Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

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with an “inexhaustible streak” who “wanted to know everything”. He enjoyed lively intellectual debates and though he could be amiable, he was often passionate and intense. However, his “speciality” was being a calculating, ruthless despot and a “dirigiste technocrat” who aimed to command every aspect of his Italian realms. Frederick’s statecraft, though inventive or perhaps even ingenious, indicates an intolerant and absolutist disposition; a monarch who saw himself as the supreme source of peace, order, and justice. For all his reputed charisma and brilliance, Frederick was at heart an intellectual who seemed to lack the “common touch” of his grandfather, Frederick Barbarossa, and seemed inclined to more Oriental attractions. Frederick II preferred a select company of intimates with whom he could share his seemingly endless intellectual interests and upon whom he could impress his formidable and many-sided personality. Even so, he could be mercurial and cruel. Salimbene di Adam, a generally hostile critic of the emperor, wrote that Frederick was alternatively witty, consoling, and delightful, but also cunning, greedy, and malicious, lacking any religious faith.

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to govern the provinces. Frederick placed loyal Sicilian barons as podestàs over the subjected cities of northern and central Italy. The new unified administration was taken over directly by the emperor and his highly trained Sicilian officials whose jurisdiction now ranged across all of Italy. Henceforth, the new High Court of Justice would be supreme in both the Kingdom of Sicily and Imperial Italy. A central exchequer was established at Melfi to oversee financial management. For the rest of Frederick’s reign, there was a continuous movement toward the extension and perfection of this new unified administrative system, with the emperor himself as the driving force. Despite his mighty efforts however, Frederick’s unified Italian state proved ephemeral after his death. The vicars and captains-general provided the prototype for the great signori who dominated Italy in later generations, each a petty sovereign in Frederick’s image—some even continued to claim the title of imperial vicar.

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approach to Frederick II tends to be focused on the continuity between Frederick and his predecessors as Kings of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperors, and the similarities between him and other thirteenth-century monarchs. David Abulafia, in a biography subtitled "A Medieval Emperor", argues that Frederick's reputation as an enlightened figure ahead of his time is undeserved, and that Frederick was mostly a conventionally Christian monarch who sought to rule in a conventional medieval manner. Nevertheless, Frederick II still commands a lasting popular reputation as a polyhedral and brilliant proto-enlightened despot who transcended his time. Even today, the memory of Frederick II is of a personality of extraordinary breadth and ability: a polymath and polyglot, statesman and lawgiver, poet, scientist and mathematician at the head of a sophisticated state and vibrant court which seemed to presage the Renaissance.

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depleted, his anti-king William of Holland had been defeated by Conrad in Germany and forced to submit while no other European monarch proved willing to offer much support for fear of Frederick’s ire. In Italy, Frederick’s lieutenants and partisans had recaptured much of the territories lost in the last two years he was in a strong position and he prepared to march on Lyon in the new year. His coffers had been relatively refilled and his forces and supporters controlled much of Italy. After the failure of Louis IX’s crusade, Frederick had skillfully imaged himself as the aggrieved party against the papacy, prevented by Innocent’s machinations from supporting the crusade. Frederick won growing support on the wider diplomatic stage. Only his death halted this momentum. His testament left Conrad the Imperial and Sicilian crowns. Manfred received the principality of

2002:, and in sum a "heretic". The “deposition” of the emperor provoked consternation from other European monarchs and, weary of the interference of an overweening pope, none offered any support to Innocent. Louis IX, sympathetic to the emperor, refused Innocent’s requests to enter France and Henry III of England, pushed by English discontent with increased church taxes to finance a papal war with Frederick, rebuffed Innocent’s entreaties to move to Gascony. Even within some of the clergy in France, Germany, England, and Italy itself, unrest with Frederick’s “deposition” and the preaching of a crusade against the emperor grew. Nevertheless, the struggle between pope and emperor had become an all-or-nothing one. Frederick was supposed to have declared, “I have been the anvil long enough… now I shall be the hammer.” 2360: 3068: 3111: 3516: 1656: 1575:

anti-princes policy, against his father's will: Frederick thus obtained his excommunication from Gregory IX (July 1234). Henry tried to muster an opposition in Germany and asked the Lombard cities to block the Alpine passes. In May 1235, Frederick went to Germany, taking no army with him: as soon as July, however, he was able to force his son to renounce to the crown all his lands, at Worms, and then imprisoned him. Frederick II turned the complex challenge of Henry’s rebellion into a chance to introduce “thorough and groundbreaking” reform of Germany and the way the empire was ruled. The Mainz Landfriede, decreed at the Imperial Diet of 1235, became one of the

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hearing of their deeds, in particular their able commanders and fierce discipline and obedience, judging the latter to be the greatest source of their success. He called a levy throughout Germany while the Mongols were busy raiding Hungary. In mid-1241, Frederick dispersed his army back to their holdfasts as the Mongols preoccupied themselves with the lands east of the Danube, attempting to smash all Hungarian resistance. He subsequently ordered his vassals to strengthen their defenses, adopt a defensive posture, and gather large numbers of crossbowmen.

2742:, Pier della Vigna, and archbishops Giacomo Amalfitano of Capua and Andrea Bonello of Barletta, the Constitutions aimed to harmonize decades of Siculo-Norman legal tradition stretching back to Roger II. Almost every aspect in Frederick’s tightly-governed kingdom was regulated, from a rigorously centralized judiciary and bureaucracy, to commerce, coinage, financial policy, legal equality for all citizens, protections for women, and even provisions for the environment and public health. The kingdom was divided into eleven territorial districts called 2251:. Perhaps aiming to lay stones for a potential peace settlement between Conrad and Innocent, Frederick's will stipulated that all the lands he had taken from the Church were to be returned to it, all the prisoners freed, and the taxes reduced, provided this did not damage the Empire's prestige. In peacefully passing on his realms to his sons Frederick accomplished perhaps the main goal of any ruler. At his death, the Hohenstaufen empire remained the leading power in Europe and its continuity seemed almost totally secure in the persons of his sons. 2964:” of Alexander the Great. For Friedell, Frederick’s “free mind” and “universal comprehension” of everything human stemmed from the conviction that no one was right. W. Köhler wrote that Frederick’s “marked individuality” made him the “ablest and most mature mind” of the Hohenstaufen who towered above his contemporaries. For Frederick, knowledge was power, and because of his knowledge, he wielded despotic power. Though the “sinister facts” of his despotism should not be ignored, the greatness of his mind and his energetic will compels admiration. 1873: 3133: 1265: 926:(King of the Romans and Sicily), but in 1198, after Constance (who kept using title of Empress) found out that Philip of Swabia had been recognized by the Staufer supporters in Germany, she had her son renounce the title King of the Romans. She probably agreed with Philip that Frederick's prospects in Germany were hopeless. The decision strengthened Frederick's position in Sicily as this satisfied both Philip of Swabia and the Pope, who did not like the idea of a ruler who had authority in both Sicily and the North Alpine realm. 2104: 2863:. Frederick, embittered but aiming to promote cohesion in Germany in preparation for his campaigns in northern Italy, pragmatically agreed to Henry’s confirmation of the charter. It was a charter of liberties for the leading German princes at the expense of the lesser nobility and the entirety of the commoners. The princes gained whole power of jurisdiction, and the power to strike their own coins. The emperor lost his right to establish new cities, castles and mints over their territories. For many years, the 2207:, Imperial vicar of Lombardy, recaptured Parma and a swathe of central Lombardy. Ezzelino da Romano had also subdued most of eastern Lombardy. Areas of Italy had been ravaged by years of war and even the resources of the wealthy and prosperous Kingdom of Sicily were strained. Frederick’s unified regime in Italy and Sicily was despotic, imposing harsh taxes and ruthlessly suppressing dissent. Nevertheless, that his administrative system consistently recovered in the face of reversals remains an impressive feat. 3504: 2680:. Frederick chose Naples for its strategic position and its already strong role as a cultural and intellectual center. The university focused on law and rhetoric, meant to train a new generation of jurists and officials to staff Frederick’s burgeoning bureaucracy. Its students and faculty were state sponsored and forbidden from attending other universities outside the kingdom. Perhaps the university’s most famous student and lecturer was the philosopher and theologian 2339: 866:(an illegitimate son of Roger, eldest son of Roger II of Sicily) Henry had hurried over to assume power and to have himself crowned king. Frederick was entrusted to the care of the duchess of Spoleto, the wife of the Swabian noble Conrad I of Urslingen, who was named duke of Spoleto by Frederick Barbarossa. Frederick II stayed in Foligno, a place located in papal territory and so under papal jurisdiction, until the death of his father, on September 28 in 1197. 7855: 8502: 3261: 978: 2709: 1638: 7218: 3160: 2434:, that of the heretics, who are burned in tombs. It is thought Frederick might have kept a harem in Lucera and perhaps even at his court at Foggia. Frederick was notoriously licentious and fathered at least twelve illegitimate children by several mistresses. Some have even suggested that he was bisexual. Contemporaries were awed and sometimes scornful of Frederick’s “orientalism” and defiance of the conventional bounds of morality. 2931:, original published in 1927, is a very influential work in the historiography of the emperor. Kantorowicz praises Frederick as a genius, who created the "first western bureaucracy", an "intellectual order within the state" that acted like "an effective weapon in his fight with the Church—bound together from its birth by sacred ties in the priestly-Christian spirit of the age, and uplifted to the triumphant cult of the 2877:“strong ruler” such as Frederick II would have even pragmatically agreed to legislation that was concessionary rather than cooperative, neither would the princes have insisted on such. Frederick II used the political loyalty and practical jurisdictions “granted” to the higher German aristocracy to support his kingly duty of imposing peace, order, and justice upon the German realm. This is shown clearly in the imperial 1616: 2618:. Among the experiments were shutting a prisoner up in a cask to see if the soul could be observed escaping through a hole in the cask when the prisoner died; feeding two prisoners, having sent one out to hunt and the other to bed and then having them disemboweled to see which had digested his meal better; imprisoning children and then denying them any human contact to see if they would develop a natural language. 2088: 875: 2079:, but the king consistently refused, hoping instead to broker a peace which left Frederick free to support crusading plans in the Levant. However, Louis also warned that he would not accept any direct attack by Frederick against Innocent in Lyon. Despite this, Lyon was technically an imperial city and Frederick stood poised to lead an expedition across the Alps to confront Innocent directly. 2383:

transfixed, and sometimes repelled or terrified by the pronounced unorthodoxy of the Hohenstaufen emperor, his audacious personality and temperamental stubbornness, his cruelty and autocracy, and his extraordinary ambitions. Even so, the famous English chronicler Matthew of Paris still acclaimed Frederick as the “greatest of the princes of the earth.”

2816:, and landed commoners. It did not debate or even rubber-stamp legislation, which was the king's to make and unmake, but merely received it and promulgated, giving its advice where it could. State monopolies were imposed on silk, iron, and grain while tariffs and import duties on trade within the kingdom were abolished. A new gold coin called an 2187:. From early 1250, the situation progressively favored Frederick II. In the first month of the year, the indomitable Ranieri of Viterbo died, depriving pro-papal leadership in Italy of an implacable foe of Frederick. An army sent to invade the Kingdom of Sicily under the command of Cardinal Pietro Capocci was crushed in the Marche at the 933:. Constance sided with the Pope who preferred that Sicily and the Germans were under separate governments. She renounced the authority over the Sicilian state church to the papal side, but only as Sicilian queen and not as empress, seemingly with the intention of keeping options open for Frederick. Upon Constance's death in 1198, 6611:(Oxford, 1972). p. 381: "Certainly there is some evidence that a son, Jordanus, was born in the year 1236, and died shortly afterwards, but the only son of Frederick II and Isabella of England whose birth can be firmly established was a second Henry, born in 1238, and named after his uncle, Henry III, the King of England." 755: 3052:

administration in Palermo.... Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality. Textbook narratives therefore focus not on medieval Palermo, with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic-speaking monarch, but on the historical winners, Paris and London.

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peace. The inevitable result was the territorial particularism of churchmen, lay princes, and interstitial cities. However, Frederick II was a ruler of vast territories and “could not be everywhere at once”. The transference of jurisdiction was a practical solution to secure the further support of the German princes.

1929:. A full-scale invasion never occurred, as the Mongols spent the next year pillaging Hungary before withdrawing. After the Mongols withdrew from Hungary back to Russia, Frederick turned his attention back towards Italian matters. The danger represented by the presence of the Mongols in Europe was debated again at the 2508:" or "girdle poems" influenced the birth of the sonnet. The language developed by Giacomo da Lentini and Pier delle Vigne in the Sicilian School of Poetry gathering around Frederick II of Swabia in the first half of the thirteenth century had a decisive influence on Dante Alighieri and then on the development of 1790:, whence he aimed to finally conquer Rome to restore the ancient splendours of the Empire. Frederick's plan to attack Rome at that time, however, did not come to fruition as he chose to leave for southern Italy where a papal incited rebellion flared in Apulia. In southern Italy, Frederick attacked and razed 5983:

Vor allem die Astrologie gewann immer an Einfluß und bestimmte teilweise sogar das Handeln der politischen Entscheidungsträger – die Gestalt des Hofastrologen Michael Scotus... ist ein nur ein prominenter Beleg (lit.: Mainly astrology gained ever more influence and in parts it even decided the acting

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who resisted the conventional morals of his time and had the courage to create his own moral code to live by. He compares Frederick to figures like Caesar and Leonardo da Vinci, both of whom he sees as embodying strong individualism and, most importantly, the will to power—which Nietzsche believed to

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In 1241 Frederick introduced the Edict of Salerno (sometimes called "Constitution of Salerno") which made the first legally fixed separation of the occupations of physician and apothecary. Physicians were forbidden to double as pharmacists and the prices of various medicinal remedies were fixed. This

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The council was under attended and despite initially appearing that it could end with a compromise, the intervention of Ranieri, who had a series of scurrilous pamphlets published against Frederick (in which, among other things, he defined the emperor as a heretic and an Antichrist), led the prelates

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At this time, Gregory considered yielding. A truce occurred and peace negotiations began. Direct peace negotiations ultimately failed and Gregory called for a General Council. Frederick and his allies, however, dashed Gregory's plan for a General Council when they intercepted a delegation of prelates

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acknowledges the emperor's genius, as a ruler, lawgiver and scientist, and also as an extraordinary figure. In this way, even leaving aside his cultural influence or intellectual sophistication, Frederick II can perhaps be seen as a pivot point between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The modern

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of the Church, he was excommunicated. His rationalistic mind took pleasure in the strictly logical character of Christian dogma. He was not, however, a champion of rationalism, nor had he any sympathy with the mystico-heretical movements of the time; in fact he joined in suppressing them. It was not

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Frederick II’s reputed multifaceted personality remains securely attached to his legacy. He seemed to be insatiably curious about everything: science, naturalism, mathematics, architecture, and poetry, and welcomed many of the most learned figures of his time to his court. He was a conversationalist

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the Imperial side was routed. Frederick lost the Imperial treasure and with it his momentum against the rebellious communes in the immediate future. Sensing this, Innocent began plans for a crusade against Sicily. Frederick soon recovered and rebuilt an army, but this defeat encouraged resistance in

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Whilst Frederick's seeming bloodless recovery of Jerusalem for the cross brought him great prestige in some European circles, his decision to complete the crusade while excommunicated provoked Church hostility. Although in 1230 the Pope lifted Frederick's excommunication, this decision was taken for

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Gaetano Cipolla: "The language they used became the standard for poetry in all of Italy and was used even by poets who were not Sicilian. In fact, Dante Alighieri acknowledged the importance of the new language by saying that for the first 150 years of Italian literature what poetry was written was

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By the 1240s the crown was almost as rich in fiscal resources, towns, castles, enfeoffed retinues, monasteries, ecclesiastical advocacies, manors, tolls, and all other rights, revenues, and jurisdictions as it had ever been at any time since the death of Henry VI. It is unlikely that a particularly

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From 1240, Frederick II was determined to push through far-reaching reforms to establish the Sicilian kingdom and Imperial Italy as unified state bound by a centralized administration. He appointed Enzo as Legate General for the whole of Italy along with several imperial vicars and captains-general

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The purview of the justiciars reached across administrative, judicial, and even religious fields and each was subordinate to a Master Justiciar of the respective region who maintained direct contact with Frederick within a pyramid-like hierarchical structure. The magistrates were elected for a year

2395:, and his whole imperial policy aimed at expanding the Sicilian kingdom into Italy rather than the German kingdom southward." And according to Cantor, "Frederick had no intention of giving up Naples and Sicily, which were the real strongholds of its power. He was, in fact, uninterested in Germany." 2144:

and recaptured some areas of the Marche and Spoleto. Nevertheless, it was only by strenuous, even unrelenting effort that Frederick was able to stabilize the situation by the close of 1248. Frederick remained confident but after several years of war and conspiracy he was increasingly suspicious and

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at some time, which he ignored. He apparently kept up to date on the Mongols' activities, as a letter from Frederick II dated June 1241 comments that the Mongols were now using looted Hungarian armor. A letter written by Emperor Frederick II, found in the Regesta Imperii, dated to 20 June 1241, and

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Da die Demonstration gelehrten Wissens an den arabischen Höfen besonderen Stellenwert hatte, waren die Fragen, die Friedrich an muslimische Gelehrte schickte – sie betrafen optische Phänomene wie die Krümmung eines Gegenstandes im Wasser ebenso wie die angebliche Unsterblichkeit der Seele —, nicht

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One effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners, aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries, above all the nation state.... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was Mediterranean, centered on Frederick II's polyglot court and

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issued at Mainz in 1235, which explicitly enjoined the princes as loyal vassals to exercise their own jurisdictions in their own localities. The jurisdictional autarky of the German princes was favoured by the crown itself in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the interests of order and local

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At the time of Frederick’s death, his preeminent position in Europe was challenged but certainly not lost. The political situation remained fluid and the victories of 1250 had put Frederick seemingly in the ascendant once again. Everywhere Innocent IV’s fortunes seemed dire: the papal treasury was

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Frederick was aware of the danger the Mongols posed, and grimly assessed the situation, but also tried to use it as leverage over the Papacy to frame himself as the protector of Christendom. While he called them traitorous pagans, Frederick expressed an admiration for Mongol military prowess after

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power, offered their loyal support during the capture of the rival city: as a sign of gratitude, they were granted an augmentation of the communal coat-of-arms with the Hohenstaufen eagle, together with other privileges. This episode shows how the independent cities used the rivalry between Empire

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on mainland Italy between 1220-1223. In Lucera he assumed, surveillance was better in order to control them and the Muslims acknowledged that they were left with their religious freedom. He also enlisted some in the army and six hundred as his personal bodyguards because, as Muslim soldiers, they

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Innocent IV convinced the rebels to sign a peace but, after Frederick withdrew his garrison, Ranieri had them slaughtered on 13 November. Frederick was enraged but signed a peace treaty, which was soon broken. The new pope was a cunning diplomat and a fanatic, pathologically opposed to Frederick.

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Mongol probing attacks materialised on the Holy Roman Empire's border states: a force was repulsed in a skirmish near Kłodzko, 300–700 Mongol troops were killed in a battle near Vienna to 100 Austrian losses (according to the Duke of Austria), and a Mongol raiding party was destroyed by Austrian

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affirmed a division of labor between the emperor and the princes and laid much groundwork for the development of particularism and, perhaps even federalism in Germany. Even so, from 1232 the vassals of the emperor had a veto over imperial legislative decisions and any new law established by the

1966:, was elected on 25 June 1243. He was a member of a noble Imperial family and had some relatives in Frederick's camp, so the Emperor was initially happy with his election. Innocent, however, was to become his fiercest enemy. Negotiations began in the summer of 1243, but the situation changed as 1901:

intended for all his vassals in Swabia, Austria, and Bohemia, included a number of specific military instructions. His forces were to avoid engaging the Mongols in field battles, hoard all food stocks in every fortress and stronghold, and arm all possible levies as well as the general populace.

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were to remain under Muslim control and that the city of Jerusalem would remain without fortifications. Virtually all other crusaders, including the Templars and Hospitallers, condemned this deal as a political ploy on the part of Frederick to regain his kingdom while betraying the cause of the

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had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Innocent III in October 1209. In southern Italy, Otto became the champion of those noblemen and barons who feared Frederick's increasingly strong measures to check their power, such as the dismissal of the pro-noble Walter of Palearia. The new emperor

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An unexpected event was to change the situation dramatically. In June 1247 the important Lombard city of Parma expelled the Imperial functionaries and sided with the Guelphs. Enzo was not in the city and could do nothing more than ask for help from his father, who came back to lay siege to the

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appealed to Frederick for aid, but Frederick, being in dispute with the Hungarian king for some time (as Bela had sided with the Papacy against him) and not wanting to commit to a major military expedition so readily, refused. He was unwilling to cross into Hungary, and although he went about

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At his coronation, he may have worn the red silk mantle that had been crafted during the reign of Roger II. It bore an Arabic inscription indicating that the robe dated from the year 528 in the Muslim calendar, and incorporated a generic benediction, wishing its wearer "vast prosperity, great

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was thought in German historiography to have severely weakened central authority in Germany. However, it is now viewed as more a confirmation of political realities which did not necessarily denude royal power or prevent imperial officials from enforcing Frederick’s prerogatives. Rather, the

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or the “marvelous transformer ” for his charismatic personality and his political designs and achievements. This carried with it a tinge of messianism from some of Frederick’s supporters and a sense of the demonic from his opponents. The majority of his contemporaries were indeed astonished,

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The situation for Frederick was also problematic in Lombardy, after all the emperor's attempts to restore the imperial authority in Lombardy with the help of Gregory IX (at the time, ousted from Rome by a revolt) turned to nothing in 1233. In the meantime Henry in Germany had returned to an

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of the empire and provided that the princes should share the burden of local government in Germany. It was a testament to Frederick’s considerable political strength, his increased prestige during the early 1230s, and sheer overpowering might that he succeeded in securing their support.

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Frederick eventually sailed again from Brindisi in June 1228. The pope, still Gregory IX, regarded that action as a provocation, since, as an excommunicate, Frederick was technically not capable of conducting a crusade, and he excommunicated the emperor a second time. Frederick reached

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Frederick, however, did not take part in any of the campaigns of 1250. He had been ill and likely felt tired, withdrawing to the Kingdom of Sicily where a he remained for much of the year. Suddenly on 13 December 1250, however, after a persistent attack of dysentery, Frederick died in

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went to the Mediterranean sea, and embarked with a small retinue; but after pretending to make for the Holy Land for three days, he said that he was seized with a sudden illness this conduct of the emperor redounded much to his disgrace, and to the injury of the whole business of the

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in mid-July 1215 by one of the three German archbishops. Frederick then astonished the crowd by taking the cross and calling upon the nobles present to do the same. It was not until another five years had passed, and only after further negotiations between Frederick, Innocent III, and

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With peace north of the Alps, Frederick raised an army from the German princes to suppress the rebel cities in Lombardy. Gregory tried to stop the invasion with diplomatic moves, but in vain. During his descent to Italy, Frederick had to divert his troops to quell a rebellion of

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towards a less accommodating solution. One month later, before Frederick’s representatives even reached Lyon, Innocent IV declared Frederick to be deposed as emperor, characterizing him as a "friend of Babylon's sultan", "of Saracen customs", "provided with a harem guarded by

965:. His first task was to reassert his power over Sicily and southern Italy, where local barons and adventurers had usurped most of the authority. Pope Innocent was in search of a diplomatic match for his protege Frederick, to enable him successful future alliances. Eventually 3346:(1221–1256). Although Frederick has been ascribed up to eight children, only two, perhaps three, can be identified from primary documents. His son, Conrad, was alive as late as 1301. His daughter Philippa, born around 1242, married Manfredi Maletta, the grand chamberlain of 4141:

A charter issued by Emperor Frederick II dated 1248 was witnessed by Manfred , Marquis of Lancia, "our beloved kinsman" . The word here used for kinsman is "affinis," that is, kinsman by marriage, not blood. A transcript of this charter is published in Huillard-Bréholles,

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as he advanced. Then just as the Emperor's forces were ready to attack Rome, Gregory died on 22 August 1241. Frederick then attempted to show that the war was not directed against the Church of Rome but against the Pope by withdrawing his troops and freeing from prison in

2199:, scored several victories in Germany against William of Holland and forced the pro-papal Rhenish archbishops to sign a truce. Innocent IV was increasingly isolated as support for the papal cause dwindled rapidly in Germany and much of Italy, and across Europe generally. 1337:

in September. Many of the local nobility, the Templars, and Hospitallers were therefore reluctant to offer overt support. Since the crusading army was already a small force, Frederick negotiated along the lines of a previous agreement he had intended to broker with the

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Frederick was a religious sceptic to an extent unusual for his era. His papal enemies used it against him at every turn and accused him of claiming that Moses, Christ, and Mohammed were the three greatest deceivers who ever lived in a long-rumored book called the

827:, he was not the son of Henry and Constance but was presented to Henry as his own after a faked pregnancy. His real father was variously described as a butcher of Jesi, a physician, a miller or a falconer. Frederick's birth was also associated with a prophecy of 2172:, in May 1249. Enzo was held in a palace in Bologna, where he remained captive until his death in 1272. Richard of Chieti was also killed in 1249, possibly in the same battle. Frederick named Manfred as Legate General of Italy to replace the now captive Enzo. 1227:

was chosen as the league's leader. The Diet was cancelled, however, and the situation was stabilized only through a compromise reached by Honorius between Frederick and the league. During his sojourn in northern Italy, Frederick also invested the

1192:'s offer to restore the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem to the crusaders in exchange for their withdrawal from Egypt and caused the Crusade to continually stall in anticipation of his ever-delayed arrival. The crusade ended in failure with the loss of 3039:). However, all agree on Frederick II's significance as Holy Roman Emperor and as a forerunner, perhaps, for succeeding generations of a conception of the “modern” state emancipated from papal claims of supremacy. Thomas Curtis Van Cleve's 1972 2258:

which lasted until 1273, one year after the last Hohenstaufen, Enzo, had died in his prison. Manfred would succeed to the Sicilian throne in 1258 and enjoyed a good deal of success against the papacy and its Guelph allies until his death at the

1250:, an imperial city. The barons of the French army sent a letter to Frederick defending their action as a military necessity, and a few days after the start of the siege Henry (VII) ratified an alliance with France that had been signed in 1223. 2910:

Historians rate Frederick II as a highly significant European monarch of the Middle Ages. This reputation was present even among his contemporaries and Frederick has retained the enduring fascination of historians. In his influential work

2696:, left a physical description of Frederick based on the testimony of those who had seen the emperor in person in Jerusalem: "The Emperor was covered with red hair, was bald and myopic. Had he been a slave, he would not have fetched 200 6044:

nur Ausdruck der persönlichen Wissbegier des Kaisers (lit.:Because demonstration of scholarly knowledge played an important role at the Arab courts, the questions Frederick sent to Muslim scholars, regarding optical phenomena like the

2903: 2403:. The actual existence of this book is highly unlikely and Frederick himself denied all knowledge of it but its supposed sentiment seemed to align with Frederick’s perceived religious skepticism and indifference to personal faith. 1444:, was adversely affected by the manner in which Frederick carried out negotiations without the support of the church. He left behind a kingdom in the Levant torn between his agents and the local nobility, a civil war known as the 2558:) and receive an office at the Khan's court, he remarked that he would make a good falconer, for he understood birds very well. He maintained up to fifty falconers at a time in his court, and in his letters he requested Arctic 1211:: the main arguments for holding the Diet would be to continue the struggle against heresy, to organize the crusade and, above all, to restore the imperial power in northern Italy, which had long been usurped by the numerous 2658:, or perchance the tongue of their parents of whom they had been born. But he laboured in vain, for the children could not live without clappings of the hands, and gestures, and gladness of countenance, and blandishments". 2013:, as rival for the imperial crown and set in motion a plot to kill Frederick and Enzo, with the support of the pope's brother-in-law Orlando de Rossi, another friend of Frederick. The plotters were unmasked by the count of 1167:

At the time he was elected King of the Romans, Frederick promised to go on crusade. He continually delayed, however, and, in spite of his renewal of this vow at his coronation as the King of Germany, he did not travel to

816:. He was only given his grandfathers' names, becoming Frederick Roger (or Roger Frederick), at his baptism when he was two years old. This dual name served the same purpose as Constantine: emphasising his dual heritage. 1401:

generosity and high splendor, fame and magnificent endowments, and the fulfillment of his wishes and hopes. May his days and nights go in pleasure without end or change." This coronation robe can be found today in the

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as far as the Volturno–Irpino. Frederick arrived at Brindisi in June 1229. He quickly recovered the lost territories, and tried and condemned the rebel barons, but avoided crossing the borders of the Papal States.

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book, minute and almost mechanical in its divisions and subdivisions. It is also a rigidly practical book, written by a falconer for falconers and condensing a long experience into systematic form for the use of

3306:(c. 1184 – c. 1222). Her relationship with Frederick II took place during the time he stayed in Germany between 1215 and 1220. According to some sources, she was related to the Hohenburg family under the name 2641:

Salimbene wrote that Frederick bade "foster-mothers and nurses to suckle and bathe and wash the children, but in no ways to prattle or speak with them; for he would have learnt whether they would speak the

2390:

Maehl argues that Frederick inherited German, Norman, and Sicilian blood, but by training, lifestyle, and temperament he was "most of all Sicilian." "To the end of his life he remained above all a Sicilian

1904:

Thomas of Split comments that there was a frenzy of fortifying castles and cities throughout the Holy Roman Empire, including Italy. Either following the Emperor's instructions or on their own initiative,

2967:

Modern medievalists generally no longer accept the notion, sponsored by the popes, of Frederick as an anti-Christian. They argue that Frederick understood himself as a Christian monarch in the sense of a

807:

At birth, Frederick was named Constantine by his mother. This name, a masculine form of his mother's name, served to identify him closely with both his Norman heritage and his imperial heritage (through

2554:

For this book he drew from sources in the Arabic language. Frederick's pride in his mastery of the art is illustrated by the story that, when he was ordered to become a subject of the Great Khan (

1053:– who succeeded to the papacy after Innocent's death in 1216 – that Frederick was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Honorius III, on 22 November 1220. At the same time, Frederick's oldest son 2857:

Despite his efforts in Sicily and Italy, Frederick II was not able to extend his more absolutist legal reforms to Germany. In 1232, Henry (VII) was forced by the German princes to promulgate the

2021:, where they had found shelter, was razed. The guilty were blinded, mutilated, and burnt alive or hanged. An attempt to invade the Kingdom of Sicily, under the command of Ranieri, was halted at 3453:(on her deathbed) between them when Bianca was dying, but this marriage was never recognized by the Church. Nevertheless, Bianca's children were apparently regarded by Frederick as legitimate, 1424:

arrived to place the city under interdict on the patriarch's orders. Frederick's further attempts to rule over the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met by resistance on the part of the barons, led by

922:. Frederick was hastily brought back to his mother Constance in Palermo, Sicily, where he was crowned King of Sicily on 17 May 1198, at just three years of age. Originally his title had been 7226: 2750:

pending reaffirmation and received a salary from the state. This made them loyal to the king-emperor and his administration, for without it they were nothing. The great officers of the

2235:, 100,000 gold ounces, and regency over Sicily and Italy while his half-brother remained in Germany. Henry, Frederick’s son by Isabella of England, received 100,000 gold ounces and the 1463:, supported Frederick. Against the interdict pronounced on his lands, the preachers condemned the Pope and continued to minister the sacraments and grant absolutions. Brother Arnold in 3056:

Friedrich Nietzsche, a prominent German philosopher, mentioned Frederick in his book Beyond Good and Evil (Part V, aphorism 200). Nietzsche seems to admire Frederick as an archetypal

3219:

Jordan (born during the spring of 1236, failed to survive the year); this child was given the baptismal name Jordanus as he was baptized with water brought for that purpose from the

3110: 2976:" on earth. Whatever his personal feelings toward religion, certainly submission to the pope did not enter into the matter in the slightest. This was in line with the Hohenstaufen 1096:

until 1235, when he made his last journey to Germany. He returned to Italy in 1237 and stayed there for the remaining thirteen years of his life, represented in Germany by his son

1917:

knights in the district of Theben after being backed to the border of the River March. As the Holy Roman Empire seemed now the target of the Mongols, Frederick II sent letters to

2945:(tyrannical state) later became the model of tyrannies for all Renaissance princes, Kantorowicz primarily saw Frederick as the last and greatest Christian emperor, who embraced " 843:. A later legend claims that Constance gave birth in the public square of Jesi to silence doubters. Constance took unusual measures to prove her pregnancy and its legitimacy and 7241: 2891: 2136:

many cities that could no longer bear the fiscal burden of his regime: parts of the Romagna, Marche and Spoleto were lost. In May 1248, Frederick’s illegitimate son Richard of

1933:

in 1245, but Frederick II was excommunicated by that very diet in the context of his struggle with the Papacy and ultimately abandoned the possibility of a crusade against the

981:

Seals used by Frederick as Emperor (ed. Otto Posse 1909): 1: first imperial seal (1221–1225), 2: second imperial seal (1226), 3: third imperial seal, addition of the title of

2160:, cried when he discovered the plot. Pier, blinded and in chains, died in Pisa, possibly by his own hand. Even more shocking for Frederick was the capture of his natural son 6963: 4109: 2820:

was introduced and became widely circulated in Italy, admired even today for its splendid proto-Renaissance style and fine quality. Per the Constitutions, Frederick II was

1559:("Statute in favor of the princes"), issued at Worms, deprived the emperor of much of his sovereignty in Germany. Frederick summoned Henry to a meeting, which was held at 1913:

had every castle strengthened and provisioned, as well as providing soldiers and armaments to monasteries in order to turn them into refuges for the civilian population.

605:

He was one of the most powerful figures of the Middle Ages and ruled a vast area, beginning with Sicily and stretching through Italy all the way north to Germany. As the

7271: 1014:

with a small following. He agreed with the pope on a future separation between the Sicilian and Imperial titles, and named his wife Constance as regent. Passing through

1889:

unifying his magnates and other monarchs to potentially face a Mongol invasion, he specifically took his vow for the defense of the empire on "this side of the Alps".

3457:, evidenced by his daughter Constance's marriage to the Nicaean Emperor, and his own will, in which he appointed Manfred as Prince of Taranto and Regent of Sicily. 2727:(English: Constitutions of the Kingdom of the Sicilies), promulgated in 1231 in the Kingdom of Sicily. The sophistication of the Constitutions, also known as the 3303: 2128:. The besieged languished as the Emperor waited for them to surrender from starvation. He had a wooden city, which he called "Vittoria", built around the walls. 743: 5936:

From St. Francis to Dante : translations from the chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene, 1221–1288 with notes and illustrations from other medieval sources

3515: 1125:), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time and was a source of inspiration for a long time after. It made the Kingdom of Sicily an 9632: 1440:, a chronicler of the period, said: "The emperor left Acre ; hated, cursed, and vilified." Overall this crusade, arguably the first successful one since the 2731:, sets Frederick apart as perhaps the supreme lawgiver of the Middle Ages. Under the direction of a group of jurists headed by Frederick himself, including 2580:

in "Natural Curiosities" notes that Frederick fully understood the migration of some birds at a time when all sorts of now improbable theories were common.

7286: 4128: 3484: 3396: 835:, writing at some distance but probably recording contemporary gossip, Henry doubted reports of his wife's pregnancy and was only convinced by consulting 3979: 3377: 2732: 2669:. He often sent letters to the leading scholars of the time (not only in Europe) asking for solutions to questions of science, mathematics and physics. 1010:

as German King by a rebellious faction backed by the pope. Innocent also excommunicated Otto, who was forced to return to Germany. Frederick sailed to

953:, he landed in Sicily and one year later seized the young Frederick. He thus ruled Sicily until 1202, when he was succeeded by another German captain, 5258:

Gian Andri Bezzola, Die Mongolen in Abendländischer Sicht (1220–1270): Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Völkerbegegnungen (Bern: Francke Verlag, 1974), 79–80

3468: 1300:, the current king of Jerusalem, was dispossessed and his rights transferred to the emperor. In August 1227, Frederick set out for the Holy Land from 1033:. Frederick's authority in Germany remained tenuous, and he was recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of 1537:(August 1231), as an attempt to solve the political and administrative problems of the country, which had dramatically been shown by the recent war. 2826:

and ruled as an absolute monarch. The Constitutions have been regarded as perhaps the “birth certificate” of the modern continental European state.

2223:. Despite the betrayals, setbacks, and flux of fortune he had faced in his last years, Frederick died peacefully, reportedly wearing the habit of a 684:

For his many-sided activities Frederick II has been called the greatest of all the medieval German emperors. He enjoys a reputation as a brilliant

8464: 2275:

soon after, ending the Hohenstaufen line. Much of Europe was shocked by the sudden death of Frederick II and a legend developed that Frederick was

2960:

wrote that Frederick had the far-seeing statecraft of Julius Caesar, the intellectuality of Frederick the Great, and the enterprise and “artist’s

3132: 851:

that Frederick was her son by Henry. It is probable that these public acts of affirmation on account of her age gave rise to some false rumours.

5895: 5119: 5013: 1288:

Problems of stability within the empire delayed Frederick's departure on crusade. It was not until 1225, when, by proxy, Frederick had married

7891: 7600: 1319:

Many contemporary chroniclers doubted the sincerity of Frederick's illness, and their attitude may be explained by their pro-papal leanings.

1143:

Worried by the independent rule the Muslim population developed since his departure in 1212, he deported the Muslim population of Sicily to

723:

language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern

9246: 7256: 2956:, considered Frederick II to have “no equal” in the centuries between Charlemagne and Napoleon while the noted Austrian cultural historian 2913: 1471:

for 1260, at which time Frederick would then confiscate the riches of Rome and distribute them among the poor, the "only true Christians".

17: 9597: 9582: 9542: 4083:, during which the German kings did not receive the Imperial coronation. That period ended only with the coronation of Henry VII in 1220. 3362: 1393:

as rightful king. There is also disagreement as to whether the "coronation" was a coronation at all, as a letter written by Frederick to

111: 7246: 2363:

Frederick II (seated left), the "stupor mundi", receiving homage from the people of the world. Contemporary fresco of the 13th century,

1553:) had caused their discontent with an aggressive policy against their privileges. This forced Henry to a complete capitulation, and the 1037:

power, Otto continued to hold the reins of royal and imperial power despite his excommunication. Otto's decisive military defeat at the

122: 6438:

Black Central Europe – We bring you over 1000 years of Black history in the German-speaking lands and show you why it matters right now

6412:

Black Central Europe – We bring you over 1000 years of Black history in the German-speaking lands and show you why it matters right now

2873:

emperor had to be approved by the princes. These provisions not withstanding, royal power in Germany remained strong under Frederick.

1867: 1697:

After the failure of the negotiations between the Lombard cities, the pope and the imperial diplomats, Frederick invaded Lombardy from

9537: 9512: 6660: 5371:

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 1. Forgotten Books (15 June 2012). p. 152.

1389:

on 18 March 1229, although this was technically improper. Frederick's wife Isabella, the heiress, had died, leaving their infant son

7360: 4066:

Frederick II was crowned King in Germany in 1212. He deposed his rival Otto IV in 1215 and received the Imperial coronation in 1220.

2283:

Mountains and would one day awaken to reestablish his empire. Over time, this legend largely transferred itself to his grandfather,

1362:, and a small coastal strip to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, though there are disagreements as to the extent of the territory returned. 9607: 9592: 9587: 9577: 4079:

in 1245 solemnly deposed and excommunicated Frederick II, absolving all his subjects from allegiance. This is the beginning of the

2227:

monk. Of his father’s death, Manfred wrote to Conrad in Germany, “The sun of justice has set, the maker of peace has passed away.”

691:

and a visionary statesman, scientist, scholar, architect, poet and composer. Frederick also reportedly spoke six languages: Latin,

3331:

Caterina da Marano (1216/18 – aft. 1272), who married firstly with NN and secondly with Giacomo del Carretto, marquis of Noli and

1884:

decisively defeated the armies of Hungary and Poland and devastated their countryside and all their unfortified settlements. King

6023:

Bonatti, for instance, was perhaps the most famous astrologer of his day and apparently advised Frederick II on military matters.

3171: 7314: 5871:

Emperor Frederick II, »Sultan of Lucera", "Friend of the Musilims«, Promoter of Cultural Transfer: Controversies and Suggestions

9562: 1545:

While he may have temporarily made his peace with the pope, Frederick found the German princes another matter. Frederick's son

1425: 5397: 9572: 9532: 9527: 7191: 7138:

Smith, Thomas W. "Between two kings: Pope Honorius III and the seizure of the Kingdom of Jerusalem by Frederick II in 1225."

7060: 6769: 6306: 6272: 6016: 5799: 5765: 5689: 5632: 5356: 5088: 4783: 4744: 4710: 4676: 4321: 4287: 4253: 4219: 4192: 902:

the infant Frederick was elected King of the Romans and thus heir to his father's imperial crown. His rights in Germany were

2254:

However, upon Conrad's death a mere four years later, the Hohenstaufen dynasty fell from power in Germany, inaugurating the

9617: 9371: 9026: 8457: 6945: 3617: 3425:(c. 1200/10 – 1230/46), possibly starting around 1225. One source states that it lasted 20 years. They had three children: 3047:

Lansing and English, two British historians, argue that medieval Palermo has been overlooked in favor of Paris and London:

2808:, acted as an auditing department on the great bureaucracy. Frederick also allowed access by parts of civil society to the 2359: 2203:

had relatively stabilized Tuscany as imperial vicar and podestà of Florence. Piacenza changed allegiances to Frederick and

1044:

The German princes, supported by Innocent III, again elected Frederick king of Germany in 1215, and he was crowned king in

703:, Greek, and Arabic. As an avid patron of science and the arts, he played a major role in promoting literature through the 2267:, the only son of Conrad IV, made an attempt to reclaim Sicily after Manfred’s death but was defeated and captured at the 669:

four times between 1227 and his own death in 1250", and was often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and after.

9622: 6801:

Mediæval popes, emperors, kings, and crusaders; or, Germany, Italy, and Palestine from A.D. 1125 to A.D. 1268, Volume III

6459: 6048:

as well as the alleged immortality of the soul, were not merely a sign of the emperor's personal intellectual curiosity).

2993: 1982:

Together with many of the Cardinals, most of whom were his newly appointed lackeys, Innocent fled via Genoese galleys to

957:, who kept Frederick under his control in the royal palace of Palermo until 1206. Frederick was subsequently under tutor 6823:

Mediæval popes, emperors, kings, and crusaders; or, Germany, Italy, and Palestine from A.D. 1125 to A.D. 1268, Volume IV

6676: 858:

had been crowned king of Sicily and not long after the birth of her son, Constance the empress continued her journey to

4039: 2610:

He was also alleged to have carried out a number of experiments on people. These experiments were recorded by the monk

9202: 8254: 8234: 8214: 7884: 7800: 7780: 7760: 7593: 7155: 7079: 7041: 7006: 6913: 6874: 6788: 6750: 6560: 5976: 5879: 5588: 5145: 4982: 4417: 3089: 2516:

and his peers and predate by at least a century the use of the Tuscan idiom as the elite literary language of Italy.

2040:. On 5 August 1246 Heinrich, thanks to the Pope's money, managed to defeat an army of Conrad, son of Frederick, near 1742:

Frederick received the news of his excommunication by Gregory IX in the first months of 1239 while his court was in

961:, until, in 1208, he was declared of age. At that time he spoke five languages, Greek, Arabic, Latin, Provençal and 9627: 9239: 8259: 8249: 8219: 7795: 7765: 6940: 6694:

Ernst Kraus: Leben der Unehelichen: Ein Abstieg in Status, Reichtum und Zuneigung. Leipzig 1843, p. 92–93. (German)

6370: 6210:

Arnold, Benjamin (2000). "Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250) and the political particularism of the German princes".

5484:

Arnold, Benjamin (2000). "Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250) and the political particularism of the German princes".

4433: 4369: 3705: 2622: 1946: 1203:

In 1225, after agreeing with Pope Honorius to launch a Crusade before 1228, Frederick summoned an imperial Diet at

2902: 2661:

Frederick was also interested in the stars, and his court was host to many astrologers and astronomers, including

2481:, who had migrated there from the holy land, at his court to translate Greek and Arabic works. He also introduced 1312:, recommended that he return to the mainland to recuperate. On 29 September 1227, Frederick was excommunicated by 9667: 9491: 9122: 8773: 8450: 8279: 8229: 8071: 7820: 7775: 7715: 6433: 5298: 4162:"His dream of universal power made him regard himself as an emperor of classical times and a direct successor to 4080: 3585: 2284: 2131:

On 18 February 1248, during one of these absences, the camp was suddenly assaulted and taken, and in the ensuing

739: 2059:, naming his relatives or friends as vicars of the various lands. He married his son Manfred to the daughter of 9637: 9602: 9481: 9186: 8693: 8337: 8299: 8294: 8274: 8175: 7840: 7835: 7815: 7750: 7231: 3248: 2364: 6407: 9446: 9210: 9194: 9170: 9090: 9082: 8426: 8352: 8289: 8284: 8264: 8239: 8224: 8204: 8160: 8037: 8032: 7830: 7825: 7805: 7785: 7770: 7755: 7740: 7700: 7695: 7570: 4885:

Toch, Michael (1999). "Welfs, Hohenstaufen and Habsburgs". In Abulafia, David; McKitterick, Rosamond (eds.).

3679: 2859: 2504:. Through the mix of Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, and Sicilian language poems and art at the court, Arabic " 2478: 2466: 1906: 1723:, which had sent a great sum of money. This demand of total surrender spurred further resistance from Milan, 1679: 1555: 1347: 1069: 819:

Frederick's birth was accompanied by gossip and rumour on account of his mother's advanced age. According to

657:. Frequently at war with the papacy, which was hemmed in between Frederick's lands in northern Italy and his 6821: 1304:

but was forced to return when he was struck down by an epidemic that had broken out. Even the master of the

1041:

forced him to withdraw to the Guelph hereditary lands where, virtually without supporters, he died in 1218.

949:, reclaimed the regency for himself and soon after invaded the Kingdom of Sicily. In 1200, with the help of 9336: 9178: 9146: 9098: 9074: 9058: 8269: 8244: 8165: 8091: 8042: 8027: 8022: 7877: 7858: 7810: 7790: 7745: 7725: 7705: 7690: 7685: 7586: 7328: 6903: 6841:

The Emperor and the Saint: Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Francis of Assisi, and Journeys to Medieval Places

5240:

Peter Jackson, "The Crusade against the Mongols (1241)", Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42 (1991): 14–15

3643: 3559: 3503: 3429: 3097: 2985: 2941:. While Kantorowicz endorsed Burckhardt's thinking that Frederick was the prototypical modern ruler, whose 1526: 1417: 1085: 915: 855: 781: 583: 517: 1137: 9232: 9154: 9114: 9050: 8101: 8066: 8017: 7730: 7710: 7680: 7523: 6328: 4943: 4034: 3101: 2937: 1144: 911: 294: 136: 3237:

after his father died, but he, too, died within three years and was never crowned. Betrothed to many of

1655: 1607:, ending the unclear status of the German Guelphs, who had been left without title and rank after 1180. 1382:, wished to avoid further trouble from the Christians, at least until his domestic rivals were subdued. 9557: 9331: 8393: 8309: 8192: 6703: 6641: 5007: 3885: 3234: 2524: 2465:, Part II, Parker Library, MS 16, fol. 151v – On parade during the visit of Frederick's brother-in-law 2448: 2352: 878: 642: 595: 527: 460: 204: 184: 8181: 6089: 5969:

Gregor von Montesacro und die geistige Kultur Süditaliens unter Friedrich II. (Montesacro-Forschungen)

3272:

with a mistress and a bird of prey; though it is often claimed that it actually depicts Frederick and

9657: 9642: 8421: 8402: 8383: 8150: 7291: 7183: 7053:

Frederick, Conrad and Manfred of Hohenstaufen, Kings of Sicily: The Chronicle of Nicholas of Jamsilla

3311: 2813: 1603:

Otto with the same lands and additional former imperial possessions as the newly established Duke of

1429: 1370: 1089: 1065: 919: 882: 2677: 2455: 918:

in 1197, Frederick was in Italy, traveling towards Germany, when the bad news reached his guardian,

9647: 9567: 8361: 8187: 7486: 7466: 6345: 6198:

The physician was not allowed to sell his own drugs ('nec ipse etiam habebit propriam stationem').

5605: 4942:, edited by César Auguste Horoy, 28–29. Paris: Imprimerie de la Bibliothèque Ecclésiastique, 1880. 3827: 3801: 3490: 3190: 2700:

at market." Frederick's eyes were described variously as blue, or "green like those of a serpent".

2068: 1951: 1406: 1289: 1177: 1129:; it also set a precedent for the primacy of written law. With relatively small modifications, the 887: 368: 270: 246: 7167:

The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century

6186: 4311: 9612: 9386: 9361: 9316: 8587: 7982: 7900: 7318: 5346: 3921: 3433: 3347: 2276: 2255: 1910: 1835: 1660: 1563:

in 1232. Henry confirmed his submission, but Frederick was nevertheless compelled to confirm the

1247: 1115:(1220, issued soon after his coronation in Rome) but came to fruition in his promulgation of the 1034: 492: 6987: 2633:

that they might demonstrate once their voices matured. It is claimed he was seeking to discover

2148:

In February 1249 Frederick dismissed his advisor and chief minister, the famous jurist and poet

1791: 1397:

suggests that the crown he placed on his own head was in fact the imperial crown of the Romans.

1296:, that his departure seemed assured. Frederick immediately saw to it that his new father-in-law 9662: 9436: 9406: 9346: 8961: 8342: 8111: 7513: 7445: 7324: 7276: 6550: 3366: 3295: 3182: 2720: 2244: 2121: 2029: 2010: 1719:(later sent to the commune of Rome) and an elephant. He rejected any suit for peace, even from 1546: 1534: 1116: 1060:

Unlike most Holy Roman emperors, Frederick spent few years in Germany. In 1218, he helped King

1054: 942: 738:

came to an end. Furthermore, the Holy Roman Empire entered a long period of decline during the

477: 472: 455: 209: 147: 6717: 6296: 5580: 4277: 4209: 3354:

and died in prison in 1273. Maria, wife of Barnabò Malaspina, may also have been his daughter.

2028:

Innocent also sent a flow of money to Germany to cut off Frederick's power at its source. The

9547: 9421: 9396: 9326: 9130: 8128: 8076: 8048: 7374: 7261: 6262: 5622: 4773: 4700: 4076: 3269: 3035:

20th century treatments of Frederick vary from the sober (Wolfgang Stürner) to the dramatic (

2530: 2326:. His sarcophagus was opened in the nineteenth century and various items can be found in the 2268: 2071:

never reached Lombardy, and the Emperor, accompanied by a massive army, held another diet at

2049: 1930: 1826: 1514: 1460: 903: 809: 735: 587: 50: 5951: 4243: 2935:." For Kantorowicz, Frederick was a trans-European ruler “deeply imbued” with the idea of a 2829: 1885: 1604: 1529:

absolved Frederick and lifted his excommunication. The emperor personally met Gregory IX at

613:

became his enemy, and it eventually prevailed. Viewing himself as a direct successor to the

9522: 9517: 9486: 9401: 9351: 9311: 9138: 9005: 8374: 8328: 8209: 8139: 8116: 8086: 7720: 7540: 7456: 6932:

Eclipse of Empire? Perceptions of the Western Empire and its Rulers in Late-Medieval France

5442:

Arabic Script on Christian Kings: Textile Inscriptions on Royal Garments from Norman Sicily

5348:

The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

4045: 3442:(1232 – killed in battle, Benevento, 26 February 1266), first Regent, later King of Sicily. 3343: 3332: 3321: 3230: 3204: 3077: 2927: 2769: 2737: 2673: 2303: 2200: 2196: 1918: 1702: 1691: 1620: 1436:

a variety of reasons related to the political situation in Europe. Of Frederick's crusade,

1428:. In the mid-1230s, Frederick's viceroy was forced to leave Acre, and in 1244, following a 1394: 1390: 1293: 1244: 1220: 1097: 954: 591: 487: 482: 325: 260: 194: 7019:(2016) . "The Papal 'Crusade' against Frederick II in 1228–1230". In Michel Balard (ed.). 6657: 6361: 5800:

https://www.splendidsicily.com/audio/giacomo-da-lentini-and-the-sicilian-school-of-poetry/

4360: 4245:

The Heian Court Poetry as World Literature: From the Point of View of Early Italian Poetry

2156:. Some historians suggest that Pier was planning to betray the Emperor, who, according to 839:, who confirmed that Frederick was his son by interpretation of Merlin's prophecy and the 621:

from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of

8: 9652: 9552: 9466: 9456: 9426: 9376: 9321: 9306: 8991: 8956: 8925: 8890: 8874: 8818: 8518: 8510: 8155: 8145: 8133: 7971: 7942: 7927: 7913: 7670: 7660: 7436: 7420: 7358:

Deed by Frederick II for the branch of the Teutonic Order in Nuremberg, 30 January 1215,

7335: 6905:

History of the Church: From the High Middle Ages to the eve of the Reformation, Volume IV

5934: 3351: 3212: 3164: 3017: 2897: 2809: 2587:, with which he impressed the cold cities of Northern Italy and Europe, included hounds, 2400: 2323: 2260: 2060: 2033: 2018: 1550: 1445: 1092:. After his coronation in 1220, Frederick remained either in the Kingdom of Sicily or on 1077: 1061: 966: 929:

Constance of Sicily was in her own right queen of Sicily, and she established herself as

793: 393: 343: 6799: 6180: 5921: 4668:

Friedrich II.: Die Königsherrschaft in Sizilien und Deutschland : 1194–1220. Teil 1

9461: 9451: 9411: 9391: 9381: 9366: 9301: 9282: 9255: 9106: 8939: 8170: 8061: 7998: 7962: 7650: 7609: 7560: 7106: 7030: 6389: 6156: 6143: 5889: 5850: 5842: 5454: 5423: 5113: 4969: 4862: 4388: 4180: 4132:; however, Houben believes that he was probably only baptized under the name Frederick. 3947: 3859: 3737: 3244: 3021: 2946: 2577: 2427:" (paganism), Frederick II is listed as a representative member of the sixth region of 2311: 2299: 2272: 2204: 2169: 2112: 2076: 2048:, whose duke had died without heirs. A year later Heinrich died, and Innocent selected 1922: 1778:, which had sent some ships against Sicily. In December of that year Frederick entered 1775: 1687: 1486: 1421: 1413: 1386: 1108: 1038: 989: 958: 813: 696: 646: 622: 618: 609:

progressed, he acquired control of Jerusalem and styled himself its king. However, the

575: 465: 71: 41: 8442: 6223: 5497: 2442: 9476: 9471: 9441: 9431: 9292: 9272: 9032: 9013: 8858: 8611: 8003: 7932: 7635: 7477: 7197: 7187: 7151: 7110: 7075: 7056: 7037: 7002: 6983: 6909: 6870: 6863: 6784: 6765: 6746: 6556: 6302: 6268: 6161: 6012: 5972: 5875: 5854: 5761: 5685: 5628: 5584: 5573: 5352: 5141: 5084: 4978: 4854: 4779: 4740: 4706: 4672: 4413: 4317: 4283: 4249: 4215: 4188: 4103: 3439: 3139: 3036: 2980:, the ideology claiming the Holy Roman Emperor to be the legitimate successor to the 2969: 2922: 2693: 2611: 2571: 2501: 2343: 2306:

beside those of his parents (Henry VI and Constance) as well as his grandfather, the

2212: 2188: 2141: 1855: 1374:

Crusaders. Al-Kamil, who was nervous about possible war with his relatives who ruled

1320: 1212: 1197: 1126: 1104: 1073: 1050: 1001: 985:(1226–1250) 4: seal used in 1221 and 1225, 5: first seal as King of Jerusalem (1233). 982: 962: 950: 934: 899: 812:, the first Christian emperor). It was still his name at the time of his election as 692: 658: 650: 638: 599: 579: 439: 314: 310: 217: 3310:(it: Alayta di Marano); but the most accepted theory stated she was the daughter of 1872: 1264: 9416: 9263: 8947: 8866: 8842: 8198: 8096: 7976: 7922: 7655: 7640: 7496: 7127: 7098: 6379: 6219: 6151: 6084: 5834: 5493: 5076: 4844: 4805: 4378: 4344: 3412: 3408: 3317: 3238: 3093: 3025: 2918: 2630: 2509: 2236: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2108: 2103: 2063:

to secure the Alpine passes to Lyon and compelled the submission of the marquis of

2055:

Between February and March 1247 Frederick settled the situation in Italy a diet in

2045: 1999: 1975: 1963: 1956: 1767: 1755: 1736: 1592: 1501:

and, in 1229, invaded southern Italy. His troops overcame an initial resistance at

1494: 1437: 1366: 1309: 1305: 1237: 1121: 1112: 946: 907: 863: 840: 836: 801: 724: 634: 547: 6964:"Federico II di Svevia, imperatore, re di Sicilia e di Gerusalemme, re dei Romani" 4736:

Kommunikation in der Krise Könige und Fürsten im deutschen Thronstreit (1198–1218)

4101:

There is some doubt of this because the sources are not exactly contemporary. The

2496:. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, saw the first use of a literary form of an 2044:. Frederick strengthened his position in Southern Germany, however, acquiring the 1841:

Frederick then directed his army toward Rome and the Pope, burning and destroying

1140:

for maladministration. The trial was nullified by the pope on procedural grounds.

1006: 9277: 9066: 8975: 8898: 8882: 8055: 7947: 7937: 7665: 7645: 7625: 7530: 7470: 6664: 6525: 6237: 6008: 5706: 5302: 4666: 4407: 4123: 3013: 3009: 2989: 2797: 2712: 2655: 2643: 2634: 2489: 2461: 2428: 2347: 2319: 2248: 2132: 2096: 1971: 1851: 1814: 1763: 1751: 1669: 1664: 1642: 1599:

in 1180, conveying the allodial Guelphic possessions to Frederick, who in return

1596: 1522: 1498: 1490: 1480: 1313: 1297: 1181: 844: 820: 728: 704: 685: 670: 666: 626: 567: 539: 290: 250: 76: 7303: 7227:

Frederick II. King of Sicily from 1197, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1215 to 1250

7089:

Powell, James M. (April 2007). "Church and Crusade: Frederick II and Louis IX".

5067:

Weiler, Björn (2006). "Reasserting Power: Frederick II in Germany (1235-1236)".

9042: 8834: 8081: 8012: 7988: 7675: 7503: 7427: 6738: 2997: 2681: 2647: 2327: 1758:

as Legate General and Imperial vicar for Northern Italy. Enzo soon annexed the

1624: 1588: 1584: 1229: 1216: 892: 832: 563: 155: 7131: 5655: 5171: 2812:

which now consisted of not only the barons, but the University of Naples, the

2036:

also declared Frederick deposed, and in May 1246 Heinrich Raspe was chosen as

1739:, in the course of which his enemies had tried unsuccessfully to capture him. 9506: 8983: 8473: 8412: 7549: 7201: 5744: 5026: 4858: 4347: 3422: 3281: 3273: 3265: 3073: 2957: 2892:

Cultural depictions of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor § Historiography

2854:

became a model for regulation of the practice of pharmacy throughout Europe.

2666: 2546: 2497: 2216: 1934: 1926: 1881: 1782:

and spent Christmas in Pisa. In January 1240, Frederick triumphantly entered

1710: 1647: 1629: 1468: 1441: 1274: 1259: 1173: 1162: 1081: 764: 720: 654: 630: 614: 571: 418: 80: 5080: 3298:(1212/13 – aft. 1240), who fled to Spain with his wife and children in 1240. 2477:

Frederick had a great thirst for knowledge and learning. Frederick employed

2420:

the Church of the Middle Ages that he antagonized, but its representatives.

2280: 1858:. Frederick then traveled to Sicily to wait for the election of a new pope. 937:

succeeded as Frederick's guardian. Frederick's tutor during this period was

754: 7957: 7908: 7391: 6165: 5985: 5420: 3220: 3005: 2981: 2932: 2743: 2662: 2424: 2153: 1771: 1502: 1233: 938: 848: 625:

from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was

507: 7102: 6941:"Capocci, Raniero (Raynerius de Viterbio, Rainerius, Ranerius, Reinerius)" 1974:. Frederick could not afford to lose his main stronghold near Rome, so he 1103:

In the Kingdom of Sicily, he built on the reform of the laws begun at the

8920: 8826: 8122: 7620: 7118:

Pybus, H. J. (1930). "The Emperor Frederick II and the Sicilian Church".

7016: 6848:

Cavendish, Richard (December 2000). "Death of the Emperor Frederick II".

6002: 3029: 2878: 2822: 2761: 2626: 2404: 2338: 2295: 2006: 1896:

A chronicler reports that Frederick received a demand of submission from

1379: 1351: 1334: 1156: 6886:

Le royaume d'Arles et de Vienne sous le règne de Frédéric II (1214–1250)

6144:"The Earliest Modern Law for the Regulation of the Practice of Medicine" 4437: 881:

handing her son over to the care of the duchess of Spoleto, the wife of

8805: 8781: 8757: 8431: 6393: 6045: 5846: 5788:, Vol. 28, No. 3, Special Issue: Arab Shakespeares (2016), pp. 133–157. 4866: 4392: 3388:

Blanchefleur (1226 – 20 June 1279), Dominican nun in Montargis, France.

3117: 2817: 2777: 2505: 2412: 2224: 2064: 1802: 1456: 1452: 1000:

In response, Innocent sided against Otto, and in September 1211 at the

700: 678: 98: 56: 7869: 7578: 6762:

The Ferraris Chronicle: Popes, Emperors, and Deeds in Apulia 1096–1228

6483: 6481: 5295: 2906:

A 1781 picture showing the mummified corpse of Frederick II in Palermo

1909:

paid to have his border castles strengthened at his own expense. King

1533:, making some concessions to the church in Sicily. He also issued the 977: 9224: 9000: 8850: 8749: 8709: 8685: 8669: 8534: 8526: 8501: 7630: 3445:

Violante (1233–1264), married Riccardo Sanseverino, count of Caserta.

3385:

Anais of Brienne (c. 1205–1236), cousin of Isabella II of Jerusalem:

3280:

Unknown name, Sicilian countess. Her exact parentage is unknown, but

3215:(1214 – 1 December 1241). Marriage: 15 July 1235, at Worms, Germany. 3001: 2834: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2765: 2708: 2584: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2538: 2240: 2041: 2037: 1897: 1795: 1715: 1637: 1600: 1576: 1359: 1215:

located there. Those assembled responded with the reformation of the

824: 708: 236: 7308: 5838: 5782:

The Quest for the Sonnet: The Origins of the Sonnet in Arabic Poetry

3159: 2563: 2087: 2075:. Innocent once again asked for protection from the King of France, 969:, a widow of the late King of Hungary and double his age was found. 719:, beginning around 1220, saw the first use of a literary form of an 9356: 8970: 8934: 8765: 8741: 8733: 8717: 8701: 8677: 8637: 8318: 6548: 6478: 6384: 6365: 4849: 4832: 4775:

Kaiser Friedrich II.: 1194–1250 : Herrscher, Mensch und Mythos

4383: 4364: 4163: 4126:

and the fact that the order was not important is made clear in the

4092:

The name is the chapter heading for his early years in Kantorowicz.

3260: 3194: 3081: 2838: 2604: 2520: 2519:

Frederick II is the author of the first treatise on the subject of

2264: 1747: 1732: 1705:

over the Lombard League. Frederick celebrated it with a triumph in

1568: 1560: 1506: 1355: 1343: 1301: 1269: 1208: 1193: 1189: 1023: 1015: 994: 768:, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, ms. Chigi L. VIII.296 (cat. XI.8) 606: 7217: 5984:

of the political decision makers – the figure of court astrologer

5869: 4734: 1825:, which had kept its Ghibelline stance even after the collapse of 1822: 8797: 8789: 8661: 8653: 8645: 8629: 8621: 8550: 8542: 8488: 5758:

A place for everything: the curious history of alphabetical order

3325: 3233:, his uncle; appointed Governor of Sicily and promised to become 3175: 2973: 2756: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2529:("The Art of Hunting with Birds"). In the words of the historian 2470: 2315: 2307: 2232: 2184: 2165: 2014: 1995: 1983: 1967: 1810: 1806: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1759: 1728: 1724: 1706: 1615: 1518: 1339: 1204: 1185: 1093: 1019: 859: 712: 502: 174: 1990:, where a new church council was being held since 24 June 1245. 1830:

and Pope as a means to obtain maximum advantage for themselves.

1583:

In Germany the Hohenstaufen and the Guelphs reconciled in 1235.

8725: 8595: 8566: 8558: 6037: 3494: 3151:

Frederick left numerous children, legitimate and illegitimate:

3085: 2697: 2493: 2415:) on July 17, 1245. As Frederick allegedly did not respect the 2368: 2220: 2180: 2137: 2125: 2022: 1842: 1818: 1698: 1683: 1530: 1464: 1200:

and the general Christian populace for this calamitous defeat.

1111:. His initiative in this direction was visible as early as the 1045: 930: 828: 797: 789: 777: 716: 610: 6493: 6332:

The Cambridge Medieval History Volume VI Victory of the Papacy

1385:

The crusade ended in a truce and in Frederick's coronation as

1180:, but constant expectation of his arrival caused papal legate 8603: 7352: 6400: 5922:

Medieval Sourcebook: Salimbene: On Frederick II, 13th Century

5825:

Haskins, C. H. (July 1927). "The Latin Literature of Sport".

4739:. Münster: Verl.-Haus Monsenstein und Vannerdat. p. 56. 3475: 2651: 2513: 2482: 2072: 2056: 1847: 1809:

had fallen, and Frederick swept his way northwards capturing

1743: 1720: 1432:, Jerusalem itself was lost again to a new Muslim offensive. 1375: 1224: 1169: 1030: 1011: 874: 746:

has attracted fierce debates and fascination until this day.

555: 107: 7340:

Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (

6264:

The Italian Renaissance in the German Historical Imagination

4612: 4610: 3374:

Manna, niece of Berardo di Castagna, Archbishop of Palermo:

2541:

but based closely on observation and experiment throughout,

1549:(who was born 1211 in Sicily, son of Frederick's first wife 972: 8574: 6096: 5331:

Harold T. Cheshire, "The Great Tartar Invasion of Europe",

4566: 4564: 2596: 2570:. One of the two existing versions was modified by his son 2488:

He played a major role in promoting literature through the

2176: 1987: 1243:

Frederick was distracted with the League when in June 1226

773: 759: 286: 118: 7148:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immuntator Mundi

6452: 6059:

Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, "Mirat al-Zaman" cited in Malouf, Amin

4646: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 2330:'s collection, including a small piece of funerary crown. 1876:

The Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Mongol incursions

1148:

had the advantage of immunity from papal excommunication.

7021:

La Papauté et les croisades / The Papacy and the Crusades

6609:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi

6108: 6066: 6041:(in German). Vol. 42, no. 10/2010. p. 61. 4622: 4607: 4214:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 113. 3041:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Immutator Mundi

1641:

Frederick II's troops paid with leather coins during the

6505: 6434:"Johannes dictus Morus (d. 1254) – Black Central Europe" 5815:(2007) Volume 1 pp. 780–782, also 563, 571, 640, 832–836 5745:

Sicilian Peoples: The Jews of Sicily by Vincenzo Salerno

4938:

Honorius III. "Ad Fredericum Romanorum Imperatorem". In

4893: 4561: 2635:

what language would have been imparted unto Adam and Eve

2545:, in the words of the preface; it is at the same time a 1420:, did not attend the ceremony; indeed, the next day the 8472: 6301:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 198, 199, 328. 5534: 5402: 5048: 4998:

Peters, ed. (1971). "The History of Philip of Novara".

4889:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 381. 4588: 4313:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture

3521:

Arms of the House of Hohenstaufen as Holy Roman Emperor

3399:(1230–1298), married Thomas of Aquino, count of Acerra. 2921:

called Frederick the “first modern man on the throne.”

2318:-style inscribed cuff. A bust of Frederick sits in the 2195:

again reconquered the Romagna, the Marche and Spoleto.

780:, Italy, on 26 December 1194, Frederick was the son of 4576: 4406:

Sammartino, Peter; Roberts, William (1 January 2001).

4211:

Medieval Germany, 500–1300: A Political Interpretation

3193:(1212 – 25 April 1228). Marriage: 9 November 1225, at 2719:

Frederick II’s most profound legal legacy remains the

2537:

It is a scientific book, approaching the subject from

1970:

rebelled, instigated by the intriguing local cardinal

1485:

During Frederick's stay in the Holy Land, his regent,

1176:

in 1217. He sent forces to Egypt under the command of

1157:

The Fifth Crusade and early policies in northern Italy

6614: 6426: 6408:"The emperor's retinue (1194) – Black Central Europe" 5811:

Gaetana Marrone, Paolo Puppa, and Luca Somigli, eds.

4887:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198 – c. 1300

4634: 4434:"Ma l'imperatore svevo fu conservatore o innovatore?" 5421:

Ralph Henry Carless Davis, Robert Ian Moore (1957).

4948: 4929:. MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006. 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4444: 3255: 3174:(1179 – 23 June 1222). Marriage: 15 August 1209, at 2988:, Frederick established a famous reputation for his 1517:

in July 1230. On 28 August, in a public ceremony in

7325:

Works by and about Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

5381: 5379: 5377: 5036: 4753: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 734:After his death, his line did not survive, and the 727:. He was also the first monarch to formally outlaw 7029: 7001:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. 6862: 6715: 5732:L'Italia dei Comuni. Il Medio Evo dal 1000 al 1250 5572: 5513:L'Italia dei Comuni. Il Medio Evo dal 1000 al 1250 5422: 4977:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4968: 3411:(died after 1255), married Magdalena, daughter of 2676:, the world's oldest state university: now called 2512:itself. The school and its poetry were saluted by 1323:, a chronicler of the time, wrote that Frederick: 1026:in September 1212, preceding Otto by a few hours. 653:by virtue of marriage and his connection with the 7174:Wood, Casey A.; Fyfe, F. Marjorie, eds. (2004) . 6902:Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick, eds. (1980). 6895:Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West 6549:Carol Lansing and Edward D. English, ed. (2012). 6298:Mythistory: The Making of a Modern Historiography 6035:Görich, Knut. "Stupor mundi – Staunen der Welt". 5949: 5868:Weltecke, Dorothea (2011). Feuchter, Jörg (ed.). 5682:The Divine Comedy, Vol. 1: Inferno, 2: Commentary 5614: 4472:Les Amis de la Bibliothèque Humaniste de Selestat 4405: 3449:Matthew of Paris relates the story of a marriage 3229:Henry (18 February 1238 – May 1253), named after 3116:A statue of Frederick II from the Black Tower of 1735:, and in October 1238 he was forced to raise the 1610: 1029:Frederick was crowned king on 9 December 1212 in 9504: 6007:. A History of Western Astrology. Vol. II. 5971:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 307. 5374: 5231:Peter Jackson, "The Mongols and the West", p. 66 4486: 4168:The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity 3290:nobili comitissa quo in regno Sicilie erat heres 2746:governed by justiciars appointed by Frederick. 2247:was entrusted with the Duchy of Austria and the 2140:defeated a papal army led by Hugo Novellus near 2082: 731:, which had come to be viewed as superstitious. 6063:(J. Rothschild trans.) Saqi Books, 2006, p. 230 4940:Medii Aevi Bibliotheca Patristica Tomus Quartus 4778:(in German). W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 29. 2583:Frederick loved exotic animals in general: his 2025:by Marino of Eboli, Imperial vicar of Spoleto. 1133:remained the basis of Sicilian law until 1819. 847:reports that she swore on the gospels before a 758:The birth of Frederick on the market square of 7365:Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents ( 7272:Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 5439: 2917:19th century German historian and philosopher 9240: 8458: 7885: 7594: 6843:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 6182:The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages 5398:Papal bull of excommunication of Frederick II 3535:Ancestors of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 2841:, Italy, struck after 1231. Reverse legend: " 1774:. The father announced he was to destroy the 1686:, in February 1237, he obtained the title of 1219:, which had already defeated his grandfather 1088:and forcing him to withdraw his support from 9633:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 7366: 7343:Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters 7341: 6648:(Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2005). 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6334:, Cambridge University Press, 1929. pp. 165. 6148:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 5313:Thomas of Split, History of the Bishops, 287 2914:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 1834:traveling to Rome in a Genoese fleet at the 6982: 6778: 6569: 6530:. Hinds, Hayden & Eldredge. p. 447 6102: 5708:Jonathan to Gide: The Homosexual in History 5464: 5462: 5138:Frederick II : the wonder of the world 5131: 5129: 4628: 4570: 4282:. Princeton University Press. p. 115. 3247:(1 December 1241 – 8 August 1270), married 3138:Flowers at the tomb of Frederick II in the 3088:, France, dated circa 1210–1270, depicting 2333: 1986:, arriving on 7 July. His aim was to reach 1925:in order to organise a crusade against the 1350:, signed in February 1229, resulted in the 1316:for failing to honor his crusading pledge. 562:; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was 61:c(a)esar aug(ustus) imp(erator) rom(anorum) 9247: 9233: 8465: 8451: 7892: 7878: 7601: 7587: 6901: 6722:. Vol. 6. Henricus. pp. 670–672. 6267:. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. 5894:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5729: 5510: 5285:Matthew Paris, English History, v. 1, 344. 5118:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5012:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4880: 4878: 4876: 4122:His double name at baptism is recorded by 2992:court, which included figures such as the 2885: 2629:in an attempt to determine if there was a 1868:Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire 1232:with the territories in what would become 1151: 854:In the spring of 1195, a few months after 49: 7145: 6847: 6626: 6598:, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 26. 6499: 6487: 6460:"Crowned Moors on crests (ca. 1263-1400)" 6383: 6155: 6114: 6072: 5679: 5540: 4848: 4652: 4601: 4382: 4309: 3497:built by King Frederick II from 1240-1250 3451:confirmatio matrimonii in articulo mortis 2437: 1850:two cardinals he had captured at Giglio, 973:Reign prior to the conflict with the pope 744:His complex political and cultural legacy 7368:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 7173: 6908:. London: Burns & Oates Publishers. 6883: 6737: 6511: 6366:"Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe" 6343: 6294: 6178: 5867: 5813:Encyclopedia of Italian literary studies 5755: 5603: 5551: 5549: 5459: 5408: 5135: 5126: 4833:"Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe" 4705:(in German). C.H.Beck. pp. 11, 12. 4671:(in German). Primus Verlag. p. 83. 4616: 4582: 4450: 4365:"Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe" 4316:. Oxford University Press. p. 342. 3359:An unknown member of the Lancia family: 3259: 3201:Margareta (November 1226 – August 1227). 3158: 2901: 2828: 2707: 2459:The Cremona elephant as depicted in the 2454: 2441: 2358: 2337: 2175:The struggle continued: the Empire lost 2102: 2086: 1950: 1871: 1654: 1636: 1614: 1263: 976: 873: 753: 7899: 7608: 7050: 7027: 6838: 6704:"Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora 6242:(in German). G.Braun. 1962. p. 294 6000: 5932: 5824: 5760:(1st ed.). New York: Basic Books. 5103: 4927:The New Concise History of the Crusades 4873: 4664: 4276:Lerner, Robert E. (11 September 2018). 4248:. Firenze University Press. p. 2. 4241: 3393:Richina of Wolfsöden (c. 1205 – 1236): 3314:, Count of Assisi and Duke of Spoleto. 2378:, the "astonishment of the world", and 1746:The emperor responded by expelling the 1701:. In November 1237 he won the decisive 945:, with the support of Henry's brother, 408: 1235; died 1241) 383: 1225; died 1228) 358: 1209; died 1222) 14: 9505: 9254: 7304:Frederick II – Encyclopædia Britannica 7164: 7088: 7069: 6892: 6719:Historia diplomatica Friderica Secundi 6360: 6322: 6295:Mali, Joseph; Malî, Yôsef (May 2003). 6209: 6126: 5620: 5570: 5525: 5483: 5066: 5054: 4997: 4966: 4830: 4771: 4732: 4640: 4465: 4359: 4275: 4207: 4049:, Kantorowicz's biography of Frederick 3901: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3659: 3549: 3545: 3455:legitimatio per matrimonium subsequens 2374:Frederick's contemporaries called him 2314:. He is wearing a funerary alb with a 1196:in 1221. Frederick was blamed by both 1057:took the title of King of the Romans. 941:, who would become Pope Honorius III. 637:. At the age of three, he was crowned 9228: 8446: 7873: 7582: 7315:Literature by and about Friedrich II. 7117: 6929: 6860: 6620: 6523: 6260: 6141: 6078: 5966: 5704: 5656:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Frederick II" 5555: 5546: 5169: 4954: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4759: 4698: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4461: 4459: 4350:(Rose E. Selfe's English translation) 4179: 3977: 3967: 3963: 3951: 3945: 3935: 3919: 3909: 3905: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3857: 3847: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3815: 3799: 3789: 3785: 3761: 3751: 3735: 3725: 3721: 3709: 3703: 3693: 3677: 3667: 3663: 3647: 3641: 3631: 3615: 3605: 3601: 3589: 3583: 3573: 3557: 3553: 3061:be the very core of human greatness. 3024:, that persisted throughout the rest 2715:where the Constitutions were redacted 1955:Excommunication of Frederick by Pope 1497:. Gregory IX recruited an army under 1236:, starting what was later called the 1136:In 1223–1224, Frederick tried Bishop 582:from 1225. He was the son of Emperor 7015: 6996: 6970:(in Italian). Vol. 45. Treccani 6968:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 6961: 6949:(in Italian). Vol. 18. Treccani 6946:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 6938: 6819: 6797: 6759: 6680:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 6669: 6555:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. 6261:Ruehl, Martin A. (15 October 2015). 6129:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, A Life 6093:(2008). Retrieved 25 September 2024. 5528:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, A Life 5468: 5385: 5163: 5140:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme. 5042: 4884: 4539: 3478:built by Frederick II from 1233–1249 3241:'s nieces, but never married to any. 2067:. A papal army under the command of 1365:The treaty also stipulated that the 1253: 483:Frederick, Imperial Vicar of Tuscany 59:bearing Frederick's effigy. Legend: 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 to 1250 7169:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 5575:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 5344: 5296:http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ 5170:Adams, John P (18 September 2014). 5097: 4916:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007), p. 68 4821:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007), p. 67 4558:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007), p. 66 3154: 1754:from Lombardy and electing his son 749: 93:23 November 1220 – 13 December 1250 24: 9598:Christians of the Prussian Crusade 9583:Christians of the Livonian Crusade 9543:13th-century monarchs of Jerusalem 6347:Cultural History of the Modern Age 6034: 5988:is just one prominent reference .) 5734:. Rizzoli Editor. p. 326-327. 5624:A History of Florence, 1200 - 1575 5607:Cultural History of the Modern Age 5515:. Rizzoli Editor. p. 326-327. 5106:Medieval European Coinage: Vol. 14 5000:Christian Society and the Crusades 4975:Christian Society and the Crusades 4905: 4810: 4545: 4456: 4040:Family tree of the German monarchs 3421:Frederick had a relationship with 2277:not truly dead but merely sleeping 1998:", like the schismatic emperor of 1474: 466:Margaret, Landgravine of Thuringia 25: 9679: 7387:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 7210: 6552:A Companion to the Medieval World 5294:Regesta Imperii, (RI V) n. 3210, 4187:. UK: Head of Zeus. p. 405. 3509:Arms of the House of Hohenstaufen 3350:, in 1258. She was imprisoned by 3256:Mistresses and illegitimate issue 3090:emperors of the Holy Roman Empire 2120:rebels, together with his friend 1540: 997:without meeting much resistance. 9538:13th-century Holy Roman Emperors 9513:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 8500: 7854: 7853: 7216: 6743:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor 6716:Huillard-Bréholles, JLA (1861). 6709: 6697: 6688: 6651: 6601: 6542: 6517: 6371:The American Journal of Theology 6354: 6350:. Alfred Knopf. p. 128-129. 6337: 6288: 6254: 6230: 6203: 6172: 6135: 6120: 6053: 6028: 5956:. Vol. 1. Bari: G. Laterza. 5610:. Alfred Knopf. p. 128-129. 4837:The American Journal of Theology 4412:. Associated University Presse. 4370:The American Journal of Theology 4208:Arnold, Benjamin (9 June 1997). 4135: 3764:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 3706:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy 3514: 3502: 3483: 3467: 3340:Matilda or Maria, from Antioch. 3304:Adelheid (Adelaide) of Urslingen 3163:The wedding of Frederick II and 3131: 3109: 3066: 2627:raised without human interaction 2342:Contemporary portrait from the " 2052:as the new pro-papal anti-king. 1947:Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem 1880:In 1241–1242, the forces of the 1513:The war came to an end with the 1207:, the main pro-imperial city in 993:invaded Italy, where he reached 862:. After the unexpected death of 9608:University and college founders 9593:Christians of the Sixth Crusade 9588:Christians of the Fifth Crusade 9578:Characters in the Divine Comedy 7180:of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 7176:The Art of Falconry: Being the 7074:. Martin Secker & Warburg. 6989:Frederick the Second, 1194–1250 6730: 5993: 5960: 5943: 5926: 5915: 5902: 5861: 5818: 5805: 5791: 5774: 5749: 5738: 5723: 5698: 5673: 5648: 5597: 5564: 5558:Germany in Western Civilization 5519: 5504: 5477: 5448: 5433: 5414: 5391: 5365: 5338: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5288: 5279: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5249:Hungary Matthew Paris, 341–344. 5243: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5154: 5069:International Medieval Research 5060: 5020: 4991: 4960: 4932: 4919: 4824: 4799: 4765: 4726: 4692: 4658: 4426: 4399: 4353: 4116: 4095: 4086: 3586:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor 3286:Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum 2788:. The last was the head of the 2725:Constitutiones Regni Siciliarum 2646:(which had been the first), or 2623:language deprivation experiment 2401:Treatise of the Three Imposters 2152:, on charges of peculation and 1861: 1223:in the 12th century, and again 641:as a co-ruler with his mother, 427: 405: 380: 355: 7232:New International Encyclopedia 7032:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes 6779:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). 6061:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes 6004:The Medieval And Modern Worlds 5556:Maehl, William Harvey (1979). 4466:Studer, Marie-Josèphe (2007). 4337: 4303: 4269: 4235: 4201: 4173: 4156: 4069: 4060: 3249:Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia 3207:(25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254). 2703: 1940: 1611:The war for Lombardy and Italy 1591:, had been deposed as Duke of 1426:John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut 673:went so far as to declare him 13: 1: 9563:Titular kings of Thessalonica 7165:Whalen, Brett Edward (2019). 7023:. Routledge. pp. 91–103. 6897:. Cambridge University Press. 6781:The Origins of Modern Germany 6224:10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00005-1 6131:. Octagon Books. p. 302. 5684:. Princeton UP. p. 159. 5530:. Octagon Books. p. 143. 5498:10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00005-1 5108:. Cambridge University Press. 4468:"Frédéric II de Hohenstaufen" 4149: 3680:Renaud III, Count of Burgundy 3432:(1230 – April 1307), married 3121: 2860:Statutum in favorem principum 2792:, the court of the king (his 2687: 2446:An image from an old copy of 2083:Setbacks, recovery, and death 1907:Frederick II, Duke of Austria 1680:Frederick II, Duke of Austria 1556:Statutum in favorem principum 1279: 914:. At the death of his father 9573:Burials at Palermo Cathedral 9533:13th-century kings of Sicily 9528:12th-century kings of Sicily 7329:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek 7242:Frederick II., Roman Emperor 7120:Cambridge Historical Journal 7072:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 6997:Kohn, George Childs (1999). 6992:. New York: Frederick Ungar. 6865:A History of Medieval Europe 6839:Cassady, Richard F. (2011). 6826:. London: Hookham & Sons 6804:. London: Hookham & Sons 6658:CLUEB – Scheda Pubblicazione 5711:. Vantage Press. p. 731 5425:A History of Medieval Europe 5031:Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches 4170:(Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:12. 3644:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 3560:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 3251:, later Margrave of Meissen. 1709:in the manner of an ancient 1418:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 1086:Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine 796:. Frederick was baptised in 782:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 649:. His other royal title was 518:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 18:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 7: 9618:Italian patrons of the arts 7140:Journal of Medieval History 6820:Busk, Mrs. William (1856). 6798:Busk, Mrs. William (1856). 6524:Geise, John Jacobs (1947). 6212:Journal of Medieval History 6185:. Clarendon Press. p. 6179:Rashdall, Hastings (1895). 6046:curving of objects in water 5680:Singleton, Charles (1989). 5486:Journal of Medieval History 4409:Sicily: An Informal History 4113:both record his birth name. 4110:Cronica Reinhardsbrunnensis 4035:Dukes of Swabia family tree 4028: 3526: 3288:(c. 1280) stated she was a 2017:, however, and the city of 1455:preachers and many radical 1107:in 1140 by his grandfather 869: 590:(the second son of Emperor 445: 10: 9684: 9623:Italian literature patrons 8394:North German Confederation 8310:Confederation of the Rhine 7292:Collier's New Encyclopedia 7178:De arte venandi cum avibus 7091:Catholic Historical Review 6706:, Matthew of Paris, p. 572 6607:Thomas Curtis Van Cleve's 6150:. Aug 11(8) (8): 521–527. 6001:Campion, Nicholas (2009). 5950:Salimbene de Adam (1942). 5730:Montanelli, Indro (1966). 5571:Cantor, Norman F. (1993). 5511:Montanelli, Indro (1966). 5322:Master Roger, Epistle, 195 5136:Bressler, Richard (2010). 4665:Stürner, Wolfgang (1997). 3895: 3886:Constance, Queen of Sicily 3779: 3653: 3547: 3460: 3365:(1221/23 – 1244), married 3320:(1215–1272). The powerful 3185:(1211 – 12 February 1242). 2954:Cambridge Medieval History 2895: 2889: 2526:De Arte Venandi cum Avibus 2449:De arte venandi cum avibus 2353:De arte venandi cum avibus 2197:Conrad, King of the Romans 2111:a son of Frederick at the 1944: 1865: 1478: 1268:Frederick II (left) meets 1257: 1160: 528:Constance, Queen of Sicily 461:Conrad IV, King of Germany 456:Henry VII, King of Germany 9291: 9262: 9025: 8910: 8817: 8586: 8509: 8498: 8481: 8411: 8392: 8373: 8351: 8327: 8308: 7997: 7956: 7907: 7849: 7616: 7567: 7558: 7547: 7537: 7528: 7520: 7510: 7501: 7493: 7475: 7463: 7453: 7425: 7417: 7412: 7385: 7336:"Fridericus II Imperator" 7184:Stanford University Press 7146:Van Cleve, T. C. (1972). 7132:10.1017/s1474691300002444 7070:Masson, Georgina (1957). 6760:Alio, Jacqueline (2017). 6527:Man and the Western World 6490:, pp. 242, 315, 384. 6127:Masson, Georgina (1973). 5912:, scriptores, xxiii. 943. 5908:Albericus Trium Fontium, 5874:. Frankfurt. p. 88. 5756:Flanders, Judith (2020). 5579:. HarperCollins. p. 5526:Masson, Georgina (1973). 5455:British Museum Collection 4733:Mamsch, Stefanie (2012). 4310:Hourihane, Colum (2012). 4279:Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life 4242:Gerlini, Edoardo (2014). 3965: 3957: 3929: 3907: 3903: 3867: 3845: 3837: 3809: 3787: 3783: 3745: 3723: 3715: 3687: 3665: 3661: 3625: 3603: 3595: 3567: 3551: 3328:claimed descent from him. 3146: 3016:, the Syrian philosopher 2814:medical school at Salerno 2543:Divisivus et Inquisitivus 1090:Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt 1068:, to bring an end to the 1066:Odo III, Duke of Burgundy 523: 513: 501: 438: 332: 320: 300: 280: 276: 266: 256: 242: 231: 223: 216: 200: 190: 180: 169: 161: 154: 143: 132: 97: 89: 67: 48: 39: 34: 8913:(title disputed 887–933) 8362:Archduke John of Austria 7331:(German Digital Library) 6861:Davis, R. H. C. (1988). 6646:Enciclopedia Federiciana 6142:Walsh, James J. (1935). 5967:Pabst, Bernhard (2002). 5172:"Sede Vacante 1241–1243" 5104:Gierson, Philip (1998). 4831:Köhler, Walther (1903). 4166:", notes Roberto Weiss, 4053: 3828:Roger II, King of Sicily 3802:Roger I, Count of Sicily 3380:(1224/25 – 26 May 1249). 3191:Isabella II of Jerusalem 2692:A Damascene chronicler, 2574:, also a keen falconer. 2334:Personality and religion 2271:in 1268 and executed by 2069:Ottaviano degli Ubaldini 1770:, nominally part of the 1407:Kunsthistorisches Museum 1290:Isabella II of Jerusalem 1178:Louis I, Duke of Bavaria 1080:, capturing and burning 924:Romanorum et Sicilie rex 888:Liber ad honorem Augusti 665:) to the south, he was " 369:Isabella II of Jerusalem 9628:Medieval child monarchs 7319:German National Library 7309:Psalter of Frederick II 7247:Encyclopædia Britannica 7051:Mendola, Louis (2016). 6893:Houben, Hubert (2002). 6884:Fournier, Paul (1885). 6344:Friedell, Egon (1953). 6090:Encyclopædia Britannica 5933:Coulton, C. G. (1907). 5705:Garde, Noel I. (1964). 5604:Friedell, Egon (1953). 5473:. Rome: Newton Compton. 5351:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. 5081:10.1484/M.IMR-EB.3.3442 4772:Houben, Hubert (2008). 4699:Rader, Olaf B. (2012). 3922:Ithier, Count of Rethel 3434:John III Ducas Vatatzes 2886:Significance and legacy 2672:In 1224 he founded the 2485:into a European court. 1911:Wenceslaus I of Bohemia 1836:Battle of Giglio (1241) 1690:for his 9-year-old son 1172:with the armies of the 1152:Foreign policy and wars 643:Constance of Hauteville 493:Manfred, King of Sicily 488:Anna, Empress of Nicaea 9668:Sons of queens regnant 7367: 7342: 7277:Encyclopedia Americana 7250:(11th ed.). 1911. 7028:Maalouf, Amin (1989). 6888:. Grenoble: G. Dupont. 6677:"Federico d'Antiochia" 5999:Little, Kirk, citing: 5798:written in Sicilian." 5786:Critical Survey (2016) 5267:Jackson, pp. 66–67, 71 3474:The Castello Svevo at 3367:Ezzelino III da Romano 3324:family of Bologna and 3296:Frederick of Pettorano 3276: 3226:Agnes (b and d. 1237). 3167: 3054: 2952:Dr. M. Schipa, in the 2907: 2846: 2721:Constitutions of Melfi 2716: 2678:Università Federico II 2603:, exotic birds and an 2552: 2474: 2452: 2438:Literature and science 2417:privilegium potestatis 2409:preambulus Antichristi 2371: 2356: 2122:Ezzelino III da Romano 2116: 2100: 2030:archbishops of Cologne 2011:landgrave of Thuringia 1959: 1877: 1674: 1652: 1634: 1535:Constitutions of Melfi 1330: 1285: 1117:Constitutions of Melfi 1004:Frederick was elected 986: 895: 784:. He was known as the 769: 675:preambulus Antichristi 478:Enzo, King of Sardinia 473:Frederick of Pettorano 9638:Patrons of literature 9603:Deaths from dysentery 7392:House of Hohenstaufen 7375:University of Marburg 7311:from around 1235–1237 7262:Catholic Encyclopedia 7221:Texts on Wikisource: 7103:10.1353/cat.2007.0201 6930:Jones, Chris (2007). 5627:. Wiley. p. 33. 5621:Najemy, J.M. (2008). 5471:Federico II di Svevia 5345:May, Timothy (2016). 4077:First Council of Lyon 3270:Konrad von Altstetten 3263: 3162: 3049: 2905: 2837:of Frederick II from 2832: 2757:ammiratus ammiratorum 2711: 2535: 2531:Charles Homer Haskins 2458: 2445: 2362: 2341: 2269:Battle of Tagliacozzo 2106: 2090: 2050:William II of Holland 1954: 1931:First Council of Lyon 1875: 1658: 1640: 1618: 1515:Treaty of San Germano 1325: 1267: 1248:laid siege to Avignon 1119:(1231, also known as 1076:(France) by invading 980: 943:Markward of Annweiler 877: 810:Constantine the Great 757: 736:House of Hohenstaufen 619:Emperor of the Romans 617:of antiquity, he was 42:Emperor of the Romans 9123:Lothair III (or II) 8476:between 476 and 1556 8375:German Confederation 8329:German Confederation 7142:41, 1 (2015): 41–59. 6642:"Federico II, figli" 6596:The Sicilian Vespers 6502:, pp. 304, 333. 6464:Black Central Europe 5440:Dolezalek Isabelle. 5301:17 July 2009 at the 4967:Peters, ed. (1971). 4046:Frederick the Second 3344:Frederick of Antioch 3231:Henry III of England 3140:Cathedral of Palermo 3078:Strasbourg Cathedral 3000:, the mathematician 2947:Medieval World Unity 2928:Frederick the Second 2804:, a division of the 2802:Magna Curia Rationum 2674:University of Naples 2411:(predecessor of the 2350:, Pal. lat 1071) of 2304:cathedral of Palermo 2201:Frederick of Antioch 1919:Henry III of England 1801:In the meantime the 1713:, with the captured 1703:battle in Cortenuova 1621:Battle of Cortenuova 1521:, the papal legates 1395:Henry III of England 1294:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1245:Louis VIII of France 1221:Frederick Barbarossa 955:William of Capparone 677:(predecessor of the 592:Frederick Barbarossa 588:Hohenstaufen dynasty 326:Cathedral of Palermo 7914:Carolingian dynasty 7901:Monarchs of Germany 7610:Holy Roman emperors 7361:"digitalised image" 6663:19 May 2008 at the 5333:The Slavonic Review 4970:"Roger of Wendover" 4902:, pp. 155–161. 4702:Kaiser Friedrich II 3312:Conrad of Urslingen 3213:Isabella of England 3172:Constance of Aragon 3165:Isabella of England 3018:Theodore of Antioch 2996:treasury custodian 2898:Subventio generalis 2810:Sicilian Parliament 2625:young infants were 2467:Richard of Cornwall 2380:immutator mirabilis 2348:Biblioteca Vaticana 2324:Ludwig I of Bavaria 2261:Battle of Benevento 2243:, while the son of 2091:The wooden city of 1551:Constance of Aragon 1489:, had attacked the 1446:War of the Lombards 1127:absolutist monarchy 1062:Philip II of France 967:Constance of Aragon 906:by Henry's brother 883:Conrad of Urslingen 800:, in the church of 794:Constance of Sicily 596:Constance of Sicily 394:Isabella of England 344:Constance of Aragon 9256:Monarchs of Sicily 7999:Kingdom of Germany 7963:Kingdom of Germany 7561:Holy Roman Emperor 6999:Dictionary of Wars 6984:Kantorowicz, Ernst 5469:Cattaneo, Giulio. 5160:Busk, pp. 455–458. 4925:Madden, Thomas F. 4129:Annales Casinenses 3948:Beatrice of Rethel 3860:Adelaide del Vasto 3738:Agatha of Lorraine 3404:Unknown mistress: 3397:Margaret of Swabia 3277: 3168: 3104:, and Frederick II 3022:Giacomo da Lentini 2908: 2847: 2717: 2578:David Attenborough 2475: 2453: 2423:For his supposed " 2372: 2357: 2312:Roger II of Sicily 2273:Charles I of Anjou 2205:Oberto Pallavicino 2170:Battle of Fossalta 2117: 2113:Battle of Fossalta 2101: 2095:is charged at the 1960: 1923:Louis IX of France 1886:Béla IV of Hungary 1878: 1815:another long siege 1776:Republic of Venice 1688:King of the Romans 1675: 1653: 1635: 1625:2nd Lombard League 1605:Brunswick-Lüneburg 1587:, the grandson of 1487:Rainald of Spoleto 1422:Bishop of Caesarea 1414:Gerald of Lausanne 1286: 987: 959:Walter of Palearia 904:to end up disputed 896: 814:King of the Romans 792:). His mother was 770: 697:Middle High German 647:Roger II of Sicily 645:, the daughter of 623:King of the Romans 600:Hauteville dynasty 576:Holy Roman Emperor 173:3 September 1198, 117:22 November 1220 ( 72:Holy Roman Emperor 9558:Jure uxoris kings 9500: 9499: 9293:Kingdom of Sicily 9222: 9221: 9033:Holy Roman Empire 8440: 8439: 8366: 8365:(Imperial Regent) 8004:Holy Roman Empire 7933:Louis the Younger 7867: 7866: 7577: 7576: 7568:Succeeded by 7538:Succeeded by 7511:Succeeded by 7478:King of Jerusalem 7457:Conrad I & II 7454:Succeeded by 7193:978-0-8047-0374-1 7062:978-1-943-63906-9 6771:978-1-943-63916-8 6745:. Penguin Press. 6594:Steven Runciman, 6308:978-0-226-50262-5 6274:978-1-107-03699-4 6239:Welt am OberRhein 6018:978-1-4411-8129-9 5767:978-1-5416-7507-0 5691:978-0-691-01895-9 5660:www.newadvent.org 5634:978-1-4051-7846-4 5358:978-1-61069-340-0 5090:978-2-503-51815-2 5057:, pp. 40–44. 5008:cite encyclopedia 4785:978-3-17-018683-5 4746:978-3-8405-0071-8 4712:978-3-406-64051-3 4678:978-3-89678-022-5 4655:, pp. 13–16. 4619:, pp. 89–90. 4440:on 29 April 2015. 4323:978-0-19-539536-5 4289:978-0-691-18302-2 4255:978-88-6655-600-8 4221:978-1-349-25677-8 4194:978-1-781-85889-9 4104:Annales Stadenses 4081:Great Interregnum 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 3980:Beatrice of Namur 3618:Judith of Bavaria 3378:Richard of Chieti 3308:Alayta of Vohburg 3268:showing the poet 3235:King of Jerusalem 3076:windows from the 3037:Ernst Kantorowicz 3008:, the translator 2972:, thus as God's " 2970:Byzantine emperor 2938:renovatio imperii 2923:Ernst Kantorowicz 2796:) and the final 2754:were the ancient 2733:Roffredo Epifanio 2694:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi 2612:Salimbene di Adam 2256:Great Interregnum 2213:Castel Fiorentino 2189:Battle of Cingoli 2142:Civitanova Marche 1856:James of Pecorara 1571:soon afterwards. 1505:and reached into 1387:King of Jerusalem 1321:Roger of Wendover 1292:, heiress to the 1254:The Sixth Crusade 1198:Pope Honorius III 1105:Assizes of Ariano 1070:War of Succession 1002:Diet of Nuremberg 990:Otto of Brunswick 983:King of Jerusalem 935:Pope Innocent III 920:Conrad of Spoleto 912:Otto of Brunswick 900:Frankfurt am Main 740:Great Interregnum 659:Kingdom of Sicily 651:King of Jerusalem 580:King of Jerusalem 533: 532: 315:Kingdom of Sicily 311:Castel Fiorentino 218:King of Jerusalem 112:German coronation 106:9 December 1212 ( 16:(Redirected from 9675: 9658:Sons of emperors 9643:People from Jesi 9264:County of Sicily 9249: 9242: 9235: 9226: 9225: 9214: 9206: 9198: 9190: 9182: 9174: 9166: 9158: 9150: 9142: 9134: 9126: 9118: 9110: 9102: 9094: 9086: 9078: 9070: 9062: 9054: 9046: 9027:Kingdom of Italy 9017: 9009: 8995: 8987: 8979: 8965: 8951: 8943: 8929: 8902: 8894: 8886: 8878: 8870: 8862: 8854: 8846: 8838: 8830: 8809: 8801: 8793: 8785: 8777: 8769: 8761: 8753: 8745: 8737: 8729: 8721: 8713: 8705: 8697: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8665: 8657: 8649: 8641: 8633: 8625: 8617: 8607: 8599: 8578: 8570: 8562: 8554: 8546: 8538: 8530: 8522: 8504: 8492: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8364: 7923:Louis the German 7894: 7887: 7880: 7871: 7870: 7857: 7856: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7580: 7579: 7521:Preceded by 7494:Preceded by 7464:Preceded by 7418:Preceded by 7408: 7401: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7349: 7345: 7296: 7281: 7266: 7251: 7236: 7220: 7205: 7170: 7161: 7135: 7114: 7085: 7066: 7047: 7035: 7024: 7012: 6993: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6962:Kamp, N (1995). 6958: 6956: 6954: 6939:Kamp, N (1975). 6935: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6868: 6857: 6844: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6775: 6756: 6724: 6723: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6673: 6667: 6655: 6649: 6639: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6599: 6592: 6567: 6566: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6341: 6335: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6103:Kantorowicz 1937 6100: 6094: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5803: 5795: 5789: 5780:Kamal abu-Deeb, 5778: 5772: 5771: 5753: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5578: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5553: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5372: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5305: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5109: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4936: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4882: 4871: 4870: 4852: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4629:Kantorowicz 1937 4626: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4571:Kantorowicz 1937 4568: 4559: 4556: 4543: 4537: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4463: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4436:. Archived from 4430: 4424: 4423: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4357: 4351: 4345:Giovanni Villani 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4177: 4171: 4160: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4120: 4114: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4064: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3518: 3506: 3491:Castel del Monte 3487: 3471: 3430:Constance (Anna) 3413:Caupo of Turaida 3352:Charles of Anjou 3318:Enzo of Sardinia 3239:Pope Innocent IV 3155:Legitimate issue 3135: 3126: 3125: 1280–1290 3123: 3113: 3094:Philip of Swabia 3070: 3026:Late Middle Ages 3012:, the physician 2984:. As his father 2919:Jacob Burckhardt 2844: 2741: 2729:Liber Augustalis 2631:natural language 2510:Italian language 2479:Jews from Sicily 2287:, also known as 2237:Kingdom of Arles 2162:Enzo of Sardinia 2158:Matthew of Paris 2150:Pier delle Vigne 2061:Amedeo di Savoia 2046:Duchy of Austria 2005:The Pope backed 1976:besieged Viterbo 1821:. The people of 1768:Duchy of Spoleto 1737:siege of Brescia 1661:Battle of Giglio 1527:Giovanni Colonna 1495:Duchy of Spoleto 1438:Philip of Novara 1367:Dome of the Rock 1310:Hermann of Salza 1306:Teutonic Knights 1284: 1281: 1238:Northern Crusade 1138:Aldoin of Cefalù 1131:Liber Augustalis 1122:Liber Augustalis 1113:Assizes of Capua 947:Philip of Swabia 908:Philip of Swabia 864:Tancred of Lecce 841:Erythraean Sibyl 837:Joachim of Fiore 750:Birth and naming 725:Italian language 449: 431: 429: 409: 407: 384: 382: 359: 357: 307: 304:13 December 1250 284:26 December 1194 123:Papal Coronation 62: 53: 32: 31: 21: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9648:Sicilian School 9568:Dukes of Swabia 9503: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9287: 9258: 9253: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9164: 9156: 9148: 9140: 9132: 9124: 9116: 9108: 9100: 9092: 9084: 9076: 9068: 9060: 9052: 9044: 9035: 9030: 9021: 9015: 9007: 8993: 8985: 8977: 8963: 8949: 8941: 8927: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8892: 8884: 8876: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8813: 8807: 8799: 8791: 8783: 8775: 8767: 8759: 8751: 8743: 8735: 8727: 8719: 8711: 8703: 8695: 8687: 8679: 8671: 8663: 8655: 8647: 8639: 8631: 8623: 8615: 8605: 8597: 8582: 8576: 8568: 8560: 8552: 8544: 8536: 8528: 8520: 8505: 8496: 8490: 8477: 8471: 8441: 8436: 8407: 8388: 8369: 8347: 8323: 8304: 8171:Frederick (III) 8002: 7993: 7961: 7952: 7948:Louis the Child 7938:Charles the Fat 7912: 7903: 7898: 7868: 7863: 7845: 7612: 7607: 7573: 7564: 7553: 7543: 7534: 7531:King of Germany 7526: 7516: 7507: 7499: 7483: 7481: 7473: 7459: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7423: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7388: 7359: 7355:Italian website 7334: 7284: 7269: 7254: 7239: 7224: 7213: 7208: 7194: 7158: 7082: 7063: 7044: 7009: 6973: 6971: 6952: 6950: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6877: 6829: 6827: 6807: 6805: 6791: 6772: 6753: 6739:Abulafia, David 6733: 6728: 6727: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6675:Ernst Voltmer, 6674: 6670: 6665:Wayback Machine 6656: 6652: 6640: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6606: 6602: 6593: 6570: 6563: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6414:. 21 April 2016 6406: 6405: 6401: 6362:Köhler, Walther 6359: 6355: 6342: 6338: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6208: 6204: 6191: 6189: 6177: 6173: 6140: 6136: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6009:Continuum Books 5998: 5994: 5979: 5965: 5961: 5948: 5944: 5939:. London: Nutt. 5931: 5927: 5920: 5916: 5907: 5903: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5839:10.2307/2847715 5823: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5792: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5739: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5619: 5615: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5569: 5565: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5524: 5520: 5509: 5505: 5482: 5478: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5438: 5434: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5303:Wayback Machine 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195:Busk, pp. 8–11. 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5134: 5127: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5025: 5021: 5005: 5004: 5002:. Philadelphia. 4996: 4992: 4985: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4883: 4874: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4546: 4538: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4361:Köhler, Walther 4358: 4354: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4178: 4174: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4124:Roger of Howden 4121: 4117: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4031: 4026: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3510: 3507: 3498: 3488: 3479: 3472: 3463: 3348:Manfredi Lancia 3258: 3157: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3124: 3114: 3105: 3071: 3020:, and the poet 3014:John of Procida 3010:John of Palermo 2900: 2894: 2888: 2842: 2798:court of appeal 2735: 2713:Castle of Melfi 2706: 2690: 2644:Hebrew language 2637:by God. In his 2490:Sicilian School 2462:Chronica maiora 2440: 2336: 2320:Walhalla temple 2249:March of Styria 2183:, but regained 2133:Battle of Parma 2107:The capture of 2085: 1972:Ranieri Capocci 1949: 1943: 1870: 1864: 1852:Otto of Tonengo 1670:Chronica Maiora 1643:Siege of Faenza 1613: 1543: 1523:Thomas of Capua 1499:John of Brienne 1491:March of Ancona 1483: 1481:War of the Keys 1477: 1475:War of the Keys 1467:proclaimed the 1314:Pope Gregory IX 1298:John of Brienne 1282: 1262: 1256: 1165: 1159: 1154: 975: 872: 845:Roger of Howden 831:. According to 821:Albert of Stade 752: 729:trial by ordeal 711:royal court in 707:of poetry. His 705:Sicilian School 689:avant la lettre 686:Renaissance man 671:Pope Gregory IX 627:King of Germany 568:King of Germany 497: 471: 443: 442: 434: 433: 430: 1246) 425: 421: 411: 403: 399: 396: 386: 378: 374: 371: 361: 353: 349: 346: 328: 309: 305: 291:March of Ancona 285: 235:18 March 1229, 208: 128: 85: 77:King of Germany 63: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9681: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9613:German hunters 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9477:Victor Amadeus 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9298: 9296: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9260: 9259: 9252: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9229: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9208: 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8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8072:Lothair II/III 8069: 8064: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7919: 7917: 7905: 7904: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7606: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7566: 7556: 7555: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7536: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7509: 7504:Duke of Swabia 7500: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7474: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7452: 7428:King of Sicily 7424: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7413:Regnal titles 7410: 7409: 7389: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7356: 7350: 7332: 7322: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7282: 7267: 7252: 7237: 7212: 7211:External links 7209: 7207: 7206: 7192: 7171: 7162: 7156: 7143: 7136: 7126:(2): 134–163. 7115: 7097:(2): 251–264. 7086: 7080: 7067: 7061: 7048: 7042: 7025: 7013: 7007: 6994: 6980: 6959: 6936: 6927: 6914: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6875: 6858: 6845: 6836: 6817: 6795: 6789: 6776: 6770: 6757: 6751: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6708: 6696: 6687: 6668: 6650: 6625: 6623:, p. 353. 6613: 6600: 6568: 6561: 6541: 6516: 6514:, p. 436. 6504: 6500:Van Cleve 1972 6492: 6488:Van Cleve 1972 6477: 6451: 6440:. 7 April 2016 6425: 6399: 6385:10.1086/478355 6378:(2): 225–248. 6353: 6336: 6321: 6307: 6287: 6273: 6253: 6229: 6218:(3): 239–252. 6202: 6171: 6134: 6119: 6117:, p. 446. 6115:Van Cleve 1972 6107: 6105:, p. 228. 6095: 6077: 6075:, p. 143. 6073:Van Cleve 1972 6065: 6052: 6027: 6017: 5992: 5977: 5959: 5942: 5925: 5914: 5901: 5880: 5860: 5817: 5804: 5790: 5773: 5766: 5748: 5737: 5722: 5697: 5690: 5672: 5647: 5633: 5613: 5596: 5589: 5563: 5545: 5541:Van Cleve 1972 5533: 5518: 5503: 5492:(3): 239–252. 5476: 5458: 5447: 5432: 5413: 5411:, p. 407. 5401: 5390: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5337: 5324: 5315: 5306: 5287: 5278: 5276:Jackson, p. 61 5269: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5222:Jedin, p. 193. 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5162: 5153: 5146: 5125: 5096: 5089: 5059: 5047: 5045:, p. 101. 5035: 5019: 4990: 4983: 4959: 4957:, p. 289. 4947: 4931: 4918: 4904: 4892: 4872: 4850:10.1086/478355 4823: 4809: 4798: 4784: 4764: 4752: 4745: 4725: 4711: 4691: 4677: 4657: 4653:Van Cleve 1972 4645: 4643:, p. 174. 4633: 4621: 4606: 4602:Van Cleve 1972 4587: 4575: 4560: 4544: 4485: 4455: 4443: 4425: 4418: 4398: 4384:10.1086/478355 4377:(2): 225–248. 4352: 4336: 4322: 4302: 4288: 4268: 4254: 4234: 4220: 4200: 4193: 4172: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4115: 4094: 4085: 4068: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3501: 3499: 3489: 3482: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3227: 3224: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3187: 3186: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3072: 3065: 3004:, the scholar 2998:Johannes Morus 2982:Roman Emperors 2933:Deity Justitia 2925:'s biography, 2890:Main article: 2887: 2884: 2705: 2702: 2689: 2686: 2682:Thomas Aquinas 2566:and even from 2439: 2436: 2365:Torre San Zeno 2335: 2332: 2328:British Museum 2302:) lies in the 2291:("Redbeard"). 2215:(territory of 2097:siege of Parma 2084: 2081: 2007:Heinrich Raspe 1945:Main article: 1942: 1939: 1866:Main article: 1863: 1860: 1612: 1609: 1589:Henry the Lion 1585:Otto the Child 1542: 1541:Henry's revolt 1539: 1479:Main article: 1476: 1473: 1451:The itinerant 1371:al-Aqsa Mosque 1354:of Jerusalem, 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1230:Teutonic Order 1217:Lombard League 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 974: 971: 893:Peter of Eboli 871: 868: 833:Andrea Dandolo 751: 748: 667:excommunicated 639:King of Sicily 615:Roman emperors 578:from 1220 and 564:King of Sicily 531: 530: 525: 521: 520: 515: 511: 510: 505: 499: 498: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 468: 463: 458: 452: 450: 436: 435: 423: 417: 416: 415: 414: 401: 397: 392: 391: 390: 389: 376: 372: 367: 366: 365: 364: 351: 347: 342: 341: 340: 339: 336: 334: 330: 329: 324: 322: 318: 317: 308:(aged 55) 302: 298: 297: 282: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 244: 240: 239: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 214: 213: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 156:King of Sicily 152: 151: 145: 141: 140: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 115: 103: 101: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 84: 83: 74: 68: 65: 64: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9680: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9663:Sons of kings 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9493: 9492:Ferdinand III 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9402:Frederick III 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9245: 9243: 9238: 9236: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9163:Frederick II 9161: 9159: 9153: 9151: 9145: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9121: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9105: 9103: 9097: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9049: 9047: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8966: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8930: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8881: 8879: 8873: 8871: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8849: 8847: 8841: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8764: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8748: 8746: 8740: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8716: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8676: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8660: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8549: 8547: 8541: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8427:Frederick III 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413:German Empire 8410: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353:German Empire 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8255:Ferdinand III 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8235:Maximilian II 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8215:Frederick III 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7883: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7860: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7801:Ferdinand III 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Maximilian II 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7761:Frederick III 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7597: 7592: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7572: 7565:1220–1245/50 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7551: 7550:King of Italy 7546: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7157:0-198-22513-X 7153: 7149: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7081:88-452-9107-3 7077: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7055:. Trinacria. 7054: 7049: 7045: 7043:0-8052-0898-4 7039: 7034: 7033: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7008:0-8160-3928-3 7004: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6917: 6915:9780860120865 6911: 6907: 6906: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6876:0-582-01404-2 6872: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6850:History Today 6846: 6842: 6837: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6792: 6790:0-393-30153-2 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6764:. Trinacria. 6763: 6758: 6754: 6752:88-06-13197-4 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6721: 6720: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6691: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6562:9781118499467 6558: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6529: 6528: 6520: 6513: 6512:Abulafia 1988 6508: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6466:. 7 July 2016 6465: 6461: 6455: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6291: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6257: 6241: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6047: 6040: 6039: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6005: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5980: 5978:3-515-07909-2 5974: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5929: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5881:9783593394046 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5726: 5710: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5590:9780060170332 5586: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5567: 5560:. p. 64. 5559: 5552: 5550: 5543:, p. 64. 5542: 5537: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5443: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5417: 5410: 5409:Abulafia 1988 5405: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5335:5 (1926): 97. 5334: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5282: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5219: 5213:Kohn, p. 211. 5210: 5201: 5192: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5157: 5149: 5147:9781594161094 5143: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5033:, Chapter 10 5032: 5028: 5027:Marvin Harris 5023: 5015: 5009: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4984:9780812276442 4980: 4976: 4971: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4901: 4896: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4762:, p. 12. 4761: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4631:, p. 11. 4630: 4625: 4618: 4617:Abulafia 1988 4613: 4611: 4604:, p. 20. 4603: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4585:, p. 62. 4584: 4583:Abulafia 1988 4579: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451:Abulafia 1988 4447: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4421: 4419:9780845348772 4415: 4411: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4348:Book VI e. 1. 4346: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4138: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4063: 4059: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423:Bianca Lancia 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282:Thomas Tuscus 3279: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266:Codex Manesse 3262: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3189:Second wife: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:Stained glass 3069: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3028:and into the 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958:Egon Friedell 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784:, and master 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2667:Guido Bonatti 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498:Italo-Romance 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407:declared him 2406: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2393:grand signore 2388: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2346:manuscript" ( 2345: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298:(made of red 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Torremaggiore 2214: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191:and Imperial 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1935:Mongol Empire 1932: 1928: 1927:Mongol Empire 1924: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882:Mongol Empire 1874: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1711:Roman emperor 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1648:Nuova Cronica 1644: 1639: 1632: 1631: 1630:Nuova Cronica 1626: 1622: 1617: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1469:Second Coming 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1442:First Crusade 1439: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412:In any case, 1410: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1277: 1276: 1275:Nuova Cronica 1271: 1266: 1261: 1260:Sixth Crusade 1251: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:Fifth Crusade 1171: 1164: 1163:Fifth Crusade 1149: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1022:, he reached 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 984: 979: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:Genoese ships 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 894: 890: 889: 884: 880: 876: 867: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 767: 766: 765:Nuova Cronica 761: 756: 747: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 721:Italo-Romance 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:Sixth Crusade 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572:King of Italy 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 529: 526: 522: 519: 516: 512: 509: 506: 504: 500: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 470:Illegitimate: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 451: 448: 447: 441: 437: 420: 419:Bianca Lancia 413: 412: 395: 388: 387: 370: 363: 362: 345: 338: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316: 312: 303: 299: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 255: 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219: 215: 211: 206: 203: 199: 196: 193: 189: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 104: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 82: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 66: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9548:Hohenstaufen 9437:Ferdinand II 9387:Frederick II 9372:Constance II 9341: 9162: 9139:Frederick I 9006:Berengar II 8999: 8969: 8955: 8933: 8919: 8911:Non-dynastic 8883:Charles III 8827:Charlemagne 8819:Carolingians 8612: 8482:Non-dynastic 8260:Ferdinand IV 8250:Ferdinand II 8220:Maximilian I 8197: 8180: 8138: 8123:Henry (VIII) 8121: 8107:Frederick II 8106: 8062:Conrad (III) 8054: 8047: 7981: 7958:East Francia 7909:East Francia 7796:Ferdinand II 7766:Maximilian I 7736:Frederick II 7735: 7559: 7548: 7529: 7502: 7484: 7476: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7426: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7364: 7353:Stupor mundi 7339: 7290: 7287:Frederick II 7275: 7260: 7257:Frederick II 7245: 7230: 7182:. Stanford: 7179: 7175: 7166: 7147: 7139: 7123: 7119: 7094: 7090: 7071: 7052: 7036:. Schocken. 7031: 7020: 6998: 6988: 6972:. Retrieved 6967: 6951:. Retrieved 6944: 6931: 6919:. Retrieved 6904: 6894: 6885: 6864: 6853: 6849: 6840: 6828:. Retrieved 6822: 6813: 6806:. Retrieved 6800: 6780: 6761: 6742: 6731:Bibliography 6718: 6711: 6699: 6690: 6682: 6679: 6671: 6653: 6645: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6595: 6551: 6544: 6532:. Retrieved 6526: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6468:. Retrieved 6463: 6454: 6442:. Retrieved 6437: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6411: 6402: 6375: 6369: 6356: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6324: 6312:. Retrieved 6297: 6290: 6278:. Retrieved 6263: 6256: 6244:. Retrieved 6238: 6232: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6197: 6190:. Retrieved 6181: 6174: 6147: 6137: 6128: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6088: 6080: 6068: 6060: 6055: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6022: 6003: 5995: 5986:Michael Scot 5982: 5968: 5962: 5952: 5945: 5935: 5928: 5917: 5909: 5904: 5870: 5863: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5807: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5740: 5731: 5725: 5713:. Retrieved 5707: 5700: 5681: 5675: 5665:27 September 5663:. Retrieved 5659: 5650: 5638:. Retrieved 5623: 5616: 5606: 5599: 5574: 5566: 5557: 5536: 5527: 5521: 5512: 5506: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5470: 5450: 5441: 5435: 5424: 5416: 5404: 5393: 5367: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5204:Busk, p. 15. 5200: 5191: 5179:. Retrieved 5175: 5165: 5156: 5137: 5105: 5099: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5030: 5022: 4999: 4993: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4939: 4934: 4926: 4921: 4895: 4886: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4774: 4767: 4755: 4735: 4728: 4716:. Retrieved 4701: 4694: 4682:. Retrieved 4667: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4578: 4573:, p. 8. 4476:. Retrieved 4474:. p. 65 4471: 4446: 4438:the original 4428: 4408: 4401: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4312: 4305: 4293:. Retrieved 4278: 4271: 4259:. Retrieved 4244: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4210: 4203: 4184: 4175: 4167: 4158: 4137: 4127: 4118: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4088: 4071: 4062: 4044: 3763: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3420: 3307: 3289: 3285: 3221:Jordan river 3211:Third wife: 3210: 3188: 3170:First wife: 3169: 3150: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3006:Michael Scot 2990:cosmopolitan 2977: 2966: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2926: 2912: 2909: 2875: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2760:, the grand 2755: 2751: 2748: 2744:justiciaries 2728: 2724: 2718: 2691: 2671: 2663:Michael Scot 2660: 2638: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2582: 2576: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2525: 2518: 2506:muwashshahat 2487: 2476: 2460: 2447: 2430: 2425:Epicureanism 2422: 2416: 2408: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2376:stupor mundi 2375: 2373: 2351: 2294:Frederick’s 2293: 2288: 2253: 2229: 2209: 2192: 2174: 2154:embezzlement 2147: 2130: 2124:, tyrant of 2118: 2092: 2054: 2027: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1962:A new pope, 1961: 1915: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1879: 1862:Mongol raids 1840: 1832: 1827:Hohenstaufen 1800: 1786:followed by 1772:Papal States 1741: 1714: 1696: 1676: 1668: 1646: 1628: 1623:against the 1582: 1573: 1564: 1554: 1544: 1512: 1503:Montecassino 1484: 1450: 1434: 1411: 1403:Schatzkammer 1402: 1399: 1384: 1364: 1331: 1326: 1318: 1287: 1273: 1242: 1234:East Prussia 1202: 1166: 1142: 1135: 1130: 1120: 1102: 1084:, capturing 1059: 1051:Honorius III 1043: 1028: 1005: 999: 988: 928: 923: 897: 886: 853: 849:papal legate 818: 806: 786:puer Apuliae 785: 771: 763: 733: 688: 683: 674: 662: 604: 594:) and Queen 559: 551: 543: 536:Frederick II 535: 534: 508:Hohenstaufen 444: 306:(1250-12-13) 267:Co-sovereign 150:king in 1220 40: 35:Frederick II 29: 9523:1250 deaths 9518:1194 births 9467:Charles III 9422:Ferdinand I 9342:Frederick I 9332:Constance I 9327:William III 9295:(1130–1816) 9266:(1071–1130) 9213:(1530–1556) 9205:(1452–1493) 9197:(1431–1437) 9189:(1355–1378) 9187:Charles IV 9181:(1327–1347) 9173:(1311–1313) 9165:(1212–1250) 9157:(1209–1212) 9149:(1186–1197) 9141:(1154–1186) 9133:(1138–1152) 9131:Conrad III 9125:(1125–1137) 9117:(1106–1125) 9109:(1093–1101) 9101:(1056–1105) 9093:(1039–1056) 9085:(1026–1039) 9077:(1004–1024) 9069:(1002–1014) 8992:Lothair II 8926:Berengar I 8921:Unruochings 8867:Charles II 8806:Desiderius 8782:Hildeprand 8758:Aripert II 8613:Interregnum 8415:(1871–1918) 8396:(1867–1871) 8377:(1850–1866) 8355:(1848/1849) 8343:Ferdinand I 8331:(1815–1848) 8312:(1806–1813) 8280:Charles VII 8230:Ferdinand I 8112:Henry (VII) 8087:Frederick I 7821:Charles VII 7776:Ferdinand I 7721:Frederick I 7716:Lothair III 7646:Charles III 7621:Charlemagne 7514:Henry (VII) 7487:Isabella II 7467:Isabella II 7450:(1212–1217) 7017:Loud, G. A. 6869:. Longman. 6280:14 December 6246:14 December 6192:20 November 5784:in journal 5181:19 December 5075:: 241–273. 5055:Whalen 2019 4944:Archive.org 4641:Houben 2002 3407:Gerhard of 3322:Bentivoglio 3183:Henry (VII) 3030:Renaissance 2978:Kaiser-Idee 2943:Gewaltstaat 2823:lex animata 2794:curia regis 2790:Magna Curia 2770:Chamberlain 2762:protonotary 2736: [ 2704:Law reforms 2405:Innocent IV 2296:sarcophagus 2285:Frederick I 2239:or that of 2193:condottieri 1964:Innocent IV 1957:Innocent IV 1941:Innocent IV 1813:and, after 1748:Franciscans 1457:Franciscans 1409:in Vienna. 1380:Mesopotamia 1352:restitution 1283: 1348 1007:in absentia 898:In 1196 at 885:, from the 635:of Burgundy 570:from 1212, 566:from 1198, 271:Isabella II 247:Isabella II 243:Predecessor 212:(1212–1217) 205:Constance I 185:Constance I 181:Predecessor 148:Henry (VII) 133:Predecessor 9653:Sonneteers 9553:Anti-kings 9507:Categories 9482:Charles IV 9462:Philip III 9447:Charles II 9312:William II 9211:Charles V 9195:Sigismund 9171:Henry VII 9107:Conrad II 9091:Henry III 9083:Conrad II 9061:(996–1002) 9036:(962–1556) 8851:Lothair I 8774:Liutprand 8750:Raginpert 8710:Perctarit 8686:Perctarit 8670:Aripert I 8535:Theodahad 8527:Athalaric 8519:Theodoric 8511:Ostrogoths 8432:William II 8319:Napoleon I 8300:Francis II 8295:Leopold II 8275:Charles VI 8188:Wenceslaus 8176:Charles IV 8082:Henry (VI) 8077:Conrad III 8006:(962–1806) 8001:within the 7911:during the 7841:Francis II 7836:Leopold II 7816:Charles VI 7786:Rudolph II 7751:Charles IV 7641:Charles II 7554:1212–1250 7535:1212–1250 7508:1212–1216 7150:. Oxford. 6934:. Brepols. 6783:. Norton. 6621:Davis 1988 5833:(3): 244. 4955:Jones 2007 4900:Pybus 1930 4843:(2): 229. 4791:19 January 4760:Rader 2012 4718:19 January 4684:19 January 4478:19 January 4181:Jones, Dan 4150:References 3197:, Apulia. 3178:, Sicily. 3118:Regensburg 3058:übermensch 2896:See also: 2843:fridericus 2818:augustalis 2778:chancellor 2688:Appearance 2639:Chronicles 2616:Chronicles 2560:gyrfalcons 2547:scholastic 2500:language, 2413:Antichrist 2289:Barbarossa 2281:Kyffhäuser 2225:Cistercian 2109:King Enzio 2065:Monferrato 1803:Ghibelline 1766:, and the 1752:Dominicans 1665:Gregory IX 1577:basic laws 1461:Spirituals 1453:Joachimite 1184:to reject 802:San Rufino 701:Old French 679:Antichrist 560:Fridericus 232:Coronation 207:(1198) and 170:Coronation 99:Coronation 57:augustalis 9487:Charles V 9472:Philip IV 9457:Philip II 9427:Alfonso I 9417:Martin II 9367:Charles I 9357:Conrad II 9322:Roger III 9307:William I 9179:Louis IV 9147:Henry VI 9099:Henry IV 9075:Henry II 9067:Arduin I 9059:Otto III 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8285:Francis I 8265:Leopold I 8240:Rudolf II 8225:Charles V 8210:Albert II 8205:Sigismund 8161:Henry VII 8117:Conrad IV 8038:Henry III 8033:Conrad II 7965:(919–962) 7960:(911–919) 7916:(843–911) 7831:Joseph II 7826:Francis I 7806:Leopold I 7771:Charles V 7756:Sigismund 7741:Henry VII 7701:Henry III 7696:Conrad II 7666:Louis III 7631:Lothair I 7571:Henry VII 7541:Conrad IV 7482:1225–1228 7437:Constance 7432:1198–1250 7421:Constance 7321:catalogue 7202:474664651 7111:154964516 6814:contents. 6085:Augustale 5910:Monumenta 5890:cite book 5855:162301922 5386:Kamp 1975 5114:cite book 5043:Loud 2016 4859:1550-3283 4540:Kamp 1995 4343:Cronica, 4185:Crusaders 3363:Selvaggia 3205:Conrad IV 3002:Fibonacci 2962:gaminerie 2879:Landfried 2835:augustale 2786:justiciar 2782:constable 2774:seneschal 2768:), great 2766:logothete 2585:menagerie 2568:Greenland 2539:Aristotle 2322:built by 2245:Henry VII 2241:Jerusalem 2166:Bolognese 2145:wearied. 2042:Frankfurt 2038:anti-king 2019:Altavilla 2000:Byzantium 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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

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