666:. The warriors were supplied by British weapons obtained in Pensacola, as the Spanish had allowed the British to land there. Jackson felt the Spanish authorities did not have proper control over these "hostiles", so he planned to capture Pensacola and establish American rule over the city to prevent further attacks by Red Sticks. In preparation for an assault on Pensacola, Jackson ordered artillery secretly moved to Fort Montgomery under a Colonel Sands. The artillery from Fort Montgomery and soldiers from Fort Crawford met Jackson at a rendezvous point near the
573:), allied Creek, and Tennessee volunteers to search for any remaining Red Sticks. Due to wet roads, Blue's force was unable to use wagons to transport supplies and was forced to use pack horses to navigate the muddy terrain. Blue remained in the field for one month with only 20 days of rations, attacking at least one camp and sending back any captured men, women, or children to Fort Montgomery. Blue returned to Fort Montgomery on January 9, 1815, and sometime after his arrival, Fort Montgomery became the headquarters for the newly organized
51:
81:
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58:
502:, to evict the Red Sticks from his territory and to stop harboring British soldiers in Pensacola. González Manrique remained silent on his decision, which led to Jackson invading Pensacola without any direct order in the Battle of Pensacola. Jackson's force of 4,100 men consisted of militia and 2,000 volunteers, supplemented by 520 regulars and 750 Choctaw and Chickasaw warriors.
546:, 3rd Infantry, companies of the 24th and 39th Infantries, 2,500 soldiers from Georgia, and 2,000 from East Tennessee. It was originally planned for this combined force to search West Florida for Red Sticks and provide reinforcements to Jackson at New Orleans. After the Battle of Pensacola, Crockett and some volunteers under the command of
708:
In addition to United States Army soldiers, the 3rd and 4th
Regiment of East Tennessee Militia, 2nd Regiment West Tennessee Militia, East Tennessee Mounted Gunmen, Separate Battalion of Volunteer Mounted Gunmen, and Separate Battalion of West Tennessee Militia were all stationed at Fort Montgomery at
506:
was among the volunteers from
Tennessee who arrived at Fort Montgomery to participate in the attack on Pensacola. After the Battle of Pensacola, Jackson returned to Fort Montgomery, then subsequently traveled to Mobile prior to the Battle of New Orleans. After returning to Fort Montgomery, Crockett
309:(not initially involved), and various Native American tribes. The war began after increasing tensions caused by territorial expansion of the United States led to the United Kingdom increasing trade restrictions. It initially took place in the northeastern part of the United States and southeastern
346:
and
Spanish West Florida. Spies had reported back to Jackson of the presence of British troops in Pensacola and of the fact that Red Sticks were being armed by the British in their continued fight against the United States. Jackson then planned an invasion of Pensacola to prevent the supplying of
320:
The Creek War began in 1813 after two rival factions of the Creek tribe fought over various issues, including the creation of a centralized Creek government. Supporters of the Creek national government were accepting of the "civilization" efforts of the young
American government, including
639:
to Fort
Montgomery. By October of the same year, troops were being transferred back to Fort Scott from Fort Montgomery. In the latter part of 1817, Fort Montgomery became part of the 8th Military District and was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel
739:. No definitive identification of fort walls has been made, but multiple military artifacts have been recovered. A large number of buttons were discovered during the investigation, likely due to the reorganization of Army units in March 1815.
275:
warriors on encroaching
American settlers and in preparation for further military action in the War of 1812. Fort Montgomery continued to be used for military purposes but in less than a decade was abandoned. Nothing exists at the site today.
577:. At this time, 421 soldiers were stationed at Fort Montgomery. The original fort was then demolished and the site also became known as Camp Montgomery. Barracks were built of round logs and a hospital was constructed under the direction of
333:
and his calls for the resistance to expansion of
American settlers on Native American land. The United States became involved in the Creek War in hopes of preventing the Red Sticks from allying themselves with the United Kingdom.
543:
701:
settlers captured and killed five Red Stick warriors who were being transported on the
Federal Road from Fort Claiborne to Fort Montgomery. This attack caused other Creeks who remained in the area to flee their homes.
678:
commanded
Tennessee Volunteers back to Fort Montgomery, taking with them arms and weapons captured in Pensacola. After the occupation of Pensacola, Jackson moved his headquarters to Fort Montgomery.
382:
After the Treaty of Fort
Jackson, Jackson sent a large force of troops to the southern portion of the Mississippi Territory to allow for greater protection of settlers in the area around the
604:
After the conclusion of the War of 1812, Red Stick warriors continued to join members of the Seminole tribe in attacking American settlers. In response to these attacks, Major General
1536:
655:
stopped at Fort Stoddert, then arrived at Fort Montgomery to meet with General Gaines. In November 1817, a minister, Aaron Booge, established a church and school at Fort Montgomery.
705:
The headquarters of the 8th Military District remained at Fort Montgomery until 1818, after which they were moved two miles northeast on the Federal Road to Cantonment Montpelier.
1582:
728:
A community known as Montgomery or Montgomery Hill developed around the site of Fort Montgomery. A post office operated under the name Fort Montgomery from 1816 to 1818.
569:. Jackson planned to reinforce Blue's command with soldiers from Georgia, but these reinforcements never arrived. Blue led 1,000 Choctaw, Chickasaw (under the command of
1171:
662:, Jackson reported settlers near Fort Montgomery had been fortifying their homes after receiving news of attacks by Red Sticks on citizens near Fort Claiborne and the
731:
Nothing remains at the site of Fort Montgomery today. Relic hunters have destroyed some of the contemporary site. Archaeological investigations have been led by
1592:
498:
to Fort Montgomery to organize troops in preparation for an assault on Pensacola, where the British had fled. Jackson demanded the Governor of West Florida,
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390:
and to prepare for further military action in the War of 1812. A section of this force came down the Alabama River and a separate group marched down the
370:
tribe. In response to Seminole retaliatory attacks on American settlers, Jackson then led an invasion of Spanish Florida in what became known as the
561:
On December 8, 1814, Major Uriah Blue was commanded to lead troops in hunting down any remaining Red Stick warriors who remained in the area of the
459:
406:
began construction of a new fort on Holmes Hill (a high sand hill that was chosen due to the fact it had multiple surrounding freshwater
624:, unless they paid duties to the Kingdom of Spain. In response, Fort Crawford was supplied by regular excursions from Fort Montgomery.
442:, and 44th Infantry. Typical of other contemporary stockades, Fort Montgomery was built in a star shape, had 14-foot high log walls, a
435:
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115:
426:. The fort was constructed to serve as a supply base for Jackson's further military action in the War of 1812 and was named for
80:
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670:. This combined force then marched on Pensacola and occupied it on May 24 without resistance after the Spanish surrendered
658:
After the First Seminole War began, Red Stick warriors continued to gather near Pensacola. In a letter to Secretary of War
439:
1259:
50:
620:. Regular supply ships to Fort Crawford were not allowed up the Conecuh River by the Spanish governor of West Florida,
578:
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20:
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Jackson continued to keep troops at Fort Montgomery to protect against any possible movement by the British on
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to Fort Montgomery, along with soldiers from General Nathaniel Taylor's Brigade (which was also stationed at
1549:
Waselkov, Gregory (2012). "Chapter 8: Fort Jackson and the Aftermath". In Braund, Kathryn E. Holland (ed.).
325:, opposed a centralized Creek government. The Red Sticks were further emboldened by the recent visit of the
671:
566:
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The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and allied Native Americans (including members of the
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signaled the end of the War of 1812. Some of the Red Sticks fled into Florida and allied themselves with
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While Fort Montgomery was under construction, Coffee camped with 2,800 men on the western side of the
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participated in the search for remaining Red Sticks north of Pensacola. The volunteers then reached
1444:
1398:
A History of the War Department of the United States, with Biographical Sketches of the Secretaries
588:
that would cut off his supply line to New Orleans, to prevent possible British excursions against
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commanded Army soldiers, militia, and allied Native Americans against the Red Sticks. After the
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Following the Battle of Pensacola, Jackson was concerned Red Stick warriors would flee to the
652:
551:
491:
355:
260:
827:
1495:"Investigations Relative to the 19th Century Tensaw Military Frontier in Southwest Alabama"
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placed on top of the blockhouse. After construction was completed, the headquarters of the
427:
314:
342:
the Creek War essentially concluded, but sporadic fighting continued in the area north of
8:
1518:
History of Alabama, and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, from the Earliest Period
693:'s 1818 map showing Fort Montgomery (located in the center) and other contemporary forts.
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407:
487:
1554:
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530:), Colonel Philip Pipkin's 1st Regiment West Tennessee Militia, a battalion of Major
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313:, but eventually came to include conflicts in the southeastern United States and
35:
1543:
Submitted by the Center for Archaeological Studies University of South Alabama.
1541:(Technical report). Montgomery, Alabama: Alabama Department of Transportation.
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667:
562:
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363:
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1571:
663:
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271:. The fort was built by the United States military in response to attacks by
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474:
450:. The blockhouse was three stories tall and covered with hard logs and
447:
434:. Fort Montgomery was built over the next two months by members of the
322:
1172:"Jackson launched controversial First Seminole War in Florida in 1818"
846:
1314:
Arrow Points: Monthly Bulletin of the Alabama Anthropological Society
718:
294:
264:
226:
1416:. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
1035:
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19:
This article is about the fort in Alabama. For other locations, see
899:
897:
451:
419:
367:
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252:
1467:. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.
596:, and to keep any remaining British troops at Pensacola in check.
507:
and other volunteers killed cattle that had become wild after the
1030:
535:
326:
290:
1222:"Regimental Histories of Tennessee Units During the War of 1812"
894:
748:
612:
to set out from Fort Montgomery and establish a new post on the
1325:
Braund, Kathryn; Waselkov, Gregory; Christopher, Raven (2019).
478:
Jackson and his soldiers entering Pensacola on November 6, 1814
310:
522:
and sever his supply line. Jackson ordered Brigadier General
354:
After the close of the Creek War, Jackson defeated a British
306:
1189:
1124:
1100:
1088:
443:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1324:
1153:
1151:
979:
977:
861:
1551:
Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War & the War of 1812
1538:
Archaeological Survey of the Old Federal Road in Alabama
867:
1371:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company.
1112:
1018:
1001:
964:
962:
960:
884:
882:
402:. In August 1814, a detachment of troops under Colonel
1464:
History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography
1201:
1148:
1136:
1045:
989:
974:
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921:
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subsistence farming. The rival faction, known as the
1553:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
1380:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
1350:. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
1329:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
1286:
1274:
1240:
957:
879:
644:
Command was later handed over to Lieutenant Colonel
1583:
Buildings and structures in Baldwin County, Alabama
1534:
1039:
903:
760:
754:
1453:. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton.
1520:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: Willo Publishing Company.
1569:
1425:. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair.
1535:Waselkov, Gregory; Christopher, Raven (2012).
430:, a friend of Jackson's who was killed at the
592:, to provide reinforcements to any attack on
1593:1814 establishments in Mississippi Territory
1439:
1195:
1130:
1106:
1094:
1613:Military installations established in 1814
1478:. Gainesville, Florida: Library Press@UF.
1368:Quaint and Historic Forts of North America
1343:
873:
1394:
1118:
1064:
1062:
1060:
255:fort built in August 1814 in present-day
1548:
1071:"A Documentary History of Fort Crawford"
1024:
685:
473:
1512:
1405:
1364:
1307:
1207:
1169:
1157:
1142:
1051:
995:
983:
939:
927:
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862:Braund, Waselkov & Christopher 2019
681:
542:. These were further reinforced by the
454:. In addition, it was defended by four
87:
57:
1570:
1492:
1471:
1401:. Washington, D. C.: Francis B. Mohun.
1375:
1292:
1280:
1057:
1012:
951:
766:
486:, near the Alabama Cut-Off. After the
16:United States historic site in Alabama
1420:
1170:Peeples, Vernon (December 12, 2002).
968:
721:that traveled from Fort Claiborne to
651:In May 1817, an advance party of the
599:
410:), near the present-day community of
1457:
1246:
1226:Tennessee State Library and Archives
490:, Jackson (who was headquartered at
1472:Owsley, Frank Lawrence Jr. (2008).
13:
1068:
803:
358:and the subsequent signing of the
14:
1624:
1475:Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands
1423:In the Footsteps of Davy Crockett
1219:
733:Jefferson Davis Community College
717:Fort Montgomery was located on a
518:, join the British, then capture
1578:Pre-statehood history of Alabama
1413:Correspondence of Andrew Jackson
86:
79:
56:
49:
1327:The Old Federal Road in Alabama
1252:
1213:
1163:
1040:Waselkov & Christopher 2012
904:Waselkov & Christopher 2012
755:Waselkov & Christopher 2012
616:, which was subsequently named
414:. They were also joined by the
398:, who was serving as Jackson's
377:
267:, which was part of the larger
1347:American Military Leaders: A–L
820:
797:
772:
516:British Post at Prospect Bluff
469:
1:
1365:Hammond, John Martin (1915).
834:. University of South Florida
808:. Alabama Humanities Alliance
742:
737:Alabama Historical Commission
394:under the command of General
284:
100:Show map of the United States
1344:Fredriksen, John C. (1999).
672:Fort San Carlos de Barrancas
347:weapons, culminating in the
301:, and Creek tribes) and the
7:
10:
1629:
1376:Harris, W. Stuart (1977).
1308:Brannon, Peter A. (1924).
1301:
1262:. Jim Forte Postal History
712:
279:
18:
1445:Clarke, Matthew St. Clair
1395:Ingersoll, L. D. (1879).
214:
206:
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185:
175:
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159:
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109:
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33:
28:
1406:Jackson, Andrew (1927).
1196:Lowrie & Clarke 1832
1131:Lowrie & Clarke 1832
1107:Lowrie & Clarke 1832
1095:Lowrie & Clarke 1832
806:"Creek War of 1813-1814"
432:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
1421:Jones, Randell (2006).
1176:Sarasota Herald-Tribune
784:USS Constitution Museum
500:Mateo González Manrique
257:Baldwin County, Alabama
780:"War of 1812 Overview"
694:
627:In February 1817, the
479:
424:William Orlando Butler
416:44th Infantry Regiment
340:Treaty of Fort Jackson
1514:Pickett, Albert James
1450:American State Papers
1408:Bassett, John Spencer
1378:Dead Towns of Alabama
689:
653:Vine and Olive Colony
631:was transferred from
629:4th Infantry Regiment
488:Battle of Fort Bowyer
477:
460:7th Military District
422:under the command of
356:attack on New Orleans
261:Mississippi Territory
131:31.15556°N 87.80889°W
38:in United States
1493:Parker, Jim (2012).
1459:Owen, Thomas McAdory
1228:. State of Tennessee
1075:City of East Brewton
735:with funding by the
682:Further military use
642:Matthew Arbuckle Jr.
466:to Fort Montgomery.
428:Lemuel P. Montgomery
315:Spanish West Florida
828:"The Seminole Wars"
674:. Adjutant General
554:before marching to
538:, and militia from
462:was relocated from
366:and members of the
349:Battle of Pensacola
231:Battle of Pensacola
136:31.15556; -87.80889
127: /
70:Show map of Alabama
695:
646:William A. Trimble
600:First Seminole War
509:Fort Mims massacre
480:
404:Thomas Hart Benton
372:First Seminole War
238:First Seminole War
202:United States Army
168:Controlled by
1598:War of 1812 forts
1560:978-0-8173-5711-5
1527:978-1-363-31084-5
1485:978-1-947372-34-4
1432:978-0-89587-324-8
1336:978-0-8173-5930-0
1310:"Montgomery Hill"
1015:, pp. 174–5.
832:Exploring Florida
804:Braund, Kathryn.
699:Alabama Territory
246:
245:
1620:
1588:Forts in Alabama
1564:
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723:Blakely, Alabama
606:Edmund P. Gaines
524:James Winchester
494:), sent Colonel
418:, who came from
155:Site information
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1502:Escambia Echoes
1497:
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1447:, eds. (1832).
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874:Fredriksen 1999
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709:various times.
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660:John C. Calhoun
610:David E. Twiggs
602:
571:William Colbert
548:William Russell
496:Arthur P. Hayne
484:Tombigbee River
472:
380:
360:Treaty of Ghent
287:
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249:Fort Montgomery
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178:the public
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36:Tensaw, Alabama
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1119:Ingersoll 1879
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908:
906:, pp. 87.
893:
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769:, pp. 46.
759:
757:, pp. 77.
746:
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697:In July 1818,
683:
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668:Escambia River
608:ordered Major
601:
598:
534:' Mississippi
528:Fort Claiborne
471:
468:
456:6-pounder guns
400:chief of staff
379:
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364:runaway slaves
336:Andrew Jackson
303:United Kingdom
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1608:Seminole Wars
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1387:0-8173-1125-4
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1025:Waselkov 2012
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676:Robert Butler
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664:Sepulga River
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618:Fort Crawford
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614:Conecuh River
611:
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579:Thomas Lawson
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567:Yellow Rivers
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504:Davy Crockett
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464:Fort Stoddert
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440:39th Infantry
437:
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388:Alabama River
386:and southern
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199:Built by
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150:Stockade fort
149:
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37:
32:
27:
22:
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1422:
1412:
1397:
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1367:
1346:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1288:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:"Lee County"
1254:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1225:
1220:Kanon, Tom.
1215:
1208:Jackson 1927
1203:
1191:
1181:February 11,
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1165:
1158:Jackson 1927
1143:Pickett 1878
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:
1052:Jackson 1927
1047:
1020:
996:Jackson 1927
991:
984:Pickett 1878
947:
940:Hammond 1915
935:
928:Pickett 1878
923:
916:Jackson 1927
911:
889:Brannon 1924
869:
836:. Retrieved
831:
822:
810:. Retrieved
799:
787:. Retrieved
783:
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716:
707:
704:
696:
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650:
637:Fort Gadsden
626:
603:
583:
575:7th Infantry
560:
556:Fort Decatur
552:Apalachicola
544:2nd Infantry
540:Fort Madison
532:Thomas Hinds
520:Fort Jackson
513:
481:
436:3rd Infantry
392:Federal Road
384:Mobile River
381:
378:Construction
353:
319:
288:
248:
247:
215:Battles/wars
186:Site history
176:Open to
1293:Parker 2012
1281:Parker 2012
1266:January 20,
1232:January 20,
1080:January 21,
1013:Owsley 2008
952:Owsley 2008
838:February 5,
812:February 4,
789:February 4,
767:Harris 1977
691:John Melish
594:Fort Bowyer
492:Fort Pierce
470:War of 1812
396:John Coffee
269:War of 1812
222:War of 1812
207:In use
194:August 1814
134: /
110:Coordinates
1572:Categories
969:Jones 2006
743:References
633:Fort Scott
622:José Masot
586:Pascagoula
448:blockhouse
323:Red Sticks
285:Background
122:87°48′32″W
119:31°09′20″N
1603:Creek War
1247:Owen 1921
719:post road
295:Chickasaw
265:Creek War
227:Creek War
210:1814–1818
1516:(1878).
1461:(1921).
563:Escambia
536:Dragoons
452:pine tar
446:, and a
420:Kentucky
368:Seminole
331:Tecumseh
329:warrior
299:Cherokee
253:stockade
1410:(ed.).
1302:Sources
713:Postwar
408:springs
327:Shawnee
291:Choctaw
280:History
171:Private
163:Private
1557:
1524:
1482:
1429:
1384:
1354:
1333:
590:Mobile
412:Tensaw
344:Mobile
311:Canada
259:(then
251:was a
1498:(PDF)
307:Spain
273:Creek
191:Built
160:Owner
1555:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1508:(6).
1480:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1320:(5).
1268:2023
1234:2023
1183:2023
1082:2023
840:2023
814:2023
791:2023
635:and
565:and
444:moat
147:Type
1574::
1506:39
1504:.
1500:.
1443:;
1316:.
1312:.
1224:.
1174:.
1150:^
1073:.
1059:^
1032:^
1003:^
976:^
959:^
896:^
881:^
848:^
830:.
782:.
725:.
648:.
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558:.
511:.
438:,
374:.
351:.
317:.
305:,
297:,
293:,
229:,
181:No
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1390:.
1360:.
1339:.
1318:8
1270:.
1236:.
1185:.
1084:.
842:.
816:.
793:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
