Cicatrices Rouges
353:
331:
318:
148:
89:
77:
4067:Treaty of Versailles
3783:Mount Lebanon famine
3698:in the United States
3666:Russian occupations
3380:TurkishâArmenian War
3321:PolishâUkrainian War
3261:UkrainianâSoviet War
3208:Central Asian Revolt
2998:Armistice of FocÈani
2728:Battle of Sarikamish
2678:Battle of Tannenberg
2074:Military engagements
1855:(in French). Paris:
1775:(in French). Paris:
1312:, pp. 158, 159.
1122:, pp. 311, 312.
823:François André-Bonte
775:Charleville-MĂ©ziĂšres
534:The Mayor of Lille,
506:German General Staff
436:coal mining capacity
430:, 24 percent of its
4134:They shall not pass
4057:Treaty of Bucharest
4014:Treaty of Bucharest
3953:USA against Germany
3930:Declarations of war
3634:German occupations
3547:British casualties
3406:SovietâGeorgian War
3333:Egyptian Revolution
3273:Armeno-Georgian War
3137:Somaliland campaign
3096:Armistice of Mudros
2973:Battle of Caporetto
2963:Battle of MÄrÄÈeÈti
2933:Zimmermann telegram
2928:February Revolution
2873:Battle of the Somme
2797:Bug-Narew Offensive
2772:Battle of Gallipoli
2764:Sinking of the RMS
2556:Scramble for Africa
2550:Franco-Prussian War
2206:Sinai and Palestine
1817:. La Voix du Nord.
1624:"The Alice Network"
1577:, pp. 365â368.
1553:, pp. 293â298.
1541:, pp. 210â248.
1372:, pp. 164â168.
1019:by Annette Becker.
594:Chamber of Commerce
432:steel manufacturing
428:pig-iron production
399:French population.
116:military occupation
4094:Treaty of Lausanne
4009:Paris Economy Pact
3943:UK against Germany
3873:Entry into the war
3839:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3558:Ottoman casualties
3368:Franco-Turkish War
3248:Post-War conflicts
3232:Russian Revolution
3214:Invasion of Darfur
3179:Kelantan rebellion
3167:Kurdish rebellions
3143:Mexican Revolution
2983:October Revolution
2948:Kerensky offensive
2923:Capture of Baghdad
2900:Monastir offensive
2885:Brusilov offensive
2723:Battle of Kolubara
2562:Russo-Japanese War
1468:, pp. 96â107.
1149:, pp. 15, 24.
1057:Hans Herbert Grimm
1045:In popular culture
981:
947:
924:Acts of resistance
902:
881:
712:
702:Industrial plunder
666:
589:
581:
570:President Poincaré
489:
480:
392:
382:Isolated territory
334:
321:
205:Meurthe-et-Moselle
151:
141:Territory occupied
96:
84:
4160:
4159:
4143:
4142:
4127:The Golden Virgin
4121:Mutilated victory
4102:
4101:
4082:Treaty of Trianon
4077:Treaty of Neuilly
3984:Damascus Protocol
3857:
3856:
3817:Armenian genocide
3774:Allied blockades
3746:Belgian refugees
3529:
3528:
3439:Strategic bombing
3415:
3414:
3400:Franco-Syrian War
3374:Greco-Turkish War
3362:Anglo-Turkish War
3345:PolishâSoviet War
3279:German Revolution
3255:Russian Civil War
3238:Finnish Civil War
3071:Battle of Megiddo
3046:Battle of Goychay
2993:Battle of Cambrai
2953:Battle of MÄrÄÈti
2868:Battle of Jutland
2848:Erzurum offensive
2703:Siege of PrzemyĆl
2683:Siege of Tsingtao
2668:Battle of Galicia
2598:Second Balkan War
2586:Italo-Turkish War
2543:Pre-War conflicts
2529:
2528:
2419:Portuguese Empire
2335:
2334:
2297:German New Guinea
2279:Asian and Pacific
2024:
2023:
1885:978-2-84393-181-9
1866:978-2-200-35094-9
1843:978-2-7574-1280-0
1805:978-2-84673-193-5
1798:. Ysec Ă©ditions.
1796:Le Nord en guerre
1786:978-2-213-65551-2
1756:. Vintage Books.
1517:, pp. 85â96.
1501:979-10-699-5337-6
1444:, pp. 15â24.
1269:978-2-11-129404-2
1173:, pp. 33â36.
1161:, pp. 265â6.
1070:The Alice Network
1013:La France Occupée
975:Postcard view of
720:Journal de Pabert
536:Charles Delesalle
470:Living conditions
421:Bulletin de Lille
371:978 2 213 65551 2
273:River (including
72:
71:
64:
38:used on Knowledge
36:encyclopedic tone
4200:
4087:Treaty of SĂšvres
3979:Treaty of London
3870:
3869:
3648:Northeast France
3579:
3578:
3551:Parliamentarians
3484:
3483:
3446:Chemical weapons
3424:
3423:
3185:Senussi campaign
3155:Muscat rebellion
3149:Maritz rebellion
3066:Vardar offensive
2895:Battle of Romani
2863:Battle of Asiago
2853:Battle of Verdun
2817:Kosovo offensive
2592:First Balkan War
2540:
2539:
2439:Russian Republic
2348:
2347:
2142:
2141:
2084:Economic history
2051:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2027:
1997:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1870:
1847:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1767:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1721:
1702:
1683:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1065:
854:
838:
827:Place du Concert
818:
802:
786:
770:
751:
716:Schutzverwaltung
544:
493:Hague Convention
374:
361:Annette Becker,
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
46:for suggestions.
42:See Knowledge's
27:
26:
19:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4178:1910s in France
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4139:
4098:
4030:
4023:
3994:Treaty of Darin
3962:
3924:
3880:Austria-Hungary
3866:
3853:
3834:Rape of Belgium
3761:
3733:
3681:
3675:Western Armenia
3670:Eastern Galicia
3603:
3577:
3541:
3540:Civilian impact
3539:
3525:
3482:
3411:
3243:
3173:Ovambo Uprising
3125:
3007:
2909:
2836:
2754:Battle of ĆomĆŒa
2737:
2733:Christmas truce
2708:Race to the Sea
2641:
2603:
2525:
2496:Austria-Hungary
2472:
2407:Empire of Japan
2344:
2342:
2331:
2315:U-boat campaign
2301:
2273:
2235:
2187:
2133:
2114:Popular culture
2060:
2055:
2025:
2020:
1998:
1989:
1956:Northern France
1937:
1927:
1886:
1867:
1844:
1825:
1806:
1787:
1764:
1742:
1740:
1728:
1718:
1699:
1680:
1664:
1662:Further reading
1647:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1059:
1047:
1031:prohibited zone
1027:that of 1940â44
1001:
969:
960:
939:
926:
894:
873:
866:
855:
846:
839:
830:
819:
810:
803:
794:
787:
778:
771:
762:
752:
728:
704:
695:
654:
646:Lycée Faidherbe
642:Hospice général
633:normal weight.
626:
538:
524:
518:
501:
472:
384:
375:
360:
326:
143:
68:
57:
51:
48:
41:
32:This article's
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4029:Peace treaties
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3915:United Kingdom
3912:
3907:
3905:Ottoman Empire
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3807:Sack of Dinant
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3755:United Kingdom
3752:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3715:
3709:POW locations
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3509:United Kingdom
3506:
3504:Ottoman Empire
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3478:Trench warfare
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3191:Volta-Bani War
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Zeebrugge Raid
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:Battle of Loos
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Black Sea raid
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2620:Historiography
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2574:Bosnian Crisis
2571:
2568:Tangier Crisis
2565:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Ottoman Empire
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2478:Central Powers
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2461:British Empire
2456:United Kingdom
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:Russian Empire
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2352:Entente Powers
2345:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:North Atlantic
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2231:Central Arabia
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2193:Middle Eastern
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:Historiography
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1966:Eastern Europe
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1871:
1865:
1848:
1842:
1829:
1823:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1785:
1768:
1762:
1749:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:978-1138822368
1716:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1679:978-1784530532
1678:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1615:
1613:, p. 377.
1603:
1601:, p. 381.
1591:
1589:, p. 379.
1579:
1567:
1565:, p. 279.
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1500:
1482:
1480:, p. 238.
1478:Buffetaud 2014
1470:
1458:
1456:, p. 250.
1454:Buffetaud 2014
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1408:, p. 220.
1398:
1396:, p. 114.
1386:
1384:, p. 156.
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 255.
1358:Buffetaud 2014
1350:
1348:, p. 151.
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1300:, p. 156.
1290:
1268:
1247:
1245:, p. 149.
1235:
1233:, p. 151.
1223:
1221:, p. 159.
1211:
1199:
1197:, p. 234.
1187:
1185:, p. 216.
1183:Buffetaud 2014
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1046:
1043:
1039:occupied zones
1005:interwar years
1000:
997:
968:
965:
959:
958:Accommodations
956:
938:
935:
925:
922:
893:
890:
872:
869:
868:
867:
856:
849:
847:
843:Pierre Legrand
840:
833:
831:
820:
813:
811:
804:
797:
795:
788:
781:
779:
772:
765:
763:
753:
746:
744:
727:
724:
703:
700:
694:
691:
653:
650:
625:
622:
566:Herbert Hoover
559:Brand Whitlock
520:Main article:
517:
514:
500:
497:
471:
468:
383:
380:
358:
325:
322:
223:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
180:
173:
166:
142:
139:
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4205:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3920:United States
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3521:United States
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:Convoy system
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:Naval warfare
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3226:Kaocen revolt
3224:
3221:
3220:Easter Rising
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Great Retreat
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Battle of Cer
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:Agadir Crisis
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2468:United States
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:French Empire
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2338:
2328:
2327:Mediterranean
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:Naval warfare
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:Italian Front
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:Eastern Front
2169:
2167:
2166:Western Front
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Puppet states
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:Pan-Germanism
2006:
2001:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:Yves Congar,
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1824:2-208-26023-6
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1763:0-679-72019-7
1759:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1698:9781137443489
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1432:, p. 50.
1431:
1430:Le Maner 2011
1426:
1420:, p. 39.
1419:
1414:
1407:
1406:Le Maner 2011
1402:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1336:, p. 91.
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1209:, p. 54.
1208:
1203:
1196:
1195:Le Maner 2011
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
996:
992:
989:
985:
978:
973:
964:
955:
953:
943:
937:Collaboration
934:
932:
921:
918:
914:
912:
908:
898:
889:
885:
877:
864:
860:
853:
848:
844:
837:
832:
828:
824:
817:
812:
808:
801:
796:
792:
785:
780:
776:
769:
764:
760:
756:
750:
745:
742:
741:
740:
738:
734:
723:
721:
717:
708:
699:
690:
688:
684:
680:
674:
672:
663:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
634:
630:
624:Public health
621:
617:
613:
610:
605:
601:
597:
595:
585:
577:
573:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
550:
548:
542:
537:
532:
529:
528:British naval
523:
513:
511:
507:
496:
494:
484:
476:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
417:
411:
409:
406:
400:
396:
388:
379:
372:
368:
364:
357:
352:
349:
347:
346:Western Front
343:
339:
330:
317:
313:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
170:Pas-de-Calais
167:
164:
160:
159:
158:
156:
147:
138:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
120:German Empire
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
88:
81:
76:
66:
63:
55:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
4132:
4125:
4113:
3720: /
3652:
3647:
3487:Conscription
3451:Cryptography
3388:Iraqi Revolt
2822:Siege of Kut
2765:
2343:participants
2292:German Samoa
2226:South Arabia
2013:Mittelafrika
2011:
2004:
1955:
1893:
1875:
1857:Armand Colin
1852:
1833:
1814:
1795:
1772:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1726:Bibliography
1707:
1688:
1669:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1491:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1259:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1159:Kennedy 1989
1154:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1115:
1110:, p. 9.
1103:
1068:
1050:
1048:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1002:
993:
990:
986:
982:
961:
951:
948:
930:
927:
919:
915:
903:
886:
882:
871:Forced labor
863:Valenciennes
754:
729:
726:Requisitions
719:
715:
713:
696:
693:Unemployment
675:
667:
635:
631:
627:
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
590:
563:
551:
533:
525:
516:Malnutrition
502:
490:
464:Forced labor
452:Valenciennes
425:
420:
414:
412:
401:
397:
393:
377:
362:
354:
350:
335:
311:
307:
268:
257:
242:
227:
224:
155:départements
152:
135:forced labor
131:malnutrition
128:
114:, was under
99:
97:
58:
52:January 2022
49:
33:
3750:Netherlands
3727:Switzerland
3608:Occupations
3599:Spanish flu
3376:(1919â1922)
3370:(1918â1921)
3364:(1918â1923)
3353:(1919â1921)
3347:(1919â1921)
3341:(1919â1920)
3317:(1918â1920)
3311:(1918â1920)
3305:(1918â1920)
3287:(1918â1920)
3269:(1918â1920)
3263:(1917â1921)
3257:(1917â1921)
3204:(1916-1918)
3202:Arab Revolt
3193:(1915â1917)
3187:(1915â1917)
3175:(1914-1917)
3169:(1914â1917)
3163:(1914â1921)
3157:(1913â1920)
3145:(1910â1920)
3139:(1900â1920)
2637:July Crisis
2558:(1880â1914)
2221:Mesopotamia
2099:Home fronts
2058:World War I
1935:World War I
1418:Becker 2010
1394:Lembré 2016
1382:Lembré 2016
1334:Lembré 2016
1322:Lembré 2016
1243:Becker 2010
1231:Becker 2010
1207:Becker 2010
1096:Wegner 2014
1060: [
547:von Bissing
539: [
182:55% of the
175:16% of the
165:department;
161:70% of the
124:World War I
4167:Categories
3967:Agreements
3767:War crimes
3643:Luxembourg
3536:Casualties
2414:Montenegro
2249:South West
2129:Technology
2119:Propaganda
2109:Opposition
1961:Luxembourg
1633:2024-02-10
1611:Nivet 2011
1599:Nivet 2011
1587:Nivet 2011
1575:Nivet 2011
1563:Nivet 2011
1551:Nivet 2011
1539:Nivet 2011
1527:Nivet 2011
1515:Nivet 2011
1466:Nivet 2011
1442:Nivet 2011
1370:Nivet 2011
1346:Nivet 2011
1310:Nivet 2011
1298:Nivet 2011
1219:Nivet 2011
1171:Nivet 2011
1147:Nivet 2011
1120:Nivet 2011
1108:Nivet 2011
857:Statue of
841:Statue of
821:Statue of
671:Holzminden
644:, and the
564:Following
112:Luxembourg
3864:Diplomacy
3571:Olympians
3494:Australia
3461:Logistics
3394:Vlora War
3323:(1918â19)
3299:(1918â19)
3293:(1918â19)
3281:(1918â19)
3228:(1916â17)
3210:(1916â17)
3161:Zaian War
3151:(1914â15)
2878:first day
2766:Lusitania
2594:(1912â13)
2588:(1911â12)
2576:(1908â09)
2570:(1905â06)
2552:(1870â71)
2341:Principal
2201:Gallipoli
2104:Memorials
2089:Geography
2079:Aftermath
2005:See also:
1979:Lithuania
1743:6 October
1628:Goodreads
1278:cite book
1009:Great War
967:Aftermath
907:Annemasse
845:in Lille.
829:in Lille.
687:Tourcoing
408:Red Cross
405:Frankfurt
303:Tourcoing
251:, around
234:Haut-Rhin
4152:Category
3739:Refugees
3705:Italians
3694:Germans
3654:Ober Ost
3434:Aviation
2535:Timeline
2506:Bulgaria
2287:Tsingtao
2264:Togoland
2211:Caucasus
2146:European
2138:Theatres
1983:Courland
1946:Moresnet
1645:See also
977:Marville
931:Patience
735:made of
456:Maubeuge
419:and the
359:â
291:Ardennes
258:Part of
249:Flanders
230:Bas-Rhin
219:Ardennes
217:100% of
210:4.8% of
80:Hautmont
3890:Germany
3790:Germany
3718:Germany
3638:Belgium
3623:Albania
3582:Disease
3562:Sports
3514:Ireland
3427:Warfare
3420:Aspects
2615:Origins
2608:Prelude
2511:Senussi
2491:Germany
2486:Leaders
2424:Romania
2365:Belgium
2360:Leaders
2259:Kamerun
2241:African
2176:Romania
2154:Balkans
2069:Outline
1951:Belgium
1933:during
1931:Germany
1052:Schlump
1003:In the
859:Brennus
825:on the
759:Cambrai
683:Roubaix
679:Cambrai
460:Avesnes
448:Cambrai
373:, p. 10
324:History
299:Roubaix
260:Picardy
245:Belgium
238:Moselle
203:25% of
196:30% of
189:12% of
168:25% of
122:during
118:by the
108:Belgium
3910:Russia
3885:France
3713:Canada
3628:Serbia
3499:Canada
3456:Horses
3408:(1921)
3402:(1920)
3396:(1920)
3390:(1920)
3382:(1920)
3335:(1919)
3329:(1919)
3275:(1918)
3240:(1918)
3234:(1917)
3222:(1916)
3216:(1916)
3181:(1915)
2600:(1913)
2582:(1911)
2564:(1905)
2521:Darfur
2446:Serbia
2429:Russia
2392:Greece
2380:France
2370:Brazil
2216:Persia
2159:Serbia
1975:Poland
1971:Warsaw
1882:
1863:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1783:
1777:Fayard
1760:
1714:
1695:
1676:
1498:
1266:
999:Legacy
737:bronze
652:Abuses
640:, the
510:Carvin
487:watch.
369:
236:, and
212:Vosges
104:French
92:Caudry
4107:Other
3900:Japan
3895:Italy
3722:camps
3566:Rugby
2402:Japan
2397:Italy
2375:China
2269:North
1080:Notes
1074:Lille
1064:]
911:Ăvian
807:Lille
609:Sedan
543:]
444:Douai
440:Lille
295:Lille
283:Briey
279:Fumay
275:Givet
271:Meuse
253:Ypres
198:Meuse
191:Marne
184:Aisne
177:Somme
3687:POWs
3013:1918
2915:1917
2841:1916
2742:1915
2646:1914
2451:Siam
2254:East
1880:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1745:2015
1712:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1284:link
1264:ISBN
1037:and
1035:free
791:Laon
662:Roye
458:and
367:ISBN
287:Metz
277:and
264:Laon
163:Nord
110:and
98:The
1055:by
909:or
861:in
757:in
4169::
2016:âą
2010:âą
1981:âą
1977:âą
1973:âą
1859:.
1779:.
1736:.
1626:.
1288:.
1280:}}
1276:{{
1250:^
1088:^
1076:.
1062:de
1041:.
722:.
557:,
541:fr
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
232:,
133:,
126:.
3538:/
2050:e
2043:t
2036:v
1922:e
1915:t
1908:v
1888:.
1869:.
1846:.
1827:.
1808:.
1789:.
1766:.
1747:.
1720:.
1701:.
1682:.
1636:.
1504:.
1286:)
1272:.
1098:.
865:.
809:.
793:.
777:.
761:.
221:.
214:;
207:;
200:;
193:;
186:;
179:;
172:;
82:.
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.