Franz Joseph I of Austria

1497: 2370: 2278: 720: 13129: 9848: 3553: 3584: 9158: 1196: 1253: 1612: 1218: 11974: 985:) were based on the 12 points that established the fundaments of modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in the Kingdom of Hungary. The crucial turning point of the Hungarian events were the April laws which was ratified by his uncle King Ferdinand, however the new young Austrian monarch Francis Joseph arbitrarily "revoked" the laws without any legal competence. The monarchs had no right to revoke Hungarian parliamentary laws which were already signed. This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between the Hungarian parliament and Francis Joseph. The Austrian 12973: 1112: 2082: 8183: 3572: 1051:. If there was no possibility to inherit the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (since King Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch wanted to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, technically only one legal solution remained: the parliament had the power to dethrone the king and elect a new king. Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not grant Franz Joseph that favour. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, 2324: 2132: 2152: 12857: 1639: 415: 11983: 12801: 1939: 1064: 1425: 3599: 49: 1207: 8117: 705: 11991: 1131:, when Libényi approached him. He immediately struck the emperor from behind with a knife straight at the neck. Franz Joseph almost always wore a uniform, which had a high collar that almost completely enclosed the neck. The collars of uniforms at that time were made from very sturdy material, precisely to counter this kind of attack. Even though the Emperor was wounded and bleeding, the collar saved his life. Count O'Donnell struck Libényi down with his sabre. 4522: 1328: 932: 7035: 1726: 8055: 893:, an influential military commander in Bohemia, was determined to see the young archduke soon put on the throne. It was thought that a new ruler would not be bound by the oaths to respect constitutional government to which Ferdinand had been forced to agree, and that it was necessary to find a young, energetic emperor to replace the kindly but mentally unfit Ferdinand. 2032: 1697:, and that it would be absurd to exclude eight million Austrian Germans from an all-German nation state. The champions of a lesser Germany argued against the inclusion of Austria on the grounds that it was a multi-nation state, not a German one, and that its inclusion would bring millions of non-Germans into the German nation state. 1489:(who spent the rest of his life after his abdication in 1848 in Bohemia and especially in Prague), Franz Joseph was never crowned separately as king of Bohemia. In 1861, the negotiations failed because of unsolved constitutional problems. However, in 1866, a visit of the monarch to Prague following defeat at the 5329:

Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Majesty The Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty". The term

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The Compromise partially re-established the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. Instead, it was regarded as an equal partner with Austria. The compromise put an end to 18 years of absolutist rule and military dictatorship which had been

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The educators Heinrich Franz von Bombelles and Colonel Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg ordered Archduke Franz to study an enormous amount of time, which initially comprised 18 hours per week and was expanded to 50 hours per week by the age of 16. One of the main focuses of the lessons was language

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In certain areas, celebrations are still being held in remembrance of Franz Joseph's birthday. The Mitteleuropean People's Festival takes place every year around 18 August, and is a "spontaneous, traditional and brotherly meeting among peoples of the Central-European Countries". The event includes

2215:) to the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1896, after the deaths of his cousin Rudolf (in 1889) and his father Karl Ludwig (in 1896). The relationship between him and Franz Joseph had always been a fairly contentious one, which was further exacerbated when Franz Ferdinand announced his desire to marry 1519:

complained that the Czechs had not yet been compensated for their wartime losses and sufferings during the Austro-Prussian War, and had just seen their historic state rights tossed aside and their land subsumed into the "other" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, commonly called "Cisleithania".

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in order to promulgate laws there or exercise royal prerogatives in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. From a legal point of view, according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian king could not relinquish the Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alive and unable to do his

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would be reestablished. These events represented a clear and obvious existential threat for the Hungarian state. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the revocation of the April laws and the Austrian military campaign against Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifist

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By the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand and the renunciation of his father (the mild-mannered Franz Karl), Franz Joseph succeeded as Emperor of Austria at Olmütz on 2 December 1848. At this time, he first became known by his second as well as his first Christian name. The name "Franz Joseph" was

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of Dragoon Regiment No. 3 and the focus of his training shifted to imparting basic strategic and tactical knowledge. From that point onward, army style dictated his personal fashion—for the rest of his life, he normally wore the uniform of a military officer. Franz Joseph was soon joined by three

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Their marriage would eventually prove to be an unhappy one; though Franz Joseph was passionately in love with his wife, the feeling was not mutual. Elisabeth never truly acclimatized to life at court, and was frequently in conflict with the imperial family. Their first daughter Sophie died as an

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scheming to create a new German Federation under Prussian leadership, excluding Austria. After Schwarzenberg's premature death in 1852, he could not be replaced by statesmen of equal stature, and the emperor himself effectively took over as prime minister. He was one of the most prominent Roman

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The official title of the ruler of Austrian Empire and later the Austria-Hungary had been changed several times: by a patent from 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an imperial court ministry decree from 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter from 12 December 1867.

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The new Austrian constitution also went against the historical constitution of Hungary, and even tried to nullify it. Even the territorial integrity of the country was in danger: On 7 March 1849 an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the Emperor Francis Joseph, according to the new

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were the most important national languages of the monarchy. In addition, the archduke received general education that was customary at the time (including mathematics, physics, history, geography), which was later supplemented by law and political science. Various forms of physical education

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Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination:

1815: 439: 1814: 1813: 438: 437: 1014:'s followers in the Hungarian parliament, who demanded the full independence of Hungary. The Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the 1810: 1144:). Another witness who happened to be nearby, the butcher Joseph Ettenreich, swiftly overpowered Libényi. For his deed he was later elevated to the nobility by the emperor and became Joseph von Ettenreich. Libényi was subsequently put on trial and condemned to death for attempted 1030:

formally refused to acknowledge the title of the new king, "as without the knowledge and consent of the diet no one could sit on the Hungarian throne", and called the nation to arms. While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the monarch's reign

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Political difficulties in Austria mounted continuously through the late 19th century and into the 20th century. However, Franz Joseph remained immensely respected; the emperor's patriarchal authority held the Empire together while the politicians squabbled among themselves.

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If Greater Germany were to prevail, the crown would necessarily have to go to Franz Joseph, who had no desire to cede it in the first place to anyone else. On the other hand, if the idea of a smaller Germany won out, the German crown could of course not possibly go to the

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The empress was an inveterate traveller, horsewoman, and fashion maven who was rarely seen in Vienna. Sisi was obsessed about preserving her beauty, carrying out many bizarre routines and strenuous exercise, and as a result suffered from ill health. She was

873:. Called back from Italy, the archduke joined the rest of his family at Innsbruck by mid-June. It was here that Franz Joseph first met his cousin and eventual future bride, Elisabeth, then a girl of ten, but apparently the meeting made little impression. 1476:

and summoned the diets of his lands, the question of his coronation as king of Bohemia again returned to the agenda, as it had not since 1848. On 14 April 1861, Emperor Franz Joseph received a delegation from the Bohemian Diet with his words (in Czech):

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but did not specify a final disposition of the provinces. That omission was addressed in the Three Emperors' League agreement of 1881, when both Germany and Russia endorsed Austria-Hungary's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, by 1897, under a

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demanded compensation for the annexation, which the Austro-Hungarian government refused to entertain. The incident was not resolved until the revision of the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909, exacerbating tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs.

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Up to the age of seven, little "Franzi" was brought up in the care of the nanny ("Aja") Louise von Sturmfeder. Then the "state education" began, the central contents of which were "sense of duty", religiosity and dynastic awareness. The theologian

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that "It was pitiful to look at the Emperor, he showed a great deal of energy in his immense pain, but at times one could see all the immensity of his grief." Franz Joseph never fully recovered from the loss. According to the future empress

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Although the emperor received letters from members of the imperial family throughout the fall and winter of 1899 beseeching him to relent, Franz Joseph stood his ground. He finally gave his consent in 1900. However, the marriage was to be

1513:. In Bohemia, opposition to dualism took the form of isolated street demonstrations, resolutions from district representations, and even open air mass protest meetings, confined to the biggest cities, such as Prague. The Czech newspaper 2035: 1508:

In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian compromise and the introduction of the dual monarchy left the Czechs and their aristocracy without the recognition of separate Bohemian state rights for which they had hoped. Bohemia remained part of the

1896:, pursued this offer vigorously, resulting in the quid pro quo understanding with Izvolsky, reached on 16 September 1908 at the Buchlau Conference. However, Izvolsky made this agreement with Aehrenthal without the knowledge of Tsar 1071:

While the revolutions in the Austrian territories had been suppressed by 1849, in Hungary, the situation was more severe and Austrian defeat seemed imminent. Sensing a need to secure his right to rule, Franz Joseph sought help from

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introduced by Francis Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Franz Joseph was crowned King of Hungary on 8 June, and on 28 July he promulgated the laws that officially turned the Habsburg domains into the Dual Monarchy of

3539: 2124:("Sisi"), a beautiful girl of fifteen, and insisted on marrying her instead. Sophie acquiesced, despite her misgivings about Sisi's appropriateness as an imperial consort, and the young couple were married on 24 April 1854 in 1088:, and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutal 1535:

in 1871, the government of Cisleithania negotiated a series of fundamental articles spelling out the relationship of the Bohemian Crown to the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. On 12 September 1871, Franz Joseph announced:

2167:, a leading actress of the Vienna stage, and she became his friend and confidante. This relationship lasted the rest of his life, and was—to a certain degree—tolerated by Elisabeth. Franz Joseph built Villa Schratt in 434: 2101:. Although in public life Franz Joseph was the unquestioned director of affairs, in his private life his mother still wielded crucial influence. Sophie wanted to strengthen the relationship between the Houses of 1213:: 5 corona, 1908 – The bust of Franz Joseph I facing right surrounded by the legend "Franciscus Iosephus I, Dei gratia, imperator Austriae, rex Bohemiae, Galiciae, Illyriae et cetera et apostolicus rex Hungariae" 2018:

A week after delivery of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, on 28 July, war was declared. Within weeks, the Germans, Russians, French and British had all entered the fray which eventually became known as

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in late July 1848, the court felt it safe to return to Vienna, and Franz Joseph travelled with them. But within a few weeks Vienna again appeared unsafe, and in September the court left once more, this time for

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conveyed to him the inviolable understanding of rulership of divine origin (divine grace), and therefore a belief that no participation of the population in rulership in the form of parliaments was required.

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I will have myself crowned King of Bohemia in Prague, and I am convinced that a new, indissoluble bond of trust and loyalty between My throne and My Bohemian Kingdom will be strengthened by this holy rite.

1811: 751:, was disabled by seizures, and his father unambitious and retiring, the mother of the young Archduke "Franzi" brought him up as a future emperor, with emphasis on devotion, responsibility and diligence. 435: 1467:

in Austrian internal affairs to make the Austrian Empire a unitary, centralised and bureaucratically administered state. When Franz Joseph returned to constitutional rule after the debacles in Italy at

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The next few years saw the seeming recovery of Austria's position on the international scene following the near disasters of 1848–1849. Under Schwarzenberg's guidance, Austria was able to stymie

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The Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during the negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which was lost after the

1988:, who also wrote the emperor's reaction in his diary: "one has not to defy the Almighty. In this manner a superior power has restored that order which I unfortunately was unable to maintain." 1693:). The Greater Germans favoured the inclusion of Austria in a new all-German state on the grounds that Austria had always been a part of Germanic empires, that it was the leading power of the 5715: 1460:

in Prague (the last coronation took place in 1836). However, before the 19th century the Habsburgs had ruled Bohemia by hereditary right and a separate coronation was not deemed necessary.

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Albert Freiherr von Margutti: Vom alten Kaiser. Leipzig & Wien 1921, S. 147f. Zitiert nach Erika Bestenreiter: Franz Ferdinand und Sophie von Hohenberg. München (Piper), 2004, S. 247

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with the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. A scant 15 months later, the Russians imposed on the Ottomans the

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had behaved—in the young Emperor's eyes—abominably. The 1849 constitution was suspended, and a policy of absolutist centralism was established, guided by the Minister of the Interior,

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By all accounts, he handled his first military experience calmly and with dignity. Around the same time, the imperial family was fleeing revolutionary Vienna for the calmer setting of

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and the other ministers. The ultimate resolution of deliberations by the Austro-Hungarian government during the weeks following the assassination of the Archduke was to give Serbia

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Le Caine Agnew, Hugh (2007). "The Flyspecks on Palivec's Portrait: Franz Joseph, the Symbols of Monarchy, and Czech Popular Loyalty". In Cole, Laurence; Unowsky, Daniel L. (eds.).

6232: 1603:), and others, who were sentenced to more than 150 years and a number of death penalties. The Bohemian question would remain unresolved for the entirety of Franz Joseph's reign. 1095:

With order now restored throughout his empire, Franz Joseph felt free to renege on the constitutional concessions he had made, especially as the Austrian parliament meeting at

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However, the military tide began to turn swiftly in favor of Franz Joseph and the Austrian whitecoats. Almost immediately, Charles Albert was decisively beaten by Radetzky at

13786: 2033: 1984:, a Yugoslav nationalist of Serbian ethnicity, during a visit to Sarajevo. Franz Joseph learned about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand from his adjutant, cavalry General 1047:

duty as ruler, a governor (or regent, as they would be called in English) had to assume the royal duties. Constitutionally, Franz Josef's uncle Ferdinand was still the legal

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and created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. He ruled peacefully for the next 45 years, but personally suffered the tragedies of the execution of his brother Emperor

1804: 1884:, offered Russian support, for the third time, for the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, in exchange for Austrian support for the opening of the 13756: 13751: 13389: 427: 1080:, in order "to prevent the Hungarian insurrection developing into a European calamity". For the Russian military support, Franz Joseph kissed the hand of the tsar in 13761: 12217: 10458:

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

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For this reason, Franz Joseph was consistently built up as a potential successor to the imperial throne by his politically ambitious mother from early childhood.

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Simon Sarlin and Dan Rouyer, "The Anti-Masonic Congress of Trento (1896): International Mobilization and the Circulation of Practices against Freemasonry."

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It was generally felt in the court that the emperor should marry and produce heirs as soon as possible. Various potential brides were considered, including

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he told his relatives: "You'll never know how important she was to me" or, according to some sources, "You will never know how much I loved this woman."

839: 9847: 4018: 12941: 12132: 11196: 10758: 6622: 6585: 6548: 6511: 4863: 1288: 11856: 13731: 12936: 10936: 8024: 1985: 1873:, the Russian Imperial government had again withdrawn its support for Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian foreign minister, Count 1591:(which he had founded in 1900), but he did not campaign for the independence of Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. In Vienna in 1909 he helped 813: 4489: 4463: 846:

resigned (March–April 1848). The young archduke, who (it was widely expected) would soon succeed his uncle on the throne, was appointed Governor of

13831: 13796: 11201: 10835: 11963: 6349: 11278: 1865: 5339:) was decreed in a letter from 17 October 1889 for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy. – From the 2015:

of itemized demands with which it was virtually certain Serbia would be unable or unwilling to comply, thus serving as a "legal basis for war".

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Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

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Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned as

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for her, and also provided her with a small palace in Vienna. Though their relationship lasted for thirty-four years, it remained platonic.

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Based upon the assurances of the Buchlau Conference and the treaties that preceded it, Franz Joseph signed the proclamation announcing the

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Having in mind the constitutional position of the Bohemian Crown and being conscious of the glory and power which that Crown has given us

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hoped and insisted that account should be taken of their historical state rights in the upcoming constitution. They felt the position of

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Hungarian statesmen of destiny, 1860–1960, Volume 58 of Atlantic studies on society in change, Volume 262 of East European monographs

4138: 3115: 646: 6087: 2231:. The emperor did not attend the wedding, nor did any of the archdukes. After that, the two men disliked and mistrusted each other. 11113: 10794: 10229: 7349: 5237: 2991: 6083: 13876: 13598: 13267: 13128: 12758: 11893: 11462: 11206: 10880: 10666: 6071: 4273: 4262: 1371: 512:

from 2 December 1848 until his death in 1916. In the early part of his reign, his realms and territories were referred to as the

12066: 9667: 13906: 13801: 13726: 13054: 12835: 12019: 10799: 10696: 10691: 10371: 7987: 7979: 7657: 7649: 7122: 5986: 5773: 3610: 2219:. The emperor would not even consider giving his blessing to the union, as Sophie was merely of noble rank, not dynastic rank. 688:, which was an ally of the Russian Empire. This activated a system of alliances declaring war on each other, which resulted in 540: 1155:

called upon Europe's royal families for donations to construct a new church on the site of the attack. The church was to be a

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Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige

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proclamation, the territory of Kingdom of Hungary would be carved up and administered by five military districts, while the

890: 13262: 12490: 11804: 11103: 11093: 10961: 10820: 8090: 7048: 6044: 3732: 2227:, and any children of the marriage would be ineligible to succeed to the throne. The couple were married on 1 July 1900 at 1877:, stated that an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive question requiring special scrutiny". 1378: 1124: 567: 6351:

Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie

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of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Empire on 6 October 1908. However a diplomatic crisis erupted, as both the Serbs and the

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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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His interactions with Franz Ferdinand were strained; the emperor's personal attendant recollected in his memoirs that:

1360: 1287:. The other was to restore the series of reform laws of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the 13721: 13572: 13277: 13247: 13202: 12450: 12180: 12108: 11871: 11585: 11478: 11118: 11047: 11017: 11007: 10931: 10911: 10850: 10825: 10681: 10559: 10554: 10470: 10101: 10077: 9393: 9368: 8848: 8645: 8625: 8605: 8275: 7939: 7802: 7633: 7593: 7561: 7245: 3529: 3288: 3099: 2789: 2277: 1850: 1411: 917: 851: 801: 595: 12705: 12695: 10278: 13075: 12060: 12043: 12029: 11268: 10901: 10840: 10727: 10630: 10496: 10433: 10108: 10095: 9383: 8650: 8640: 8610: 8497: 7963: 7915: 7850: 7818: 7625: 7569: 7317: 6161:

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917)

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While the emperor was shaken, and interrupted his holiday to return to Vienna, he soon resumed his vacation at his

1717:, this question was solved; Austria lost no territories to Prussia as long as they remained out of German affairs. 9025: 4939:

The limits of loyalty: imperial symbolism, popular allegiances, and state patriotism in the late Habsburg monarchy

4815: 1705:, but would naturally be offered to the head of the largest and most powerful German state outside of Austria—the 414: 13137: 13098: 12535: 11697: 11068: 11002: 10941: 10620: 10564: 10533: 10071: 9413: 9363: 9107: 9102: 8670: 8620: 8462: 7955: 7931: 7842: 7834: 7617: 7585: 7309: 6262: 3896: 3718: 2767: 2756: 2156: 1893: 563: 325: 12896: 10307: 9077: 8970: 5546: 916:

in the name of their ancient constitution. Franz Joseph was also almost immediately faced with a renewal of the

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ceremonies, meetings, music, songs, dances, wine and food tasting, and traditional costumes and folklore from

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Hungary and Eastern Europe: Research Report Volume 182 of Studia historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae

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Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon, G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series

13871: 13639: 13217: 13093: 11927: 11898: 11128: 10426: 8492: 8457: 8408: 7786: 7529: 7505: 7357: 7301: 7261: 7044: 4257: 3583: 3405: 3396: 3338: 3225: 3071: 3042: 2560: 1842: 1574: 1528: 744: 9015: 9010: 6761: 5331: 3356: 1303: 1035:, in Hungary the coronation was indispensable; if it were not properly executed, the kingdom remained " 13546: 13297: 13252: 13118: 13047: 11932: 11357: 11315: 10865: 10860: 10605: 10580: 10146: 9563: 9087: 9082: 9072: 9051: 8784: 8700: 8583: 8244: 8177: 8049: 7875: 7537: 7513: 7483: 7475: 7451: 7341: 7207: 7062: 6542: 6358: 6101: 4753: 4665: 4102: 3147: 3128: 3124: 3086: 2945: 2890: 2778: 2125: 2102: 1579: 1429: 1385: 921: 855: 759: 709: 619: 393: 208: 12440: 10293: 8572: 5582: 5578: 3001: 1834:

broke out in the Balkans, and the Turks responded with equally violent and oppressive reprisals. Tsar

13891: 13886: 13791: 13257: 12430: 11937: 11866: 11646: 11552: 11273: 11191: 11042: 10971: 10855: 10590: 9883: 9864: 9143: 9036: 9000: 8864: 8812: 8793: 8541: 8199: 7386: 7333: 4869: 3954: 3712: 3552: 3313: 2377: 2331: 2285: 2114: 1490: 1252: 1195: 330: 203: 11861: 10052: 6464:. The stamp uses the design issued on his 80th birthday, which in turn is based on a 1908 design by 3467: 2012: 1838:, wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, sought and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary. 1611: 1444:

Following the accession of Franz Joseph to the throne in 1848, the political representatives of the

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was a result of Franz Joseph's annexation in 1908 of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had already been

13165: 12931: 12712: 12520: 11534: 11394: 11352: 10845: 10021: 9964: 9802: 9742: 9724: 9540: 9329: 9268: 9224: 9138: 8891: 8752: 8578: 8162: 7891: 7778: 7553: 7325: 7149: 4291: 3429: 3211: 3179: 3151: 2830: 2204: 2094: 1965: 1738: 1730: 1600: 1217: 877: 677: 479: 130: 10268: 8906: 8096: 3636:(at that time a part of Austria-Hungary under the name of Kolozsvár). The university was moved to 13510: 13500: 13232: 12825: 11973: 11851: 11721: 10676: 10215: 9894: 9826: 9796: 9773: 9492: 9128: 8373: 8291: 8234: 8040: 7794: 6875: 6611: 6574: 6537: 6500: 6395: 6383: 6311: 6002: 4690:

Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

4403: 2903: 2846: 2184: 1861: 1782: 1754: 1338: 990: 974: 948: 521: 13237: 12982: 12784: 10250: 9005: 4769: 4562: 4407: 13541: 13108: 12810: 12374: 12317: 12199: 12037: 11765: 11748: 10997: 10896: 10449: 10335: 10172: 9914: 9766: 9736: 9700: 9464: 8733: 8502: 8139: 7729: 7173: 7142: 7099: 6881: 6757: 6131: 5659: 5340: 4533: 3416: 3345: 3328: 3170: 3138: 2644: 2620: 2584: 1957: 1835: 1750: 1655: 1647: 1486: 1152: 886: 843: 809: 793: 748: 634: 615: 607: 579: 543: 532: 113: 11702: 9790: 9295: 6616: 5129: 2081: 1291:

that established modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in Hungary.

1111: 13582: 13354: 13185: 13040: 12956: 12470: 12191: 12008: 11841: 11635: 10317: 10263: 9920: 9832: 9781: 9748: 9520: 9133: 8519: 8467: 8439: 8249: 7491: 7410: 6767: 6648: 6136: 6030: 5952: 5864: 5563: 5213: 3516: 3455: 3420: 3111: 2932: 2801: 2692: 2588: 2193: 2059: 1905: 1897: 1870: 1854: 1501: 1433: 1119:

On 18 February 1853, Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt by Hungarian nationalist

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on the evening of 21 November 1916, at the age of 86. His death was a result of developing

1824: 1778: 1746: 1694: 1667: 1643: 1168: 1077: 986: 693: 583: 525: 159: 123: 12687: 12445: 11234: 9856: 9730: 9718: 9624: 8876: 2109:—descending from the latter house herself—and hoped to match Franz Joseph with her sister 2047: 1761:, as an attempt to maintain the peace of Europe. It would last intermittently until 1887. 1709:. The contest between the two ideas, quickly developed into a contest between Austria and 1134:

O'Donnell, hitherto a Count only by virtue of his Irish nobility, was made a Count of the

728: 256: 236: 8: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13415: 13222: 13175: 13160: 13145: 12742: 12677: 12485: 12411: 12398: 12351: 12341: 12293: 11542: 11362: 10722: 10595: 10512: 10327: 10273: 10258: 10238: 10027: 9931: 9712: 9511: 9334: 9198: 9184: 8546: 8536: 8524: 8362: 8333: 8318: 8304: 7459: 7443: 7435: 7158: 5671: 5517:

Bollettino generale delle leggi e degli atti del governo per l'impero d'Austria: anno ...

4267: 3614: 3571: 3444: 3377: 3274: 3025: 2912: 2872: 2700: 2564: 2556: 2323: 2224: 1969: 1616: 1588: 1473: 1273: 1222: 997:(which existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century.) 835: 713: 603: 12881: 12732: 12672: 12530: 11909: 11727: 11591: 6191:

Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George: A Nominal List, 1769–1920

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The Afterlife of Austria-Hungary: The Image of the Habsburg Monarchy in Interwar Europe

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The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria–Hungary

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Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph By Alan Palmer

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An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at

1549: 1007: 977:, which limited the power of the crown and had greatly increased the authority of the 912:. At the same time, a military campaign was necessary against the Hungarians, who had 13644: 13634: 13455: 13435: 13287: 12992: 12926: 12901: 12392: 12335: 11682: 11500: 11342: 11263: 10360: 10288: 10063: 10002: 9950: 9433: 9348: 9300: 9243: 8394: 8323: 8216: 7863: 7758: 7423: 7070: 6995: 6976: 6953: 6927: 6910: 6885: 6862: 6845: 6813: 6792: 6771: 6735: 6729: 6714: 6195: 5692: 5217: 5206: 5085: 4943: 4897: 4873: 4765: 4693: 4669: 4605: 4495: 4469: 4442: 4411: 4164: 3540:

122nd (Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary (4th Württemberg) Fusiliers

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Archduke and Prince Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia

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was a huge success, testified by the considerable numbers of new photographs taken.

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In 1873, two years after the unification of Germany, Franz Joseph entered into the

1527:

of 26 September 1870, Franz Joseph referred again to the prestige and glory of the

1302:

According to Emperor Franz Joseph, "There were three of us who made the agreement:

1015: 12911: 12682: 12565: 12545: 12356: 11943: 11759: 11617: 11560: 6328: 5978: 5811: 5753: 5344: 1900:

or his government in St. Petersburg, or any of the other foreign powers including

13505: 13475: 13394: 13282: 12946: 12763: 12722: 12625: 12560: 12555: 12142: 11754: 9213: 8446: 8338: 8328: 7118: 7110: 7040: 6922: 6809: 6484: 6236: 6189: 5990: 5927: 5686: 5351: 5164: 5079: 4937: 4659: 3156: 3082: 2672: 2656: 2628: 2600: 2491: 2464: 1981: 1885: 1849:, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the 1714: 1706: 1678: 1671: 1633: 1563: 1296: 1175:. The survival of Franz Joseph was also commemorated in Prague by erecting a new 1156: 1048: 1043: 1027: 994: 978: 870: 780: 611: 513: 501: 471: 403: 260: 240: 101: 69: 12916: 12800: 11982: 11796: 11771: 11692: 11654: 10340: 10046: 1063: 1055:(as elected regent-president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary. 625:

Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism throughout his reign. He concluded the

13495: 13490: 13485: 13440: 13430: 13272: 13113: 13087: 12997: 12987: 12640: 12580: 12550: 12505: 12495: 12271: 12120: 11957: 9994: 9516: 8868: 8472: 8403: 8379: 8082: 6835: 3598: 3268: 3192: 2648: 2632: 2426: 2070: 1948: 1938: 1831: 1798: 1770: 1686: 1532: 1424: 1180: 1100: 1073: 792:

younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (born 1832, the future Emperor

665: 661: 657: 271: 12951: 12455: 11916: 11742: 11732: 11687: 6421: 4782: 901:(Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790), remembered as a modernising reformer. 13670: 13384: 13369: 13349: 13318: 13170: 12921: 12906: 12204: 12196: 11888: 11494: 10392: 10135: 9496: 9419: 8803: 7689: 6972: 6914: 6866: 6817: 6796: 6657:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 94. 6579: 6465: 6288: 5026: 4914: 4550:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918. 4541: 4528: 3390: 2688: 2684: 2180: 1559: 1464: 1206: 1085: 1052: 1011: 960: 897:

chosen to bring back memories of the new Emperor's great-granduncle, Emperor

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Two factions quickly developed: a party of German intellectuals favouring a

1573:

Many Czech people were waiting for political changes in monarchy, including

1160: 13526: 13420: 13197: 13103: 13002: 12886: 12840: 12500: 12290: 9041: 8348: 8299: 6849: 6775: 6445: 5130:"Sausalito News 25 November 1916 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 4759: 4655: 3649: 3506: 3489: 3425: 3016: 2899: 2712: 1662:. This was justified on grounds of precedence; from 1452 to the end of the 1596: 1510: 1235: 1010:(which sought agreement with the court) and led to the sudden emergence of 704: 652:

After the Austro-Prussian War, Austria-Hungary turned its attention to the

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Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73

2023:. On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war against Russia. 578:

in his domains. The Austrian Empire was forced to cede its influence over

550:. Franz Joseph then acceded to the throne. In 1854, he married his cousin 13450: 12510: 11950: 11846: 11566: 9020: 8513: 7378: 6827:

From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria–Hungary, 1866–1914

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prohibited future uses and provided for excommunication for any attempt.

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acquisition: in addition to French, the diplomatic language of the time,

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in 1867. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866, he was also president of the

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on 21 May 1849. Tsar Nicholas supported Franz Joseph in the name of the

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The Everyday Life of the Emperor: Francis Joseph and His Imperial Court

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Emperor Francis Joseph: Life, Death and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire

6731:

Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph

6631: 6594: 6557: 6520: 5317:

zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz

5029:(discussing the papal veto from the perspective of the Catholic Church) 1916: 1846: 1352: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1164: 1140: 982: 10207: 9532: 8833: 8260: 7230: 6877:

Franz Joseph and Elisabeth: The Last Great Monarchs of Austria–Hungary

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Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

1264:

The 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy: the

13150: 10418: 8896: 6615: 5636:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1897

3522:

Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Belgorod Lancer Regiment, Russian Army,

2660: 2543: 2237:"thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions." 2168: 2120:

However, Franz Joseph fell deeply in love with Néné's younger sister

2051: 1996: 866: 8901: 7025: 5491:"Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Orden der eisernen Krone" 2228: 1531:

and to his intention to hold a coronation. Under Minister-President

1327: 1256:

Franz Joseph's coronation as Apostolic King of Hungary. Painting by

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Francis Joseph: Emperor of Austria – King of Hungary

6468:

to commemorate the 60th anniversary of his accession to the throne.

5856: 4865:

Political Democracy and Ethnic Diversity in Modern European History

3038: 2668: 1524: 1145: 1096: 931: 858:

on campaign on 29 April, receiving his baptism of fire on 5 May at

681: 9595: 6678:(in German). Bavarian Ministry of State for Wissenschaft and Kunst 6606: 6604: 6102:"Foreign Pour le Mérite Awards: Foreign Awards During World War I" 4629: 4527:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2183:

in 1898 while on a visit to Geneva. A few days after the funeral,

1123:. The emperor was taking a stroll with one of his officers, Count 11712: 10242: 8931: 8911: 8054: 6788: 6672:"Maximilian I. Joseph → Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden" 1999:. Initial decision-making during the "July Crisis" fell to Count 1710: 1449: 1268:, the dissolution of its alliance with Russia, and defeat in the 1128: 908:, the new emperor at first pursued a cautious course, granting a 882: 850:

on 6 April 1848, but never took up the post. Sent instead to the

788: 653: 536: 368: 6477: 5810:. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Archived from 5780:. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Archived from 4919:

The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938

3515:

Colonel-in-chief of the Kexholm Life Guards Grenadier Regiment,

1725: 1562:, domestic opposition from German-speaking liberals (especially 1523:

The Czech hopes were revived again in 1870–1871. In an Imperial

951:

and forced to sue for peace, as well as to renounce his throne.

940: 12174: 8941: 6601: 6159:

Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies".

6019:

Military William Order: Franz Joseph I. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

5625:(in French), 1850, p. 33 – via Archives de Bruxelles 3637: 1757:

in 1881. The league had been designed by the German chancellor

1151:

After this unsuccessful attack, the emperor's brother Archduke

1081: 13782:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

4861: 1666:

in 1806, with only one brief period of interruption under the

12184: 12167: 12160: 12153: 12136: 12126: 9639: 8926: 8921: 6504: 5366:"Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or – Knights of the Golden Fleece" 3609:

in the Russian Arctic was named in his honour in 1873 by the

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resulted in Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against the

6109: 5520:(in Italian). Imp. reg. stampieria di Corte e di Stato. 1851 5303: 3197:

Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George

2547:

of 1867 was: "Francis Joseph the First, by the Grace of God

1830:

During the mid-1870s a series of violent rebellions against

12146: 3364: 1964:

On 28 June 1914 Franz Joseph's nephew and heir-presumptive

1805:

Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878

1558:, but the ceremony did not take place. The creation of the 13847:

Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree

6462:(100th Anniversary of the death of Emperor Francis Joseph) 5466:"Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Leopolds-Orden" 5037: 5035: 2711:, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro (Kotor), and over the 2403:

Franz Joseph's names in the languages of his empire were:

1654:

The main foreign policy goal of Franz Joseph had been the

53:

Franz Joseph in the uniform of a Hungarian field marshal,

5755:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1860

5734:

Ausländische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg (3366×2508)

4432: 4430: 1845:, the two powers agreed that Russia would annex southern 1272:. The setbacks continued in the 1860s with defeat in the 787:

On his 13th birthday, Franz Joseph was appointed Colonel-

647:

his nephew and heir presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand

598:

in 1866. Although Franz Joseph ceded no territory to the

6593:] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 208 – via 6556:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 149 – via 6519:] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 257 – via 13062: 6630:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 81 – via 6158: 5714:(1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" 5691:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 472. 5562:(1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 5441:"Ritter-Orden: Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden" 5288:. Cissy Klastersky (ed.), Gerold & Co., Vienna 1929 5187: 5185: 5059: 5047: 5032: 5009: 5007: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4645:. West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 35. 3184:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

1674:

in the event of German unification proved problematic.

1187:, the first minister-president of the Austrian Empire. 747:. Because his uncle, reigning from 1835 as the Emperor 6034:, "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 30 6009: 5847:(1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 44 5835:(1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 10 4736: 4734: 4732: 4719: 4717: 4590:"Central Europe Review – Hungary: The Holy Crown" 4427: 1642:

Emperor Franz Joseph (centre in white uniform) at the

1241: 8039: 5712:

Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg

5291: 5266: 5254: 5110: 1685:) under the House of Habsburg; the other favouring a 1202:: 2 Gulden of Franz Joseph I - Silver Wedding Jubilee 1033:

began immediately upon the death of their predecessor

13777:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

13747:

Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa

9501:

During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title

6578: 5242: 5182: 5170: 5004: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4843: 4838:

Contemporanea: Rivista di Storia dell'800 e del '900

4661:

The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat

2199: 13857:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

13837:

Recipients of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

7041:

Newspaper clippings about Franz Joseph I of Austria

6495: 6493: 6408:

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg

5495: