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1564:. The arrested were accused of attempting to re-establish a North Korean-backed radical socialist organization known as the People's Revolutionary Party, for which eight people were arrested for founding in August 1965 under South Korea's anti-communism laws. Similar to the original incident, the majority of the arrested were acquitted, with 253 of them imprisoned. On April 9, the
1639:. In response, Chun tightened martial law and violently suppressed protests with troops, with around 200-600 people estimated to have died in the unrest. Although the Gwangju Uprising was successfully suppressed, it consolidated the momentum of nationwide support for democracy in South Korea. In August, Choi resigned and Chun was elected President in the
1695:. Therefore, South Korea viewed the development of heavy industries as necessary for survival against potential North Korean aggression and set out to build an industrial infrastructure that could support a modernized military. Park decided to channel the economic development capabilities of the state into the development of several key industries:
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1484:. Only one concession was given to the National Assembly, the ability to remove the State Council by a vote of no confidence. Even this was a dead letter, as the President could not only dissolve the National Assembly at will, but also had the right to appoint one-third of its members, effectively guaranteeing a
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from the industrial working class and student protests against Park became increasingly frequent due to his undelivered promises of democratization, and are believed to have contributed to his assassination in 1979. Environmental damage and industrial accidents caused serious health issues, with one
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The People's
Revolutionary Party Incident received attention outside of South Korea and spawned significant negative press for Park's regime. Internally, knowledge about the incident was limited to first-hand experience and information from foreign newspapers shared secretly through universities and
1523:
Kim Dae-jung was involved in a car accident shortly after the 1971 presidential election which left him with a permanent hip joint injury. Kim believed the accident was a failed assassination attempt from Park, fleeing to Japan for his safety and forming the dissident South Korean democracy movement
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sentenced eight of the arrested to death: Do Ye-jong, Yeo Jeong-nam, Kim Yong-won, Lee Sub-yeong, Ha Jae-wan, Seo Do-won, Song Sang-jin, and Woo Hong-seon. All eight were executed only 18 hours after the announcement of the death penalty. Do Ye-jong was one of the original eight people arrested in
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Park's popularity began to decline in the early 1970s, and he faced growing domestic opposition from both the public and rival politicians. The 1971 presidential election showed that the New
Democratic Party achieved significant electoral gains against the Democratic Republican Party, rising from
1810:
In 1975, Park ordered the homeless to be removed from the streets of Seoul, and thousands of people were arrested by the police and sent to thirty-six camps. The detainees were then used as slave labor by the authorities and subjected to degrading treatment with many dying under torture.
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the same day to lead a Joint
Investigation Headquarters. On 27 October, Chun unilaterally assumed control of the KCIA and the government intelligence apparatus. On 6 December, the National Council for Unification confirmed Choi Kyu-hah as President according to the framework of the Yusin
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s main advertisers to withdraw, and the company relied on small advertisers until it was eventually pressured by the government into ending its protest campaign seven months later. The incident resulted in employees being dismissed, many of whom co-founded the popular newspaper
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churches due to the country's strict censorship laws. Most people viewed the People's
Revolutionary Party as a farce for Park to suppress democracy activists rather than communists, and news of the incident spread and emboldened the democratization movement at home and abroad.
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Increased oil prices set by oil-rich Middle
Eastern countries put pressure on the economic development of South Korea's heavy industry, but South Korean construction companies became highly active in the Middle East and saw an influx of foreign currency from these countries.
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Park now argued that
Western-style liberal democracy was not suitable for South Korea because of its still-developing economy. Instead, he argued that "Korean-style democracy" with a strong, unchallenged presidency was the only way to keep the country stable.
1488:. For all intents and purposes, the Yusin Constitution codified the emergency powers Park had exercised since the previous December, effectively turning his presidency into a legal dictatorship. The new document sparked widespread but ineffective protests.
1647:, which was effectively a re-branding of Park's Democratic Republican Party that ruled South Korea since 1963. Chun enacted a new constitution less authoritarian than Park's Yusin Constitution, but that still gave fairly broad powers to the president.
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whose delegates were elected by the public. The requirements for presidential candidacy, however, were so stringent that only one candidate could be on the conference's ballot. He was vested with broad powers to suspend constitutional freedoms and
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from 1966 to 1969, which caused the South Korean leadership to fear it lacked the self-sufficiency to defend itself from North Korea without significant assistance from the United States. In the late 1960s, increasing
American involvement in the
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had a long history of defying and protesting the authoritarian governments in Korea, and had been in dispute with Park since he led the
Supreme Council of National Reconstruction. The Korean Central Intelligence Agency began to force
1510:
The Fourth
Republic witnessed greater instability as Park's popularity, and tolerance of his increasingly naked autocracy, declined steadily during the 1970s. The Yushin Constitution allowed Park to legally and more openly violate
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The Yushin
Constitution was a severely authoritarian document, marked by the sweeping executive and legislative powers granted to the president. His term was extended to six years, with no limits on re-election. The president was
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32.7% of the vote in 1968 to 44.4%. Public dissatisfaction with Park's authoritarian rule increased as the rapid economic growth of the 1960s began to slow down. Additionally, Park became anxious about changes in
1295:. The legitimacy of Park's government depended on staunch anti-communism, and any moderation of that policy from South Korea's allies threatened the very basis of his rule. In December 1971, Park declared a
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with an implausible 92.3% of the vote with a turnout of 91.9% and came into force, dissolving the Third Republic and establishing the Fourth Republic of Korea. Park was re-elected as president for a
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since 1975, assuming power as acting president but was almost immediately marginalized by competing factions in the military. After the declaration of martial law following Park's death, General
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was the allusion to the "imperial" role which scholars have seen attached to the presidency under the Yusin Constitution, which effectively concentrated all governing power in Park's hands.
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were killed by Kim and other KCIA agents for unknown reasons. The death of Park after 18-years of dictatorial rule caused immediate political turmoil in South Korea. Park was succeeded by
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to develop these industries. The Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive, which successfully developed heavy industry in South Korea, came at the cost of severe political and social repercussions.
1624:, forcibly arresting and detaining General Jeong. By this point Choi had lost any meaningful authority in government, and in early 1980 Chun installed himself as Director of the KCIA.
1259:. In reality, it was a continuation of Park's military dictatorship, as the government was predominantly members of the Supreme Council, and the National Assembly was dominated by his
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would make South Korea vulnerable to North Korea, which had amassed an enormous army, and an industrial establishment almost wholly devoted to the supply it, on the other side of the
1515:, particularly to suppress his mounting opposition, but this exacerbated resistance to his regime. Park repeatedly promised a transition to full democracy, but few believed him.
1852:. Harvard University Press, p. 27. However, it is argued in the book that the Yushin Constitution merely formalised rather than directly established the "imperial presidency".
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backing from the United States. The South Korean government began to establish diplomatic relations with many countries, such as Canada. In addition, the first round of
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by the National Council, running unopposed and winning 99.37% of the vote. In October, Chun abolished all political parties and established his own, the
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1631:, establishing a military dictatorship under the National Council for Reunification and dissolving the National Assembly, and the following day the
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in South Korea, and its subsidiaries began to release media with empty advertisement slots in protest against Park's strict censorship laws.
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began pursuit and fired an illuminating shell at the boat just when the kidnappers brought Kim on the deck. Kim was subsequently released in
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The Fourth Republic was dissolved on 3 March 1981 when Chun was formally inaugurated as President after being re-elected in the
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A variety of events in international diplomacy led the Park regime to reconsider its diplomatic position. Notable were the
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across the country, and commissioning work on a brand new constitution. Park had drawn inspiration for his self-coup from
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of U.S. diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which cast doubt on South Korea's ability to count on
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to restore the civilian government. In 1963, Park abdicated from his military position to run as a civilian in the
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in May 1980, establishing a military dictatorship under the National Council for Reunification and dissolving the
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1196:. The Fourth Republic was dissolved on the adoption of a new constitution in March 1981 and replaced with the
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talks were held between South Korea and North Korea. Park also announced plans for eventual reunification.
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on 26 October 1979. The Fourth Republic entered a period of political instability under Park's successor,
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was inaugurated two months later in December and presented as a return to civilian government under the
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government that prioritized the economic development of South Korea, but faced strong pressure from the
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and began the country's rise into a world power in the late 19th century. The significance of the term
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by throwing him overboard en route to Korea. However, they were forced to abandon this plan as the
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The Fourth Republic saw continued dramatic economic growth. The Park government shifted away from
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resurfaced when 1024 individuals were arrested by the KCIA without a warrant under the
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dictator of South Korea since July 1961, coming to power two months after leading the
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in Japan after the enactment of the Yushin Constitution in 1972. On 8 August 1973,
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led the South Korean leadership to believe the transfer of enough troops from the
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The Fourth Republic was founded on the approval of the Yushin Constitution in the
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1599:(KCIA) and the president's security chief. Park, four of his bodyguards, and his
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politics, especially the United States' policy towards communism under President
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at a meeting of the Democratic Unification Party at the Hotel Grand Palace in
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acted as the government's chief administrator and appointed Major General
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1536:. According to Kim, his kidnappers probably intended to drown him in the
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ruled under the centralized and authoritarian Yushin System until the
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On 26 October 1979, Park was assassinated in a safehouse inside the
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1299:"based on the dangerous realities of the international situation".
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On 21 November 1972, the Yushin Constitution was approved in the
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declared after Park's death. Choi was unofficially overthrown by
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1850:
The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea
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in December 1979, and began the armed suppression of the
1904:"S. Korea covered up mass abuse, killings of 'vagrants'"
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1674:. The heavy industry shift was primarily driven by the
1620:
Constitution, but six days later, Chun spearheaded the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1848:E.g., Kim, B.-K. & Vogel, E. F. (eds.) (2011)
1192:, and was elected president by the council in the
1926:
1902:Tong-Hyung, Kim; Klug, Foster (April 19, 2016).
1753:near Busan began commercial operation in 1978.
1577:Assassination of Park Chung Hee and dissolution
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1307:On 10 October 1972, Park Chung Hee launched a
1133: "Fourth Republic") was the government of
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1935:States and territories disestablished in 1981
1871:(in Korean). 14 November 2018. Archived from
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1497:1972 South Korean constitutional referendum
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739:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
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1230:Supreme Council of National Reconstruction
1228:. Park and his supporters established the
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Government of South Korea from 1972–1981
1184:against martial law. Chun launched the
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1975:1981 disestablishments in South Korea
1558:People's Revolutionary Party Incident
1552:People's Revolutionary Party Incident
1148:dictatorial powers held by President
1137:from November 1972 to February 1981.
1247:, defeating the incumbent President
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1652:February 1981 presidential election
1473:National Conference for Unification
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1970:1972 establishments in South Korea
1906:. Associated Press. Archived from
1597:Korean Central Intelligence Agency
1524:there. Kim entered a self-imposed
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1955:Political history of South Korea
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1627:In May 1980, Chun launched the
1622:coup d'état of December Twelfth
1583:Assassination of Park Chung Hee
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458:• Disestablished
1787:, one of the largest
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1168:, and the escalating
1162:assassination of Park
1152:, and succeeding the
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1965:1980s in South Korea
1960:1970s in South Korea
1715:. Park enlisted the
1635:began in protest in
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1277:New Democratic Party
1224:which overthrew the
709:Yun Posun government
593:Preludes to Division
43:improve this article
1910:on January 24, 2017
1831:October Restoration
1676:Korean DMZ Conflict
1556:In April 1975, the
1501:fourth term in 1972
1418:Yushin Constitution
1339:Yushin Constitution
1331:Yushin Constitution
1313:October Restoration
777:Yushin Constitution
448:• Established
1892:Nohlen et al, p427
1781:In December 1974,
1505:fifth term in 1978
1469:indirectly elected
1297:state of emergency
988:2022–present
719:Chang Myon cabinet
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1530:Kim was kidnapped
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1303:Establishment
1300:
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1174:Chun Doo-hwan
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968:2013–17
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947:
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918:1993–98
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908:1988–93
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867:1981–87
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797:1972–81
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743:1961–63
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723:1960–61
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701:1960–63
700:
695:
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665:1950–53
664:
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627:1945–46
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617:1919–48
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607:1910–45
606:
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603:Japanese rule
601:
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595:1910–48
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546:Today part of
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475:South Korean
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347:Chun Doo-hwan
345:
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324:
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315:
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231:National seal
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102:
99:December 2009
91:
88:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1897:
1888:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1866:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1809:
1802:
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1792:
1782:
1780:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1716:
1709:shipbuilding
1665:
1649:
1626:
1605:Choi Kyu-hah
1586:
1571:
1555:
1538:Korea Strait
1522:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1471:through the
1465:
1460:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1408:Yusin Hŏnpŏp
1338:
1306:
1281:
1273:Kim Dae-jung
1217:
1212:
1166:Choi Kyu-hah
1145:
1139:
1106:
1104:
794:
494:Succeeded by
493:
488:
476:
413:Nam Duck-woo
389:Choi Kyu-hah
377:Kim Jong-pil
335:Choi Kyu-hah
229:
173:
165:Coat of arms
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1713:electronics
1681:Vietnam War
1593:Kim Jae-gyu
1450:Meiji-ishin
1317:martial law
1234:provisional
1222:May 16 coup
1170:martial law
1135:South Korea
1123::
1113::
893:1988–
825:May 17 coup
729:May 16 coup
574:South Korea
572:History of
550:South Korea
489:Preceded by
423:Legislature
1929:Categories
1879:2019-03-29
1837:References
1789:newspapers
1654:, and the
1589:Blue House
1209:Background
1038:Presidents
661:Korean War
283:Government
69:newspapers
1771:Red Cross
1689:Indochina
1601:chauffeur
1309:self-coup
1249:Yun Posun
1018:Education
304:President
292:under an
176: 애국가
138:1972–1981
1914:July 19,
1815:See also
1767:Cold War
1718:chaebols
1285:Cold War
1271:against
1218:de facto
1146:de facto
1033:Politics
1028:Military
1001:By topic
563:a series
561:Part of
471:Currency
437:Cold War
1777:Society
1727:capital
1662:Economy
1637:Gwangju
1569:1965.
1275:of the
1204:History
1176:in the
1013:Economy
1008:Culture
895:present
633:USAMGIK
287:Unitary
263:Capital
180:Aegukga
174:Anthem:
83:scholar
1711:, and
1607:, the
1503:and a
1461:Yushin
1430:;
1422:Yushin
1346:Hangul
1323:, the
1251:. The
1129:;
1119:;
1111:Korean
565:on the
362:
308:
277:Korean
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1740:Ulsan
1697:steel
1546:Busan
1534:Tokyo
1526:exile
1475:, an
1367:Hanja
1116:제4공화국
267:Seoul
90:JSTOR
76:books
1916:2019
1444:明治維新
1232:, a
1131:lit.
1105:The
1043:List
877:1987
839:1980
829:1980
819:1979
809:1979
781:1972
733:1961
713:1960
685:1960
237:"국새"
153:Flag
131:大韓民國
129:대한민국
62:news
1693:DMZ
1687:to
1354:유신
1291:'s
477:won
45:by
1931::
1865:.
1807:.
1742:.
1707:,
1699:,
1447:,
1433:維新
1427:유신
1420:.
1378:憲法
1375:維新
1357:헌법
1279:.
1200:.
1121:RR
1918:.
1882:.
1453:)
1441:(
1424:(
1109:(
1094:e
1087:t
1080:v
1046:)
1040:(
182:"
178:"
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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