611:
Native
Americans and reported that there was "at Venango a Captain's command of about 50 men; the Fort of Stockades, very weak, and scarce of provisions..." He described Fort Machault as "a small fort made of logs and stockades...mounted with nine cannon of a pretty large bore, and was generally garrisoned with a company of sixty soldiers, besides Indians, who to the number of about two hundred are lodged in cabins that have been built for them near the fort...The Garrison...hath been for some time employed in Collecting and preparing Materials for building a Strong Fort there next Spring." Jacob Hochstetler, who was captured by Lenape warriors in September 1757, was brought to Fort Machault and then sold to a
60:
548:
he had not succeeded, writing, "I searched carefully through all the surrounding woods and I found almost no wood suitable for constructing the fort according to the plan which was set up and the kind of wood that was to be used. This will force us perhaps to go about it differently or to decide to obtain wood from a great distance." He eventually managed to find trees, but did not have enough men or horses, and the project was again delayed. La
Chauvignerie then requested that
44:
668:"The Soldiers employed in Repairing the Fort. It is a Square with four Bastions. The Barracks form three of the Curtains and tall Stockades enclose the Bastions. No Ditch and but one Swivel pointing down the River. The fort stands about 200 Yds from the Ohio, a little below the Junction of French Creek. The Curtain opposite the Gate which fronts the River is taken down And New Loggs prepared and the Trench dug for planting them."
1532:
67:
522:, chief engineer of the forces in Canada, wrote: "At the mouth of Rivière Le Boeuf, called in English Venango, the French have a very poor, mean fort, called Fort Machault." The French intended to build a larger fort nearby, but La Chauvignerie's construction efforts were set back by shortages of manpower and wood, resulting in sporadic construction.
582:, commander of Fort Machault. He had left the fort on October 1 with a raiding party of Native American warriors, had become separated from them after five days, and had lost his way. He wandered in the forest for a week before reaching Fort Henry. In reference to Fort Machault, he reported: "the Fort there is very strong,
543:"He continued on his way to...Camp Machaut, at the mouth of this river, where...he had orders to have a fort constructed, which they were not able to do; having learned that the English were marching on Fort Duquesne, they were content to leave carpenters to prepare the necessary wood and went on to the aid of that place."
631:"7th. We came in sight of fort Venango, belonging to the French, situate between two mountains, in a fork of the Ohio river...By what I could learn of Pisquetumen, and the Indians who went into the fort, the garrison consisted of only six men, and an officer blind of one eye." (La Chauvignerie was blind in one eye.)
709:, forcing the French to abandon their assault on Fort Pitt as all available forces were sent to attempt to relieve Fort Niagara. On July 25 1759, following their defeat, the French surrendered Fort Niagara. De Lignery and La Chauvignerie were both captured, and it is unclear who was in command at Fort Machault.
324:. In January 1759 the British launched an expedition to attack Fort Machault, but had to turn back after encountering resistance from French-Allied Native Americans. The fort was abandoned by the French in August 1759, and burned so that the British could not use it. It was replaced by the British in 1760 with
552:, an engineer, take over the construction, but de Léry found that tools and other supplies were insufficient, and felt that the location selected for the fort was "disadvantageous." Although the land had been cleared and a large quantity of wood cut and transported to the site, the new fort was never built.
717:
and buried. On August 6, before retreating to Canada, the French burned Fort
Machault to the ground to prevent its use by the British. Two British officers arrived at the site of the fort on October 9 1759, and reported: "Venango furnished us with nothing but the Remains of a Reduced Fort, and about
610:
John Adam Long, who had escaped from French captivity in April 1756, reported that, at "Venango...resided an officer in a small stockade fort with a command of forty men." In 1756, William
Johnson, a deserter from Fort Cumberland whose real name was William Marshall, had escaped from captivity among
547:
However in June, La
Chauvignerie reported being unable to locate trees large enough for the construction: "Beginning tomorrow, Sir, I am going to send all my men to search the surrounding woods for places where we can find an abundance of construction wood for the above-mentioned fort." By mid-July,
403:
was sent up the
Allegheny River by canoe to explore the area, and found activity by English traders with local Native American communities. The French felt that they would lose influence in the area and decided to build a chain of fortresses from Lake Erie south. Mauchault was the last of four forts
228:
712:
In August 1759, Governor
Vaudreuil, expecting a British military assault, ordered his troops to "fall back successively upon Forts Le Boeuf and Presqu' Isle, and so completely destroy the works as to leave nothing behind that would be available to the enemy." Trade goods were given away to Native
530:
In 1755, plans were made to rebuild Fort
Machault at another nearby location. An escaped prisoner, John Adam Long, reported that a number of square logs had been "got together at that place sufficient to build a large fort on a pretty, rising ground in the Forks of Ohio and French creek." Captain
684:
On March 25, 1759, Colonel Hugh Mercer, the
British commander at Fort Pitt (which was still under construction), launched an assault on Fort Machault. Two hundred men marched on land while fifty men escorted ten bateaux of supplies on the river. The troops were slowed by heavy rains and a river
420:
assisted the French by capturing and handing over two traders who had just arrived at the trading post. Fraser and his employee
William were forced to flee, and 75 French soldiers took over Fraser's cabin, allowing Custaloga to confiscate Fraser's trade goods. Fraser's cabin was occupied by
411:, a Scots immigrant, blacksmith, and trader from Pennsylvania, had set up shop on this site. He supplied Native Americans in the region with trade goods and repaired their guns and other metal wares in exchange for furs. His business was an example of the western expansion of Pennsylvania's
555:
Renovations continued on the existing fort. As late as March, 1758, a French deserter reported in Philadelphia that "they are now working at Fort Machaull in great numbers & propose to make it as strong as Fort Duquesne." In November 1758, La Chauvignerie was replaced by
663:
Once the British took Fort Duquesne, Fort Machault became the primary French stronghold on the frontier with British territory. In January 1759, Colonel Hugh Mercer wrote this description of Fort Machault, which the French were strengthening in anticipation of an assault:
746:-era artifacts on the west side of Elk Street and south of an old stream channel. Residents of Franklin have found both English and French coins dating to the 18th century, as well as a cannon, which was refurbished and used to fire blank charges on the fourth of July.
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By the next year Fraser's cabin and his forge had been incorporated by the French into the new fort. Initially, Fraser's buildings were simply enclosed in a crude stockade during the early months of 1754, but the structure was improved over time, so that by April 1755
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415:
that prompted the French to fortify the Ohio Country, for fear of losing their trade and influence among the Indians there. In August 1753, the French decided to occupy Fraser's trading post, from which Fraser was absent at the time. The Lenape chief
1210:
Description of the fort, pp. 585–590. Location of the fort, p. 586, "On the present plan of the city of Franklin, Elk street passes through the site of the fort, whilst its southern side reaches nearly to Sixth street."
473:
Joncaire provided Washington's men with wine and brandy, and when intoxicated, Washington's Native American companions declared their loyalty to the French. It took Washington three days to persuade them to move on to
741:
In 2007, an archaeological survey was conducted to locate Fort Machault and to determine the potential for a full excavation. A bucket auger survey was implemented, and samples revealed cultural features and possible
680:. It is too weak to be able to sustain a siege; cannon would quickly demolish it. It is, moreover, so poorly located that from the top of the mountains, which are very near, everything happening inside can be seen."
976:
The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 1 The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny
1379:
654:
which they fire off by a train of powder." In March 1759, Mercer reported that a Native American spy named Bull had entered the fort and observed that the garrison consisted of two officers and forty men.
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After abandoning Fort Duquesne in November 1758, the French fell back to Fort Machault. The British expected them to launch a counterattack from there in the following campaign season. In 1758, Colonel
1489:
465:, an English Subject, from; I immediately repaired to it, to know where the Commander resided: There were three Officers, one of whom, Capt. Joncaire, inform'd me, that he had the Command of
1873:
469:, But that there was a General Officer at the near Fort, which he advised me to for an Answer. He invited us to sup with them, and treated us with the greatest Complaisance."
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warriors attacked them, killing the men in one boat and causing the other men on the river to turn back. The troops on land also retreated, and the assault was abandoned.
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348:. The bastions were built of saplings, eight inches (203 mm) thick, and 13 feet (4.0 m) in height. The gate fronted the river. Inside the fort were a
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336:
Fort Machault was built on a hill, 60 yards west of the Allegheny River. The fort was in the form of a parallelogram, about 75 by 105 feet (32 m). The
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described it as "a little stockaded fort at the mouth of the Rivière au Boeuf, merely to surround the storehouses which we are using as a supply post."
438:
672:
Governor Vaudreuil, however, felt that the fort was neither strong enough nor properly positioned to withstand an assault. He wrote in January 1759:
496:
598:; and the whole Works take up about 2 Acres of Grounds. Fifty regulars & forty Canadians." He was detained in Philadelphia and released in a
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and several officer's barracks, built in two stories with stone chimneys. The soldiers' barracks consisted of 45 buildings outside the fort.
202:
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1883:
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of Virginia, protesting the French invasion of lands claimed by Great Britain and demanding their immediate withdrawal. Washington wrote:
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182:
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intended to protect French access to waterways connecting the Great Lakes and Ohio River, and ultimately the Mississippi River.
59:
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1868:
963:
vol. 1, 11 March 1748 – 13 November 1765, ed. Donald Jackson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976, pp. 130–161.
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as the officer in charge of constructing the fort, which eventually was named Fort Machault, in honor of prominent financier,
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was assigned to supervise the construction, but a letter from another officer indicates that the work was interrupted by the
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with a dry Ditch three Foot deep." He described the fort as "A Fort of wood, filled up with earth. It has Bastions and 6
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174:
959:
George Washington, "Journey to the French Commandant: Narrative," Founders Online, National Archives. Original source:
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320:(at the south end of the portage leading to the head of French Creek), Fort Machault (at the confluence noted), and
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at the time of its construction. It was also known as "Venango," from "Weningo," the name of the nearby Delaware (
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178:
1853:
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1752:
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Conscience in Crisis: Mennonite and Other Peace Churches in America, 1739-1789, Interpretation and Documents.
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later reported that "The stockadoe Fort here is burnt to the ground, and the few Huts round it pulled down."
1807:
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30:
701:, a temporary fort at the construction site where Fort Pitt was being built. Nearly a thousand French and
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developed here later.) The fort helped the French control these waterways, part of what was known as the
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1712:
676:"The Machault post is, to be exact, only a supply post. At most, it can only be put in shape to resist
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1707:
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swollen with snowmelt, however, and by March 28 they had advanced only twenty miles when Shawnee and
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990:"The French Creek Valley Conservancy: Cultural History," The French Creek Valley Conservancy, 2019
627:. Post did not enter the fort for fear of being taken prisoner, but described it in his journal:
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and connections between its northern and southern colonies. From north to south the forts were
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ordered construction of a fortified trading post at the confluence of the Allegheny River and
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Americans, other goods and property were loaded onto wagons, and the fort's swivel guns were
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1075:"Examination of (Jacob) Hochstattler," in Richard MacMaster, Samuel Horst and Robert Ulle,
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8:
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and a thousand Native Americans mustered at Fort Machault. The British, however, began a
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623:
visited the fort in August 1758 with several Lenape guides, including the Lenape leader
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1036:
The Life of (John) Conrad Weiser, the German Pioneer, Patriot, and Patron of Two Races.
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1802:
1792:
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stated that there were about 100 soldiers at Fort Machault, where the French had 11
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Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania,
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Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763 (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia
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44 Houses, with one Swivel and a Quantity of Broken Gun Barrels and Old Iron."
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762:. A site marker at 616 Elk Street in Franklin indicates where the fort stood.
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Mike Wintermantel, "Fort Machault," Historical Marker database, May 31, 2011
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vol II, May 1748-September 1756; Philadelphia: Joseph Severns & Co, 1853
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An artist's rendition of Fort Machault and the barracks erected nearby.
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Drums in the Forest: Decision at the Forks, Defense in the Wilderness.
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family in a nearby community. He escaped in 1758 and made his way to
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304:. It was one of four forts designed to protect French access to the
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was made of hewed timber, stacked lengthwise. The four corners had
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asking to surrender. Under questioning, he identified himself as
461:"We found the French Colours hoisted at a House which they drove
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341:
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near the site of former Fort Machault. The present-day city of
686:
677:
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587:
515:
384:
801:
History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: Its Past and Present,
482:. The French refused to withdraw, and Washington returned to
256:
247:
1265:
1023: Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.
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but Governor Duquesne put the plan on hold. In August 1753,
1212:
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Michel Joseph Maray de La Chauvignerie, 15-year-old son of
1092:
American Advance: Westward from the French and Indian War.
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1874:
Buildings and structures in Venango County, Pennsylvania
367:
Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire § Fort Machault
1215:
indicates that this position is at 41.386117 -79.821679
1079: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2001; pp 125-26
697:
In July 1759, the French began a campaign to capture
441:. Washington, with an escort of seven men, including
1126:. Chicago, Ill.: A. Warner & Co. pp. 44–45.
1049:
Michel-Joseph Maray de La Chauvignerie (1741 - 1778)
259:
424:
250:
244:
568:On October 12, 1757, a French officer appeared at
564:Capture of Michel Joseph Maray de La Chauvignerie
1845:
736:
1179:Gary Knotts, "Fort Machault," January 24th 2016
48:Map showing Fort Machault and its outbuildings.
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1012:
939:Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier: 1753–1758,
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1251:
1208:Harrisburg: C. M. Busch, state printer, 1896.
760:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
1038: Reading, PA: Daniel Miller, 1876.
954:
952:
950:
948:
407:Prior to the arrival of the French in 1753,
1206:The Frontier Forts of Western Pennsylvania,
1009:
851:Vol. 1, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1896
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1490:
1476:
1258:
1244:
1226:"Fort Machault," Washington's Trail, video
1190:John Stanton, "Fort Machault," 15 Aug 2012
1005:Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside Ltd, 1972
439:his first expedition into the Ohio Country
288:, in northwest Pennsylvania. (Present-day
16:18th century fort in colonial Pennsylvania
1123:History of Alleghany County, Pennsylvania
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941:(Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited, 2018
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79:Location of Fort Machault in Pennsylvania
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1889:Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania
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803:Brown, Runk & Company, 1890.
558:François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery
421:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire.
271:
183:François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery
66:
1380:National Register of Historic Places
967:
692:
1884:1753 establishments in Pennsylvania
1447:Oil Region Astronomical Observatory
1109:University of Pittsburgh Pre, 2005.
1034:Weiser, Clement Zwingli.
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508:Jean-Baptiste Machault d'Arnouville
401:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
175:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
13:
754:A historical marker was placed in
749:
550:Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry
373:Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville
14:
1900:
1879:French forts in the United States
1219:
961:The Diaries of George Washington,
799:Bell, Herbert Charles.
502:Joncaire was replaced in 1754 by
480:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
453:, carried a letter from Governor
433:of the Virginia militia used the
391:had planned to build a fortified
192:6-100 French and Canadian marines
1530:
707:siege of the French Fort Niagara
425:Visit by George Washington, 1753
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819:Fort Machault Historical Marker
580:Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie
504:Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie
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280:in 1754 near the confluence of
179:Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie
1859:Colonial forts in Pennsylvania
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437:to reach Fort Machault during
331:
203:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
1:
1869:Portages in the United States
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737:Archaeological investigations
31:Venango County, Pennsylvania
7:
1864:French and Indian War forts
1522:Battle of the Great Meadows
1452:Franklin Silver Cornet Band
1432:DeBence Antique Music World
1019:O'Meara, Walter.
725:In 1760, the British built
605:
231:French Forts, 1753 and 1754
10:
1905:
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497:Governor General Vaudreuil
371:In 1753, Governor General
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276:) was a fort built by the
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1552:Battle of the Monongahela
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1517:Battle of Jumonville Glen
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1457:Venango Regional Airport
1296:Cornplanter State Forest
1291:Clear Creek State Forest
1120:Cushing, Thomas (1889).
974:Charles Augustus Hanna,
937:Hunter, William Albert.
659:Assault on Fort Machault
621:Christian Frederick Post
429:In December 1753, Major
1635:Battle of Fort Ligonier
1630:Battle of Fort Duquesne
1614:Bloody Springs massacre
1588:Battle of Sideling Hill
1204:Albert, George Dallas.
395:and trading post named
389:Paul Marin de la Malgue
1105:Stotz, Charles Morse.
1062:Pennsylvania Archives,
869:Gallay, Allan (2015).
847:George Dallas Albert,
756:Franklin, Pennsylvania
731:Franklin, Pennsylvania
512:Minister of the Marine
232:
35:Franklin, Pennsylvania
1854:Forts in Pennsylvania
1833:Heinrich Zeller House
1723:Fort Juniata Crossing
1593:Kittanning Expedition
1572:Gnadenhütten massacre
1557:Penn's Creek massacre
1503:French and Indian War
1375:Wamsutta Oil Refinery
1001:William John Eccles,
744:French and Indian War
720:Colonel Henry Bouquet
387:village. Originally,
365:Further information:
230:
158:French and Indian War
109:41.39778°N 79.83139°W
1609:Hochstetler massacre
1442:Oil Creek State Park
1396:Joy Mining Machinery
526:Attempted rebuilding
164:Garrison information
1562:Great Cove massacre
1547:Braddock Expedition
1362:Pontiac's Rebellion
1060:Samuel Hazard, ed.
979:Putnam's sons, 1911
642:flat-bottomed boats
537:Braddock Expedition
518:) village. Captain
114:41.39778; -79.83139
105: /
1798:Fort Prince George
1352:Petroleum industry
1138:"Franklin History"
1021:Guns at the Forks.
1003:France in America,
575:Enseigne en second
350:gunpowder magazine
233:
1841:
1840:
1803:Redstone Old Fort
1793:Fort Presque Isle
1645:Forbes Expedition
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1437:Drake Well Museum
693:Abandonment, 1759
600:prisoner exchange
431:George Washington
310:Fort Presque Isle
225:
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1896:
1640:Treaty of Easton
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1347:McClintocksville
1301:East Sandy Creek
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443:Christopher Gist
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879:. p. 409.
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758:in 1969 by the
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1823:Fort Venango
1818:Fort Swatara
1813:Fort Shirley
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1748:Fort Loudoun
1738:Light's Fort
1728:Fort Lebanon
1703:Fort Halifax
1688:Fort Deshler
1673:Fort Bedford
1668:Fort Augusta
1499:Pennsylvania
1406:Quaker State
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1342:Fort Venango
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1327:Drake's Well
1306:French Creek
1272:Pennsylvania
1266:Features of
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435:Venango Path
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326:Fort Venango
306:Ohio Country
294:Venango Path
282:French Creek
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154:Battles/wars
133:Site history
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1768:Fort McCord
1763:Fort Manada
1713:Fort Hunter
1678:Fort Bigham
1501:during the
1415:Attractions
638:Hugh Mercer
625:Pisquetomen
596:Swivel Guns
592:Wall-Pieces
584:pallisadoed
409:John Fraser
332:Description
146:In use
112: /
88:Coordinates
1848:Categories
1708:Fort Henry
1683:Fort Depuy
1663:Fort Allen
766:References
570:Fort Henry
393:blockhouse
302:Ohio River
210:Designated
171:commanders
100:79°49′53″W
97:41°23′52″N
1788:Fort Pitt
1422:Applefest
1311:Oil Creek
1279:Geography
877:Routledge
703:Canadiens
418:Custaloga
413:fur trade
314:Lake Erie
298:Lake Erie
284:with the
149:1754–1759
1654:Frontier
1401:Pennzoil
1389:Industry
647:batteaux
606:Garrison
467:the Ohio
447:Guyasuta
346:polygons
342:bastions
290:Franklin
189:Garrison
1369:Venango
1357:Pithole
1320:History
1198:Sources
650:, "and
644:called
381:Venango
356:History
338:curtain
300:to the
269:French:
1147:May 2,
883:
715:spiked
687:Lenape
613:Seneca
588:Glacis
516:Lenape
385:Lenape
278:French
1656:Forts
977:Path,
594:, or
296:from
138:Built
33:near
1623:1758
1602:1757
1581:1756
1540:1755
1510:1754
1367:USS
1149:2024
881:ISBN
449:and
383:, a
312:(at
213:1969
169:Past
141:1754
125:Type
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263:/
260:l
254:ʃ
251:ˈ
245:m
242:/
238:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
