Forests Commission Victoria

720:"Some places, where the trees are fewer and at a lower altitude, the timber is much larger in diameter, averaging from 6 to 10 feet and frequently trees to 15 feet in diameter are met with on alluvial flats near the river. These trees average about ten per acre: their size, sometimes, is enormous. Many of the trees that have fallen by decay and by bush fires measure 350 feet in length, with girth in proportion. In one instance I measured with the tape line one huge specimen that lay prostrate across a tributary of the Watts and found it to be 435 feet from the roots to the top of its trunk. At 5 feet from the ground it measures 18 feet in diameter. At the extreme end where it has broken in its fall, it (the trunk) is 3 feet in diameter. This tree has been much burnt by fire, and I fully believe that before it fell it must have been more than 500 feet high. As it now lies it forms a complete bridge across a narrow ravine" .... William Ferguson, The Melbourne Age, February 1872. 3011:"bible" on forestry written in 1904 but, for the first time, this notion was coming under frontal and forensic attack. A different view of conservation based on the primacy of intrinsic ecological values, particularly of wildlife, was being vigorously asserted by non-government environmental organisation and some staff were dismayed by its stridency. The debate was sometimes heated and divisive and many staff felt their loyalty to the Forests Commission and justifiable pride as having been the long term stewards of the forest together with their status in local communities was coming into question. The tight-knit cohort of FCV staff had always felt a strong commitment to protection and conservation of the forests and their hurt and frustration was reflected repeatedly in staff association meetings and newsletters. 3024: 4317: 1043: 2895:

resources in the watersheds of the State and the Commission advocated strongly for logging access to closed catchments. However, on this occasion they were more concerned that access to timber resources in Thomson would be restricted with construction of a new reservoir and advanced as evidence to the parliamentary inquiry its successful conduct of harvesting in many proclaimed catchments across Victoria. The State Government had no appetite to overturn the MMBW closed catchment policy that had stood since 1891 but it was resolved that timber harvesting would continue in the Yarra Tributaries and Thomson catchments but with some additional protections. Construction on the new Thomson Dam commenced in the early 1970s and was completed in 1984.

1850: 2417:, and officially took effect from 1 July 1957, foreshadowing proclamation of the Forests Act 1958. The Plantations and Hardwood Forest groups were amalgamated and the State subdivided into 56 Forest Districts, to become the basic units of all field management which were led by District Foresters Officers (DFOs). Districts were grouped into seven territorial Divisions, each with a Divisional Forester replacing the previous Chief Inspector position. Head Office was arranged into six divisions; Forest Management, Operations, Protection, Economics and Marketing, Education and Research, and Administration. Most of the Commissions 1400 staff and crew were field-based with a small Head Office cohort of about 300 people. 1210: 4489: 1743: 1406: 831: 169: 381: 1507: 3494: 1689: 2437:. The aim was to set a bold new framework for the future of Victoria's public land estate and provide a suite of supporting regulations. It also aimed to bring all the legislation into alignment, give clarity, avoid duplication and confusing overlaps. For example, many of the legal powers for Forests Commission staff relating to fire suppression are drawn from the CFA Act. The legislative package proved robust and remains largely intact today. The first National Parks Act was passed only two years earlier in 1956 but had a major revision in 1975. 4061:

strikes started in remote, inaccessible mountains where firefighting was difficult, hazardous and time-consuming. They burnt more than 150,000 ha with a perimeter in excess of 1,000 km before they were brought under control. At its peak more than 3,000 people were on fire fronts or support roles including 2,000 from CFL, 500 CFA volunteers, 449 Armed Services personnel, 120 sawmill employees and 50 State Electricity Commission employees. Major equipment used included 75 bulldozers, 400 tankers, 20 helicopters and 16 fixed-wing aircraft.

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monitoring, calculating sustainable yield and allowable cuts, marketing and sales, licensing and approvals. Timber harvesting roles involved setting standards and prescriptions, construction and maintenance of major roads and bridges, supervision and compliance of logging operations. The Commission also took responsibility for all post-harvest regeneration treatments and depending on the forest type and technique required, this included seed collection and extraction, site preparation, slash burning, aerial seeding and follow up surveys.

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selection. Much of the early silvicultural knowledge was unsuccessfully translated from Europe so in response to some difficulties achieving satisfactory regrowth after harvesting the Commission pioneered much of the early scientific research into the biology of the eucalypts and developed many innovative operational techniques for high intensity slash burning, aerial seeding, planting, thinning and tending. This commitment to silvicultural research continued throughout the life of the Commission.

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years of FCV annual reports reveals that in 1944–45, strip and patch burning was conducted on 35,300 hectares (136 sq mi), the 1954–55 report has fuel reduction burning at 80,000 hectares (310 sq mi), and 10 years later in 1964–65 a similar figure of 77,000 hectares (300 sq mi) was achieved. By 1974–75 the area fuel reduced had increased to nearly 166,000 hectares (640 sq mi). In the last full financial year of the Forests Commission, 1982–83 (the year of

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Drangsholt and Bjarne Dahl who formed the nucleus of a forest assessment branch. In an era before there were many roads, these foresters travelled on horses into the remote forests of Victoria. Base lines were surveyed and the forest divided into one-chain (20 metre) strips. It was arduous work with an axeman clearing a straight path through the bush, a chainman following to measure distances while an assessor counted and assessed the trees. An

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of the flames, aided by abundant fuels and a landscape immersed in smoke, made fire suppression and containment impossible. In many cases, residents fended for themselves as the fires broke communications, cut off escape routes and severed electricity, telephones and water supplies. Up to 8,000 people were evacuated in Victoria at the height of the crisis and a state of disaster was declared for the first time in South Australia's history.

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redundancy packages, resign or retire which resulted in an accelerated loss of valuable corporate knowledge and memory. Coupled with the cessation of a steady stream of new graduates coming from Creswick and other tertiary institutions from 1980 onwards led to shortages of experience and skills and worrying succession planning problems, particularly finding enough experienced staff to develop sound forest policy and for fire suppression.

1287: 4382: 191:", William Ferguson was appointed. The second progress report of a Royal Commission on Foreign Industries and Forests in 1872, included a recommendation for the establishment of a State nursery near Macedon railway station "with the object of raising useful timber trees for distribution to selectors, and for the planting of reserves denuded of indigenous timber". Ferguson then established the first State Nursery at Macedon in 1872. 3211:(1 m³ = ~0.276 cords) and a standard 6 feet by 4 feet trailer tightly stacked with firewood was roughly equivalent to 1 cubic metre. Just about all eucalypts have about the same energy content (19–20,000 kJ/kg) while softwood has more energy (21–22,000 kJ/kg) but is less dense. Green firewood has 100% moisture content (i.e. holds its own weight in water), while air dried firewood has between 10% and 19% and weighs about one 3968: 3064: 2502:

Campbell/Waarre (1919), Anglesea (1923) and Mount Difficult (1925). The largest plot was some 2,500 acres associated with the new McLeod Prison farm on French Island (1911). However, nearly all these plantings failed due to poor soil and site conditions, but valuable silvicultural lessons were learned. The earlier success of radiata pine had partly given rise to the fallacy that it could grow anywhere.

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slow and limited for the period of Victoria's first seven decades. Reservations had been made in 1862, 1873, 1898 and 1903 and the Conservator of Forests, George Perrin, reported the total forested area in 1888 was 4.8 million ha most of which was inaccessible. Only a small proportion was permanently reserved, and some was in Melbourne water supply catchments closed to harvesting and visitors.

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slowly down the north facing slopes in the evening until it went out overnight with the dew the following morning or ran into a wet gully. But the 1970s were a relatively wet decade so the gullies were damp and full of soggy tree ferns which would stop most burns. Also, there weren't many people in the bush other than loggers and cattlemen so it was possible to do this with minimal risk.

2509:. The war years saw activity again fall away sharply while after the war there was a new focus on developing native forests in eastern Victoria owing to the conclusion of the 1939 fire salvage and to provide timber for post-war housing construction. However, the Strzelecki reforestation program got underway in the 1930s with planting of both softwoods and hardwoods on abandoned farmland. 952: 2228: 1534: 540: 3376: 2787: 3251: 1619: 6296: 3429: 1739:

for the next 60 years or so. The Commission purchased derelict farmland at Allambee (1947–49), Childers (1946–48) and Halls Rd at Boolarra (1949) and by June 1986 the FCV had purchased over 400 properties with a total area of 28000 ha. At the same time, APM held a similar estate of 24000 ha purchased land plus 8600 ha of crown land leasehold.

2946:(SEC) did the same thing by supporting a construction squadron based at Newborough in the Latrobe Valley. It created a very active and capable part-time military group that completed many worthy projects across the State. The 91 Forestry Squadron operated bush sawmills, built timber bridges along the Murray River, the suspension bridge at 2001:. Preliminary arrangements were made for bag supplies, for railway sidings in Melbourne, and for processing of charcoal bought by the Branch in excess of the requirements of private grading firms. In its first year, 17,421 tons of charcoal were produced compared with 1,650 tons before the War. Production peaked at 38,922 tons in 1942–43. 3954:(FLIR) cameras mounted on light helicopters became available and proved very useful at identifying smouldering hot spots through thick smoke and to direct ground crews during the mop up phase. Another development previously researched and tested operationally, "came of age" in the 1984/85 season. An infrared line scanner mounted in a 5830: 3316:

quickly but eight developed into major fires and stage 2 of the State Disaster Plan was enacted. Then the Army and Airforce were called to assist the Commission staff and employees. A notable feature was the very important part played by military helicopters in moving crews and supplies to combat multiple fires in the alpine area.

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Forest Foremen but foreshadowed that it expected to increase over the years to come. Nonetheless, the challenges facing the new organisation were formidable, including protecting ecosystems about which little was scientifically understood, and responsibility for vast areas of rugged, remote country about which little was known.

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These medium helicopters could also be fitted with Canadian built belly tanks, which although had a limited water bombing capacity of about 1400 litres, were still very effective in tight mountainous terrain providing close support for ground crews working near the fire edge. Their ability to pick up

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and softwood plantation expansion dominated much of the often polarised forestry debate. To some degree the forestry profession became marginalised in the debate with the common understanding of forestry being eroded to simply mean timber harvesting and sawmilling and not broader forest management or

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when conditions were safer. This had the negative effect of making the fire area much bigger and more importantly the perimeter much longer to patrol. The first use, anywhere in the world, of DAIDs (Delayed Action Incendiary Devices – similar to large double ended matches with a length of safety fuse

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and as the name implied involves having limited or no access to water. It was hard physical work but an essential skill to fight remote forest fires. It was something that Commission staff were historically renowned and very few people, other than their families, were even aware that they might spend

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But there was growing disquiet from environment and community groups about the clearing of native forests and conversion to pines, together with the use of chemical sprays. So in the 1970s the Commission commenced major environmental studies in North East Victoria into the effects of plantations. The

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Initially, the goals were simply to rehabilitate land cleared during the goldrush, provide timber and avoid cost and unreliability of imported timber, generate revenue and create jobs through local sawmills. Commercial financial returns became a more important objective following increased investment

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During the 1950s, a number of factors led to a realignment of the relationship between the timber industry and the Forests Commission. These included post war housing boom, the movement eastwards after the end of the 1939 fire salvage, larger sawmills situated in small country towns, rather than deep

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The Commission placed increased emphasis on fire research and development right through the 1960s and 1970s and undertook some innovative work with aerial fire bombing and fire equipment. Initially, fire fighting appliances such as Bedford tankers and locally designed rubber Slip-On-Units that fitted

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network and the need for expensive maintenance in remote locations created long term funding headaches. Winter snows and storms caused large trees to fall and flash floods proved havoc that required a big engineering program each spring and summer. Large works crews with a fleet of trucks, bulldozers

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The advent of more powerful bulldozers, crawler tractors and geared haulage trucks dramatically changed logging practices. It became feasible for log trucks to haul directly from the landing in the forest to town-based sawmills within a few hours. Country towns then became the hub of activity, rather

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are in the museum at the school. Australian production peaked in the 1940s but sources from Spain and Portugal began to dominate supply from the 1950s. The world consumption of eucalyptus oil is now estimated to be about 3000 tonnes per annum and China supplies about 75%, although Australia continues

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finalised a pioneering legislated agreement which gave certain pulpwood rights to the company for fifty years over about 200,000 ha of State forest. The Commission retained control over the pulpwood harvesting operations to ensure that pulpwood remain secondary to the utilisation of the more valuable

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Prior to 13 January 1939, many fires were already burning. Some of the fires started as early as December 1938, but most of them started in the first week of January 1939. Some of these fires could not be extinguished. Others were left unattended, or as Judge Stretton wrote, the fires were allowed to

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the Government channelled substantial funds to the Commission for unemployment relief works which were well suited to unskilled manual labour such as firebreak slashing, silvicultural thinning, weed spraying and rabbit control. By 1935–36 the Commission employed almost 9,000 men in relief works and a

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from 1911 until it closed in 1956 under controversial circumstances. By far the greatest proportion of dressed timber for internal work, joinery and furniture was imported in the 1920s mainly from America and Scandinavia. The Commission sought to improve the position of native hardwoods in the market

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in the 1930s. It was remeasured once again by Mr A. D. Hardy in 1933 who proclaimed it to be still in good health, 62 feet in circumference at a height of five feet above the ground and at 10 feet up its circumference was still 50 feet. He estimated its height to be 287 feet (20 feet shorter than his

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Tree height is influenced by species, genetics, age, stand density, soil type and depth, rainfall, aspect, altitude, protection from wind and snow damage, fire history and insect attack. Scientists believe that trees have a theoretical maximum height of 130 m (430 ft), even though there are

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within the Agriculture Branch of the Department of Lands. Their appointment held out a promise to end the forest destruction under the 1884 Land Act which recognised the significance of forests for public purposes but the budget allocation was a paltry £4000. La Gerche established a nursery at Sawpit

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The Victorian State government's "Our Forest Our Future" program in 2002 which resulted in a major restructuring of the timber industry, with $ 80M allocated to buy back 50% of all the sawlog licences. Timber harvesting on State forests stopped in Western Victoria and the Otway's altogether; private

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This loss of corporate memory and reduced depth of practical field experience in combination with high managerial turnover gave many seasoned staff reason for concern for the future. Combined with reduced investment in forest research and science-based decision-making, many also felt their knowledge

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The formation of Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (CFL) was announced in State Parliament on 5 May 1983 and came into operational effect on 1 September 1983. On 2 November 1983 there was a short Act of Parliament to legalise the arrangements. The Commission was then merged into a newly

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aircraft was used to monitor the spread of the major fires and the progress of backburning. Scanning was usually done between midnight and 2 am and the imagery made available to the fire controller by 5 am. This enabled firefighting tactics to be developed well before the day shift crews were due to

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at Creswick continued to be administered by the Forests Commission until 1980 when it amalgamated with the University of Melbourne. 1980 also saw the graduation of the last group of its three-year diplomates funded by Forests Commission scholarships, bringing the total since the schools inception in

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were essential skills, as well as a stout pair of walking boots, to somehow navigate through the bush to get back home at the end of a long day. But getting lost was embarrassingly common, particularly in broken or undulating terrain with few roads or tracks, and in the days before GPS walking up to

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or by throwing large fusee matches out of the vehicle window late in the afternoon on their way home from work. For larger operations in the remote mountains or desert, a helicopter would fly along ridgetops and ignite hundreds of hectares by dropping DAIDs. The fire would be allowed to then trickle

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goes by many names including prescribed burning, planned burning, controlled burning, hazard reduction burning, candling, edge burning and sometimes even ecological burning. However, the objective is generally the same: to reduce available fuel safely. FRB is very different from high intensity slash

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In an innovative move at the time the Commission established a specialised Forest Environment and Recreation (FEAR) branch in the early 1970s, under the new chairmanship of Dr Frank Moulds, to focus on community education, the environment, conservation and recreation. This included engaging overseas

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State government to begrudgingly create the Land Conservation Council (LCC) in 1971. Its main role was to independently assess public land and make recommendations to government on its balanced use. The council's processes were rigorous and ninety six percent of all its recommendations were accepted

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and telephones extended the knowledge and reach of management as well as operational surveillance and control. It gave the Commission better scope to deal with its greatly increased area of bushfire responsibility. The Commission acquired several surplus WW2 army vehicles and equipment as the forest

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This was the first occasion on which members of the Commission's staff lost their lives as a direct result of forest fires. These men died in faithful discharge of their duty, and their unflinching heroism in the face of fearful odds must serve as an inspiration not only to their colleagues but also

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in 1966. This initiative led to the establishment of the Timber Promotions Council (TPC) in 1969 in partnership with Victorian Sawmillers Association and timber merchants. The TPC undertook research and development, marketing and training into the use of Victorian timber. It also offered an advisory

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in homage to his friend von Mueller. The tree was growing at Sassafras Gully in the Dandenong Ranges and Doyle had initially measured it in 1879 at 522 feet tall. It was later remeasured for the Melbourne exhibition in 1888 where it had reduced in size to 466 feet. However, when properly measured by

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In Victoria, 47 people died that day, while in South Australia there were a further 28 deaths. Many fatalities occurred because firestorm conditions were caused by a sudden and violent wind change in the evening which rapidly switched the direction and size of the fire front. The speed and ferocity

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The State Government then established the Upper Yarra Valley and Dandenong Ranges Authority (UYVDRA) in 1976 to develop new planning schemes to assist local shires tackle the fire risk problem along with other environmental issues. As a major land and fire manager, the Forests Commission had a seat

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A new Ministerial Australian Forestry Council was formed in 1964 with one of its first decisions being to further raise the national softwood target, with the Commonwealth agreeing to provide loan monies to the States to plant 30,000 hectares of softwoods per year for 35 years. Victoria took up the

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While there had been many administrative changes in the late 1800s, the structure of the Forests Commission had remained relatively stable since its formation in 1918. Until about 1926, there were no defined boundaries and management was based on how far foresters could travel by bike or horse from

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In January 1950, a new royalty equation system was introduced that took account of the distance that logs were hauled from the forest to the sawmill, the quality and size of the logs together with the distance to central markets in Melbourne. It was intended to reduce wastage but also be simple and

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Stretton also examined the inevitability of fire in the Australian bush and heard evidence from foresters, graziers, sawmillers and academics whether it was best to let fires burn because they were a part of a natural protective cycle or to combat them to defend people and the forests. Importantly,

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The new Forest Act (1907) also recognised that effective management of forests required appropriately skilled staff, stipulating that no person could be appointed to a forestry position without completing a relevant course and passing a special examination, thus paving the way for the establishment

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which came into effect on 1 January 1908, formally setting aside timber reserves and providing for rehabilitation after mining and logging. The first Conservator of Forests was Hugh Robert Mackay who had been both a Senior Inspector and Secretary to the Royal Commission of 1897–1901 while the first

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Over 16,000 firefighters combatted the blaze, including staff and works crews from the Forests Commission, National Park Service, and volunteers from the Country Fire Authority. Also involved were over 1,000 Victoria Police, 500 Australian Defence Force personnel and hundreds of local residents. A

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were set up in a small clearing in the forest near a river and close to the fire. They were fairly primitive and crews were expected to remain self-sufficient for the first 48 hours or so until better arrangements for food and supplies could be made. But over time basecamps became more comfortable

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The Commission reported satisfactory preparations for metrication in June 1973 but the transition was not without its challenges along the supply chain for foresters, overseers, logging contractors, sawmillers, hardware stores and builders alike. Timber lengths changed from feet to metres but were

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During the remaining years of the Forests Commission, it steadily broadened its focus on non-timber aspects of forest management, strongly promoting recreation, tourism, flora and fauna conservation, water catchment protection, farm forestry, biological research, community education (including the

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in 1968 to augment water supplies. Five small concrete weirs on the Armstrong, Starvation, McMahons and Cement Creeks were built to divert water directly into the Silvan Conduit that connected the Upper Yarra Reservoir to Melbourne. All the newly designated Yarra Tributaries as well as the Thomson

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To encourage small landholders to establish woodlots, not only improve farm income but also, to contribute towards Victoria's plantation targets, legislation was enacted in late 1966 for the Commission to provide financial assistance of up to $ 5,000, on interest-free terms for 12 years, under the

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In addition to the Commission's estate, there was considerable private investment in plantations, most notably from APM that purchased farmland close to its pulp mill at Maryvale. The company also established trees on Crown Land in the foothills of the Strzelecki Ranges on long-term lease from the

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had been cleared in the 1880s, but abandoned because it proved too hard to farm successfully. The scrub, blackberries, rabbits and weeds then took over and the area became known locally as the Heartbreak Hills. So the Commission commenced a massive reforestation scheme in the 1930s which continued

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had been killed by bushfire in 1926, and then regenerated naturally. However, significant bushfires again in 1932 and 1939 killed the young eucalypt regrowth before it was old enough to produce enough seed and the area was replaced by scrubland. The program lapsed but was renewed in the late 1980s

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After the War, stip assessments continued but were focused in the eastern ranges, with forest mapping and classification carried out using interpretation of aerial photography undertaken by the RAAF. Assessments were in remote locations with access by 4WD tracks, but also still by pack horse, with

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during WW1 and had long championed the idea of forest surveying, mapping and assessment from aerial photographs so in 1928 the Commission undertook its first major aerial photography project over 15,000 acres of forest. During the second world war, large areas of Victoria were photographed by RAAF

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Messrs. Barling and Demby, who were the first victims of the fires, lost their lives near Toolangi on Sunday, 8th January, Mr. West in the Rubicon blaze on Wednesday, 10th January, whilst Mr. McKinnon died in hospital from injuries received on Friday, 13th January, in the Loch Valley district near

1082:, were very prone to suffer from collapse in the seasoning (drying) process and work focused on steam reconditioning. This problem created some initial reluctance from Victorian sawmillers to invest in timber seasoning so an experimental workshop and kilns were established by the Commission at the 530:

Prior to the 1918 legislation, forest areas were reserved by the Minister of Lands and Agriculture who was also responsible for alienating Crown Land for farming and towns. There were obvious conflicts in administering these competing responsibilities. As a result, permanent forest reservation was

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Following the initial turmoil of amalgamation, CFL enjoyed a period of relative stability and consolidation over the next seven years until 1990. But departmental fortunes then became increasingly tied to State political upheavals, firstly coinciding with the appointment of the new Labor Premier,

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The MMBW had begun research into forest cover on water supplies as early as 1948. In the early 1960s it set up a new series of paired catchment experiments in wet mountain forests near Healesville to measure the long-term impacts of timber harvesting and bushfire on water quality and quantity. It

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The Forests Commission had long opposed the closed catchment policy of the MMBW arguing that timber harvesting, controlled public access and the protection of water supplies were all compatible. Previously, in 1958–60, the State Development Committee held an inquiry into the utilisation of timber

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had a network of channels which fed diary irrigation districts. The water infrastructure was managed by the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission (SRWSC). Agreements and policies were progressively put in place between the Forests Commission, the SRWSC and the Soil Conservation Authority (SCA)

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Dragonfly) was trialed at Erica not long after WW2 in 1949. The organisation had been at the forefront of aircraft technology ever since. The Snowy Range airfield north of Heyfield, which is Australia's highest at 1,600 m (5,200 ft) ASL, was built by the Commission in 1961 to help fight

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The Commission focused on its legislative and regulatory responsibilities of managing the states 7.1 million hectare forest estate. In addition to land management, conservation and fire protection the key commercial tasks involved inventory and assessment, mapping, preparing working plans, growth

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The task of ensuring adequate supplies of charcoal fell to the Commission. It subsequently formed the State Charcoal Branch to organise the increased production of charcoal, to build up reserves to meet emergencies and to regulate the cost to consumers. The assistance of an expert Advisory Panel,

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Forests Commission firefighting vehicles were exempt from the petrol restrictions. District Foresters were authorised to issue petrol coupons for timber industry trucks, which, in the absence of private cars and utes, often served as family transport too. Country school buses were fitted with gas

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Up until the late 1930s, coal was the main fuel for domestic heating and cooking, industry and electricity for metropolitan Melbourne as well as Victoria's steam trains. But World War II drew large numbers of men, led to a major escalation in Australia's heavy industry, placing urgent demands for

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was carried to mark out 50 feet contour levels. Later, by joining-the-dots, they produced the first hand-drawn and coloured topographical maps of the forest which were rare before the War. Often working in trackless bush accidents were common and help was far away. Drangsholt almost drowned as he

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in his summary of British Empire forest policy in 1922 that Australia lacked many of the skills to undertake inventory needed to prepare proper working plans. So in 1927–28, the Commission made concerted effort to recruit trained foresters from Norway. They included Bernhard Johannessen, Kristian

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However, new controls resulted in sawmills and sleeper cutters being allocated sole rights to an area of forest to exploit but by the early 1920s this system was gradually replaced by one where royalty was paid based on the quantity of sawn timber produced. A more modern licensing arrangement was

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Later on 14 June 1888, the first Conservator of Forests, George Samuel Perrin was appointed. He had previous experience in South Australia and Tasmania and despite having little power or authority, was able to appoint a number of foresters over the next 12 years. He produced a report containing a

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in India to visit in 1887 and make recommendations. But to seek advice was one thing; to take it was another, and while Vincent's scathing report was available to subsequent inquiries and was eventually tabled in the House in 1895, it was "so frank and outspoken that it has never been published".

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In 1871, local Forest Boards attempted to exercise some control, however the task of regulating wasteful clearing proved formidable and they were abolished in 1876. By 1873 it was estimated that were some 1150 steam engines in the gold mining industry, devouring over one million tons of firewood.

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The Commission was responsible for ″forest policy, prevention and suppression of bushfires, issuing leases and licences, planting and thinning of forests, the development of plantations, reforestation, nurseries, forestry education, the development of commercial timber harvesting and marketing of

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Also the new departmental arrangements and resources were severely tested during the summer of 1984/85 when 111 fires started from lightning in just one day. Only some of the people from agencies other than the former Forests Commission had previous firefighting experience. Many of the lightning

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occurred in south-eastern Australia on 16 February 1983. Over its twelve-hour rampage, more than 180 fires fanned by winds of up to 110 km/h (68 mph) caused widespread destruction across Victoria and South Australia. Years of severe drought and extreme weather combined to create one of

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More importantly, there was a growing recognition of the significant social and economic contribution that the Forests Commission staff, and their families, had long made simply by living in small country towns and being part of the fabric of rural society. Along with other professionals such as

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By the end of the 1970s the Commission employed some 300 foresters plus a further 500 technical and administrative staff and over 1000 works crew spread across country Victoria in 48 districts and 7 divisional offices with a total expenditure of over $ 32M which was offset by revenue from timber

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All burning is subject to seasonal conditions and varies greatly year-to-year. Burning operations require considerable skill and experience as well as large investments of people and equipment to achieve them safely within the short timeframe available during spring and autumn. Reviewing over 40

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The summer of 1977–78 was characterised by a build-up of extreme fire danger in most areas of the State. There were 606 outbreaks of fire, of which 77 occurred over a period of three days from 15 to 17 January. Lightning caused most of these in the alpine areas of the State. Many were controlled

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were all subject to local variations and sometimes used to describe a stack of wood measuring 4 feet high and 8 feet long but with a piece length shorter than 4 feet. A common firewood piece was 16 inches long, or one-third of a full cord, but other lengths are also available. Whereas, one cubic

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from Benambra near Omeo made Australia's first operational drop of fire retardant on a small lightning-strike. The drops were able to contain the remote fire long enough to enable ground crews to walk many hours across rugged terrain to reach it and make it safe. Up to that time there had been a

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attended the World Forestry Conference in São Paulo Brazil and upon his return took a bold decision to commit Victoria to a massive Plantation Expansion (PX) program which initiated nearly four decades of rapid plantation establishment. At that stage, softwoods were still being imported in large

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During WW2, petrol was rationed and largely reserved for essential services or the military. In 1941 the Government restricted motorists to 1,000 miles per year (32 km/week) so many simply put their cars up on blocks for the duration and switched to public transport. Others were offered an

1190:. In June 1925, after pressure from sawmillers, conservation groups and Melbourne newspapers the Government finally rejected the idea. It is claimed this dispute contributed to the early resignation of the Forests Commission's first chairman, Owen Jones, who had been a strong and vocal opponent. 429:

The creation of the State Forest Department represented the most significant institutional development in Victoria's history of forest management to that point. The fledgling department had 66 staff on 31 December 1900 including, 1 Conservator, 1 Chief Inspector, 1 Inspector, 23 Foresters and 40

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The Forests Commission had a long and proud history of innovation and of managing Victoria's State forests but in September 1983 lost its discrete identity when it was merged into the newly formed Victorian Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (CFL) along with the Crown Lands and Survey

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Moreover, during the period beginning with the formation of CFL in 1983 through to 2018, the department experienced no less than seven State Premiers (both Liberal and Labor), 15 Government Ministers and 13 Director-Generals / Secretaries all of whom wrought their own changes which added to the

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The amalgamation and restructure was a protracted and disruptive process over the next three years. Each of the component parts of the new department had its own challenges in the amalgamation but some foresters and technical staff in particular struggled to make the transition from a powerful,

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The upper limit at which a bushfire can be handled safely by either ground crews alone or ground crews supported by fire tankers, graders, bulldozers, is a heat intensity of about 2,000 kW/m. Severe bushfires, such as on Black Saturday, generated intensities in excess of 100,000 kW/m.

3014:

The tide of environmental criticism had turned and is what is commonly described as the second wave of the Australian environmental movement. It was sometimes unfairly alleged that the Commissions' senior leaders struggled to adapt nimbly enough to the changing community attitudes and stuck too

2563:

Planting peaked in 1969 with a record 5,183 ha and by the end of 1982, the Commission had established 87,000 hectares of softwood plantations, a five-fold increase since 1940. Softwood plantation zones were concentrated around Bright and Myrtleford in the Ovens Valley, Portland-Rennick, Latrobe

1417:

As a consequence of Judge Stretton's scathing report, the Forests Commission gained additional funding and took responsibility for fire protection on all public land including State forests, unoccupied Crown Lands and National Parks plus a buffer extending one mile beyond their boundaries on to

1170:

of tall trees set aside by the Commission. A sawmill was then established on the eastern edge of the new scenic reserve which operated until 1970. But the new reserve did not placate the critics and the dispute dragged on for more than 20 years and was never satisfactorily resolved. The reserve

1126:

1920 saw Australia's first Premiers Conference that was to consider "forest" matters. The meeting concluded that 9.8 million hectares nationally should be permanently reserved as forest to secure timber supplies. The Victorian component was to be 2.2 million hectares. Later in 1928/29 the first

1018:

burned across Gippsland and the Central Highlands and destroyed large areas of valuable mountain forest. Sixty lives were lost in addition to widespread damage to farms and homes. The fires came to a head on 14 February, with 31 deaths recorded at Warburton. Other areas affected include Noojee,

433:

The next ten years saw a steady expansion in staff numbers, promulgation of controlling regulations, increased production from the forest, thinning and fire protection works such as fire break construction, together with rehabilitation of the native forest which had suffered from indiscriminate

4706:

Future timber supplies found to be ‘greatly jeopardized’ by lack of forest conservancy and management. Recommends comprehensive legislation and extensive reservation of forests for conservancy by the State in perpetuity, required reserves indicated to be in the order of 5.5 million acres (2.22

4030:

Significantly, the Forestry Fund which had existed successfully since 1918, was withdrawn and all timber royalties and revenue returned to the State Treasury. The department then needed to compete with other agencies and rely on annual budget allocations with little ability to save and invest.

1070:

in Melbourne from 1929 until 1964. He tested thousands of timber samples and his authoritative descriptions of Australian hardwoods included engineering properties such as strength, hardness, appearance, suitably for joinery, resistance to termites, durability and so on. The huge Dadswell wood

942:

is defined as the art and science of controlling the establishment, health, growth, quality, protection and use of forests. It can involve a range of treatments such as planting, seeding, thinning, together with a wide range of harvesting techniques such as clear-felling through to single tree

3484:

However, the crash of a helicopter conducting aerial ignition in autumn 1978 with the death of two forest officers and the pilot profoundly shook the small "Fraternity of Foresters". It led to better accident insurance for staff involved in air operations and the development of a safer aerial

2750:

The Forets Commission also pioneered the use of aircraft for firefighting in Australia. Aircraft were used for fire bombing, crew transport, aerial incendiary work, aerial photography, infrared cameras and reconnaissance. The first fire spotting aircraft was deployed on 18 February 1930 (RAAF

619:(the tallest hardwood tree in the world). They remain the major source of high-quality seasoning timber for furniture, flooring, joinery and pulpwood. The dryer foothill forests contain mixtures of messmate and other commercial species, whereas the Murray River has extensive stands of durable 205:

It is surprising and perhaps ironic that organised mining interests, including influential mining parliamentarians, were the early public advocates for forest protection, taking up the cause in the 1860s. Their advocacy was based more on the profitability of their mining interests than forest

3892: 1372:

has been described as one of the most significant inquiries in the history of Victorian public administration. Its recommendations led to sweeping changes including stringent regulation of burning and fire safety measures for sawmills, grazing licensees and the general public, the compulsory

4132:

In addition to the major changes, there were many more minor internal restructures and each brought disruption, loss of staff morale and reduced productivity. Many were driven by austerity measures and the need to shed staff. At each break in continuity, many experienced staff chose to take

3215:

per cubic metre. Red gum and box are heavier, while pine is lighter. Adding to the confusion of measuring firewood was varying moisture content and how well the wood was stacked (generally about 30–35% air space depending on piece size). A few redundant imperial measures also existed like a

2501:

Experimental pine plantations were established under the stewardship of John Johnstone, the Victorian Superintendent of Plantations (and often overlooked founder of the forestry school at Creswick). These were at Frankston and Harcourt (1909), Wilsons Promontory (1910), Bright (1916), Port

2018:

was built by the Commission near Gembrook as the only commercially sized charcoal facility in Victoria which could operate continuously. The kiln was in full production by mid-1942, but transport difficulties and an oversupply of charcoal from private operators meant the kiln was used only

4049:

Timber Industry Strategy (TIS) in 1986 that provided for a new wave of policies including integrated forest planning with unprecedented levels of community consultation, regional sustainable timber yields, a Legislated Code of Forest Practice, Forest Operator Licences and 15 year sawlog

1865:

of firewood came into Melbourne each week and estimates ranged up to a 300,000 ton short-fall, but in its first year of operation, the Forests Commission dispatched some 253,668 tons into the city. Much of the firewood came from 1939 bushfire salvage operations, but later in 1942, the

1050:

Early foresters, sawmillers and timber merchants recognised the unique qualities of Victorian hardwood timbers and the Government was keen to promote them to the world market. Research into native timbers began sometime after Federation in 1901 and progressed with the publication of

2807:

remarkable range of experiments with different aircraft such as heavy military four engine bombers, single seat fighters and small agricultural aircraft with differing drop materials, techniques and equipment. But this was the first real firebombing job, and the beginning of modern

3300:

were one of the worst natural disasters to have occurred in Australia and certainly the worst bushfire up to that time. The 1939 Black Friday fires in Victoria burnt 2 million hectares, 69 mills were destroyed, 71 people died, and several towns were entirely obliterated. Only the

4449:

in 1915 and worked in various localities across the State in various sections of the department. He served in the Citizen Military Forces during WW2. A Commissioner since 1947 he became chairman in 1949 upon the death of Galbraith. Gerrarty died suddenly aged 56 on 25 June 1956.

4741:"Our future supplies of first-class eucalypts are questionable unless immediate steps are taken to protect our remaining gum forests" (p. 4). "All State forests and timber reserves should be without delay examined, and reported upon, and set apart permanently" (p. 5). 393:

In 1900 State forests were still commonly regarded by the general public, and by most of their parliamentary representatives, as the inexhaustible "wastelands of the Crown" and ready for disposal via alienation into freehold property for the purposes of agricultural settlement.

3853: 826:

for his Diploma of Forestry (Vic) and wrote in 1937 that "they can make serious claims to be the world's highest tree". His successor, Finton Gerraty personally measured a fallen tree near Noojee after the 1939 bushfires at 338 feet and with "its top tantalisingly broken off".

2631:. By 1980, the Commission reported that 300 agreements were in place covering about 6000 ha. A separate benevolent scheme was in place to assist state schools to establish small plots of pine trees with the intent of the school retaining the revenue once they were harvested. 371:

Departmental restructuring and uncertainty is not new. Between 1856 and 1907 the responsibility for administration of Victoria's forest estate shunted back and forth at least eleven times between three Government Departments including Lands and Survey, Agriculture and Mines.

4027:

highly regularised and homogenous culture to the new blended organisation. Others saw it as a career opportunity to diversify and were ultimately appointed to many of the senior policy, conservation, operational and regional manager roles in the newly emerging organisation.

1465:

Significantly, the tragic losses and Stretton's inquiries shaped and cemented Victoria's deep-seated approaches towards bushfire. Both the Forests Commission and CFA adopted clear policies to detect and suppress all bushfires and became very focused and skilled at doing it.

278:

number illustrations to Parliament on 30 June 1890. This visionary report clearly identified the issues and set out reforms to ensure Victoria would have a healthy, diverse and extensive forest estate 130 years later. Perrin was also acquainted with the Government botanist

2942:(RAE) . Established and commanded by FCV forester and WW2 veteran, Major Ben Benallack, the "Woodpeckers" as they were known comprised a small pool of specialised soldiers capable of rapid mobilisation in the event of a need. Several other Victorian departments such as the 6341:

Report of the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Causes of and Measures Taken to Prevent the Bush Fires of January, 1939, and to Protect Life and Property, and the Measures Taken to Prevent Bush Fires in Victoria and Protect Life and Property in the Event of Future Bush

3568:

State Forest was also burnt in 1962 and after lengthy community consultation local Commission staff and crews began replanting the area in the mid-1970s with exotic non-flammable species such as oaks and elms based on the advice of Nurseries Branch. It was later named the

1647: 4261:. Additional government funding was provided to recruit more staff to deliver an expanded burning program together with money for a fleet of 48 aircraft over summer, new generation firefighting vehicles, as well as upgrades to roads and bridges in parks and State forests. 3787:. In addition to its permanent workforce, the Commission offered a considerable number of employment opportunities for young people as firefighters during the summer season. And as far as possible purchases of materials and stores were made to support the local economy. 702:

In 1982, Ken Simpendorfer, a senior officer with the Forests Commission undertook a search of official Victorian archives. He unearthed a forgotten report from more than a century ago and a claim by William Ferguson, the State Government's first "Overseer of Forests and

3585:

which were established in 1960 and were also managed by the Commission at the time. Collectively these areas acted as a unique strategic firebreak. The Rhododendron gardens were renamed the Dandenong Ranges Botanic Garden in 2017 and are now managed by Parks Victoria.

517:

Significantly, the new legislation provided for the establishment of a Forestry Fund so the Commission could raise its own revenue from timber sales and enter into loans and therefore give it some capacity to implement its own policies and programs. Revenue from timber

3795:

The social concern for the environment and protection of native forests that had burgeoned in the late 1960s and 1970s then moved into mainstream political discourse by the 1980s. Issues and confrontations erupted on many fronts over the protection of flora and fauna,

2384:

The Commission meanwhile progressively divested itself of its logging equipment, timber tramways, the State sawmill at Erica and the Newport seasoning works during the later part of the 1950s to create a much clearer separation between itself and the timber industry.

2760:

fires across the remote alpine area. Its success led to the development of other firebombing airstrips such as the Victoria Valley in the Grampians. Getting firefighters into difficult and inaccessible terrain quickly was a perennial problem. The development of the

4419:

Appointed Chairman upon Codes retirement. Was Chairman throughout the worst fires in the department's history in the late 1930s, the Great Depression, World War 2 and the civil rehabilitation period which followed it. Held the position of chairman until his death.

127:

After the amalgamation the management of State forests and the forestry profession continued but the tempo of change accelerated, with many more departmental restructures occurring over the subsequent three decades. Responsibilities are currently split between the

3887:

was obtained from the Royal Australian Air Force for the trials. MAFFS was used effectively in the suppression of bushfires at Broadford, Bright and Orbost. It paved the way for modern Large Air Tankers (LAT's) that are now commonly used in Australia each summer.

693:

being 480 feet high. There were reports from nurseryman David Boyle and others of trees in the Yarra Valley, Otways and Dandenong Ranges reaching "half a thousand feet". Doyle was later savagely criticised by Melbourne newspapers in 1889 about a tree he had named

3538:

were identified as the priority for acquisition. Private properties were progressively purchased by the State Government over the next 50 years or so, the houses were demolished or removed and the land incorporated back into the adjoining State forest (now the

1661:

It was estimated that over 6 million cubic metres of timber needed to be salvaged. A massive task made more difficult by labour shortages caused by the Second World War. In fact, there was so much material that some of the logs were harvested and stockpiled in

437:

However, frustrated at the lack of progress in forestry and broader forest conservation, several foresters and scientists formed the Australian Forest League (AFL) in 1912 which stayed active for the next 34 years. The inaugural President was notable botanist,

3224:

still sold in multiples of one foot or 0.3 m, while a classic lump of 4 by 2 inch became 100 by 50 mm. Full conversion took two years and was completed by 1976. Measurement and calculations of area was so much easier in hectares rather than complicated

267:

I am very unfavourably impressed with the state of the forests .... I am surprised that some effectual measures have not been taken to prevent further waste .... present arrangements are quite puerile and so ill-conceived that they can scarcely be discussed

4729:

Identifies that the future of the mining industry depends on adequate supplies of timber and firewood which are at risk of exhaustion and that the State Forests Branch should be brought within the Department of Mines as the Department of Mines and Forests.

2995:

and the clearance of native forests for pine plantations. The publication of "The Alps at the Crossroads" in 1974, was unmistakably directed at the Victorian Government and the policies and practices of the Forests Commission and other Victorian agencies.

4022:

The new mega department managed 38% of Victoria's land area with approximately 4500 staff and in its first full financial year of operation, 1984/85, had a budget of $ 154 million. Just under half of the staff of CFL had come from the Forests Commission.

2194:. The demands of the new sawmills in regional towns, and the shift of the timber industry to the vast untapped forests transformed logging of Victoria's native forests from small operations to ones with large capital investments in machinery and trucks. 782:

A more authoritative list "Giant Trees of Victoria" was later compiled by Mr A. D. Hardy from the State Forest Department in 1911 identifying numerous trees over 300 feet at Fernshaw and Narbethong with similar heights recorded in the Otways and Baw Baw

475:

was established in 1910 and was located at the old hospital which had been built in 1863 during the gold rush. The creation of VSF was one of the many recommendations of the 1901 Royal Commission and the school became the first of its kind in Australia.

1783:

Reforestation was achieved by clearing the scrub using heavy machines and either broadcast seeding, or by planting with seedlings. The reforestation of the Strzelecki Ranges and the Otways proved successful and the plantations were included in the area

2420:

This configuration remained largely unchanged until the creation of Conservation Forests and Lands (CFL) in 1983. District boundaries still exist to this day and follow natural topography such as ridges and streams as well as the forest road network.

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Commissioner Perrin and surveyor Mr Fuller from the Water Supply Dept in 1889, it was found to be only 219 feet 9 inches. Its girth had also shrunk from 114 feet to 48 feet. Poor measurement techniques in thick scrub may partly explain the anomalies.

4153:

in 1992 to manage all 167,000 hectares (640 sq mi) of Victoria's public plantation estate leading to its eventual sale to Hancock Victorian Plantations (HVP). The state retains ownership of the land while HVP owns the rights to harvest the

2456:

The Forests Commission had dominated forest management during the 1950s post war housing boom and this proved to be the peak of its influence. It entered the 1960s increasingly confident, politically powerful and well-resourced with about 130 staff.

1384:

The Commission developed a strong relationship with the RAAF from the 1930s through to the early 1960s. L-R – Unknown RAAF Pilot, FCV Chief Fire Officer, Ted Gill, and FCV Communications Officer, Geoff Weste. Standing at Laverton in front of an

4287:

The 100 tumultuous years since the creation of the Forests Commission Victoria in December 1918 and its "sad but dignified end" in 1983 leave lasting traditions and a legacy for the future of the forestry profession with the next generation.

3840:

dispute in Tasmania in the early 1980s, groups of environmental activists later took matters into their own hands, particularly in far east Gippsland, to confront timber harvesting and mount a prolonged protest campaign and forest blockades.

3090:, Sherbrooke, You Yangs, Macedon, Grampians and the Lerderderg Gorge. Eventually, many of these areas were transferred in various reviews by the Land Conservation Council (LCC) to be managed either by the Victorian National Park Service (now 1997:

representing charcoal producers, manufacturers and distributors of vehicle gas equipment, the Department of Supply and Development, and the Victorian Automobile Chamber of Commerce, was enlisted under the Chairman of the Forests Commission,

2218:

grew into busy centres based on the timber industry. Moreover, after learning valuable lessons from the 1939 bushfires and tragic loss of life the Commission used its Licensing and Royalty powers to regulate where new mills could be built.

164:

of the 1850s combined with widespread and indiscriminate land clearing for mining, agriculture and settlement became one of the major causes of forest loss and degradation. This caused alarm amongst early foresters and the wider community.

2871:. There were growing concerns about long term water supply security so in 1965 a Parliamentary Public Works Committee began an inquiry into future water supplies for the growing city and reported in 1967. In response to the inquiry, the 1157:

noted the "endless beauty of the green and living forest" while Professor Ernst Johannes Hartung of Melbourne University proclaimed the Valley ought to be preserved as a rare botanical and zoological sanctuary. The Minister for Forests,

401:(1897–1901) together with impassioned speeches and separate pieces of legislation calling for the conservation of the states forests which had all been brought unsuccessfully before the Victorian Parliament. It was not until the former 3367:

This initial attack technique was not without its risks but proved very effective over the decades at keeping fires small, particularly in remote locations. As more powerful helicopters developed in the 1960s and 1970s crews were often

2605:

Subsequent Land Conservation Council reviews, beginning in the 1970s, restricted the areas of new plantations on public land and by 1987 degraded farmland was being purchased for the PX program and the clearing of native forest halted.

384:

Field staff, Forest Branch, Lands Department, 1900. Later in 1925, Mr W. J. Code (sitting second row – third from left) was appointed Chairman of the Forests Commission. Also Joshua Semmns (back row – third from left) was the father of

4601:

Recommended and extension of timber reserves near Ballarat and new large reserves near Sandhurst, Castlemaine, Ararat, Maryborough, Inglewood, Beechworth and other centres of the mining industry. Reserves should be vested in trustees.

3346:

and chainsaws. It was possible to control a small fire using this technique provided flame height was less than a metre or so, the fire was accessible on foot, the scrub wasn't too thick and the weather was stable. Sometimes a load of

120:

produce, building and maintaining forest roads, provision of recreation facilities, protection of water, soils and wildlife, forest research and making recommendations on the acquisition or alienation of land for forest purposes″.

3865:

The Forests Commission's dedicated core of aviation staff had accumulated considerable expertise at using and managing Victoria's expanding fleet of firefighting aircraft over many decades and once again led the innovation of new

1458:(CFA) for fire suppression on rural land. Prior to the creation of the CFA the Forests Commission had, to some extent, been supporting individual volunteer brigades which had formed across rural Victoria in the preceding decades. 1809:

in northwest Victoria in 1937–38 to combat soil erosion resulting from the excessive clearing of mallee woodlands for farming. However, this work was severely hampered by large rabbit populations and the vagaries of the weather.

3464:), fuel reduction burning was carried out on 62,345 hectares (240.72 sq mi), which was about one-third of the fifteen year average of 190,000 hectares (730 sq mi). By contrast, burning targets set after the 2899:

took another 10 years for the results to emerge more clearly. It was found that while timber harvesting had an impact, the most dramatic threat to stream flows remained catastrophic bushfires like those on Black Friday in 1939.

1062:, first Charles Edward Carter in the 1920s, followed by Alan Eddy in the 1950s did foundation research into the properties of timber. Herbert Eric Dadswell worked with both Carter and Eddy at the Forest Products Division of the 3930:

helicopters to attack small fires in remote locations. Rappell crews were also used to construct helipads at larger fires where there was no vehicle tracks so other crews and supplies could be ferried in and out by helicopter.

3417:

Experience and research have shown that reducing available fuel influences the rate of spread and intensity of bushfires. Other factors such as the weather, wind speed, relative humidity and temperature cannot be controlled.

4672:

Finds that excessive stripping of wattle tree bark for use in leather tanning is threatening the conservation of wattle trees and that controls are needed so that the domestic and export trade in the bark is not threatened.

3882:

in quantities up to 11,000 litres (2,400 imp gal; 2,900 US gal) per drop. This was much greater than the volume possible with the smaller agricultural aircraft contracted to the Commission at the time. A

4003:

Labor Government seeking to assert control over policy and spending. So in a surprise move, the Forests Commission, along with many others like the MMBW, was replaced by central executive control and a departmental model.

3749:" and bounced between fire towers and relay transmitters across the mountains back to the district offices. Safety became a real concern if someone was injured or stuck in a remote valley somewhere in a radio "dead spot". 7724:

S.I. Miller, W Carter and R.G. Stephens (1984).Report of the Bushfire Review Committee: On Bushfire Disaster Preparedness and Response in Victoria, Australia following the Ash Wednesday fires 16 February 1983. Melbourne,

1205:

The trajectory of the Forests Commission from its inception in 1918 until the beginning of WW2 was one of periodic political conflict, varying budgets but almost continuous organisational expansion and relative autonomy.

449:

during the war years over political interference in forest management, securing adequate funding, reducing waste, expanding softwood plantations and addressing growing international concern at impending timber shortages.

1112:

During the late 1800s the absence of clear forest policies and regulations generally encouraged a sawmillers free-for-all. The Minister for Lands and Agriculture in a report to Parliament described the licence system as

4569:

The Forests Commission was amalgamated into the Department of Conservation Forests and Lands (CFL) in 1983 and the roles and functions of the Forests Commission were taken over by a new Director General, Tony Eddison.

2962:

Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s a series of environmental controversies emerged across Australia that were different in nature and more adversarial than those that had gone before. Development proposals at

1104:

service to builders, architects and the public. A levy was generated from sawlog sales to fund the TPC until it was revoked in 2005. The Victorian Association of Forest Industries (VAFI) in now the peak industry body.

1098:

But despite these efforts, as late as the 1960s there was still some resistance from architects, builders, joiners and home owners to Australian hardwoods so the Commission constructed a timber display pavilion at the

4479:

During the tenure of his chairmanship, there were a number of Commissioners including Charles Montgomery Ewart, Herbert Duncan Galbraith, Andrew Leonard (Ben) Benallack, Frank Robert Moulds and Charles William Elsey.

2512:

In 1949 the Commonwealth Forestry and Timber Bureau proposed a national planting program to make Australia more self-reliant in timber products after the shortages experienced during the war. The threat of introduced

547:

Number 1694 in 1928. It ran on the Tyers Valley Tramway hauling logs and pulpwood. After decommissioning the locomotive in 1949 it was stored (abandoned) at the State Sawmill site at Erica until it was transferred to

4394:

Upon Owen Jones resignation to take a new role in New Zealand, William James Code became the new chairman. Hugh MacKay retired in September 1924 with his place as Commissioner being taken by Alfred Vernon Galbraith.

1954:

could not keep-up full production of briquettes. There were also restrictions with electricity which were not lifted until 1953. In December 1950, a fire at the Brookwood depot destroyed over 3,300 tons of firewood.

4296:

Beginning with its inception in 1908 the State Forest Department was headed by a Conservator of Forests then later after the amendments to the Forest Act in December 1918 by a chairman of a three-person Commission.

1927:

provided a facility where one-foot blocks of wood were cut from 5-foot and 7-foot billets and stored. Four-hundred-and-ninety-six fuel merchants were registered to distribute the firewood across suburban Melbourne.

3744:

sets were fitted to the 4WD vehicle fleet and some bulky handheld portables were available. The technology was primitive and the reception poor unless the user was on a high point somewhere. The radio signal was

1692:

Toorongo Plateau- 1942. The forests were burnt in 1926 and then again in 1932 and 1939 and were devoid of eucalypt regeneration. A reforestation program began in the 1940s. Source: Frank Smith. FCRPA* collection.

1638:(RAE) who served with distinction to produce timber for the war effort. Others served back at home by continuing the salvage of the fire killed forest as well as producing firewood and charcoal for domestic use. 1548:

In 1964, a network of Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots were established for measuring periodic growth, commencing initially in the Wombat forest, then Mt Cole, Barmah Forest and also conifer plantations.

1556:

equipment and modifying small civilian aircraft to undertake regular surveys collecting information on things like vegetation, logging areas, new road works and bushfire history. Photos were interpreted using

1492:. During Bjarne Dahl's long career he probably saw more of Victoria than most foresters ever did. He died in 1993 and left his entire estate, a sizable sum, to the Forests Commission which is now managed in a 307:

from 1895 to 1902, depressed economic conditions for a decade or more. Not surprisingly, the Colonial Government had little appetite for changing the status-quo and introducing restrictive forest legislation.

3533:

near Geelong, strengthened the Government's resolve. High fire risk areas such as those on the steep and exposed western face of the Range and also below the prominent TV Transmission Towers on the summit of

3039:

Providing for forest recreation became a significant focus for the Forests Commission from the late 1960s onwards, although it had first developed a substantial interest in recreation with the development of

790:

The "Sample Acre" sign at the Cumberland Reserve near Marysville. The tallest tree was at 301.5 feet. Representative samples of forest were set aside as reference areas in other parts of the State during the

2136:. The oil was often described as Australia's natural wonder and was exported to a growing international market, mostly for medicinal purposes. Eucalyptus oil was in particularly big demand during the global 4327:

The first Conservator of Forests. Previously a Senior Inspector, he had been Secretary to the Royal Commission of 1897 and had compiled its reports and had drafted the Bill on which the 1907 Act was based.

3505:

History has shown that after each major bushfire, particularly if there has been a significant loss of life and property, there are loud calls from affected communities and media commentators for State and

3471:

The planning and approvals process for fuel reduction burning was not very sophisticated or bureaucratic up to the late 1970s. If fuel conditions were suitable, and after checking the weather figures on a

3399:

As fires got larger and more difficult to control by direct attack or if the weather or terrain was unfavourable crews often were forced to pull back, sometimes many kilometres, to a road or ridgeline and

859:

earlier 1895 measurements). There was some debate from the Healesville Tourism Association during this period about its name but either way the Mueller – Furmston Tree was a popular destination inside the

3940:

from small dams, tanks or streams, and make accurate drops, particularly with short turn-around-times made them an invaluable firefighting tool. The introduction of heavy firebombing helicopters like the

2617:

was formed to manage Victoria's publicly owned softwood plantation estate. The "cutting rights" (i.e. not the land base) were later sold to Hancock Victorian Plantations (HVP) in 1998 for $ 550 million.

2479:

Early foresters discovered that the physical properties of native forest hardwoods were unsuitable for some applications and plantation-grown softwoods offered the chance to replace expensive imports of

893:

at 302 feet (92 m) while the Ada Tree at 236 feet (72 m) is thought to be between 350 and 450 years old, but with a senescent crown and is a popular tourist destination in State forest east of

1446:

network, VL3AA. The Commission's communication systems were regarded at the time to be more technically advanced than the police and the military. These pioneering efforts were directed by Geoff Weste.

1654:

Victoria's forests were devastated to an extent that was unprecedented within living memory and the impact of the 1939 bushfires dominated management thought and action for much of the next ten years.

3762:, particularly in Victoria's coastal and foothill forests where extensive areas suffered from tree dieback. Widespread surveys and ground breaking scientific research was carried out by FCV scientist 3783:

school teachers, bank managers and police, foresters often volunteered for important community leadership roles in local sporting, social and civic groups such as CFA brigades or service clubs like

3060:

with vigour. The challenge of establishing roads, communications, water and sewerage, accommodation and other services in a remote location was well suited to the commission's experience and skills.

1576:, growth monitoring and analysis. This information was used not only to identify timber resources but also to monitor forest health and calculate sustainable yields and allowable harvesting levels. 2381:

The timber industry centred on private sector business, harvesting and cartage contractors engaged directly by sawmills and APM pulpmill, all with large capital investments in plant and machinery.

909:

Whether a mountain ash over 400 feet high ever existed in Victoria is now almost impossible to substantiate but the early accounts from the 1860s are still quoted in contemporary texts such as the

3971:

Extensive areas of mountain ash forest around Powelltown were all killed by the fire. This resulted in a massive timber salvage operation – February 1983. Source: Peter McHugh. FCRPA* collection.

4422:

William Wilson Gay (ex principal of the Victorian School of Forestry), Mr D. Ingle, Mr T. W. Newton, Mr A. A. Hone and Finton George Gerraty as Commissioners at various times during the period.

3266:

have undoubtedly always been a feature of Australian summers. In an average year, more than 600 bushfires occur in Victoria's National Parks and State Forests which burn about 110,000 hectares.

2517:

in the early 1950s and its eventual discovery on the Australian mainland in 1961 brought the softwood plantation program into question. However, quarantine and control measure was put in place.

1545:

From the mid-1950s, there was a transition from strip assessments to using fixed sample plots combined with new computer programming techniques to calculate volumes of both sawlog and pulpwood.

1087:

and put the Victorian industry on a sound footing. The pioneering work at Newport together with the CSIRO bore fruit and by 1931 it was estimated that 80% of flooring laid down in Melbourne was

315:(9 January 1878) when the State Government sacked over 300 senior public servants and judges suddenly overnight without warning. The sackings were in part directed at the desire of the Premier, 3593:

The impacts of bushfires are only expected to rise as a result of population pressures and housing growth along the interface between forests and rural communities. Also, while the impacts of

3277:

in February 1891 in South Gippsland when about 260,000 hectares were burnt, 12 people died and more than 2,000 buildings were destroyed. The deadly pattern continued with more major fires on

2938:

In the post-WW2 era, from 1947 to the mid-1980s, the Forests Commission sponsored Australia's only military sawmilling unit, the 91 Forestry Squadron, which was a special reserve unit of the

1923:

undertook special construction projects to provide access to firewood areas. And firewood depots were set up in conjunction with Victorian Railways at Brookwood, Toorak, Fitzroy and Kew. The

7853: 6613: 5844: 3836:

declared its policy that ‘wood production should be transferred from native forests to plantations established outside the current forest estate’. Meanwhile, buoyed by their success in the

2988:

over its successful period of operation to 1997. As a result, the area of National Parks and other reservations expanded rapidly with a corresponding reduction in the area of State forests.

184:

arguing the substantial benefits of timber production, avoiding the wasting of soil, conserving natural streams, avoiding adverse climate impacts and beneficially distributing storm runoff.

3281:

on 14 February 1926 sees the tally rise to sixty lives being lost and widespread damage to farms, homes and forests. Once again in February 1932, large fires burnt large areas of forest at

2520:

Separately in 1952 a private company, Softwood Holdings, began to establish its own plantations in South West Victoria. This was followed shortly after by construction of a new sawmill at

5913: 4268:

Responsibilities for managing Victoria's 7.1 million ha (27,000 sq mi) forest and parks estate (nearly one-third of the State is public land) is now split between the

29: 6631: 752:

personally offered an additional £100 for anyone who could locate a tree taller than 400 feet. No such tree was ever found. The tallest tree reliably measured for the exhibition was the

6910:

Mervin, W. (1939). Forests Commission Chief Draughtsman; in evidence to the 1939 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission – near the end of Day 30 (Evidence Transcript – page number 2280).

1516:

I was once a Chief Forester and I owe the Forests Commission of Victoria a great deal of gratitude for giving me in 1928 the opportunity to make good in my profession..... Bjarne Dahl.

3849:

1910 to 522 students. This also marked the end of a steady stream of graduates entering the Commission which was to have significant staffing consequences over the next few decades.

1943:. Homeowners were only permitted to buy coal for heating water and firewood was provided to the Victorian Railways for locomotives shunting in marshalling yards throughout the State. 1127:

British Empire Forestry Conference was held in Australia. The conference, among other things, helped focus attention on the need for the establishment of more secure forest reserves.

959:

In an era before all-weather roads and powerful logging trucks, sawmills were steam-powered and often located deep in the forest with logs being snigged short distances by horses or

955:

Winches powered "high lead' cable systems to snig logs from the forest onto the timber tramways for transport to the sawmill – circa 1940. Source: Jack Gillespie. FCRPA* collection.

1630:

Many Commission employees, timber workers and those from forest sawmills volunteered for military service in WW2 with some joining units deployed to the UK and other places as the

1213:

The commission established a network of fire lookouts (hill tops) and fire towers (built structures) from the 1930s and accelerated after Black Friday. Source: Annual Report 1945.

595:(often known as gum trees). These forests contain many diverse habitats and include those found in the cool, mountainous, high rainfall areas in the east of the state, and in the 3353:

dropped from a small agriculture aircraft could be used to buy time for ground crews, particularly if the fire was small or a single tree that had been hit by lightning. A small

1263:

By the eve of the Second World War, Victorian community attitudes had turned away from the century-long campaign to unlock ‘the waste lands of the Crown’ for private settlement.

3612:

The 1970s was an era before information technology created the most profound changes on the forestry profession with powerful computers, internet, iPads, smartphones, accurate

1772:

was done by postwar immigrants and refugees from Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The first batch of "Balts" as they became known, arrived at

815:

on the plot was reduced from 301.5 feet to about 276 feet after a large part of its crown was damaged. Another major storm on 21 December 1973 reduced it further to 267 feet.

4752:‘State forest conservancy and management are in an extraordinary backward state’ Recommends permanent forest conservancy through establishment of inalienable State forests. 889:

imagery of the forests is being used to find remaining stands of tall trees. The tallest regrowth mountain ash in Victoria is currently named Artemis which can be found near

1356:

in 1871, which burnt nearly 1.2 million acres, destroyed twelve communities and killed between 1500 and 2500 people. Now largely forgotten, Peshtigo was overshadowed by the

4201:

Federal Government intervention in forest management and export woodchip licences in 1995 following a blockade by logging trucks of Parliament House in Canberra leading to

3991:

And just like the 1939 bushfires before it, the Ash Wednesday fires resulted in another government inquiry and massive timber salvage program across the Central Highlands.

2819:

The Royal Commission of 1897–1901 identified the importance of protecting forested water catchments. Many areas were identified for stock and domestic consumption and some

1870: 2886:

In addition to the Thomson, a number of smaller diversion catchments known as the Yarra Tributaries were set aside under a lease agreement between the Commission and the

3999:

Not long after the Ash Wednesday bushfires, Victoria's long and distinctive use of statutory authorities like the Forests Commission was repudiated by the newly elected

3766:

to try and better understand the biology of the pathogen and develop practical methods to control its spread. The fungus was also a major problem in Western Australia's

2255:

in northeast Victoria were blasted through the rugged mountains to access new timber resources and provide much needed fire access. However, the ever-expanding road and

6708: 2683:

to produce softwood seedlings for the Commission's Plantation Extension (PX) program, Farm Forestry Agreement holders and other private land owners. A large nursery at

1295:

It is with very deep regret that the Commission records the tragic deaths of four officers and employees of the Department in the bush fires of January last. They were:

1226: 1031:

and were almost dangerously caught in the fires on 4 February near the Haunted Hills west of Moe. The Commission later produced a film to raise money for fire victims.

552:'s museum for static display in 1965. Volunteers then restored it and it now runs regularly on the track from Belgrave to Gembrook. Photo at Tyers Junction near Erica. 6661: 2602:

studies included surveys of the biology of existing plantations compared to adjoining native forests as well as the impact of plantations on the catchment hydrology.

4960:

Forest Cover Changes in Victoria 1869-1987. Peter Woodgate and Peter Black. (1988) Conservation Forests and Lands. Remote sensing group, Lands and Forests Division.

4183:

The Environment Assessment Council replacing the LCC in 1997 followed by the creation of the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council (VEAC) in its place in 2001.

2831:

were primarily fed from State forest. The Commission used small speed boats to access the lake edge for fire protection and recreation patrols. Smaller weirs like

2323:

road network rapidly expanded in the wake of the Stretton Royal Commission into the 1939 Black Friday bushfires and the appointment of the new Chief Fire Officer,

1889: 1244:

A large amount of effort was directed towards building supporting infrastructure, often in remote areas such as works depots and offices, houses for staff, roads,

3163:

5 feet long billets (2 axe lengths at 2' 6" each), one axe length high (2' 6") and two axe lengths long (5 feet) equalling 62.5 cubic feet. There was also a

8007: 4695:

Recommends that the State should have control and ownership of all sources of water supply except springs on private land and should control irrigation schemes.

3136:

finally came to the forest and timber industry and the measurement of logs and sawn timber changed over from traditional imperial and confusing measures such as

2544:

quantities and it was also believed that softwoods could not only relieve the pressure on native forests but make Australia self-sufficient in timber resources.

246:, who had served in Bengal cavalry and maintained an interest in forests, and had seen there the results of forest management under the great European foresters 3657: 3245: 2733: 1958:

The Emergency Firewood Project continued long after the war and over the period from 1941 to 1954, nearly 2 million tons of firewood was produced by the FCV.

1422:

his balanced deliberations officially sanctioned and encouraged fuel reduction burning to minimise future risks. The newly appointed Fire Protection Officer,

975:

to markets in Melbourne and beyond. The size of the logs combined with steep terrain and often wet conditions in the mountains limited the use of animals and

4039:

The pace of change in forests management accelerated with the new State Government impatient to implement their policies and institutional reform including:

488:

with three Commissioners to lead a new independent organisation. The new Commission first met on 1 October 1919 and the chairman was a young Welsh Forester,

5950: 2770:

helicopter and a two-man crew. The system was in place for the following two fire seasons but lapsed until the advent of more powerful helicopters like the

366:"State forest conservancy and management are in an extraordinary backward state" .... Inspector-General Berthold Ribbentrop, Imperial Forest Service – 1896. 334:

But separately, in a bold and visionary political move, the management of 157,000 hectares of Melbourne's forested water catchments of the Upper Yarra were

4121: 2924: 206:

conservation. The miners selfishly wanted well-regulated state forest reserves to ensure a plentiful future supply of mining timbers at reasonable prices.

3116:

or the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. For many years the Commission's staff celebrated the occasion by staging various community events.

2983:

The electoral backlash from the proposal to clear public land in Victoria's Little Desert for agriculture galvanised the conservation community which led

1989:

attached to their cars. They had a reputation for being inefficient, underpowered, dirty, belching black smoke, catching fire and occasionally exploding.

1275:

on 13 January 1939 fires were one of the worst disasters to have occurred in Australia and certainly the worst bushfire up to that time. In terms of the

4269: 4236: 4115: 1141:

and others were being lost to bushfires, timber splitters or clearing and efforts were mounting by local communities and conservation groups such as the

1002:

after WW2 which replaced axes to fell and crosscut large trees. Around the same time, diesel and electric motors replaced steam, while mobile cranes and

129: 7426: 5497: 3557:

during the difficult latter stages. The Dandenong Ranges buyback scheme was administered for many decades by local Forests Commission district staff at

3083:

and elsewhere. The Commission was also active in providing access for orienteering, car rallying and developing the long-distance Alpine Walking Track.

1530:. By 1945 aerial photography of 13,000 square miles (3.4 M ha) of forest was completed, including much of the inaccessible forest in the eastern ranges. 3959:

leave base camps. Victorian forest firefighters have rarely ever had such accurate and detailed information available to them at that time of the day.

6283:

John M. Wall, 'Nicholas, George Richard (1884–1960)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University

4774:

Recommends 3.9 million acres (1.57 million hectares) be reserved across Victoria, except for the Mallee, as "permanent forest" or "timber reserves".

4264:

The escape of a planned burn at Lancefield in 2015 leading to more internal restructuring and formation of Forest, Fire Management (FFM) within DELWP.

2954:

jetty, logging roads and various demolition tasks. Numerous Commission employees and others from the forestry sector served long periods in the unit.

2875:

Government immediately approved works for a 20 km diversion tunnel from the Thomson River and planning to begin for the construction the massive

7482: 2991:

In late 1973 Australian National University (ANU) published "The Fight for the Forests" a critique of forestry aimed at intensive timber production,

2891:

Catchment were on State forest, unlike the vested MMBW water catchments set aside in 1891. They were closed to public access and gates were erected.

7004:"LOGGING AND WATER – A study of the effects of logging regimes on water catchment hydrology and soil stability on the eastern seaboard of Australia" 6690: 4008:

created department along with the Crown Lands and Survey Department, National Park Service, Soil Conservation Authority and Fisheries and Wildlife.

3561:

together with the Estates Branch in Melbourne. Overall, the scheme was effective, protracted, costly and divisive but not all residents were happy.

3476:, it was common for the local district forester or experienced forest overseer to simply light-up the bush in late autumn or even winter by using a 1658:

of fire-killed timber became an urgent and dominant task that was still consuming resources and effort of the Commission a decade and a half later.

1426:

immediately set about the huge challenge of rebuilding a highly organised and motivated fire fighting force, lifting staff morale, introducing more

7669: 7640: 7258: 7039: 6897: 4109: 3713: 3553:

between 1960 and 1982 and lobbied to sustain momentum, focus and funding throughout his tenure. He was also the Minister for Conservation and then

3109: 1754:

Similarly, degraded farmland in the Otway Ranges was purchased and replanted from the early 1930s, including a trial plot of Californian Redwoods,

1394:

burn "under control", as it was falsely and dangerously called. Most of the fires Stretton declared, with almost biblical gravity, were lit by the

397:

For nearly 50 years there had been Government inquiries, three independent reports from D'A. Vincent (1887), Perrin (1890), Ribbentrop (1895), the

2564:

Valley-Strzelecki Ranges, Ballarat-Creswick, Benalla-Mansfield, Upper Murray near Tallangatta-Koetong, the Otways and Central zone near Taggerty.

1885:

and then by rail to Melbourne. Most of the labour was provided by some 700 Italian and German POWs and internees who were accommodated in special

1877:

and two barges (John Campbell and Canally) were purchased by the Commission from Arbuthnot Sawmills to transport much needed redgum firewood from

7874: 6039: 5612: 3898:

Bell 205's fitted with firebombing belly tanks hovering over Lake Catani, Mt Buffalo National Park – 1985. Source: Brian Rees. FCRPA* collection.

1182:, stated in 1921 that he would no longer consult with the Forests Commission over land settlement. The test came in 1923 in the densely forested 1034:

During the same decade the earliest recorded use of fire by a Government land manager to reduce fuel levels on public land occurred in Victoria.

3254:

Constructing a rakehoe trail by hand through the rough bush and steep terrain was one of the basic tools-of-trade needed for "dry firefighting".

6399: 5881: 5802:

Jack Cato, 'Caire, Nicholas John (1837–1918)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University

1838:

in 1937. In response, the Commission established the State Fuel Branch to increase production and control distribution which was housed at the

7854:"The impacts, losses and benefits sustained from five severe bushfires in south-eastern Australia. Fire and adaptive management report no. 88" 2050:

In addition to the main commodity of sawlogs and pulpwood, the Commission supplied a wide assortment of minor forest products including salt,

522:

and other sources grew five-fold within the first five years. The Commission was also authorised to recruit, employ and manage its own staff.

4738:

Report on the Present and Future Supply of Victorian Eucalypts and on the possible Establishment of and Export Trade in Timber by A W Howitt

4316: 2840:

from the 1940s to ensure water catchment protection. Melbourne's water supply catchments were treated differently and had been vested in the

4056:

Initiating the Silvicultural Systems Project (SSP) to examine alternatives to the controversial practice of clear felling of native forests.

4053:

The State Conservation Strategy was released in June 1987, to complement the already-released Economic Strategy and Social Justice Strategy.

3529:

which killed 33 people and destroyed more than 450 houses. More deadly fires in the same vicinity during the summer of 1968–69, and also at

3342:

was the normal tactic in the early phases of a bushfire. This involved walking a small crew to the edge and then building a hand trail with

2082:

and marine jetties. They controlled licences and leases, cattle grazing along the Murray River and some alpine areas as well as hundreds of

707:" who was appointed in 1869. In a letter written in the Melbourne Age newspaper from Ferguson to the Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands, 4103: 2140:. A distillation plant that was established by the Forests Commission at Wellsford State Forest near Bendigo in 1926. The Principal of the 1746:

The Forests Commission camp of Stanley Huts was built in 1948 for post-war refugees in the Aire Valley in the Otways. It was adjacent to a

1402:

for an overly zealous fire-suppression policy. The Commission, in turn, blamed landholders for recklessly setting fires at dangerous times.

7981:

McHugh, Peter. (2022). The 1982–83 Victorian Bushfire Season : Including Ash Wednesday – 16 February 1983. A forester's perspective.

3988:

variety of equipment was used, including 400 vehicles (fire-trucks, water tankers and dozers), 11 helicopters and 14 fixed wing aircraft.

733:

which in 1884 was measured by a surveyor, George Cornthwaite at 375 feet after it had been chopped down. This account was reported in the

6953:

DSE (2010). History of helicopter rappel operations in Victoria. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment. 28 pp. (Page 7).

4097: 4019:, MLC. However, the appointment of a British academic, Professor Tony Eddison, as the new Director-General of CFL took most by surprise. 3202: 3086:

In addition to many smaller recreation sites, walking tracks and picnic grounds on State forest the Commission ran major forest parks at

2260:

and graders were needed to keep the roads and 4WD fire tracks open and to repair or replace damaged timber bridges. The Commission's own

1764:

Their initial growth was disappointingly slow but they are now about 60 metres tall and have become a popular tourist destination in the

1552:

As aerial photographic cameras developed and got cheaper in the 1960s and ‘70s all forest services began purchasing their own 70 mm

323:

which was dominated by pastoral and grazing interests and which had resisted land reform. Berry's election manifesto proposed a punitive

3102:), production of what was to become a popular series of forest display posters and the management of the landscape impacts of forestry. 2651:

in 1887 to grow plants to rehabilitate degraded mining areas. The Commission operated a number of nurseries across Victoria. Circa: 1920

1521:

Owen Jones, the young Welsh Chairman of the newly formed Forests Commission had enlisted as one of Britain's original "Warbirds" in the

1130:

Meanwhile, the Forests Commission, sawmillers and the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works all lobbied for more land. The 47000 ha

4763:

Recommends and defines more than one hundred areas across Victoria, except for the Mallee, to be permanently reserved as State forest.

2795: 1091:

Mountain Ash milled from the State's forests. Some of the finished timber from Newport was shipped to London to feature as flooring in

423: 6264: 3753:

the largest worldwide developer and producer of hand-held mobile phones in the early 1980s, was initially a Finnish forestry company.

1597:

types of produce such as sawlogs, poles and piles, the main source being of the ash eucalyptus from both mature trees and thinning's.

4254: 3515: 3465: 3379:

Bushfire base camps were fairly primitive affairs Cobannah in East Gippsland – circa 1965. Source: Rocky Marsden. FCRPA* collection.

2887: 2841: 2038:

forests in the 1870s. The Forests Commission established its own extraction facility at Wellsford State Forest near Bendigo in 1926.

2004:

An estimated 221 kilns and 12 pits were producing charcoal by the middle of 1942. Some of the labour was provided by Italian wartime

1399: 855: 493: 446: 339: 7072:

The Swan Street Sappers 1860–1996 : a history of the Engineer Training Depot, Swan Street, Melbourne and of Sappers in Victoria

6853: 4180:(PV) as a separate entity in 1996 and expansion of the National Parks and Reserves system. Winding up Melbourne Parks and Waterways. 2586:

As the plantation base expanded and matured agreements were reached private mills such as Bowater-Scott (now Carter Holt Harvey) at

1830:

for military and civilian heating and cooking, and as a substitute for coal for locomotives exacerbated by earlier explosion at the

7057:"'Benallack, Andrew Leonard (Ben) (1903–1966)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University" 3262:

is considered one of the three most fire-prone landscapes on Earth, along with southern California and the southern Mediterranean.

2943: 2820: 2172: 1951: 5286:"Report on the state forests of Victoria : prepared in compliance with the request of the Hon. R. W. Best, Minister of Lands" 2687:

attached to a low-security prison produced over one million eucalypt seedlings each year while another prison at nearby Yarram at

1283:

were destroyed, 71 people died, and several towns were entirely obliterated. Among those killed were four men from the Commission.

7829:

Our forests, our future : balancing the need of the community, jobs and the environment : estimates of sawlog resources

7003: 4529:

Dr Ron Grose, replacing John (Jack) Hilbert Cosstick and Gerry Griffin, replacing Alan Threader were appointed as Commissioners.

4351:

Jones was a thirty-two-year-old graduate Welsh forester trained at Oxford with practical experience in the Forests Department of

2075: 4639:

Identifies the modes of dealing with forest conservation and use in other countries including the extent of forest reservation.

4477:

Appointed a Commissioner in 1949 upon the death of Mr A. A. Hone. Later became chairman in December 1956 upon death of Gerraty.

1867: 866:

Recent measurements between 2000 and 2002 of over 200 of Victoria's trees found the tallest specimen of mountain ash was inside

7997: 7935:"Lawrence, Alfred Oscar (Alf) (1904–1986)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University" 4232: 4224: 4220: 2999:

For most of the preceding century the forestry profession had been synonymous with conservation and the combined principles of

4624:

Recommended that the number of State forest areas be increased and concurs with recent proclamation of new reserves under the

3128:

There were many confusing measures for a stack of firewood before metrication of the forest and timber industry began in 1974.

2494:

had been found that its growth in Victorian conditions was sufficiently promising for commercial planting to begin from 1880.

1604:. It came into production in October 1939 and for some years much of its feedstock came from the 1939 fire-killed ash forest. 878:

and then verified by a tree climber with a tapeline, however it later perished along with 15 other tall trees during the 2009

8012: 7709: 7351: 7162: 6715: 6139: 4903: 4187: 1932: 1622:

Many Forests Commission staff volunteered to join the Royal Australian Engineers – 2/2nd Forestry Company that served in the

1496: 1373:

construction of dugouts at forest sawmills, increasing the forest roads network and firebreaks, construction of forest dams,

1223: 1015: 442:

from Melbourne University, who oversaw the curriculum at the Victorian School of Forestry. They received valued support from

6376:"A. L. Poole, 'Jones, Owen (1888–1955)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University" 5831:"Mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. von Mueller) : a general treatise on its silviculture, management and utilization" 5538:

Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (22 April 2004). "The limits to tree height".

5392:"A. L. Poole, 'Jones, Owen (1888–1955)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University" 4488: 2766:– lowering of firefighters from a hovering helicopter, was first trialled at Heyfield in 1964, an Australian first, using a 671:

There had long been recognition of the conservation and aesthetic values of Victoria's large forest trees. As early as 1866

7903:"Galbraith, Alfred Vernon (1890–1949)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University" 7446: 4000: 3895: 3875: 2019:

intermittently during 1943 and was shut down soon after. The unique site is now of historical and scientific significance.

1092: 1042: 775:

carriages and made into postcards. However, by this time most of largest and straightest trees had already been removed by

7684: 3652:. Once produced, these hand-made maps were carefully stored in antique wooden map drawers or modern vertiplan cabinets. A 3023: 1197:

and timber treatment occurred, concerns about imports of timber (from interstate and overseas) continued to be expressed.

6658: 4661:

Identifies impact of extensive cutting but suggests that controls can readily ensure that the forests are not exhausted.

4216: 4046:

The establishment of a Board of Inquiry, led by Professor Ian Ferguson, into Victoria's Timber Industry in December 1983.

3155:

of firewood had a volume of 128 cubic feet, measured as a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet high and 4 feet wide. In Victoria, an

847: 749: 417:

Despite spirited opposition by agricultural and grazing interests the Forest Act (1907) No. 2095 finally constituted the

5193:"Perrin, George Samuel (1847–1900)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University" 3636:. Basic navigation, surveying and map making were essential skills of a field forester. Large sheets of A0 parchment, a 1886: 7836: 7772: 7747: 7497: 7284: 7119: 7079: 6986: 6775: 6554: 6472: 5755: 5176: 5013: 4841: 3833: 3338:

is the main cause of bushfires in mountainous areas of Victoria followed closely by deliberate and careless ignitions.

1993:

converters and on declared days of Acute Fire Danger they were banned. Some of Melbourne's buses also ran on charcoal.

1146: 1142: 931:, discovered in California in 2006. It is believed to be between 700 and 800 years old and was measured at 380.3 feet. 199: 195: 3926:

operations recommenced using specially equipped and trained crews, usually in multiples of 4 or 6 lowered from larger

3518:

was no exception and included a "retreat and resettlement strategy" as one of its most controversial recommendations.

1849: 342:

in 1891 but with a controversial closed catchment policy where timber harvesting and public access was not permitted.

7889:"Code, William John (1861–1940)', Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University" 7525: 7187: 6579: 5973: 5652: 4576: 4150: 3473: 3278: 2614: 2613:

In 1992 Australia's one-millionth hectare of softwood was planted at the Ovens plantation while at the same time the

2559:

by FCV crews and prisoners from Morwell River. The program ran for almost 60 years. Source: FCV annual report – 1974.

2466: 2099: 1789: 1451: 496:. The key principals of the 1918 Act are thought to have been derived from the earlier 1907 legislation and include: 300: 4650:

Recommended that Aboriginal people continue to be ‘gathered into’ government run stations from wider areas of land.

4246:

with the campaign lasting for nearly three months and burning over one million ha (3,900 sq mi).

3036:

which was believed to be an Australian first. Other State Forest agency's soon followed suite with similar models.

1950:

in 1949 brought industry to a grinding halt and black coal was no longer available to Victoria from interstate. The

850:

accompanied by renowned photographer John William Lindt who also was the owner of "The Hermitage" guesthouse on the

760:

on the New Turkey Spur which is not far from the Ada Tree) at 326 feet 1 inch with a girth of 25 feet and 7 inches.

7948: 2724:

Private plantations companies like Australian Paper Manufacturers (APM) operated their own nurseries in Gippsland.

1901: 1542:

staff based in canvas tents in the mountain forests often in grassy clearings in high elevation snow gum woodland.

1233:" near Noojee which was made possible with the support of two prominent Melbourne businessmen and philanthropists, 1209: 2923:

with its nuclear threat from the Soviet Union but a major geopolitical feature was Australia's involvement in the

1006:

replaced dangerous man handling of logs and timber but sawmills and logging still remained a dangerous workplace.

874:

being over 300 years old and 301 feet (92 m) high. The height was accurately determined using a ground-based

7851: 7701:

The 1982–83 Victorian Bushfire Season. : Including Ash Wednesday – 16 February 1983 A forester's perspective

7654:

Rawson, R., Rees, B., Stuckey, E., Turner, D., Wood, C., Woodman,M (September 1982). "Project MAFFS / Hercules".

7557: 6768:

Land and food : agricultural and related education in the Victorian colleges and the University of Melbourne

5475: 2335: 2287: 1839: 745: 661: 1826:

One of the pressing requirements on the Forests Commission during the War was to organise emergency supplies of

575:

Servicemen returning from the First World War renewed pressure on forest clearing with the expansion of various

8002: 6798: 6174:"H. E. Dadswell, "'Off Cuts' from the H. E. Dadswell wood collection. ," Creswick Campus Historical Collection" 6014: 4965: 4718:

Set out a clear vision for Victorias forest estate. Includes recommendations for formal training of foresters.

3597:

are not fully known, Victoria is very likely to experience an increased number of days of extreme fire danger.

3540: 3008: 2680: 2533: 1742: 1475: 1369: 1014:

Bushfire had been a major focus for the newly formed Forests Commission. Throughout February 1926 uncontrolled

640:

many historical accounts of taller trees. The main physiological factor limiting tree height is its ability to

576: 251: 172:

Miners indiscriminately cleared large areas of forest. Painting by Edward Roper – Gold diggings, Ararat, 1854.

2548:

challenge by establishing and maintaining its plantations at nearly half the average cost of the other States.

6206: 4258: 3617: 3582: 3550: 3507: 3468:

lifted to 5% of the National Parks and State Forests estate, about 355,000 hectares (1,370 sq mi).

3000: 2506: 2330:

The Forests Commission acquired a large fleet of surplus 4WDs after WW2 such as heavy American armour-plated

1823:

from both New South Wales and overseas. Imported petrol and oil were also severely rationed. (see Charcoal).

1218: 984: 443: 320: 7542: 7225: 5598: 3044:

as a ski field from the early 1940s. The Commission also pursued alpine resort and snow play development at

2365:

onto a tray bodied 4WD vehicle were rugged and rudimentary but developed over time at its Altona workshops.

2008:. There were also over 600 commercial kilns operating mostly on private property. At least 50 to 60 private 1537:

Assessment crews moved camp on horseback. Holmes Plain – circa 1956. Source: Arthur Webb. FCRPA* collection.

1405: 644:

a continuous column of water up against the forces of gravity. The crowns of the tallest trees need to lift

230:

at Creswick. He went onto become one of the founding Inspectors in the new State Forest Department in 1907.

6740: 4509: 4500: 3871: 3845: 3756:

The warm and wet conditions during the 1970s aided the spread of the notorious soil and water borne fungus

3733:

a hilltop or ridgeline to get a better view and reset your bearings was often the most practical solution.

3105: 2849: 2239:

and tracks network by almost a thousand kilometres in some years. Major construction projects such as the

2168: 2141: 2043: 1806: 1777: 1747: 1631: 1613: 1187: 1071:

collection now resides with the CSIRO and contains over 45,000 samples representing 10,000 species while a

1059: 737:

many years later in July 1918 and is often considered the most reliable record of Victoria's tallest tree.

466: 459: 227: 6884:

The Fight for the Forests: The Takeover of Australian Forests for Pines, Wood Chips and Intensive Forestry

4043:

Creating 18 new integrated Conservation, Forests and Lands (CFL) Regions with new overarching legislation.

3501:

resulted in a major land buyback scheme that lasted for the next 50 years. Photo: Melbourne Sun newspaper.

3079:

Whereas, ornamental gardens, arboretums, a golf course at Olinda and picnic grounds were developed in the

2148:, undertook much of the pioneering chemistry into the composition of eucalyptus oil. His steam extraction 4462: 3712:

to obtain accurate latitudes and longitudes before accurate GPS became widely available in May 2000 when

3360:(FAD) transported on a truck was often used to construct control line close to the fire edge. Bigger FCV 3087: 2972: 2182:

The destruction by the 1939 fire in the Central Highlands around Melbourne and conclusion of the massive

1947: 1846:

provided special firewood trains but transport and distribution of the bulky firewood dogged the project.

1584:

From its earliest days, the Commission had promoted using forest and sawmill waste for the production of

1510:

Hand drawn forest assessment map of Mt Blowhard by Bjarne Dahl. Circa 1940. Source Public Records Office.

565: 6056:

Dr. Al C. Carder, FOREST GIANTS OF THE WORLD (Markham, Ontario: FitzHenry and Whiteside, 1995) pp. 76–77

3824:

and providing certainty to the timber industry as wells as contentious silvicultural techniques such as

2198:

than the mills deeper in the forest that was characteristic of the earlier period, and settlements like

2046:

did much of the pioneering chemistry on composition of eucalyptus oil. Photo: State Library of Victoria.

1506: 4505:

Charles William Elsey, Alan John Threader and Jack Cosstick had been Commissioners during this period.

3554: 2939: 2845: 2591: 2342:

motorbikes complete with sidecars were also purchased but these were progressively replaced by British

2137: 1635: 1427: 331:

class's great pastoral properties – about 800 men at this time owned most of Victoria's grazing lands.

243: 6043: 4212:

Creation of VicForests in 2004 to manage the remaining commercial aspects of forestry on State forest.

3856:

Trial of Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS) – 1982. Source: Brian Rees. FCRPA* collection.

198:

was formed and joined the campaign and were active on forest conservation for a prolonged period. The

5445: 5210: 4202: 4157:

Expansion of the State Forest road network. Construction of the South Face Road on the Baw Baw ranges

4081:

This pattern continued over the next three decades with seven more major departmental name changes:

3955: 3821: 3746: 3613: 3535: 3132:

Decimal currency was introduced to Australia on 14 February 1966, but it took another 8 years before

2992: 2947: 2928: 2347: 2299: 1765: 1688: 1183: 917: 830: 741: 7074:. Oakleigh South, Vic. : Headquarters Logistic Support Force Engineers committee. p. 204. 6403: 5285: 3432:

DAIDs (Delayed Action Incendiary Devices)—large double-ended matches—were struck on the side of the

2794:

that flew Australia's first operational firebombing mission from Benambra in February 1967. Source:

1398:. There was a huge wave of criticism in the press of the Government, the Forest Commissions and the 7788:

Ryan, M (2013). "Silvicultural systems used in ash and mixed-species forests of eastern Victoria".

7056: 4250: 4228: 4195: 4191: 3951: 3837: 3306: 3270: 3133: 3053: 1916:. By the end of 1943 they produced 148,844 tons at an average rate of 11.3 tons per man each week. 1626:

in Scotland during WW2 commanded by FCV forester, Ben Benallack. Source: State Library of Victoria.

1485: 1166:, dedicated to returned soldiers. It included both the Cora Lynn and Cumberland Falls as well as a 1162:

responded by creating a one square mile reservation (640 acres) in January 1929 to be known as the

1046:

Victorian Timber Display - Great Britain exhibition. circa 1890. Source: State Library of Victoria.

879: 620: 124:

Department, National Park Service, Soil Conservation Authority and Fisheries and Wildlife Service.

7653: 7515: 7319: 6979:

Statement of resources, uses & values for the Dandenong forest management area (Yarra forests)

6811: 4577:

Significant nineteenth century inquiries into Victoria's land and forests (from Doolan and Carron)

4452:

During his term of office, Alfred Oscar Lawrence and Charles Montgomery Ewart were Commissioners.

2915:

from 91 Forestry Squadron (RAE) at Cobram – circa 1969. Source: Oliver Raymond. FCRPA* collection.

1857:

was purchased by the Commission in 1942 to transport redgum firewood from Barmah Forest to Echuca.

4404: 4370: 4012: 3976: 3884: 3697: 3461: 3302: 2951: 2684: 2410:

their offices in small country towns because there were very few motor vehicles or forest roads.

2401:

A limited road network and access to vehicles defined forest district boundaries for many years.

2121: 2035: 1998: 1924: 1716: 1589: 1418:

private land and its responsibilities grew in one leap from 2.4 million to 6.5 million hectares.

1238: 1159: 1024: 819: 604: 406: 7934: 6938: 4760:

Surveyor General – Report on the Permanent Reservation of Areas for Forest Purposes in Victoria

4526:

Retired right before the formation of the Department of Conservation Forests and Lands in 1983.

4349:

Appointed with the creation of the three-person Forests Commission under a new 1918 Forest Act.

3514:, to apply restrictive building standards and buyback high risk homes on the forest fringe. The 2742:

The Forests Commission pioneered the use of aircraft for firefighting and crew transport – RAAF

2488:

and other timbers with domestic supplies. Several exotic softwood species had been trialled but

7802:

Hodgson A, PRESENTATION to AUSTRALIAN ASSOCIATION OF RURAL FIRE AUTHORITIES. PERTH 6–9 MAY 1985

6278: 3797: 3758: 3297: 3263: 3041: 2868: 2167:

In the immediate postwar period the Forests Commission increased its intake of students at the

2155: 2015: 1455: 1454:

and another Royal Commission chaired by Judge Stretton was a key factor in the founding of the

1279:, the 1939 Black Friday fires remain the states second largest, burning 2 million hectares, 69 1272: 1253: 1172: 910: 871: 808: 380: 88: 7916: 7902: 7464: 5999: 5405: 4257:, leading to major changes in the way fires are managed in Victoria with coordination through 3581:

campaign that began in 1977. The arboretum adjoined the 34 hectare Olinda Golf Course and the

3396:

and well organised with hot showers, toilets, power, medical services and decent cooked food.

1588:. Industry eventually began to show some interest and in December 1936, the Commission led by 1409:

A portable RC-16 Radiophone. Geoff Weste pioneered much of the radio development. Source: FCV

7663: 7593: 7033: 6657:

Producer gas and the Australian motorists. Don Bartlett 2008. Engineering Heritage Victoria.

6155: 4458: 4333: 4166:

on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of forests – 1994.

3817: 3763: 3641: 3526: 3335: 3274: 3259: 3099: 2880: 2864: 2718: 2540: 2414: 2324: 2262: 2105: 1706:

Considerable effort also went into reforestation at Powelltown and the Toorongo Plateau near

1459: 1423: 1337: 1163: 1138: 1131: 1100: 843: 839: 800: 690: 672: 549: 489: 284: 279: 259: 177: 168: 7095:

Robin, E. "Defending the Little Desert: The Rise of Ecological Consciousness in Australia".

6886:. Canberra: Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University. p. 407. 6092: 3409:

a large 49,800 acre fire in northeastern Victoria was undertaken by the Commission in 1968.

2397: 2282:

The Forests Commission acquired a large fleet of surplus 4WD's after WW2 like this American

389:– Principal of the Victorian School of Forestry, 1928–51. Source: "Fraternity of Foresters". 156:

in the early 1800s, around 88% of the 23.7 million hectare colony of what was to become the

7376: 6434: 5797: 5547: 5354: 5227: 5192: 3801: 3784: 3493: 3457: 3441:

Whereas fuel reduction burning is usually less than 500 kW/m. For comparison, a large

3328: 3057: 2859:

Fire patrol launch on Eildon reservoir – Taggerty District. Source: FCV Annual Report 1971.

2444:

at Maryvale, a legislative agreement was reached to supply timber to Bacchus Marsh for the

2319: 1878: 1756: 1600:

The company proceeded to establish a plant at Maryvale in Gippsland for the manufacture of

1553: 1443: 1341: 1150: 1115:“no more effectual method of legalising the destruction of timber could have been devised”. 1052: 992: 922: 895: 804: 675:, the Government botanist published some astonishing, and probably exaggerated claims of a 649: 312: 296: 239: 157: 109: 7852:

Dept of Sustainability and Environment, Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre 2010 (2010).

6173: 5863: 3160: 2927:

and the controversial matter of conscription. The forestry profession was not exempt from

2713: 2656: 2358: 2354: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2267: 2256: 2252: 2240: 2236: 2183: 2149: 2133: 2129: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2009: 1827: 1796: 1769: 1667: 1663: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1374: 1280: 1276: 1249: 1245: 1167: 1083: 1072: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 812: 796: 776: 768: 753: 695: 510:

prosecution of essential research work concerning the natural products of the forests; and

8: 4160:

The National Forest Policy Statement signed by all state and federal governments in 1992.

3867: 3574: 3033: 2808: 2203: 2191: 2145: 2125: 2039: 1920: 1909: 1489: 854:. The tree was then "rediscovered" and renamed by Mr Harold Furmston, an employee of the 748:

in 1888 offered a reward for the tallest tree. Parliamentarian and exhibition organiser,

730: 386: 354: 350: 292: 255: 161: 153: 7888: 7380: 6438: 5551: 5358: 3948:) that could lift and carry 9500 litres of water didn't occur until much later in 1997. 3273:

in 1851, where an estimated 5 million hectares were burnt, followed by another blaze on

3067:

The Commission managed a number of significant gardens in the Dandenong Ranges such the

2090:

plantations were trialled but proved unsuccessful. But the Commission owned a number of

583:

was significantly reduced down to about one third of the State or 8.6 million hectares.

7634: 7252: 6891: 6489: 5725: 5579: 5520: 5370: 4446: 4363: 3945: 3911: 3558: 3511: 3442: 3282: 3072: 2968: 2803: 2791: 2695: 2688: 2676: 2644: 2575: 2521: 2505:

Activity picked up once again in the 1930s with unemployment relief schemes during the

2199: 2095: 1986: 1913: 1843: 1712: 1650:

Mundic savage log dump near Noojee in West Gippsland – 1941. Source: FCRPA* collection

1565: 1522: 1357: 1079: 823: 811:

but unfortunately 13 of its big trees were destroyed during a storm later in 1959. The

772: 711:, dated 22 February 1872 he reported trees in great number and exceptional size in the 708: 681: 676: 616: 608: 561: 472: 439: 304: 7300: 7014: 6659:

http://consuleng.com.au/Producer%20Gas%20&%20the%20Aussie%20Motorist%201939-45.pdf

6527: 6509: 5931: 5895: 4684:

An inquiry primarily on land selection matters with some evidence on forest clearance

4337: 3870:

techniques in Australia. During the summer of 1981–82 equipment was borrowed from the

3167:(40 cubic feet) which equaled 1.133 cubic metres. Australia did not use the American 7868: 7832: 7768: 7743: 7705: 7521: 7347: 7280: 7183: 7158: 7115: 7075: 6982: 6794: 6771: 6575: 6550: 6468: 6246: 6135: 5965: 5751: 5694: 5648: 5606: 5571: 5563: 5172: 5009: 4961: 4899: 4837: 4610:

Report on the Best Means of Securing the Permanency of the State Forests of Victoria

3813: 3805: 3721: 3716:

was switched off by the US military. Having a good sense of direction, being able to

3633: 3629: 3601: 3049: 2707: 2699: 2580: 2556: 2343: 2295: 1820: 1731: 1722: 1480: 1345: 1067: 1020: 988: 875: 612: 600: 544: 6425:

Spencer, Ray (1974). "Supplementary Aerial Photography with 70mm and 35mm Cameras".

5583: 5524: 5374: 4681:

Royal Commission to Enquire into the Progress of Settlement under the Land Act 1879

3331:

helicopter was also deployed. January 1985. Source: Peter McHugh. FCRPA* collection.

3312:

The spate of major bushfires on state forest and national parks continued unabated.

1222:

further 1,200 boys under a "Youth for Conservation Plan". One success story was at "

842:, measured 307 feet, and was made famous after a visit in 1895 by a party including 500:

conservation, development and utilisation of the indigenous forests, based on sound

7762: 7605: 7388: 7384: 6446: 6442: 6315:"The Hand of Man. A film made for the Forests Commission in 1951 and out the fires" 5555: 5516: 5512: 5366: 5362: 4941: 4163: 3673: 3565: 3522: 3498: 3286: 3080: 3068: 2836: 2536:

in South Australia and the beginning of what became known as the "green triangle".

2339: 2291: 2248: 1593: 1573: 1569: 899: 890: 653: 398: 358: 247: 7813: 7627:

Circumspice: One hundred years of forestry education centred on Creswick, Victoria

6793:

Carron, L T (1985). A History of Forestry in Australia. Aust National University.

4797: 4621:

Second Progress Report of the Royal Commission into Foreign Industries and Forest

3829:

conservation. It was suggested by many that forestry had lost its social licence.

3600:

Other land buyback schemes were for reforestation and softwood plantations in the

2266:

blasted and crushed rock from large quarries in the forest to provide much needed

1493: 6665: 6375: 5626: 5391: 4834:

A Fraternity of Foresters. A history of the Victorian State Foresters Association

4277: 3874:

for evaluation under operational conditions in Victoria. The equipment known as "

3809: 3421: 3364:

machines, as well as contractor machinery, were called in as the fire escalated.

3324: 3290: 2907: 2832: 2752: 2529: 2374:

in the forest, combined with more powerful logging equipment and haulage trucks.

1893: 1874: 1835: 1831: 1773: 1735: 1655: 1500: 1377:

and aerial patrols linked by the Commission's radio network to ground observers.

1237:

and George Richard Nicholas together with the Chairman of the Forests Commission

1234: 1230: 1179: 1154: 1003: 971:

were also used to transport sawn material to local towns and then onwards on the

928: 867: 860: 786: 519: 137: 104:) was the main government authority responsible for management and protection of 7001: 6487: 4898:

Victoria State of the Forests Report (2013). Dept of Env and Primary Industries.

1380: 361:

which commenced in 1897 and produced 14 separate reports before closing in 1901.

7973:

Forests and Bushfire History of Victoria : A compilation of short stories,

7965: 7412: 5345:

Collett, N G (2010). "A history of forestry education in Victoria, 1910–1980".

5272:

Institutional Continuity and Change in Victoria's Forests and Parks 1900 – 2010

5088: 4352: 4273: 4177: 3879: 3729: 3693: 3625: 3621: 3594: 3546: 3530: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3091: 2855: 2660: 2648: 2514: 2471: 2187: 2117: 2109: 2078:

to produce chemicals, Christmas trees as well as specialty durable timbers for

2051: 2031: 1700: 1389:

used for fire spotting – circa 1962. Source: Athol Hodgson. FCRPA* collection.

987:, its own sawmill at Erica with timber tramlines and steam engines such as the 764: 624: 426:

and the first Secretary was William Dickson, who was also Secretary for Mines.

346: 214: 133: 7610: 6355: 6314: 6207:"Timber Promotion Council (known as Timber Promotion Committee, 1969 to 1975)" 6110: 3672:

for setting out construction of bridges and culverts in the field. Trees were

2524:

in 1954 which drew logs from both government plantations and private sources.

846:, Mr A. D. Hardy, from the State Forests and Nurseries Branch, members of the 319:, to penalise those in the public service who backed the intransigence of the 7991: 7982: 7976: 7699: 7245:

Burning Issues: Sustainability and management of Australia's southern forests

6220: 5969: 5775: 5711:

Simpendorfer, K J (1982). Big Trees in Victoria. Forests Commission Victoria.

5567: 4946: 4929: 4145:

Some of the significant events and policy changes from 1990 to 2018 include:

4016: 3941: 3767: 3681: 3448: 3217: 3113: 3045: 2828: 2569: 2490: 2429:

1958 saw a major revision of three pieces of complementary legislation – the

2402: 2087: 1696: 1558: 1410: 1349: 1333: 980: 657: 7401:

Forests Commission, Victoria (1970). Air Operations for Forest Fire Control.

6595: 6465:

The Dynamic Forest – A History of Forestry and Forest Industries in Victoria

5815: 5460: 5169:

The Dynamic Forest – A History of Forestry and Forest Industries in Victoria

2691:

grew pines. The prison inmates did much of the planting in the Strzeleckis.

2413:

Major reorganisation commenced in 1956 under the direction of Commissioner,

2102:

switched its manufacturing operations from Richmond to Sweden in the 1980s.

2027: 2005: 513:

the need for an effective fire prevention and fire suppression organisation.

5575: 4392:

Code had worked in the Forests Branch of the Lands Department before 1900.

4075: 3907: 3825: 3737: 3689: 3570: 3156: 3152: 3141: 3004: 2771: 2756: 2743: 2539:

But the big step came in 1961, when the Chairman of the Forest Commission,

2331: 2283: 2244: 2215: 1882: 1585: 1526:

aircrews and later used by various state government authorities to produce

1386: 1257: 1194: 939: 580: 569: 484:

In December 1918, a comprehensive amendment to the Forests Act created the

402: 316: 105: 7826: 7207: 4430: 1976:

Charcoal being loaded into a gas converter. Melbourne – 1942. Source: AWM.

898:. Australia's the tallest measured living specimen of mountain ash, named 767:

named and photographed many on Victoria's remaining giant trees including

140:, Alpine Resorts Commission, the State Government-owned commercial entity 6939:

Australian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council (AFAC) (2010).

6648:

Petrol rationing in Australia during the Second World War. AWM. Issue 36.

4244: 4071: 3717: 3701: 3685: 3669: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3637: 3229: 3145: 3140:

of sawn timber, billets and cunits (100 cubic feet) of stacked pulpwood,

2984: 2964: 2932: 2876: 2872: 2664: 2485: 1601: 1088: 726: 712: 596: 591:

Victoria is blessed with a wide diversity of native forest, dominated by

557: 7767:. Melbourne: Dept. of Conservation, Forests and Lands. pp. 103 pp. 6067: 5559: 5420: 3906:

Jet Ranger were used for reconnaissance, medium helicopters such as the

3305:

bushfires in Victoria and South Australia in the summer of 1983 and the

1153:

and protect them against logging. Prominent individuals such as painter

1055:'s important work "Hardwoods of Australia and their Economics" in 1919. 28: 6831: 4442: 4408: 4281: 4190:, following earlier landmark judgements by the Australian High Court – 4034: 3665: 3436:

helicopter and dropped by hand – circa 1972. Source: FCRPA* collection.

3233: 3137: 2824: 2639: 2587: 2481: 2207: 2113: 1967: 1527: 851: 686: 592: 176:

Forest management in the late 1800s was chaotic. As early as 1865, the

141: 7367:

A Hodgson & N P Cheney (1969). "Aerial Ignition for Backburning".

5211:"REPORT OF THE CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS THE YEAR ENDING 30TH JUNE, 1890" 4703:

Da Vincent – Notes and Suggestions on Forests Conservancy in Victoria

2551: 2231:

Clearing roads and tracks after winter snow and storms was major task.

2171:

to meet the demands on the States forests and the timber needs of the

1666:

in creek beds and covered with soil and treeferns or wetted down with

1430:

fire spotting patrols, new fire towers and lookouts, modern vehicles,

1137:

By the start of the 20th century, most of the giant trees reported by

556:

Twenty Forests Commission employees are known to have enlisted in the

7427:"Peter Collier, Stanley Gillett & John Byrnes memorial at Bright" 5473: 4466: 4369:

Hugh Robert MacKay and William James Code became Commissioners, with

4358: 3705: 3477: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3015:

doggedly to the doctrine of multiple-use of forests as the solution.

2762: 1972: 1940: 1800: 1353: 1028: 345:

Perhaps exemplifying the influence of Indian forestry throughout the

258:, the Government invited Conservator Frederick D'A. Vincent from the 113: 2475:

Pines planted at Bright during the 1930s. State Library of Victoria.

1019:

Kinglake, Erica and the Dandenong Ranges. The Minister for Forests,

983:" cable systems later replaced them. The Commission also operated a 834:

Mueller – Furmston Tree near Mt Monda – circa 1933. Height 287 feet.

357:, from the Imperial Forest Service. His report prompted yet another 272:— Conservator, Frederick D'A Vincent, Imperial Forest Service, 1887. 7811: 7341: 6770:. Institute of Land & food Resources, University of Melbourne. 5681:

Secrets of the Forest: Discovering History in Melbourne's Ash Range

5461:"Battle to Farm. WW1 Soldier settlement scheme records in Victoria" 4771:

Royal Commission on State Forests and Timber Reserves – 14 volumes

4381: 4240: 4011:

The last Liberal Government Minister of the Forests Commission was

3927: 3903: 3741: 3677: 2920: 2775: 2445: 2112:, a Victorian pharmacist, to investigate the essential oils of the 2094:

plantations along the Murray River and the timber was used to make

1982: 1936: 1862: 1286: 1271:

Considered in terms of both loss of property and loss of life, the

999: 903: 645: 628: 501: 328: 324: 222: 7142:. Victoria: Victorian National Parks Association. pp. 208 pp. 6765: 6488:

Forests Commission Retired Personnel Association (27 April 2016).

4930:"Political Agitation for Forest Conservation: Victoria, 1860–1960" 3967: 3891: 3878:" (MAFFS) was trialed bombing bushfires with a slurry of chemical 3812:. Questions were also being raised over sawmill licensing levels, 3018: 2710:

growing nearly one million native plants each year to support the

2532:

followed in 1954. It was a similar pattern across the border near

2368: 2278: 1670:

to stop them from cracking only to be recovered many years later.

7682: 7624: 6816: 6494: 6360: 6319: 6115: 4857: 4137:

and skills acquired over many years wasn't recognised or valued.

3725: 3709: 3645: 3433: 3343: 3063: 2919:

Much has been written about the socially turbulent 1960s and the

2767: 2703: 2672: 2668: 2235:

The result of the eastwards shift was a massive expansion of the

2091: 1854: 1785: 1327:

to every individual in the community ..... 1938–39 Annual Report.

704: 641: 335: 218: 188: 7629:. On-Demand Printers, Port Melbourne, Victoria. pp. 278 pp. 6744: 4871: 4613:

A further inquiry that built on the report of the 1865 inquiry.

4524:

Took the position of chairman after Frank Robert Moulds retired

4219:

in southern Australia intensified throughout the 1990s and into

2879:

in Gippsland to add considerably to water storage capacity (the

2746:

S-51 Dragonfly at Erica 1949. Source: State Library of Victoria.

2128:

era of the 1870s. It was a very labour-intensive operation with

1750:

established as a trial in 1936. Photo 1959. Source: Roger Smith.

1727:

and early 1990s with funding from the Timber Industry Strategy.

539: 6285:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 6162:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 5870:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 5804:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 2912: 2595: 2389:

equitable and with various modifications still operates today.

2227: 2211: 1905: 1897: 1707: 1533: 757: 187:

Later on 16 September 1869, the first "Overseer of Forests and

6344:. Parliament of Victoria: T. Rider, Acting Government Printer. 5171:. Richmond, Australia: Lynedoch Publications. pp. 232pp. 4658:

Report on Redgum Forests at Gunbower and Barmah (Wallis 1878)

4091:

Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (CNR) – 1992,

3375: 3112:. It was set down for 21 March each year to coincide with the 2786: 2663:

in 1887. By the late 1960s regional nurseries were located at

2555:

Seedlings were all hand planted on the steep hillsides of the

1776:

in April 1949 and lived in a Forests Commission camp next the

1607: 913:

and Carder, as well as being widely restated on the internet.

6881: 4094:

Department of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) – 1996,

3852: 3750: 3212: 3208: 2738: 2441: 1063: 998:

Productivity increased enormously with the advent of powered

967:

with wooden or steel rails spread throughout the bush. These

886: 603:

near the coast. These wet forests are dominated by stands of

525: 144:

and the privately owned Hancock Victorian Plantations (HVP).

7763:

Victoria. Dept. of Conservation, Forests and Lands. (1986).

7212:

National Centre of Biography, Australian National University

6547:

The Strzeleckis : a new future for the Heartbreak Hills

4636:

Dept of Crown Lands – Papers relating to Forest Conservancy

4537: 4486:

Dr Francis (Frank) Robert Moulds, Imperial Service Order, AO

4140: 3832:

The conflicts became increasingly marked, when in 1983, the

3319: 3250: 2931:

and a number of Commission staff were called up to serve in

2659:

in 1872 while a nursery at Creswick opened shortly after by

2290:

set up as 4X4 tankers from the RAAF base at Amberley. A few

1134:

was added to the existing Board managed watersheds in 1928.

951: 16:

Government authority managing forests in Victoria, Australia

6549:. Dept. of Conservation, Forests and Lands. pp. 46pp. 6467:. Lynedoch Publications. Richmond, Australia. p. 232. 4270:

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP)

3656:

was needed to interpret pairs of dog-eared black and white

3225: 3124: 1186:

over a proposal to clear 27,000 acres for farming near the

665: 130:

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP)

7366: 6963: 4885: 4831: 4598:

Report on the Advisableness of establishing State Forests

4085:

Department of Conservation Forests and Lands (CFL) – 1983,

2781: 2655:

The first State nursery was opened by William Ferguson at

1618: 1023:

and a couple of the Commissioners, William James Code and

715:

catchment but his account is often disputed as unreliable.

7656:

DSE Fire Management Branch – Research Branch Report No 15

7242: 7002:

John Dargavel, Clive Hamilton, Pat O’Shaughnessy (1995).

6596:"Group of Italian men at a Forest Commission camp – 1941" 2525: 1646: 1256:

who was a legendary bushman of East Gippsland and became

7966:

FCRPA – Forests Commission Retired Personnel Association

7274: 5537: 4088:

Department of Conservation and Environment (DCE) – 1990,

3980:

Australia's worst fire days since Black Friday in 1939.

3914:) were routinely used for crew and equipment transport. 3577:

who had supported its development and was patron of the

3428: 2176: 7790:

Institute of Foresters of Australia National Conference

5458: 4284:

and the privately owned Hancock Victorian Plantations.

4239:

in Victoria was referred to by some commentators as a "

3327:

at Mt Murray. Mt Feathertop in the background. An army

2863:

The 1960s again saw more prolonged droughts and deadly

1819:

fuel and power as well as a reduction in the supply of

1305:* Charles Isaac Demby, Forest Overseer, aged 56 years. 1217:

Although revenue from timber sales declined during the

963:. As the industry expanded and became more mechanised, 756:

reported to be near Mt Baw Baw (but probably closer to

507:

establishment of adequate exotic softwoods plantations;

6528:"Fire ravaged forests saved by Victorian 10 year plan" 6015:"Mountain Ash "Centurion" – tallest tree in Australia" 4726:

Royal Commission on Gold Mining First Progress Report

3246:

Aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia

2734:

Aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia

2338:

and 4X4 tankers from the RAAF base at Amberley. A few

1939:

open-cut mine caused further restrictions on coal and

1710:

during the 1940s and 1950s. These mountain forests of

1699:

of degraded mining areas near Creswick had begun with

349:, in 1895 the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Survey, 7949:"Alan Threader – obituary. Melbourne Age 19 May 2016" 6134:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 282 pp. 4858:"Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning" 4749:

Ribbentrop – Report on the State Forests of Victoria

3708:

to estimate elevations and follow contour lines or a

3383:

This aggressive direct attack technique was known as

2153:

to produce high-grade oils, mainly from blue mallee (

1564:

The Commission continued to make a sizable effort in

479: 6042:. Forestry Tasmania. 10 October 2008. Archived from 6032: 5750:. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press. 4122:

Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action

4035:

Conservation, Forests and Lands (CFL) – 1983 to 1990

3309:

bushfires in 2009 have resulted in more fatalities.

3094:) or the Victorian Alpine Resorts Commission (ARC). 2957: 2460: 2361:

as well as new radio equipment were also purchased.

2175:. An interactive map reveals the extent Melbourne's 2116:

during the 1850s. Based on the success of this work

1462:

was appointed a member of the new Board of the CFA.

1075:

are kept in the Forestry School museum at Creswick.

863:

closed catchments until it collapsed in about 2000.

771:

at Marysville. Some of his photos were displayed in

375: 233: 7827:Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment (2002). 4171:

Code of Practice for Fire Management on Public Land

4116:

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning

4078:Liberal government swept to power in October 1992. 2634: 2573:, with a smaller area of native hardwoods – mostly 2567:The majority of the plantation estate consisted of 1310:* Hedley John West, Forest Foreman, aged 40 years. 1121: 147: 7594:"The social licence to operate: a critical review" 7558:"CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE VICTORIAN BUSHFIRE THREAT" 6227:. Victoria, Australia. 25 February 1928. p. 3 4554:Gerry Griffin and Athol Hodgson as Commissioners. 4209:plantation companies and the VPC weren't affected. 3425:or regeneration burning after logging operations. 2978: 2186:forced a major movement of timber production into 1300:* James Hartley Barling, Forester, aged 31 years. 1193:Also during the 1920s experiments with eucalyptus 412: 7226:"Dollar Bill turns 50. Reserve Bank of Australia" 3962: 3521:The most notable buyback scheme commenced in the 3220:or bundle of sticks but weren't in common usage. 3027:Mt Donna Buang was developed for snow play – 1947 2294:motorbikes with sidecars were purchased. British 1315:* Hugh McKinnon, Forest Employee, aged 57 years. 409:that a Victorian Forest Bill was finally passed. 7989: 7247:. CSIRO Publishing/Bushfire CRC. pp. 144pp. 6204: 6068:"Steam locomotives on Victorian timber tramways" 5627:"National Register of Australia's largest trees" 5421:"Steam locomotives on Victorian timber tramways" 4110:Department of Environment and Primary Industries 3110:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation 2392: 2162: 1266: 664:. Contrary to popular belief, tree roots do not 340:Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) 7555: 7182:. Melbourne University Press. pp. 362 pp. 4715:Perrin – Report of the Conservator for Forests 3019:Forest Environment and Recreation (FEAR) Branch 2369:Changing relationships with the timber industry 8008:Former government agencies of Victoria (state) 7740:John Cain's Years: Power, Parties and Politics 7543:"7 February – lessons from two historic fires" 7114:. Victorian Environmental Assessment Council. 6065: 5776:"Mueller – Champion of Victoria's Giant trees" 5748:Forests of ash : an environmental history 5642: 5418: 4015:, MLA and the first Labor Minister of CFL was 3497:The devastating January 1962 bushfires in the 838:The Mueller Tree grew on Mount Monda north of 6679:Forests Commission Victoria – Annual reports 5948: 5745: 5596: 4934:International Review of Environmental History 4707:million hectares). Document never published. 3664:was invented. Mathematics, triangulation and 3604:and the Otways or for conservation purposes. 2431:Forests Act, Country Fire Authority (CFA) Act 1561:equipment such as a Zeiss Aero Sketchmaster. 1368:The subsequent Royal Commission conducted by 7668:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7639:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7540: 7495: 7342:Emergency Management Victoria (EMV) (2015). 7279:. Australian Government Publishing Service. 7257:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6832:"Brushing up roads after winter – Gippsland" 5951:"The Effect of the Black Saturday Bushfires" 5882:"Furmston Tree Maroondah catchment Mt Monda" 4536: 4487: 4465: 4429: 4407: 4380: 4336: 4315: 4104:Department of Sustainability and Environment 3790: 3773: 3676:with a variety of instruments such as large 3447: 3098:construction of a dedicated pavilion at the 2424: 1363: 1285: 795:In 1929, the Forests Commission set aside a 725:In 1976, a monument was unveiled by the Hon 631:woodlands are found in the drier northwest. 217:was appointed as one of sixteen Crown Lands 77:Department of Conservation Forests and Lands 7873:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7444: 7317: 6766:Lindsay Falvey and Barrie Bardsley (1997). 6093:"Through the flames. Official party trials" 6012: 5828: 5611:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5474:Dept of Agriculture & Water Resources. 4669:Report of the Wattle Bark Board of Inquiry 3648:ink pens and a steady hand were needed for 3151:For example, before metrication a standard 2694:Other extension nurseries were situated at 2448:for the manufacture of hardboard products. 2405:with C cab – Circa 1924. Source: Brian Fry. 2222: 2012:were operating in the Barmah forest alone. 1608:1940s – Bushfire recovery and the war years 1469: 1200: 453: 405:combined in 1901 to become the states of a 7983:https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-3112961467/view 7977:https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2899074696/view 7625:Youl, R., Fry, B. and Hateley, R. (2010). 6235:– via National Library of Australia. 6000:"Tall tree stats – Victoria's giant trees" 5936:Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957) 2796:National Aerial Firefighting Centre (NAFC) 2314:. Source: Jim McKinty. FCRPA* collection. 2302:until the early 1960s. Also acquired were 534: 526:Areas permanently reserved as State Forest 299:of the 1880s was inevitably followed by a 7812:Dept of Agriculture and Water Resources. 7609: 6981:. Dept. of Conservation and Environment. 6706: 6132:Burning Bush: A fire history of Australia 5861: 5678: 4945: 4280:the State Governments’ commercial entity 4141:Significant events and policy initiatives 3466:Black Saturday Bushfires Royal Commission 3412: 2842:Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works 2273: 1400:Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works 902:, stands 100.5 metres (330 feet) tall in 856:Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works 311:Matters had come to a head previously on 213:In October 1882, the pioneering forester 200:Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (FNCV) 7270: 7268: 7205: 6339:Stretton, Leonard Edward Bishop (1939). 6338: 6006: 5723: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 4064: 3966: 3922:In 1982, after nearly 18 years absence, 3890: 3851: 3525:on the outskirts of Melbourne after the 3492: 3427: 3374: 3318: 3249: 3123: 3062: 3022: 2906: 2854: 2785: 2737: 2638: 2550: 2498:with the plantations expansion program. 2470: 2451: 2440:In 1959, building on a similar model to 2396: 2318:The advent of motor vehicles, aircraft, 2277: 2226: 2026: 1971: 1848: 1741: 1687: 1645: 1617: 1594:Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd (APM) 1532: 1505: 1404: 1379: 1208: 1041: 991:. The Commission built and operated the 950: 829: 818:The Chairman of the Forests Commission, 785: 538: 379: 167: 7733: 7731: 7683:Dept Sustainability & Environment. 7440: 7438: 7436: 7410: 7201: 7199: 7152: 7137: 7013:. Discussion paper no 5. Archived from 6789: 6787: 6675: 6673: 6424: 5599:"The amazing physics of water in trees" 5344: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 4552:during the transition from FCV to CFL. 4151:Victorian Plantations Corporation (VPC) 3994: 2782:An Australian milestone – Benambra 1967 2615:Victorian Plantations Corporation (VPC) 2298:were not available until the 1950s and 2058:for tanneries. gravel, sand, charcoal, 2022: 160:in 1851 was tree covered. However, the 7990: 7697: 7591: 7133: 7131: 7051: 7049: 6976: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6882:Routley, R. and Routley, V.C. (1974). 6877: 6875: 6688: 6462: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6279:"Nicholas, George Richard (1884–1960)" 5769: 5767: 5741: 5739: 5724:Ferguson, William (22 February 1872). 5719: 5717: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5638: 5636: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5386: 5384: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5166: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5003: 3607: 3269:Major Victorian bushfires occurred on 2727: 2621: 2054:and tea tree from the mallee deserts, 7469:Australian Women's Weekly (1933–1982) 7395: 7265: 7177: 7109: 6964:"National Aerial Firefighting Centre" 6569: 6544: 6458: 6456: 6334: 6332: 6330: 5683:. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards NSW. 5340: 5338: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4886:"Hancock Victorian Plantations (HVP)" 4792: 4790: 4692:Royal Commission into Water Supplies 3934: 3573:Arboretum on 22 April 1977 after the 3119: 2852:were important for hydroelectricity. 2844:in 1891. Some catchments such at the 2108:, the Government Botanist encouraged 2066:, chopping blocks for country shows, 1813: 1178:Furthermore, the Minister for Lands, 934: 807:. The site only narrowly escaped the 355:Inspector-General Berthold Ribbentrop 7787: 7737: 7728: 7433: 7404: 7335: 7196: 7157:. Bradbury, Agnew & Co, London. 7069: 6784: 6670: 6397: 6368: 6251:The Melbourne Argus 10 November 1928 6156:"Dadswell, Herbert Eric (1903–1964)" 6129: 5773: 5095: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4927: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4836:. Jim Crowe Press. pp. 149 pp. 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 3876:Modular Airborne Firefighting System 3516:2009 Black Saturday Royal Commission 3372:into the fire or a helipad was cut. 2120:became an important industry in the 1503:to focus on the eucalypts. He wrote: 1188:Heytesbury Soldier settlement scheme 1037: 652:by combining the complex physics of 196:Australian Natives Association (ANA) 7742:. Melbourne University Publishing. 7498:"Dick hamer – The quiet campaigner" 7128: 7046: 6956: 6913: 6872: 6804: 6759: 6642: 6563: 6382: 6247:"Cumberland Valley. Milling rights" 6225:Healesville and Yarra Glen Guardian 5918:Healesville and Yarra Glen Guardian 5900:Healesville and Yarra Glen Guardian 5764: 5736: 5714: 5661: 5633: 5482: 5381: 5295: 5199: 5022: 4832:Gillespie J & Wright J (1993). 4503:at Creswick between 1951 and 1956. 4074:in August 1990 and then later when 3388:weeks away deep in the mountains. 2814: 1107: 1009: 729:to the "World's Tallest Tree" near 685:– monarch of the eucalypts) on the 648:more than 10 times the surrounding 579:schemes. Between 1903 and 1928 the 543:The Forests Commission purchased a 226:Gully in 1887 near what is now the 13: 7685:"Infra-red line scanning aircraft" 7243:Adams, M. and Attiwill, P (2011). 7063: 6453: 6327: 6160:Australian Dictionary of Biography 5997: 5868:Australian Dictionary of Biography 5798:"Caire, Nicholas John (1837–1918)" 5726:"State Forests of the Watts River" 5446:"forest commission roll of honour" 5398: 5335: 5234: 5008:. Australian National University. 5006:A History of Forestry in Australia 4787: 4237:2006–07 Great Divide Complex Fires 3834:Australian Conservation Foundation 3547:William (Bill) Archibald Borthwick 2902: 1861:Prior to the War, less than 1,000 1760:in the Aire Valley planted in 1936 1683: 1452:1943–44 Victorian bushfires season 1164:Cumberland Memorial Scenic Reserve 1143:Field Naturalists Club of Victoria 740:The public remained fascinated by 660:of the water pathway known as the 560:including the famous hero at both 480:Forests Commission Victoria - 1918 468:Victorian School of Forestry (VSF) 14: 8024: 7959: 7275:R.H. Luke, A.G. McArthur (1978). 7094: 5864:"Lindt, John William (1845–1926)" 5816:"State Library Victoria - Viewer" 4970: 4908: 4808: 4259:Emergency Management Victoria EMV 3902:While light helicopters like the 3293:in where six people were killed. 2958:1970s - Rising environmental tide 2883:Dam had been completed in 1957). 2755:) and the first helicopter (RAAF 2467:Victorian Plantations Corporation 2461:Softwood and hardwood plantations 2034:was an important industry in the 1790:Victorian Plantations Corporation 1450:Further major fires later in the 623:along its banks. Large tracts of 486:Forests Commission Victoria (FCV) 376:1900s – Royal Commission findings 234:Inquiries, indecision and inertia 7941: 7927: 7909: 7895: 7881: 7845: 7820: 7805: 7796: 7781: 7756: 7718: 7691: 7676: 7647: 7618: 7585: 7576: 7567: 7549: 7534: 7508: 7489: 7475: 7457: 7419: 7360: 7326: 7318:DELWP – FFM (27 February 2017). 7311: 7293: 7236: 7218: 7171: 7146: 7103: 6572:The redwoods of the Otway Ranges 4445:he began his forestry career at 4291: 4215:The tempo, size and severity of 4098:Department of Primary Industries 3614:Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 2635:Nurseries and extension services 1673: 1260:at Mt Nugong in the late 1930s. 1122:Towards a national forest policy 763:Around the turn of the century, 148:Late 1800s – Chaos in the forest 27: 7520:. : The Authority. 1986. 7088: 6995: 6970: 6947: 6904: 6863: 6846: 6824: 6733: 6700: 6682: 6651: 6624: 6606: 6588: 6538: 6520: 6502: 6481: 6418: 6348: 6307: 6289: 6271: 6257: 6239: 6213: 6198: 6180: 6166: 6148: 6123: 6103: 6085: 6059: 6050: 5991: 5942: 5924: 5906: 5888: 5874: 5855: 5837: 5822: 5808: 5790: 5705: 5687: 5619: 5597:Science 4 All (15 April 2013). 5590: 5531: 5467: 5452: 5438: 5412: 5278: 5274:(MA Thesis). Monash University. 5220: 5185: 4647:Royal Commission on Aborigines 3564:A large softwood plantation in 3488: 2979:Land Conservation Council (LCC) 2867:on the fringes of Melbourne in 1679: 1641: 1360:that occurred on the same day. 1058:Two of the Principals from the 746:Melbourne Centennial Exhibition 662:Soil Plant Atmosphere Continuum 586: 413:State Forests Department – 1907 7389:10.1080/00049158.1969.10675500 6447:10.1080/00049158.1974.10675603 6066:Frank Stamford (August 2009). 6019:National Register of Big Trees 5517:10.1080/00049158.2003.10674912 5419:Frank Stamford (August 2009). 5367:10.1080/00049158.2010.10676307 5228:"Land Boom in 1880s Melbourne" 4954: 4892: 4878: 4864: 4850: 3963:Ash Wednesday bushfires – 1983 3814:sustainable yield calculations 3704:to gauge distance, an aneroid 3618:Geographic Information Systems 3541:Dandenong Ranges National Park 3108:was proclaimed in 1971 by the 2721:which started later in 1986). 2348:Toyota 40 series Land Cruisers 2300:Toyota 40 series Land Cruisers 1981:alternative source of energy: 1748:Californian redwood plantation 1: 7998:Bushfires in Victoria (state) 7814:"Australia's forest policies" 7765:Timber industry strategy 1986 7471:. 31 January 1962. p. 3. 6691:"Cork oak trials in Victoria" 6574:. Lothian Custom Publishing. 6532:The Australian Women's Weekly 6265:"Cumberland Memorial Reserve" 5938:. 30 August 1934. p. 19. 5914:"A Challenge for Healesville" 5459:Public Records Office, Vict. 4802:National Library of Australia 4780: 4535:Dr Ronald (Ron) Jeffrey Grose 4276:, Alpine Resorts Commission, 3917: 3910:(the civilian version of the 3583:National Rhododendron Gardens 3579:"Victoria – The Garden State" 2393:Department restructure – 1956 2163:1950s – Post war housing boom 2138:influenza pandemic of 1918–19 1267:Black Friday bushfires – 1939 1118:formally introduced in 1950. 1078:Some eucalypts, particularly 634: 492:while the first Minister was 419:State Forest Department (SFD) 8013:Victorian School of Forestry 7592:Moffat; et al. (2016). 7155:Schlich's Manual of forestry 6854:"Australia's Green Triangle" 5949:Mifsud, Brett (March 2012). 5645:David Boyle's tree The Baron 4798:"Forest Commission Victoria" 4510:Mount Macedon Memorial Cross 4501:Victorian School of Forestry 3872:United States Forest Service 3846:Victorian School of Forestry 3422:Fuel reduction burning (FRB) 3239: 2944:State Electricity Commission 2526:Associated Kiln Dryers (AKD) 2169:Victorian School of Forestry 2142:Victorian School of Forestry 2044:Victorian School of Forestry 1952:State Electricity Commission 1948:national coal miners’ strike 1946:After the War, a seven-week 1805:were carried out in the dry 1614:Australian Forestry Group UK 1060:Victorian School of Forestry 946: 460:Victorian School of Forestry 440:Professor Alfred James Ewart 228:Victorian School of Forestry 7: 7917:"Forest Heads sudden death" 7344:Victorian Bushfire Handbook 7097:Melbourne University Press. 6040:"Welcome to the Centurian!" 5505:Australian Forestry Journal 5089:"Victorias Forest Heritage" 4459:Alfred (Alf) Oscar Lawrence 4173:was ratified by Parliament. 3100:Royal Melbourne Showgrounds 3088:Princess Margaret Rose Cave 2647:Nursery was established by 2106:Baron Ferdinand von Meuller 1961: 1579: 1484:tried to cross the flooded 1101:Royal Melbourne Showgrounds 1093:Australia's High Commission 918:world's tallest living tree 870:Wallaby Creek Catchment at 809:1939 Black Friday bushfires 673:Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller 98:Forests Commission Victoria 22:Forests Commission Victoria 10: 8029: 7112:As If for a Thousand Years 5695:"Our tall trees shortened" 5498:"Victoria's tallest trees" 5406:"The Tyers Valley Tramway" 4203:Regional Forest Agreements 4169:In 1995 Australia's first 3668:for accurate surveying or 3620:(GIS), live weather data, 3616:, digital maps, plotters, 3551:Member of State Parliament 3296:However, the bushfires on 3243: 3173:standing cord, stove cord, 3161:green firewood was a stack 2940:Royal Australian Engineers 2731: 2629:Farm Forestry Loans Scheme 2464: 2132:cut by hand and placed in 1965: 1795:Reforestation works using 1677: 1636:Royal Australian Engineers 1611: 1592:and Sir Herbert Gepp from 1488:to reach the sanctuary of 1149:to set aside forests near 1021:Mr Horace Frank Richardson 735:Victorian Field Naturalist 465:of a forestry school. The 457: 303:, which combined with the 7573:FCV Annual Report 1969-70 7447:"Buybacks and tough sell" 7332:FCV Annual Report 1976-77 7153:Schlich, William (1904). 6869:FCV Annual Report 1982-83 6812:"FCRPA – Historic videos" 6632:"Cool Change Saves State" 4188:Native Title’ legislation 3952:Forward Looking Infra Red 3818:forest growth rates (MAI) 3791:1980s – Structural change 3774:Role in rural communities 3148:to simpler cubic metres. 2911:A timber bridge built by 2811:operations in Australia. 2592:Australian Newsprint Mill 2425:Legislation change – 1958 2359:Pacific Marine fire pumps 2346:in the 1950s and then by 2308:Pacific Marine fire pumps 1919:Closer to Melbourne, the 1442:, as well as a statewide 1411:glass magic lantern slide 1364:Stretton Royal Commission 801:Cumberland Scenic Reserve 447:Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson 327:designed to break up the 202:became involved in 1881. 84: 70: 62: 48: 40: 35: 26: 7582:FCV Annual Report – 1977 7556:Climate Council (2017). 6709:"Wellsford State Forest" 6514:The Argus Melbourne, Vic 5932:"Giant tree on Mt Monda" 5845:"Taller than the spires" 4947:10.22459/IREH.02.2016.01 4362:). Served in WW1 in the 4251:Black Saturday Bushfires 4186:The passing of Federal ‘ 3860: 3740:in the 1970s but simple 2802:On 6 February 1967, two 2223:Road and bridge building 2177:suburban post-war growth 1470:Inventory and Assessment 1201:1930s – Great Depression 911:Guinness Book of Records 880:Black Saturday bushfires 454:Forestry training – 1910 244:Lord Henry Brougham Loch 182:‘protecting our forests’ 55:State Forests Department 7971:McHugh, Peter. (2020). 7611:10.1093/forestry/cpv044 7411:Hodgson, Athol (2018). 7208:"Australia's Foresters" 7206:Dargavel, John (2015). 7011:The Australia Institute 6221:"UPPER YARRA WATERSHED" 6111:"Black sunday 1926.FLV" 5643:Chris Pretlove (2012). 4405:Alfred Vernon Galbraith 4371:Alfred Vernon Galbraith 4253:in 2009 and subsequent 3977:Ash Wednesday bushfires 3462:Ash Wednesday bushfires 3445:emits about 1 kW. 3260:south-eastern Australia 3207:metre was equal to one 3171:. Other terms, such as 2042:, the Principal of the 1999:Alfred Vernon Galbraith 1925:City of South Melbourne 1842:railway buildings. The 1807:Hattah – Kulkyne forest 1730:The steep hills of the 1413:collection. Circa 1940. 1239:Alfred Vernon Galbraith 1235:Herbert Robinson Brooks 1160:Horace Frank Richardson 1084:Newport Seasoning Works 1025:Alfred Vernon Galbraith 820:Alfred Vernon Galbraith 535:1920s – Formative years 351:Sir Robert Wallace Best 301:financial crash in 1891 260:Imperial Forest Service 116:between 1918 and 1983. 7698:McHugh, Peter (2022). 7277:Bushfires in Australia 7140:Alps at the crossroads 6636:Argus 20 December 1950 6614:"Firewood stocks grow" 6205:Public Record Office. 6188:"The Argus, Melbourne" 5774:Mace, Bernard (1996). 5746:Tom Griffiths (2001). 5679:Griffiths, T. (1992). 5476:"Forests of Australia" 5167:Moulds, F. R. (1991). 4541: 4492: 4470: 4434: 4412: 4398:Code retired in 1927. 4385: 4341: 4320: 4229:Black Saturday in 2009 3972: 3899: 3857: 3810:fuel reduction burning 3759:Phytophthora cinnamomi 3714:selective availability 3502: 3452: 3437: 3413:Fuel reduction burning 3380: 3358:first attack bulldozer 3332: 3255: 3129: 3076: 3028: 2916: 2869:1962 and again in 1968 2860: 2799: 2747: 2652: 2560: 2476: 2406: 2315: 2274:Vehicles and equipment 2232: 2062:, clothes line props, 2047: 1977: 1858: 1751: 1693: 1651: 1627: 1538: 1519: 1511: 1499:11 August 2018 at the 1456:Country Fire Authority 1434:and equipment such as 1414: 1390: 1370:Judge Leonard Stretton 1346:world's worst bushfire 1330: 1290: 1273:Black Friday bushfires 1214: 1047: 985:Washington steam winch 956: 835: 792: 723: 553: 390: 369: 275: 173: 89:Government of Victoria 8003:Forestry in Australia 7831:. State of Victoria. 7541:Bushfire CRC (2017). 7502:Sydney Morning herald 7496:Tim Colbatch (2014). 7483:"R J Hamer arboretum" 6689:Taylor, John (2015). 6664:20 April 2018 at the 6570:Smith, Roger (2015). 6297:"Boys Camp at Noojee" 5896:"Mighty Mountain Ash" 5496:Mifsud, Bret (2002). 4540: 4491: 4469: 4433: 4428:Finton George Gerraty 4411: 4384: 4340: 4319: 4065:1990 – New beginnings 3970: 3894: 3855: 3496: 3451: 3431: 3378: 3322: 3253: 3127: 3066: 3026: 2910: 2858: 2789: 2741: 2642: 2554: 2474: 2452:1960s – Consolidation 2415:Alfred Oscar Lawrence 2400: 2325:Alfred Oscar Lawrence 2281: 2251:in Gippsland and the 2230: 2072:fence posts and rails 2030: 1975: 1892:9 August 2018 at the 1873:9 August 2018 at the 1852: 1745: 1691: 1649: 1621: 1536: 1513: 1509: 1474:It was recognised by 1424:Alfred Oscar Lawrence 1408: 1383: 1358:Great Fire of Chicago 1338:Great Fire of Meireki 1292: 1289: 1229:9 August 2018 at the 1212: 1132:Upper Yarra catchment 1053:Richard Thomas Bakers 1045: 977:steam powered winches 973:State railway network 954: 833: 789: 744:and to celebrate the 717: 542: 383: 363: 297:Melbourne's land boom 295:was petering out and 285:Eucalyptus perriniana 280:Ferdinand Von Mueller 265: 238:At the urging of the 180:took up the cause of 171: 7445:Darren Gray (2010). 6490:"The Eternal Forest" 6463:Moulds, F R (1991). 6398:Rees, Bryan (2018). 6046:on 22 February 2014. 5780:Victorian Naturalist 5270:Doolan, B V (2016). 5004:Carron, L T (1985). 4565:(position abolished) 3995:End of an era – 1983 3804:, water catchments, 3802:temperate rainforest 3485:incendiary machine. 3323:Loading into a Navy 3157:imperial or long ton 3034:landscape architects 3007:as first set out in 2778:in the early 1980s. 2446:Masonite Corporation 2350:in the early 1960s. 2344:Series 1 Land Rovers 2296:Series 1 Land Rovers 2122:box-ironbark forests 2023:Minor forest produce 1766:Otways National Park 1757:Sequoia sempervirens 1684:§ Plant nursery 1632:2/2 Forestry Company 1554:medium format camera 1444:radio communications 1342:Great Fire of London 1332:Putting aside large 1250:fire spotting towers 993:Tyres Valley Tramway 923:Sequoia sempervirens 848:Geographical Society 650:atmospheric pressure 240:Governor of Victoria 7738:Cain, John (1995). 7381:1969AuFor..33..268H 7369:Australian Forestry 7138:Johnson, R (1974). 6545:Noble, W S (1986). 6510:"AIF Forestry Unit" 6439:1974AuFor..37..115S 6427:Australian Forestry 6400:"Forestry Aviation" 6119:. 14 December 2011. 5560:10.1038/nature02417 5552:2004Natur.428..851K 5359:2010AuFor..73...34C 5347:Australian Forestry 4518:Alan John Threader 4235:. For example, the 3868:aerial firefighting 3798:leadbeater's possum 3608:Changing technology 3510:to stop permitting 2950:National Park, the 2809:aerial firefighting 2728:Aerial firefighting 2622:Farm Forestry Loans 2340:Norton Dominator 77 2292:Norton Dominator 77 2286:as well as several 2146:Edwin James Semmens 2064:split fence palings 2040:Edwin James Semmens 1921:Country Roads Board 1868:Paddle Steamer Hero 1855:Paddle Steamer Hero 1476:Sir William Schlich 1336:of cities like the 979:driving elaborate " 765:Nicholas John Caire 545:climax steam engine 502:forestry principals 321:Legislative Council 162:Victorian gold rush 154:European settlement 23: 7305:Adelaide Chronicle 7301:"Tragic bushfires" 6977:McHugh, P (1991). 6707:Amy Groch (2015). 6516:. 4 February 1941. 6194:. 25 October 1956. 6130:Pyne, S J (1991). 6099:. 4 February 1926. 5647:. Chris Pretlove. 5332:FCV Annual Reports 4928:Legg, S M (2016). 4545:May–December 1983 4542: 4493: 4471: 4435: 4413: 4386: 4379:William James Code 4342: 4321: 4314:Hugh Robert MacKay 4217:bushfire incidents 3973: 3935:Medium Helicopters 3900: 3858: 3654:pocket stereoscope 3644:coloured pencils, 3622:video conferencing 3503: 3453: 3443:household radiator 3438: 3391:Initially, simple 3381: 3333: 3256: 3146:hoppus log volumes 3130: 3120:Metrication – 1974 3106:World Forestry Day 3077: 3029: 2969:Great Barrier Reef 2917: 2861: 2800: 2748: 2653: 2576:Eucalyptus regnans 2561: 2477: 2407: 2316: 2233: 2192:northeast Victoria 2048: 1978: 1859: 1844:Victorian Railways 1814:Firewood emergency 1752: 1713:Eucalyptus regnans 1694: 1652: 1628: 1566:aerial photography 1539: 1523:Royal Flying Corps 1512: 1415: 1391: 1291: 1252:. One example was 1215: 1048: 957: 935:Early silviculture 836: 793: 773:Victorian Railways 709:Clement Hodgkinson 705:Crown Land Bailiff 682:Eucalyptus regnans 658:leaf transpiration 577:soldier settlement 554: 494:William Hutchinson 391: 305:Federation Drought 189:Crown Land Bailiff 174: 71:Superseding agency 21: 7711:978-0-6450631-3-4 7353:978-0-9944236-0-3 7178:Ajani, J (2007). 7164:978-0-243-33235-9 7110:Clode, D (2006). 6941:Bushfire Glossary 6747:on 11 August 2018 6721:on 2 January 2023 6141:978-0-295-97677-8 6013:McIntosh, Derek. 5829:A. V. Galbraith. 5730:The Melbourne Age 5546:(6985): 851–854. 4904:978-1-74326-575-8 4778: 4777: 4574: 4573: 4499:Principal of the 4364:Royal Flying Corp 3726:prismatic compass 3630:satellite imagery 3602:Strzelecki Ranges 3536:Mt Corhanwarrabul 3508:Local Governments 3298:Black Friday 1939 3258:Internationally, 2985:Sir Henry Bolte's 2967:in Tasmania, the 2679:and Rennick near 2581:Strzelecki Ranges 2557:Strzelecki Ranges 2184:salvage operation 2076:wood distillation 1933:bushfires in 1944 1902:Mt Disappointment 1732:Strzelecki Ranges 1680:§ Plantation 1481:aneroid barometer 1246:water supply dams 1038:Victorian timbers 989:climax locomotive 876:laser rangefinder 868:Melbourne Water's 754:"New Turkey Tree" 601:Strzelecki Ranges 407:Federal Australia 158:State of Victoria 94: 93: 8020: 7953: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7864: 7858: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7735: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7659: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7630: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7465:"1962 Bushfires" 7461: 7455: 7454: 7442: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7320:"Past Bushfires" 7315: 7309: 7308: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7256: 7248: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7070:Youl, R (1995). 7067: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7044: 7043: 7037: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7008: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6936: 6911: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6808: 6802: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6743:. Archived from 6741:"Eucalyptus Oil" 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6714:. Archived from 6713: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6668: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6534:. 18 March 1950. 6524: 6518: 6517: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6402:. Archived from 6395: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6364:. 26 April 2016. 6352: 6346: 6345: 6336: 6325: 6324: 6323:. 26 April 2016. 6311: 6305: 6304: 6303:. 25 March 1933. 6293: 6287: 6286: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5972:. Archived from 5955: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5721: 5712: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5659: 5658: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5502: 5493: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5342: 5333: 5330: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5267: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5164: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5020: 5019: 5001: 4968: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4925: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4806: 4805: 4794: 4581: 4580: 4508:Chairman of the 4300: 4299: 4255:Royal Commission 4164:Montréal Process 4149:Creation of the 3779:sales of $ 16M. 3688:for girth and a 3686:basal area wedge 3523:Dandenong Ranges 3512:land subdivision 3499:Dandenong Ranges 3385:dry firefighting 3159:(by measure) of 3144:of firewood and 3081:Dandenong Ranges 3069:William Ricketts 2929:National Service 2837:Macalister River 2821:large reservoirs 2815:Water catchments 2717:(a precursor to 2714:farms initiative 2507:Great Depression 2332:White scout cars 2268:surfacing gravel 2124:during the post 2060:railway sleepers 2010:charcoal retorts 1574:tree measurement 1570:forest inventory 1440:crawler tractors 1277:total area burnt 1219:Great Depression 1108:Timber licensing 1027:were on tour in 1010:Bushfires – 1926 1004:crawler tractors 844:Baron Von Muller 777:timber splitters 654:capillary action 444:Governor-General 403:British colonies 399:Royal Commission 359:Royal Commission 49:Preceding agency 31: 24: 20: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8017: 7988: 7987: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7923:. 25 June 1956. 7915: 7914: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7866: 7865: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7825: 7821: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7736: 7729: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7681: 7677: 7661: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7632: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7539: 7535: 7528: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7494: 7490: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7316: 7312: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7273: 7266: 7250: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7180:The Forest Wars 7176: 7172: 7165: 7151: 7147: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7108: 7104: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7068: 7064: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7020:on 4 April 2017 7017: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6975: 6971: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6948: 6937: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6666:Wayback Machine 6656: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6543: 6539: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6461: 6454: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6406:on 14 July 2018 6396: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6356:"Calling VL3AA" 6354: 6353: 6349: 6337: 6328: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6203: 6199: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6128: 6124: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6011: 6007: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5979:on 1 March 2015 5976: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5862:Valerie Frost. 5860: 5856: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5827: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5744: 5737: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5677: 5662: 5655: 5641: 5634: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5604: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5536: 5532: 5500: 5494: 5483: 5472: 5468: 5457: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5268: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209:Perrin (1980). 5207: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5165: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5023: 5016: 5002: 4971: 4959: 4955: 4926: 4909: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4830: 4809: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4579: 4343: 4294: 4278:Melbourne Water 4143: 4118:(DELWP) – 2014. 4067: 4037: 3997: 3965: 3937: 3920: 3863: 3844:Meanwhile, the 3793: 3776: 3764:Dr Gretna Weste 3722:measuring chain 3626:digital cameras 3610: 3491: 3460:and the deadly 3415: 3405:in between) to 3248: 3242: 3122: 3021: 2981: 2960: 2905: 2903:The Woodpeckers 2833:Lake Glenmaggie 2817: 2784: 2753:Westland Wapiti 2736: 2730: 2637: 2624: 2469: 2463: 2454: 2427: 2395: 2371: 2355:Coventry Climax 2312:radio equipment 2310:as well as new 2304:Coventry Climax 2284:White scout car 2276: 2247:Roads north of 2225: 2165: 2096:redhead matches 2025: 1970: 1964: 1894:Wayback Machine 1875:Wayback Machine 1840:Flinders Street 1832:State Coal mine 1816: 1736:South Gippsland 1717:E. delegatensis 1686: 1676: 1644: 1616: 1610: 1582: 1528:orthophoto maps 1501:Wayback Machine 1472: 1366: 1269: 1231:Wayback Machine 1203: 1180:David Swan Oman 1155:Arthur Streeton 1124: 1110: 1040: 1012: 949: 937: 861:Melbourne Water 769:King Edward VII 637: 627:desert and box- 589: 537: 528: 482: 462: 456: 415: 378: 313:Black Wednesday 291:Meanwhile, the 236: 178:Argus Newspaper 150: 138:Melbourne Water 80: 58: 36:Agency overview 17: 12: 11: 5: 8026: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7986: 7985: 7979: 7969: 7968:(Peter McHugh) 7961: 7960:External links 7958: 7955: 7954: 7940: 7926: 7908: 7894: 7880: 7844: 7838:978-1741060034 7837: 7819: 7804: 7795: 7780: 7774:978-0724193271 7773: 7755: 7749:978-0522847079 7748: 7727: 7717: 7710: 7690: 7675: 7646: 7617: 7604:(5): 477–488. 7584: 7575: 7566: 7548: 7533: 7526: 7507: 7488: 7474: 7456: 7432: 7418: 7403: 7394: 7375:(4): 268–274. 7359: 7352: 7334: 7325: 7310: 7292: 7286:978-0642023414 7285: 7264: 7235: 7217: 7195: 7188: 7170: 7163: 7145: 7127: 7121:978-1741524635 7120: 7102: 7087: 7081:978-0646065915 7080: 7062: 7045: 6994: 6988:978-0724198498 6987: 6969: 6955: 6946: 6912: 6903: 6871: 6862: 6845: 6823: 6803: 6783: 6777:978-0732515560 6776: 6758: 6732: 6699: 6681: 6669: 6650: 6641: 6623: 6605: 6587: 6580: 6562: 6556:978-0724147618 6555: 6537: 6519: 6501: 6480: 6474:978-0646062655 6473: 6452: 6417: 6381: 6367: 6347: 6326: 6306: 6288: 6270: 6256: 6238: 6212: 6197: 6179: 6165: 6147: 6140: 6122: 6102: 6084: 6075:Light Railways 6058: 6049: 6031: 6005: 5990: 5941: 5923: 5920:. 13 May 1933. 5905: 5902:. 13 May 1933. 5887: 5873: 5854: 5851:. 25 May 1939. 5836: 5821: 5807: 5789: 5763: 5757:978-0521812863 5756: 5735: 5713: 5704: 5701:. 22 May 1889. 5686: 5660: 5653: 5632: 5618: 5589: 5530: 5511:(3): 197–205. 5481: 5466: 5451: 5437: 5428:Light Railways 5411: 5397: 5380: 5334: 5294: 5277: 5233: 5219: 5198: 5184: 5178:978-0646062655 5177: 5094: 5021: 5015:978-0080298740 5014: 4969: 4953: 4907: 4891: 4877: 4863: 4860:. 22 May 2017. 4849: 4843:978-0646169286 4842: 4807: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4563:December 1983– 4561: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4543: 4532: 4531: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4497: 4494: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4455: 4454: 4439: 4436: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4387: 4376: 4375: 4373:as Secretary. 4347: 4344: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4293: 4290: 4274:Parks Victoria 4266: 4265: 4262: 4247: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4184: 4181: 4178:Parks Victoria 4174: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4142: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4124:(DEECA) – 2023 4119: 4113: 4112:(DEPI) – 2012, 4107: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4076:Jeff Kennett's 4066: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4036: 4033: 3996: 3993: 3964: 3961: 3936: 3933: 3919: 3916: 3885:C-130 Hercules 3880:fire retardant 3862: 3859: 3792: 3789: 3775: 3772: 3768:jarrah forests 3736:There were no 3730:dead reckoning 3694:Biltmore stick 3634:fire modelling 3609: 3606: 3595:global warming 3590:on the Board. 3555:Deputy Premier 3549:was the local 3527:1962 bushfires 3490: 3487: 3474:McArthur Meter 3414: 3411: 3307:Black Saturday 3271:Black Thursday 3241: 3238: 3121: 3118: 3114:vernal equinox 3092:Parks Victoria 3050:Mt Donna Buang 3020: 3017: 3001:sustainability 2980: 2977: 2959: 2956: 2904: 2901: 2816: 2813: 2783: 2780: 2729: 2726: 2706:and Wail near 2661:John La Gerche 2649:John La Gerche 2636: 2633: 2623: 2620: 2515:sirex woodwasp 2462: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2426: 2423: 2394: 2391: 2370: 2367: 2275: 2272: 2263:powder monkeys 2253:Big River Road 2224: 2221: 2188:East Gippsland 2164: 2161: 2156:E. polybractea 2118:eucalyptus oil 2110:Joseph Bosisto 2100:Bryant and May 2052:eucalyptus oil 2032:Eucalyptus oil 2024: 2021: 1987:gas converters 1963: 1960: 1815: 1812: 1768:. Most of the 1703:in the 1890s. 1701:John la Gerche 1675: 1672: 1643: 1640: 1609: 1606: 1590:A.V. Galbraith 1581: 1578: 1559:stereoplotting 1471: 1468: 1365: 1362: 1344:, perhaps the 1334:conflagrations 1268: 1265: 1202: 1199: 1173:1939 bushfires 1123: 1120: 1109: 1106: 1039: 1036: 1011: 1008: 948: 945: 936: 933: 916:Currently the 636: 633: 588: 585: 536: 533: 527: 524: 515: 514: 511: 508: 505: 481: 478: 455: 452: 414: 411: 377: 374: 347:British Empire 274: 273: 235: 232: 215:John la Gerche 149: 146: 134:Parks Victoria 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 79: 78: 74: 72: 68: 67: 66:September 1983 64: 60: 59: 57: 56: 52: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8025: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7984: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7950: 7944: 7936: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7904: 7898: 7890: 7884: 7876: 7870: 7862: 7861:9781742870625 7855: 7848: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7815: 7808: 7799: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7732: 7721: 7713: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7694: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7665: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7636: 7628: 7621: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7579: 7570: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7527:9780724140909 7523: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7484: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7452: 7451:Melbourne Age 7448: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7422: 7414: 7413:"Firebombing" 7407: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7260: 7254: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7189:9780522854190 7185: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7141: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7041: 7035: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6965: 6959: 6950: 6942: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6878: 6876: 6866: 6855: 6849: 6833: 6827: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6692: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6654: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6601: 6600:State Library 6597: 6591: 6583: 6581:9781921737138 6577: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6457: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6377: 6371: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6175: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5994: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5832: 5825: 5817: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5786:(4): 198–207. 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5654:9780646565255 5650: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5287: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5223: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4887: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4626:Land Act 1869 4623: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4590:Key Findings 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4560:Tony Eddison 4559: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4292:Commissioners 4289: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4194:in 1992, and 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:instability. 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4106:(DSE) – 2002, 4105: 4102: 4100:(DPI) – 2002, 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4017:Rod MacKenzie 4014: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3942:Erickson S-64 3932: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3912:military huey 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800:, landscape, 3799: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747:line-of-sight 3743: 3739: 3738:mobile phones 3734: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682:diameter tape 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658:aerial photos 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3575:State Premier 3572: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3340:Direct attack 3337: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3303:Ash Wednesday 3299: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3071:sanctuary at 3070: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3054:Lake Mountain 3051: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3025: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2993:wood chipping 2989: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2973:Little Desert 2970: 2966: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2804:Piper Pawnees 2797: 2793: 2792:Piper Pawnees 2788: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2757:Sikorsky S-51 2754: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2685:Morwell River 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2570:Pinus radiata 2565: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2491:Pinus radiata 2487: 2483: 2473: 2468: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2403:Ford Model TT 2399: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2353:Army surplus 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2257:wooden bridge 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074:, timber for 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1969: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1931:Later, large 1929: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879:Barmah Forest 1876: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1863:imperial tons 1856: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:planting work 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697:Reforestation 1690: 1685: 1681: 1674:Reforestation 1671: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Thomson River 1482: 1477: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:powered pumps 1433: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1211: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1171:survived the 1169: 1168:"sample acre" 1165: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1119: 1116: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1007: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 953: 944: 941: 932: 930: 926: 924: 919: 914: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 832: 828: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:"sample acre" 788: 784: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 722: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 700: 697: 692: 688: 684: 683: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 584: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 566:Western Front 563: 559: 551: 550:Puffing Billy 546: 541: 532: 523: 521: 512: 509: 506: 503: 499: 498: 497: 495: 491: 487: 477: 474: 470: 469: 461: 451: 448: 445: 441: 435: 431: 427: 425: 424:Donald McLeod 422:Minister was 420: 410: 408: 404: 400: 395: 388: 387:E. J. Semmens 382: 373: 368: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 286: 281: 271: 270: 269: 264: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 231: 229: 224: 220: 216: 211: 207: 203: 201: 197: 192: 190: 185: 183: 179: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 125: 121: 117: 115: 111: 107: 106:State forests 103: 99: 90: 87: 83: 76: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 54: 53: 51: 47: 44:December 1918 43: 39: 34: 30: 25: 19: 7972: 7943: 7929: 7920: 7911: 7897: 7883: 7860: 7847: 7828: 7822: 7807: 7798: 7789: 7783: 7764: 7758: 7739: 7720: 7700: 7693: 7678: 7664:cite journal 7655: 7649: 7626: 7620: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7578: 7569: 7551: 7536: 7516: 7510: 7501: 7491: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7421: 7406: 7397: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7343: 7337: 7328: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7276: 7244: 7238: 7229: 7220: 7211: 7179: 7173: 7154: 7148: 7139: 7111: 7105: 7096: 7090: 7071: 7065: 7034:cite journal 7022:. 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Retrieved 5974:the original 5961: 5958:The Forester 5957: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5876: 5867: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5824: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5747: 5729: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5644: 5621: 5592: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5508: 5504: 5469: 5454: 5440: 5431: 5427: 5414: 5400: 5353:(1): 34–40. 5350: 5346: 5280: 5271: 5222: 5187: 5168: 5005: 4956: 4937: 4933: 4894: 4880: 4872:"VicForests" 4866: 4852: 4833: 4801: 4625: 4564: 4553: 4549: 4528: 4525: 4507: 4504: 4478: 4451: 4421: 4397: 4393: 4368: 4356: 4350: 4295: 4286: 4267: 4176:Creation of 4170: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4080: 4068: 4059: 4038: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3956:Kingair 200C 3950: 3938: 3923: 3921: 3901: 3864: 3843: 3838:Franklin Dam 3831: 3826:clearfelling 3794: 3781: 3777: 3757: 3755: 3735: 3702:range finder 3680:, a special 3670:dumpy levels 3632:and Phoenix 3611: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3563: 3545: 3520: 3504: 3489:Land buyback 3483: 3470: 3454: 3439: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3369: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3334: 3314: 3311: 3295: 3279:Black Sunday 3268: 3257: 3222: 3201: 3197: 3194:country cord 3193: 3190:fencing cord 3189: 3183: 3180:running cord 3179: 3176:kitchen cord 3175: 3172: 3150: 3131: 3104: 3096: 3085: 3078: 3038: 3030: 3013: 3005:multiple-use 2998: 2990: 2982: 2975:among them. 2961: 2952:Snake Island 2937: 2918: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2862: 2818: 2801: 2761: 2749: 2723: 2711: 2693: 2654: 2628: 2625: 2612: 2610:Commission. 2608: 2604: 2600: 2590:in 1972 and 2585: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2546: 2541:Alf Lawrence 2538: 2519: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2478: 2455: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2352: 2336:Blitz trucks 2329: 2317: 2288:Blitz trucks 2261: 2237:forest roads 2234: 2216:Swifts Creek 2196: 2181: 2173:housing boom 2166: 2154: 2134:steam stills 2104: 2084:apiary sites 2049: 2036:box-ironbark 2014: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1979: 1957: 1945: 1930: 1918: 1887:forest camps 1883:Echuca wharf 1860: 1825: 1817: 1799: 1797:Cypress Pine 1794: 1782: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1729: 1721: 1711: 1705: 1695: 1660: 1653: 1642:Fire salvage 1629: 1624:Forest of Ae 1623: 1602:Kraft papers 1599: 1583: 1563: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1473: 1464: 1460:Alf Lawrence 1449: 1432:fire tankers 1420: 1416: 1395: 1392: 1387:Avro Lincoln 1367: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1270: 1262: 1258:fire lookout 1254:Bill Ah Chow 1243: 1216: 1204: 1192: 1184:Otway Ranges 1177: 1136: 1129: 1125: 1114: 1111: 1097: 1080:mountain ash 1077: 1057: 1049: 1033: 1013: 997: 958: 940:Silviculture 938: 921: 915: 908: 884: 865: 852:Black's Spur 837: 824:mountain ash 817: 813:tallest tree 794: 781: 762: 739: 734: 724: 719: 718: 701: 687:Black's Spur 680: 677:mountain ash 670: 638: 617:mountain ash 590: 587:Forest types 581:Crown estate 574: 570:Albert Jacka 555: 529: 516: 485: 483: 467: 463: 436: 432: 428: 418: 416: 396: 392: 370: 365: 364: 344: 333: 317:Graham Berry 310: 290: 283: 276: 266: 237: 212: 208: 204: 194:By 1871 the 193: 186: 181: 175: 151: 126: 122: 118: 101: 97: 95: 85:Jurisdiction 18: 7024:21 February 5964:(1): 8–11. 4689:1884– 1887 4550:per interim 4072:Joan Kirner 3666:theodolites 3662:Google maps 3638:light table 3275:Red Tuesday 3134:metrication 2965:Lake Pedder 2948:Tarra Bulga 2925:Vietnam War 2881:Upper Yarra 2877:Thomson Dam 2790:One of the 2665:Tallangatta 2482:Baltic Pine 2068:power poles 2056:wattle bark 1985:to burn in 1572:, mapping, 1396:hand of man 1375:fire towers 1139:Von Mueller 840:Healesville 799:within the 750:James Munro 742:large trees 727:Jim Balfour 713:Watts River 696:"The Baron" 691:Healesville 613:shining gum 288:after him. 282:who named, 7992:Categories 7975:Victoria. 7725:Australia. 7704:. 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