French language - Knowledge

1261: 1543:. The population remained 90% indigenous in origin; the Romanizing class were the local native elite (not Roman settlers), whose children learned Latin in Roman schools. At the time of the collapse of the Empire, this local elite had been slowly abandoning Gaulish entirely, but the rural and lower class populations remained Gaulish speakers who could sometimes also speak Latin or Greek. The final language shift from Gaulish to Vulgar Latin among rural and lower class populations occurred later, when both they and the incoming Frankish ruler/military class adopted the Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin speech of the urban intellectual elite. 1242: 2270: 2090: 13405: 7461: 7374: 2793:, French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains the preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the 2958: 12542: 1971: 2391: 981: 9412: 2139: 920: 5433:, and so the only difference in pronunciation is that the ⟨t⟩ on the end of masculine form is silent, whereas it is pronounced in the feminine. If the word was to be followed by a word starting with a vowel, then liaison would cause the ⟨t⟩ to be pronounced in both forms, resulting in identical pronunciation. There are also some situations where both the feminine and masculine form of a noun are the same and the article provides the only difference. For example, 2109: 2638: 7046: 9303:"Le français, langue en évolution. Dans beaucoup de pays francophones, surtout sur le continent africain, une proportion importante de la population ne parle pas couramment le français (même s'il est souvent la langue officielle du pays). Ce qui signifie qu'au fur et à mesure que les nouvelles générations vont à l'école, le nombre de francophones augmente : on estime qu'en 2015, ceux-ci seront deux fois plus nombreux qu'aujourd'hui. 9416: 12248: 9337:"C'est la variété du français la plus fluctuante. Le sabir franco-africain est instable et hétérogène sous toutes ses formes. Il existe des énoncés où les mots sont français mais leur ordre reste celui de la langue africaine. En somme, autant les langues africaines sont envahies par les structures et les mots français, autant la langue française se métamorphose en Afrique, donnant naissance à plusieurs variétés." 2703: 8326:"...sixty-eight or more Celtic words in standard Latin; not all of these came down into Romance.... did not survive among the people. Vulgar speech in Gaul used many others... at least 361 words of Gaulish provenance in French and Provençal. These Celtic words fell into more homely types than... borrowings from Germanː agriculture... household effects... animals... food and drink... trees... body -- 17 ( 4337:, many of its spelling rules are likely due to a consistency in morphemic patterns such as adding suffixes and prefixes. Many given spellings of common morphemes usually lead to a predictable sound. In particular, a given vowel combination or diacritic generally leads to one phoneme. However, there is not a one-to-one relation of a phoneme and a single related grapheme, which can be seen in how 45: 3142: 3144: 2296: 2196:. This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050. French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages). 2494:. It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language; the rest largely speak French as a first language. As a 1437:. Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language. French is the second-most taught foreign language in the EU. All institutions of the EU use French as a working language along with English and German; in certain institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the 2749:

the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census. In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census.

6697:) of the French language academies of France and Quebec has been to provide French equivalents to (mainly English) imported words, either by using existing vocabulary, extending its meaning or deriving a new word according to French morphological rules. The result is often two (or more) co-existing terms for describing the same phenomenon. 8342:, and the remainder divided among weapons, religion, literature, music, persons, sickness and mineral. It is evident that the peasants were the last to hold to their Celtic. The count on the Celtic element was made by Leslie Moss at the University of North Carolina... based on unanimity of agreement among the best lexicographers... 10355: 2694:

varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value.

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Il existe une autre variété de français, beaucoup plus répandue et plus permissive : le français local. C'est un français très influencé par les langues centrafricaines, surtout par le sango. Cette variété est parlée par les classes non-instruites, qui n'ont pu terminer leur scolarité. Ils usent

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French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. Moreover, some conscious changes were made to restore Latin orthography (as with some English

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In English-speaking Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages. In the United States, French is the second-most commonly taught foreign language in schools and universities, although well behind Spanish.

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language of the world, ahead of Spanish. His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations, the economic power of the countries using

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In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal (95% and 84% respectively), French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia,

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of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various

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Due to Roman rule, Latin was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti. This local variety evolved into the

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of the subject and verb, as in "Parlez-vous français ?" when asking a question rather than "Vous parlez français ?" Both formulations are used, and carry a rising inflection on the last word. The literal English translations are "Do you speak French?" and "You speak French?", respectively.

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and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as the other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural

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is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth. It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years. Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from

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Knowledge of French is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German

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and 40% Anglophone. The use of English is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French. Actual usage of French

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French is the second-most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. It is the first language of 9.5 million people or 29% and the second language for 2.07 million or 6% of the entire population of Canada. French is the sole official

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change which is found in all Western Romania... more reservations have been expressed about... ū > ..."; :"Summary on page 67: "There can be no doubt that the way French stands out from the other Western Romance languages (Vidos 1956: 363) is largely due to the intensity of its Celtic

8376: 5326:. According to the French lexicogrammatical system, French has a rank-scale hierarchy with clause as the top rank, which is followed by group rank, word rank, and morpheme rank. A French clause is made up of groups, groups are made up of words, and lastly, words are made up of morphemes. 1397:

French is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 80 million are native speakers. According to the OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" as of 2022, without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses.

9283: 2406:(2011), French is the fourth most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of 1631:

The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there. A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke

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associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige). In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged."

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dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period (14th–17th centuries). Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect. Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules.

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accepted some changes to French orthography. At the time the proposed changes were considered to be suggestions. In 2016, schoolbooks in France began to use the newer recommended spellings, with instruction to teachers that both old and new spellings be deemed correct.

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as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The

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ce qu'ils connaissent du français avec des emprunts massifs aux langues locales. Cette variété peut causer des problèmes de compréhension avec les francophones des autres pays, car les interférences linguistiques, d'ordre lexical et sémantique, sont très importantes.

1648:. Langue d'oïl grew into what is known as Old French. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of different possible word orders just as Latin did because 2584:. It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades. In colonial Vietnam, the elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as " 2321:, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80% (2006 Census) of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Quebec is also home to the city of 5397:, both the singular and plural form of a noun are pronounced identically. The article used for singular nouns is different from that used for plural nouns and the article provides a distinguishing factor between the two in speech. For example, the singular 3143: 1243: 1568:, the word for "yes"), sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, and influences in conjugation and word order. Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by the gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish. 8384: 7847: 3858:), or reduced to zero in some word-final positions. For other speakers, a uvular trill is also common, and an apical trill occurs in some dialects. The cluster /ʁw/ is generally pronounced as a labialised voiced uvular fricative , such as in 4556:: Within words, double consonants are generally not pronounced as geminates in modern French (but geminates can be heard in the cinema or TV news from as recently as the 1970s, and in very refined elocution they may still occur). For example, 9280: 2378:, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English, and is across a river from Quebec, opposite the major city of 1993:

made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.

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and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania. French is the second-most widely spoken mother tongue in the

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To avoid inversion while asking a question, "Est-ce que" (literally "is it that") may be placed at the beginning of the sentence. "Parlez-vous français ?" may become "Est-ce que vous parlez français ?" French also uses

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Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier's dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole

2498:, Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the 2333:

are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories

4204:("the man who saw him"). However, for Belgian French the sentences are pronounced differently; in the first sentence the syllable break is as "qu'il-a", while the second breaks as "qui-l'a". It can also be noted that, in 1577:, which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240. Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life ( 10821: 10150: 10017: 6079:

The imperative is used in the present tense (with the exception of a few instances where it is used in the perfect tense). The imperative is used to give commands to you (tu), we/us (nous), and plural you (vous).

1374:(OIF), the community of 54 member states which share the official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France; Canada (especially in the 4519:

becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e., pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to allow part of the air to leave through the nostrils). Exceptions are when the

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French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology. The rules for pronunciation vary between dialects, but the standard rules are:

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The subjunctive mood only includes four of the tense-aspect forms found in the indicative: present (présent), simple past (passé composé), past imperfective (imparfait), and pluperfect (plus-que-parfait).

7843: 9050: 2418:, it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of 1811:

published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar. Politically, the first government authority to adopt Modern French as official was the

10309: 3038:(used alongside English). Given the demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future". 630: 7481: 1982:

Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English.

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learned words are not seen as foreign). About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrowings. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient

6993:) is used in French numbers as a decimal point, i.e. "2,5" instead of "2.5". In the case of currencies, the currency markers are substituted for decimal point, i.e. "5$ 7" for "5 dollars and 7 705: 9471:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over : Universe: Population 5 years and over: 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates??" 9470: 5189:, compare with English word "isle"). The explanation is that some words share the same orthography, so the circumflex is put here to mark the difference between the two words. For example, 8914: 782: 7016:

Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.

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French language spread in the United States. Counties marked in lighter pink are those where 6–12% of the population speaks French at home; medium pink, 12–18%; darker pink, over 18%.

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One study analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin estimated that among the languages analyzed French has the greatest distance from Latin.

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As a result, it can be difficult to predict the spelling of a word based on the sound. Final consonants are generally silent, except when the following word begins with a vowel (see

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French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including the

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even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965. A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of the language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English.

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with French..." Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process was known in the Occitan-speaking region as

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Significant as a judicial language, French is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the

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ensures that provincial services are to be available in the language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Celtic influences on French discussed in pages 64-67. Page 65:"In recent years the primary role of the substratum... has been disputed. Best documented is the CT- >

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roots. In many cases, a single etymological root appears in French in a "popular" or native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from

1617:), weapons, and products traded regionally rather than further afield. This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being the last to hold onto Gaulish. 9677: 11916: 7139: 3062: 2798: 9719: 8510: 8476:

Pope, Mildred K. (1934). From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman Phonology and Morphology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

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is either masculine or feminine. Because French nouns are not inflected for gender, a noun's form cannot specify its gender. For nouns regarding the living, their

11696: 9953: 9114: 5381:. However, plural nouns that refer to a group that includes both masculine and feminine entities are always masculine. So a group of two male teachers would be 3050: 7124: 2999: 2974:, French is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, 1347: 385: 9552: 9043: 3096:, a comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most 10761: 4929: 2346:). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in 10647: 1997:

In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of

10847: 10409: 9751: 2286: Regions where French is an official language at the federal level but not a majority native language or an official language at the provincial level 9613: 7474: 9474: 1925:, in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language". The prefect of 16610: 16523: 13526: 13393: 13371: 9986: 9139: 4345:

both end with the /e/ phoneme. Additionally, there are many variations in the pronunciation of consonants at the end of words, demonstrated by how the

9290:"Furthermore, the demographic growth of Southern hemisphere countries leads us to anticipate a new increase in the overall number of French speakers." 8619: 2769:, the total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in 11129: 10301: 8313: 8017: 3023: 91: 9867: 9583: 7514: 16560: 10119: 2055:, where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of 1897:'s "Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language". When public education was made 16625: 8910: 8641: 3979:, are normally silent. (A consonant is considered "final" when no vowel follows it even if one or more consonants follow it.) The final letters 2066:

region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 50% of the population, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the

777: 16800: 16084: 14154: 12530: 9039: 8153: 7752: 7183: 3110:(49%) and Spanish (44%). MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in the workplace. 2131: 1449:

and is on the top five of the most studied languages worldwide (with about 120 million learners as of 2017). As a result of French and Belgian

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pp. 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium. Archived from

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Polinsky, Maria; Van Everbroeck, Ezra (2003). "Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French".

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where the approximant and corresponding vowel contrast, but there are also many cases where they are in free variation. Contrasts between

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French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in the Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the

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French has one rhotic whose pronunciation varies considerably among speakers and phonetic contexts. In general, it is described as a

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Festschrift für Johannes Hubschmid zum 65. Geburtsag. Beiträge zur allgemeinen, indogermanischen und romanischen Sprachwissenschaft

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The Celtic Languages in Contact: Papers from the Workshop Within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies

2654: 2028:, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some 1477: 1390:

region); parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States (the states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont); Monaco; the

732: 9835:"P9-1 – Population de 14 ans et plus selon la connaissance du français, le sexe, par commune, "zone" et par province de résidence" 9636: 1880:

to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France.

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French, spoken by 68 million people worldwide and the official language of 27 countries, was ranked second [to Mandarin].

9901: 4271:, "œ" and "æ", but they are often replaced in contemporary French with "oe" and "ae", because the ligatures do not appear on the 2805:

has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union.

2766: 1664:, a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary) including the impersonal singular pronoun 9776: 8446: 16645: 16487: 13386: 11736: 11721: 11638: 9226:

CEFAN (Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord, Université Laval

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although a pronoun object precedes the verb. Some types of sentences allow for or require different word orders, in particular

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other countries, but written forms of the language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world.

1438: 8973: 8944: 2478:(the latter only being discovered by linguists in the 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. 787: 14646: 13360: 11489: 10950: 10914: 10860: 10698: 10622: 10530: 10073: 9507: 8870: 8819: 8783: 8683: 8582: 8504: 8307: 8278:

Müller, Bodo (1982). "Geostatistik der gallischen/keltischen Substratwörter in der Galloromania". In Winkelmann, Otto (ed.).

7972: 7945: 7915: 7869: 7824: 7541: 7144: 7023: 7007: 3417: 14578: 9513: 9438: 7978: 2978:, education, and diplomacy. In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the 2199:

French is mostly a second language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of

940: Countries, regions, and territories where French is an administrative or cultural language but with no official status 12120: 11147: 9669: 7094: 3054: 14381: 14376: 11065: 10722: 6690:, unstressed syllables were severely reduced and the remaining vowels and consonants underwent significant modifications. 5274:(singular or plural, though in most nouns the plural is pronounced the same as the singular even if spelled differently); 16725: 16640: 16182: 14320: 14208: 11843: 11606: 11262: 11252: 10247: 7134: 3424: 3388: 3019: 1375: 959: 14481: 14371: 13401: 9305: 3030:(alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), 1713:

began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the

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dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of

1461: 10328:"The contribution of morphological awareness to the spelling of morphemes and morphologically complex words in French" 9957: 9106: 7651: 4574:

are used sometimes for pronunciation, sometimes to distinguish similar words, and sometimes based on etymology alone.

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In some areas of the country near French-speaking Quebec, however, it is the foreign language more commonly taught.

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Their population was 487.6 million in 2023, and it is forecast to reach between 870 million and 879 million in 2050.

1990: 1816: 1049: 16755: 16705: 16700: 16690: 16685: 16655: 15495: 11931: 11772: 11726: 7219: 6893: 3330: 2620: 1540: 1422: 437: 16735: 10379:"The late acquisition of a major difficulty of French inflectional orthography: The homophonic /E/ verbal endings" 6568:

Latin roots can be identified, whereas English conversely leans towards a more direct incorporation of the Latin:

2188:, an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories can speak French as either a 16710: 16518: 16389: 16202: 14783: 14388: 14188: 12811: 7149: 6826:

is 89% with Italian, 80% with Sardinian, 78% with Rhaeto-Romance, and 75% with Romanian, Spanish and Portuguese.

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Although there are many French regional accents, foreign learners normally use only one variety of the language.

3519: 3316: 3003: 2991: 2280: Regions where French is the main language and an official language at both the federal and provincial level 1469: 1077: 949: 722: 17: 11026: 10866: 10378: 9200: 8138:

Guiter, Henri (1995). "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania". In Bochnakowa, Anna; Widlak, Stanislan (eds.).

16635: 16600: 16595: 16477: 16227: 15583: 15484: 13291: 11951: 11526: 10639: 9748: 9413:"Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Census)" 8701:"A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Prestige Formations and of Speakers' Attitudes in Occitan and Catalan" 7114: 3562: 3556: 3086: 3058: 1502:) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include 1039: 15454: 12859: 9605: 9439:"Language Use in the United States: 2011, American Community Survey Reports, Camille Ryan, Issued August 2013" 7667:""French and the school are one" – the role of French in postcolonial Congolese education: memories of pupils" 2182:

The majority of the world's French-speaking population lives in Africa. According to a 2023 estimate from the

2048:. French is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50% of the population. 16785: 16780: 16770: 16750: 16720: 16680: 16590: 16575: 16570: 16399: 15391: 15069: 13760: 12516: 11874: 11494: 11435: 11430: 11002: 10993: 10439: 9841: 9229: 8898:

Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue / Una Valle d'Aosta bilingue in un'Europa plurilingue

6842:

counting. After the use of unique names for the numbers 1–16, those from 17 to 69 are counted by tens, while

5240: 4288: 4275:

keyboard layout used in French-speaking countries. However this is nonstandard in formal and literary texts.

3526: 3367: 3031: 2495: 2395: 1328: 1206: 1144: 1016: 910: 811: 12538: 11516: 9982: 9135: 8700: 7283: 880: 842: 829: 16740: 16715: 16660: 16605: 16565: 16492: 16444: 16314: 16309: 16110: 13978: 13215: 13195: 12719: 12664: 12222: 12202: 11941: 11420: 11257: 9641: 5212:

All other accents are used only to distinguish similar words, as in the case of distinguishing the adverbs

3570: 3542: 3353: 3323: 3074: 2616: 2518: 2351: 1401:

French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa, especially in regions like

610: 585: 15518: 14921: 14070: 13931: 13685: 8748: 8297: 8001: 5122: 5114: 5094: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4635: 4631: 4604: 4600: 4459: 4455: 4443: 4419: 4415: 3917: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3870: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3801: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 2585: 1532:

The evolution of Latin in Gaul was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native

1453:

from the 16th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

16730: 16665: 16650: 16580: 16555: 15959: 15397: 14366: 14295: 13730: 13680: 13337: 13101: 12674: 12651: 12244: 12059: 11779: 11653: 11643: 11391: 11232: 11180: 9871: 9579: 9077: 8969: 8723: 8611: 7506: 6874:, literally "sixty-fifteen". The vigesimal method of counting is analogous to the archaic English use of 6308: 6304: 6295: 4685:, but this differentiation is disappearing. In the mid-18th century, the circumflex was used in place of 4077: 3577: 3489: 2563: 2403: 767: 13740: 10111: 5935:

Within the subjunctive mood, the passé composé and plus-que-parfait use auxiliary verbs in their forms.

4901:

only occurs in some proper names and in modern editions of old French texts. Some proper names in which

4406:

French writing, as with any language, is affected by the spoken language. In Old French, the plural for

16765: 16695: 16675: 16615: 16449: 16274: 15680: 15252: 14687: 14245: 14181: 13824: 13490: 11970: 11891: 11658: 11568: 11547: 11247: 11237: 11227: 10813: 9370:

One example of a variety of African French that is difficult to understand for European French speakers

4391:. The same words followed by a vowel, however, may sound the consonants, as they do in these examples: 4326: 3591: 3395: 3247: 3046: 2945: 2733:, where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023. In the French special collectivity of 2667: 2632: 2555: 2309:, which is also a valid French word, is used in France and other French-speaking countries and regions. 2250: 2246: 2242: 2017:, where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language. 1728: 1710: 1351: 1284: 934: Countries and territories where French is an official language but not a majority native language 13809: 10505: 10483: 6686:

It can be difficult to identify the Latin source of native French words because in the evolution from

5236:

Some proposals exist to simplify the existing writing system, but they still fail to gather interest.

5149:, is replaced with a back vowel. To retain the pronunciation of the ⟨c⟩, it is given a cedilla, as in 5141:

is never found in front of front vowels. This letter is used when a front vowel after ⟨c⟩, such as in

1887:

began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages (

1650:

it had a case system that retained the difference between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects

16454: 16416: 15267: 15179: 14788: 14629: 14344: 14273: 14255: 14238: 14233: 14223: 12761: 12499: 12298: 12150: 11906: 11821: 11794: 11711: 11506: 11351: 8649: 7099: 6800: 6396: 4112:

is never pronounced and the silent final consonant of a noun is only pronounced in the plural and in

3603: 3496: 3360: 3120: 2538: 2254: 1909:

were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as

1705: 615: 237: 217: 13972: 8208: 7538:

Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard Broché – 25 septembre 2002

7460: 7373: 5441:

refers to a female dentist. Furthermore, a few nouns' meanings depend on their gender. For example,

5045: 16550: 16374: 15972: 15876: 14749: 14697: 14476: 14424: 13409: 11731: 11701: 11306: 10976: 9898:"Les premiers résultats du recensement de la population 2018 – Principaux_tableaux_population_2018" 7207: 4184:, drop their final vowel when placed before a word that begins with a vowel sound (thus avoiding a 3505: 3254: 3015: 1465: 1300: 1199: 1086: 989: 904: 752: 417: 70: 10270: 9079: 2325:, which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. 1872:, enjoyed a period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the 16795: 16344: 16304: 16284: 16264: 16167: 15340: 14931: 14885: 14766: 14739: 14678: 14615: 14561: 14268: 14228: 13772: 13590: 13585: 13542: 13175: 13111: 12436: 12426: 11987: 11869: 11816: 11762: 11716: 11405: 10757: 8720: 7800: 6780: 6299: 3843: 3337: 3279: 3263: 3007: 2913: 2559: 2014: 1930: 1875: 1272: 772: 354: 299: 242: 232: 207: 14936: 12869: 11012: 9834: 7069: 2086:, with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French. 16482: 16279: 16058: 15274: 14692: 14638: 14290: 13961: 13343: 13322: 13058: 12092: 12054: 12012: 11997: 11789: 11611: 11511: 11173: 10783: 9382: 8203: 7578: 7560: 6812: 6808: 6422: 6412: 5468:

The French language consists of both finite and non-finite moods. The finite moods include the

4934: 3180: 3115: 2642: 2367: 2029: 1986: 1857:

was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language.

1571:

The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the

1324: 1105: 294: 87: 14036: 11031: 9931: 8771: 5209:= must, have to, owe; in this case, the circumflex disappears in the plural and the feminine). 2935: 16502: 16434: 16404: 16359: 16354: 16329: 16187: 16090: 16035: 15841: 15836: 15489: 15467: 15358: 15286: 15109: 14771: 14534: 14160: 14047: 13936: 13843: 13500: 13428: 12659: 12017: 12007: 11799: 11623: 11531: 11466: 9324: 9251: 8860: 8494: 7223: 6989:

French, like most European languages, uses a space to separate thousands. The comma (French:

4720: 4539: 4268: 4257: 4048: 3375: 3286: 3210: 3203: 3027: 3011: 2982:'s only two working languages), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the 2335: 2020:

French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and

1918: 1840: 1054: 432: 16472: 15754: 14722: 12924: 9168: 8572: 8486: 8060: 7059: 6854:) is used as a base number in the names of numbers from 70 to 99. The French word for 80 is 6311:(OSV) word order. OSV word order is not used often and VOS is reserved for formal writings. 5329:

French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including

4962: 3815:

French has three pairs of homorganic fricatives distinguished by voicing, i.e., labiodental

1366:

official, administrative, or cultural language. Most of these countries are members of the

16394: 16384: 16334: 16294: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16232: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16192: 16177: 16172: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16040: 15814: 15430: 15403: 15329: 15189: 14988: 14916: 14868: 14862: 14825: 14808: 14057: 13926: 13667: 13495: 13327: 13139: 13028: 12851: 12816: 12778: 12692: 12682: 12546: 12368: 12340: 12042: 11583: 11521: 11410: 11301: 10084: 9954:"Tableau Pop_06_1: Population selon le sexe, la connaissance du français et l'âge décennal" 8546: 7705: 4185: 3295: 3217: 2475: 1926: 1898: 1854: 1546:

The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable

1149: 15824: 15237: 14305: 14127: 14030: 12884: 12380: 4971: 3808:), but it is most frequently found in intervocalic, onset position or word-finally (e.g., 3035: 8: 16497: 16439: 16379: 16369: 16349: 16339: 16324: 16319: 16299: 16269: 16237: 16222: 16197: 16133: 15525: 15417: 15385: 15379: 15000: 14960: 14926: 14754: 14518: 13946: 13804: 13766: 13595: 13332: 13296: 12972: 12841: 12742: 12626: 12598: 12350: 12252: 12125: 12082: 12002: 11956: 11833: 11826: 11806: 11767: 11679: 11471: 11440: 11415: 11381: 11283: 11278: 10676: 9351: 8815: 7796: 7777: 7392: 7154: 6232:. The active voice is unmarked while the passive voice is formed by using a form of verb 5370: 5010: 4536:

are always nasalized. The rules are more complex than this but may vary between dialects.

3303: 3102: 2908: 2859: 2814: 2371: 2269: 2089: 1906: 1869: 1839:). It retained this role until approximately the middle of the 20th century, when it was 1700: 1295:—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( 1044: 15788: 15221: 14896: 14830: 14116: 13568: 13464: 12335: 11104: 6624: 3708:

There are a maximum of 17 vowels in French, not all of which are used in every dialect:

2760: 2514: 1933:

wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the

1660:, which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of 1292: 1006: 605: 247: 16409: 16364: 16289: 16259: 16030: 15759: 15615: 15573: 15539: 15533: 15423: 15366: 15323: 15306: 15044: 15037: 14873: 14661: 14602: 14458: 14446: 14325: 14263: 14089: 13745: 13707: 13638: 13605: 13511: 13306: 13241: 13083: 13020: 13005: 12874: 12796: 12791: 12588: 12580: 12466: 12037: 11982: 11936: 11784: 11750: 11334: 10401: 10347: 8830: 8438: 8237: 8229: 8147: 7119: 6823: 6776: 6352: 5532: 5489: 5303: 5287: 5279: 5271: 5013:. Nevertheless, since the 1990 orthographic changes, the diaeresis in words containing 4975: 4912: 4284: 3225: 3170: 2950: 2864: 2770: 2506: 2435: 2229: 2041: 1865: 1732: 1312: 1130: 1111: 1100: 1011: 164: 96: 15808: 14300: 13755: 8003:

Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance Clues to Ibero-Romance Sound Change

5588: 4854: 2051:

Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of

1635: 896: 15987: 15966: 15886: 15846: 15705: 15633: 15627: 15551: 15443: 15353: 15294: 15206: 15164: 14965: 14911: 14717: 14702: 14673: 14656: 14566: 14529: 14498: 14486: 14405: 14393: 14310: 14285: 14279: 14204: 14173: 14081: 13916: 13784: 13735: 13618: 13286: 13236: 13091: 13073: 13068: 13048: 13043: 12995: 12929: 12618: 12461: 12376: 12323: 12183: 12165: 12160: 12145: 12130: 12069: 12032: 11946: 11879: 11857: 11838: 11706: 11633: 11456: 11356: 11242: 11222: 11199: 10946: 10928: 10910: 10903: 10887:

Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania

10856: 10694: 10618: 10351: 9772: 9544: 9503: 8866: 8797: 8789: 8779: 8679: 8578: 8500: 8467:

Rowlett, P. 2007. The Syntax of French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 4

8442: 8430: 8410: 8303: 8221: 8079: 8007: 7968: 7941: 7911: 7727: 7686: 7666: 7600: 7239: 6796: 6362: 5546: 5353: 5343: 5311: 5299: 4430:

ending, very common in Latin, was then abbreviated by copyists (monks) by the letter

3753: 3534: 3346: 3272: 3175: 2995: 2891: 2742: 2719: 2223: 2079: 1884: 1849: 1820: 1803: 1743: 1724: 1719: 1657: 1489: 1343: 1316: 1268: 1030: 757: 620: 447: 227: 15829: 14798: 14776: 13628: 12451: 12446: 10405: 6600: 4560:

is pronounced and not . However, gemination does occur between words; for example,

3881:). In the onset, the central approximants , , and each correspond to a high vowel, 2773:. OIF estimates 700 million French speakers by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa. 2592:

continued to use French in administration, education, and trade. However, since the

1894: 955: 15940: 15930: 15915: 15903: 15819: 15768: 15732: 15710: 15697: 15691: 15620: 15609: 15513: 15478: 15462: 15311: 15299: 15232: 15196: 15184: 15152: 15077: 15049: 15022: 14852: 14847: 14835: 14815: 14803: 14744: 14651: 14608: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14503: 14434: 14418: 14315: 14122: 14076: 14052: 14001: 13996: 13984: 13861: 13789: 13633: 13623: 13577: 13458: 13454: 13438: 13281: 13271: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13170: 13165: 13155: 13121: 13063: 13010: 12957: 12919: 12864: 12826: 12786: 12756: 12641: 12471: 12441: 12421: 12372: 12360: 12317: 12313: 12302: 12287: 12282: 12097: 12049: 11921: 11896: 11386: 10522: 10393: 10339: 10185: 8936: 8422: 8260: 8241: 8213: 8056: 8044: 7903: 7717: 7678: 7590: 6792: 6784: 6382: 6372: 6342: 6332: 5564: 5481: 5473: 5334: 5307: 5291: 5283: 4553: 4364: 3931: 3190: 3165: 3160: 3136: 2918: 2881: 2844: 2738: 2711: 2569: 2471: 2462:), but is nearly extinct today. French also survived in isolated pockets along the 2431: 2359: 2075: 2037: 2021: 1844: 1536: 1533: 1526: 1495: 1304: 1177: 1172: 1163: 551: 212: 15715: 15665: 12406: 11559: 11398: 9445: 8834: 8264: 7828: 7682: 7579:"From foreign to national: a review of the status of the French language in Gabon" 6573: 6485: 2957: 589: 16024: 16010: 15891: 15793: 15783: 15727: 15578: 15566: 15506: 15501: 15316: 15245: 15227: 15201: 15174: 15104: 15061: 14973: 14906: 14793: 14759: 14712: 14707: 14429: 14361: 14333: 14110: 14042: 14012: 13911: 13834: 13814: 13794: 13557: 13276: 13266: 13261: 13220: 13129: 13096: 13053: 13000: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12939: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12879: 12831: 12821: 12636: 12631: 12570: 12416: 12390: 12355: 12308: 12294: 12192: 12155: 12140: 12135: 12077: 11992: 11552: 11293: 11048: 10970:: an international organisation for the promotion of French language and culture 10509: 10487: 10465: 10443: 10143:"Want To Know The Language of the Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French" 10080: 10010:"Want To Know The Language Of The Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French" 9755: 9497: 9358: 9331: 9309: 9287: 9204: 8727: 8554: 8078:. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland. p. 15. 7962: 7051: 6994: 6816: 6804: 6590: 6460: 6432: 5493: 5477: 5469: 4890: 4863: 4844: 4823: 4806: 4787: 4231: 3513: 3197: 3185: 2930: 2849: 2674:, and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on 2671: 2499: 2467: 2459: 2447: 2439: 2355: 2305:(French for "stop") are used in the province of Québec, Canada while the English 2193: 2067: 2006: 1989:, French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992, although the 1965: 1934: 1808: 1429: 1255: 1236: 1187: 1139: 1082: 340: 199: 187: 137: 15027: 13702: 12889: 11538: 8778:. Oxford Library of Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 468. 7722: 7622: 6617: 6273:

However, unless the subject of the sentence is specified, generally the pronoun

5540: 5373:

often correspond to that which they refer to. For example, a male teacher is an

4967: 4759:, indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: 3022:

countries. It is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the

2362:. Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, 1861: 1116: 16075: 15982: 15977: 15898: 15778: 15740: 15472: 15032: 14978: 14948: 14840: 14524: 14452: 14398: 14147: 13966: 13956: 13799: 13750: 13697: 13674: 13657: 13613: 13210: 13160: 13134: 13033: 12894: 12836: 12565: 12560: 12431: 12411: 12364: 12345: 12329: 12115: 12110: 12102: 11926: 11884: 11461: 10938: 10736: 10714: 9044:"Francoscope. « 327 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2023 »" 9005: 7706:"Language-in-Education Policy and Practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 6881: 6788: 6772: 6759: 5582: 5323: 5253: 4235: 3651: 3550: 3234: 3101:

the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the

3078: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2898: 2869: 2854: 2839: 2826: 2821: 2790: 2726: 2675: 2593: 2491: 2219: 2189: 2103: 2082:. The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of 2045: 2010: 1975: 1643: 1525:

Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as

1457: 1434: 1332: 1308: 1154: 1072: 1063: 928: Countries and regions where French is the native language of the majority 737: 717: 345: 329: 182: 15121: 13871: 10343: 10239: 9925: 9865: 6963:), all numbers from 30 to 99 could be said in either base 10 or base 20, e.g. 6834:

The numeral system used in the majority of Francophone countries employs both

6634: 6509: 6475: 4881: 2390: 1291:, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other 16544: 16017: 15920: 15908: 15640: 15348: 15005: 14943: 14439: 13951: 13778: 13712: 13692: 13433: 13200: 12806: 12801: 12456: 12384: 12197: 12027: 11811: 11499: 10098:

The French-Speaking World: A Practical Introduction to Sociolinguistic Issues

9548: 9302: 8801: 8434: 8225: 7907: 7790: 7731: 7690: 7604: 7420:"Census in Brief: English, French and official language minorities in Canada" 7251: 7104: 6889: 6768: 6523: 6456: 6229: 5570: 5516: 5515:

The indicative mood makes use of eight tense-aspect forms. These include the

5405:(the male or female teacher, professor) can be distinguished from the plural 5347: 4450:

was reestablished in orthography for consistency, resulting in modern French

4205: 3455: 3406: 3309: 3240: 3119:

ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and

2975: 2903: 2886: 2874: 2834: 2734: 2715: 2606: 2589: 2534: 2427: 2411: 2326: 2130: Countries that are not Francophone but are Members or Observers of the 1970: 1836: 1797: 1748: 1661: 1649: 1519: 1507: 873: 742: 682: 580: 573: 561: 361: 309: 60: 31: 11152: 10739:, especially the section "Counting system" and its note on the influence of 10116:

France Diplomatie: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development

8117:

Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (2011). "Substrata". In Posner; Green (eds.).

7844:"Le français est la deuxième langue la plus étudiée dans l'Union européenne" 6986:

was historically used in Switzerland for 80, but is now considered archaic.

6679: 6583: 6557: 6547: 2430:. Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as 15799: 15659: 15099: 15054: 13941: 13819: 13474: 13469: 13423: 13301: 13205: 12962: 12700: 12603: 12593: 11911: 11616: 11573: 11373: 11344: 10458: 9670:"The Role of English in Vietnam's Foreign Language Policy: A Brief History" 9495: 9078:

Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone (ODSEF).

8911:"Allemagne: le français, bientôt la deuxième langue officielle de la Sarre" 8490: 8140:

Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii

7898:

Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul".

7191: 7089: 7084: 7074: 6937: 6885: 6753:

It is estimated that 12% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical

6687: 6565: 6469: 6448: 6225: 5615:

is reserved for formal situations or for literary purposes. Similarly, the

5594: 5576: 5458: 4611: 4581: 4253: 4249: 4241: 3922: 3911: 3894: 3849: 2940: 2923: 2612: 2423: 2222:, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous 2212: 2063: 2062:

At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in the

2002: 1950: 1812: 1573: 1551: 1547: 1499: 1418: 1391: 1280: 1276: 1093: 642: 539: 336: 289: 172: 80: 13106: 10189: 9700:

The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia.

8426: 8217: 7448: 7361: 6673: 6533: 6505: 6499: 5603:). Some forms are less commonly used today. In today's spoken French, the 2138: 1922: 864: 15861: 15854: 15591: 15157: 14064: 13866: 13404: 12947: 11578: 11481: 11326: 11100: 10397: 9197:

Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard

9080:"Estimation du pourcentage et des effectifs de francophones (2023-03-15)" 7595: 7227: 7079: 6960: 6843: 6131:

The conditional makes use of the present (présent) and the past (passé).

5526: 5319: 4490: 4042:

When the following word begins with a vowel, however, a silent consonant

3691: 3673: 3665: 3657: 3643: 3636: 3623: 3483: 3475: 3468: 3450: 2690: 2597:

language. All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF).

2443: 2419: 2363: 2204: 2033: 1835:

as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations (

1684: 1680: 1653: 1450: 1182: 847: 834: 512: 472: 156: 15126: 13876: 8411:"Word order in French, Spanish and Italian:A grammaticalization account" 6553: 6481: 6463:. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective: 4027:

in a word of two or more syllables, but it is pronounced in some words (

3938:, "work", or when a word ending in ⟨al⟩ is pluralised, giving ⟨aux⟩ /o/. 2786:

said that French could become the world's most spoken language by 2050.

1539:, which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the 919: 15169: 15139: 15131: 15087: 15082: 14732: 14491: 14024: 13895: 13889: 13882: 13038: 12087: 11316: 10967: 10581:"French fight franglais with alternatives for English technology terms" 10174:"On the Linguistic Design of Multinational Courts – The French Capture" 8233: 7453: 7366: 7315: 7291: 7263: 7255: 7203: 6956: 6754: 6694: 6541: 5558: 5485: 5315: 5259: 4642: 4547: 4245: 4113: 3681: 3628: 3585: 3460: 2637: 2522: 2510: 2463: 2208: 2052: 1676: 1626: 1503: 1414: 667: 507: 482: 477: 304: 16102: 12711: 10173: 9195: 7545: 7327: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6607: 6529: 6493: 5385:. A group of two male teachers and two female teachers would still be 4797: 3934:

when word- or morpheme-final and preceded by /i/, such as in /tʁavaj/

3026:(alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), 1410: 15935: 15773: 15115: 14410: 13855: 12952: 12487: 11425: 10610: 9759: 9703: 7267: 6839: 6323: 5552: 5275: 4571: 4543: 2707: 2415: 2302: 2108: 1910: 1689: 1555: 1354:

in the world, with about 50 countries and territories having it as a

889: 857: 821: 803: 672: 556: 284: 15561: 10040:"Focus – EU after Brexit: Will the French language make a comeback?" 4564:("a news item" or "a piece of information") is pronounced , whereas 2615:, consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as 1843:

as the United States became the dominant global power following the

1428:

In 2015, approximately 40% of the francophone population (including

15720: 15556: 15372: 14820: 14668: 10998: 8128:

substratum, compared with lateral areas like Iberia and Venetia..."

7231: 7199: 7045: 6948:

for 80. Conversely, Belgium and in its former African colonies use

6386: 4941: 4330: 3804:, which is written ⟨gn⟩, can occur in word initial position (e.g., 2646: 2581: 2455: 2451: 2379: 2330: 2322: 2083: 1998: 1938: 1914: 1864:(17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as 1739: 1699:

The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in the

1383: 1379: 1362: 1296: 967: 647: 442: 407: 15925: 10989: 10436: 10109: 9221: 8793: 6878:, as in "fourscore and seven" (87), or "threescore and ten" (70). 6517: 3051:

Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States

2737:, 97% of the population can speak, read and write French while in 15544: 15409: 15147: 14571: 14556: 13849: 12608: 12541: 11339: 11207: 9375: 7331: 7321: 7299: 7287: 7271: 7215: 7195: 6901: 6835: 5267: 5070: 4334: 4261: 4073: 3793:

can occur in final position in borrowed (usually English) words:

2783: 2730: 2686: 2658: 2573: 2541:, an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. 2347: 2339: 2200: 2071: 2025: 1752:("Frankish language"), and because of increased contact with the 1402: 1387: 1356: 963: 695: 690: 677: 657: 637: 522: 502: 427: 402: 392: 152: 11165: 11007: 10523:"End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar" 8827:

KVS Express (Supplement to Newspaper de Morgen) March–April 2006

8772:"Applied Perspectives: Policies for Managing Cultural Diversity" 8676:

L'Imposture. Mensonges et manipulations de l'Histoire officielle

8255:

Schmitt, Christian (1997). "Keltische im heutigen Französisch".

7561:"Multilingual Cameroon Policy, Practice, Problems and Solutions" 5165:

The circumflex does not affect the pronunciation of the letters

2702: 15746: 15092: 15015: 14995: 14727: 14018: 14006: 13989: 13723: 12247: 11628: 11196: 10069: 8740: 7311: 7279: 7247: 7064: 6897: 4438:. As the French language further evolved, the pronunciation of 4272: 2802: 2778: 2767:

Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie

2662: 2375: 2318: 2056: 1889: 1559: 1406: 1320: 593: 497: 487: 462: 452: 412: 168: 160: 148: 10302:"Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English" 9714: 9712: 9496:

Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).

8179:

Matasovic, Ranko (2007). "Insular Celtic as a Language Area".

7704:

Katabe, Isidore M.; Tibategeza, Eustard R. (17 January 2023).

3034:(used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and 15010: 14983: 13921: 13718: 13662: 10740: 10552:

Caffarel, Alice; Martin, J.R.; Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M.

7305: 7275: 7243: 7235: 7187: 6452: 4528:

is doubled, or immediately followed by a vowel. The prefixes

2487: 2407: 2343: 2142:

Countries of Africa by percentage of French speakers in 2023

2116: Countries usually considered part of Francophone Africa 2093:

Distribution of native French speakers in 6 countries in 2023

1917:. Instructions given by a French official to teachers in the 1832: 1753: 1386:); western Switzerland (specifically the cantons forming the 598: 568: 544: 492: 467: 457: 397: 222: 10556:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 7173:

Dots: cities with native transmission, typically a minority.

6920:. In Switzerland, depending on the local dialect, 80 can be 6289:

The car is (being) driven. (Literally "one drives the car.")

5060:) if applicable but use often French pronunciation, such as 4907: 11901: 11311: 10667: 10665: 10480: 9720:"English to continue as link language in Puducherry: Court" 9709: 7295: 7259: 7211: 5366: 5295: 5263: 4677:. In standard French, it also signifies a pronunciation of 2987: 2577: 2024:, and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called 1335:. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as 1288: 747: 662: 652: 517: 422: 10909:. Translated by Richard Howard. New York Review of Books. 10754:"Questions de langue: Nombres (écriture, lecture, accord)" 8571:

Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul (2003).

4462:

was dropped in contemporary French). The same is true for

4367:). For example, the following words end in a vowel sound: 4188:). The missing vowel is replaced by an apostrophe. (e.g., 3869:

Lateral and central approximants: The lateral approximant

3018:

and the least used of the three official languages in the

2124: Countries sometimes considered as Francophone Africa 966:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

8534:

Charles de Bovelles, 1479–1553: An Intellectual Biography

8352: 8350: 7870:"How many people speak French and where is French spoken" 7140:

List of French words and phrases used by English speakers

4927:(family name and hotel on the Boulevard Raspail, Paris), 3063:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

2797:, where it is the sole internal working language, or the 13541: 10673:

Description lexicale du français parlé en Vallée d'Aoste

10662: 8334:), dress... construction... birds... fish... insects... 6641:

There are also noun-noun and adjective-adjective pairs:

2295: 11036: 10502: 9499:

Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties

8968: 8612:"Seduction Still Works: French – a Language in Decline" 8076:

Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles

4196:). This gives, for example, the same pronunciation for 14203: 10693:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. 10327: 10240:"Foreign languages 'shortfall' for business, CBI says" 9463: 8937:"German region of Saarland moves towards bilingualism" 8763: 8347: 8193: 8160: 7125:

List of countries where French is an official language

4418:

sequence was unstable and was turned into a diphthong

3000:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2741:

this figure is 95%, and in the French collectivity of

11037:

Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales

10551: 8774:. In Benet-Martínez, Verónica; Hong, Ying-Yi (eds.). 8296:

Holmes, Urban; Herman Schutz, Alexander (June 1938).

7900:

The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600

4495: 4422:. This change was then reflected in the orthography: 3710:/a/,/ɑ/,/e/,/ɛ/,/ɛː/,/ə/,/i/,/o/,/ɔ/,/y/,/u/,/œ/,/ø/, 2685:

Today, French and English are secondary languages of

14895: 10074:"These are the most powerful languages in the world" 9926:

Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF).

9866:

Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF).

9770: 8574:

The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction

7652:"Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers" 7041: 1760:, numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as 1394:

region of Italy; and various communities elsewhere.

1283:, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from 10979:: Agency for promoting French as a foreign language 8730:, data for EU25, published before 2007 enlargement. 8570: 8295: 7776: 7576: 5389:. However, a group of two female teachers would be 5044:In addition, words coming from German retain their 4240:French is written with the 26 letters of the basic 4052:or "link" between the two words. Some liaisons are 2032:have bilingual status: for example, cities such as 2009:) and one of the two official languages—along with 1901:, only French was taught and the use of any other ( 1717:), or wars and royal courts, notably including the 1352:

one of the most geographically widespread languages

10902: 10377:Brissaud, Catherine; Chevrot, Jean-Pierre (2011). 9815: 9803: 9791: 8964: 8962: 7772: 7770: 6283:The dog is loved. (Literally "one loves the dog.") 3081:. It is the sole internal working language of the 2568:French was the official language of the colony of 1550:. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the 16631:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 10927:. (First U.S. ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press. 9956:(in French). Government of France. Archived from 9535:DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly (1 August 2014). 9383:"Francophonie ("Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie?")" 8808: 8669: 8667: 8291: 8289: 7499: 5484:(conditionnel). The non-finite moods include the 4791:) is nasalized in the regular way if followed by 3779:) are typically produced fully voiced throughout. 3006:(alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the 2757:According to a demographic projection led by the 1554:dialects that developed into French contributing 1378:of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick); Belgium ( 86:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 16542: 9637:"French Declines in Indochina, as English Booms" 9252:"Annonces import export Francophone – CECIF.com" 9073: 9071: 8404: 8402: 8110: 7710:European Journal of Language and Culture Studies 7703: 5356:and the creation of new tenses from auxiliaries. 4139:) makes it clearly pronounced. Doubling a final 3744:in many people's speech, but the distinction of 2965: 2682:, and on official buildings (alongside Arabic). 2382:with which it forms a single metropolitan area. 1802:Within Old French many dialects emerged but the 1725:epic cycles focused on King Arthur and his court 1447:most spoken language by total number of speakers 10578: 10565: 10563: 10376: 9928:"Recensement 2007 – Données détaillées Langues" 9868:"Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées Langues" 9415:. 2.statcan.ca. 7 December 2010. Archived from 9107:"French language growing, especially in Africa" 9010:"World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision" 8959: 8770:Novoa, Cristina; Moghaddam, Fathali M. (2014). 8408: 7767: 7320:One country not member or observer of the OIF: 5463: 5393:. In many situations, including in the case of 5322:, while certain verb features are marked using 4546:to specify its large range of vowel sounds and 2370:in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique 1819:(1539) named French the language of law in the 10923:Nadeau, Jean-Benoît, and Julie Barlow (2006). 9534: 9040:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 8769: 8664: 8286: 8119:Romance Comparative and Historical Linguistics 7616: 7614: 7507:"French language is on the up, report reveals" 7184:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 6862:, literally "four twenties", and the word for 5224:("the" feminine singular) and the conjunction 5037:, and by analogy may be used in verbs such as 3995:, however, are normally pronounced. The final 2185:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 1696:which would later be leveled to monophthongs. 1370:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 713:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 16118: 14189: 13527: 13387: 12727: 12524: 12230: 11181: 11157: 10900: 10293: 9068: 8776:The Oxford Handbook of Multicultural Identity 8648:(in French). 18 November 2003. Archived from 8399: 8302:. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 30. 7940:. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7. 7558: 7388:"The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts" 6783:, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from 6134:The passé uses auxiliary verbs in its forms. 6126: 5421:/le(s)/ are all pronounced differently. With 3071:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 2961:Varieties of the French language in the world 1776:(syrop), as well as scientific terms such as 1498:(meaning that it is descended primarily from 1207: 780:(Quebec Board of the French Language, Quebec) 11557: 11536: 11396: 10735:. See also the English Knowledge article on 10560: 10271:"Johnson: What is a foreign language worth?" 9698:Kirkpatrick, Andy and Anthony J. Liddicoat, 9362: 9335: 8485: 7623:"Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar" 6942: 6930: 6922: 6914: 6906: 6904:, use different names for 70 and 90, namely 6868: 6856: 6848: 6767:(35,000 words) are of foreign origin (where 6693:More recently (1994) the linguistic policy ( 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5530: 5520: 5506: 4599:—school) means that the vowel is pronounced 4381: 4244:, with four diacritics appearing on vowels ( 3010:, one of eighteen official languages of the 2758: 2183: 1955:Geographical distribution of French speakers 1893:) spoken in France. This began in 1794 with 1883:Near the beginning of the 19th century, the 1873: 1756:during the Crusades who referred to them as 1641: 1633: 1563: 1367: 1249: 1230: 124: 16085:languages with more than 5 million speakers 14155:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 10554:Language Typology: A Functional Perspective 10178:International Journal of Constitutional Law 9528: 9162:"Bulletin de liaison du réseau démographie" 8540: 8409:Lahousse, Karen; Lamiroy, Béatrice (2012). 8097: 8095: 7611: 7467: 5926: 5621:is used for speaking rather than the older 4630:—pupil) means that the vowel is pronounced 4168:Some monosyllabic function words ending in 3756:. In Quebec and Belgian French, the vowels 2486:French is one of two official languages in 16125: 16111: 15668:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 14196: 14182: 13534: 13520: 13394: 13380: 12734: 12720: 12531: 12517: 12237: 12223: 11188: 11174: 11039:: monolingual dictionaries (including the 10090: 9891: 9889: 9861: 9859: 9764: 9634: 9222:"L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde" 9004: 8248: 8152:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8116: 8039: 8037: 8035: 7577:Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H.S. (22 June 2011). 3067:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 3043:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 2697: 2670:is a widespread second language among the 2588:" (now extinct). After French rule ended, 1944: 1905:) language was punished. The goals of the 1742:in which French became so dominant in the 1474:General Conference on Weights and Measures 1214: 1200: 918: 728:General Conference on Weights and Measures 16611:Languages of the Central African Republic 10222:The World's 10 most influential languages 10217: 10215: 10213: 10211: 9773:"Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution" 9038:Observatoire de la langue française de l' 8673: 8547:The World's 10 Most Influential Languages 8479: 8207: 8178: 8073: 8006:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 51. 7721: 7664: 7594: 7110:Glossary of French expressions in English 6819:and 144 (about 3%) from other languages. 6447:The majority of French words derive from 6074: 5504: 4982:(an insurance company in eastern France). 2689:, with about 40% of the population being 1831:During the 17th century, French replaced 11032:Collins Online English↔French Dictionary 10983: 10884: 10299: 10141:Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel (21 March 2014). 10110:The French Ministry of Foreign affairs. 9749:Pondicherry, the French outpost in India 9473:. Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from 8356: 8166: 8101: 8092: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7893: 7891: 5654:all use auxiliary verbs in their forms. 5282:(masculine or feminine) of their nouns; 3140: 2956: 2701: 2636: 2537:on the South American continent, and of 2533:French is the official language of both 2389: 2137: 2107: 2088: 1969: 1683:, maintained a relic of the old nominal 1672:), and the name of the language itself. 1640:while the population in the south spoke 1478:International Committee of the Red Cross 733:International Committee of the Red Cross 631:Non-official but administrative/cultural 16561:Languages attested from the 9th century 16132: 12741: 11047:For other unilingual dictionaries, see 10814:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 10784:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 10715:"Septante, octante (huitante), nonante" 10688: 10637: 10268: 9946: 9919: 9886: 9856: 9635:Richardson, Michael (16 October 1993). 9555:from the original on 6 September 2015. 8900:, Aoste, Fondation Émile Chanoux, 2003. 8858: 8698: 8678:. France: Institut d'études occitanes. 8609: 8254: 8061:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143852 8043: 8032: 7841: 5425:, however, for both singular forms the 4353:is not pronounced though at the end of 4046:once again be pronounced, to provide a 3947:Final single consonants, in particular 3079:World Trade Organization Appellate Body 2275:French language distribution in Canada 1601:), farming and rural units of measure ( 1513: 960:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 778:Office québécois de la langue française 14: 16626:Languages of the Republic of the Congo 16543: 11130:La langue française dans le monde 2010 11019: 10849:La langue française dans le monde 2014 10415:from the original on 22 September 2019 10358:from the original on 18 September 2023 10208: 10153:from the original on 24 September 2015 10020:from the original on 24 September 2015 9989:from the original on 18 September 2023 9844:from the original on 18 September 2023 9516:from the original on 18 September 2023 9502:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–08. 9142:from the original on 18 September 2023 8879:from the original on 18 September 2023 8814: 8751:from the original on 17 September 2016 8741:"Explore language knowledge in Europe" 8591:from the original on 18 September 2023 8531: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8316:from the original on 18 September 2023 8277: 8137: 8020:from the original on 18 September 2023 7999: 7981:from the original on 18 September 2023 7743: 7741: 7620: 7130:List of English words of French origin 6266:"La voiture a été conduite par Marc." 4848:) or not pronounced, leaving only the 3083:Court of Justice of the European Union 2795:Court of Justice of the European Union 2776:In a study published in March 2014 by 2725:French is an official language of the 2678:banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese 1439:Court of Justice of the European Union 1299:) largely supplanted. French was also 16106: 14177: 13515: 13375: 12715: 12512: 12218: 11169: 11156: 10725:from the original on 4 September 2010 10650:from the original on 5 September 2005 10325: 10250:from the original on 30 December 2018 10237: 10171: 10140: 9680:from the original on 25 February 2021 9214: 9104: 8986:from the original on 20 February 2024 8499:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 34ff. 8172: 7960: 7935: 7924: 7897: 7888: 7876:from the original on 21 November 2017 7559:Tove Rosendal, Tove Rosendal (2008). 7535: 7517:from the original on 1 September 2015 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7145:List of German words of French origin 7024:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7008:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5310:, and the person and number of their 5162:Accents with no pronunciation effect 4989:appears in the Biblical proper names 4889: 4862: 4843: 4822: 4805: 4786: 4023:is usually silent when it follows an 1254: 1235: 136: 10631: 10503:Ortograf.net writing system proposal 10312:from the original on 29 March 2015. 10281:from the original on 9 December 2017 10122:from the original on 19 January 2012 10100:, Taylor & Francis, 2016, page 6 9779:from the original on 16 January 2013 9730:from the original on 21 October 2021 9668:says, Aly Chiman (1 February 2007). 9667: 9616:from the original on 2 February 2021 9586:from the original on 18 October 2016 9537:"A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes" 9262:from the original on 17 January 2013 9232:from the original on 2 December 2016 9086:from the original on 24 January 2024 8947:from the original on 14 October 2018 8820:"Belgium's new linguistic challenge" 8257:Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 8121:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–74. 8047:(2004). "Language birth and death". 7665:Hulstaert, Karen (2 November 2018). 7095:French language in the United States 5445:(masculine) refers to a book, while 5220:("there", "where") from the article 4192:is instead pronounced and spelled → 3092:In 1997, George Weber published, in 3055:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2710:(€4.20; US$ 5.00) banknote, used in 2611:French was the official language of 2528: 38: 10846: 10794:from the original on 7 January 2022 10609: 10050:from the original on 2 October 2020 9840:(in French). Government of France. 9821: 9809: 9797: 9649:from the original on 9 October 2018 8917:from the original on 22 August 2017 8362: 8106:. Paris: La Différence. p. 26. 7842:Develey, Alice (25 February 2017). 7749:"The status of French in the world" 7738: 7475:"La langue française dans le monde" 7400:from the original on 16 August 2015 7135:List of French loanwords in Persian 6405: Other Asian languages (2.12%) 6236:("to be") and the past participle. 4871:is nasalized in the regular way if 3930:The lateral approximant /l/ can be 3020:North American Free Trade Agreement 2799:Directorate-General for Agriculture 24: 16746:Languages of Saint Martin (island) 16089:Languages between parentheses are 14159:Languages between parentheses are 11148:French Ministry of Foreign Affairs 11079:Swadesh list in English and French 10894: 10579:metrowebukmetro (1 October 2012). 10437:Fonétik.fr writing system proposal 10072:Innovation and Policy Initiative, 9983:"Agora: La francophonie de demain" 9569:Ministère de l'Éducation nationale 9136:"Agora: La francophonie de demain" 9117:from the original on 25 March 2010 9056:from the original on 15 April 2023 8974:"2023 World Population Data Sheet" 8449:from the original on 27 April 2021 7850:from the original on 24 April 2017 7649: 7536:Ploog, Katja (25 September 2002). 7487:from the original on 17 March 2022 7430:from the original on 11 March 2018 7348: 7326:Two French territories in Africa: 6564:However, a historical tendency to 5009:, as well as French names such as 4577:Accents that affect pronunciation 4568:("a nymphomaniac") is pronounced . 4511:follows a vowel or diphthong, the 2621:official language of the territory 1652:. The period is marked by a heavy 1597:, etc.), domestic activities (ex. 1462:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 748:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 76:for transliterated languages, and 56:of its non-English content, using 25: 16812: 16524:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15969:(unknown further classification) 11195: 11144:The status of French in the world 11090: 10956: 10824:from the original on 31 July 2021 10459:Ortofasil writing system proposal 10300:Lauerman, John (30 August 2011). 10196:from the original on 22 July 2024 10007: 9895: 9393:from the original on 13 July 2015 9019:from the original on 6 March 2023 8610:Meisler, Stanley (1 March 1986). 7304:One associate member of the OIF: 5314:. Case is primarily marked using 5064:(trademark of a pressure washer). 4689:after a vowel, where that letter 4220: 3690: 3672: 3664: 3656: 3602: 3590: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3504: 3495: 3488: 3423: 3416: 3394: 3387: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3294: 3285: 3278: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3202: 2549: 13403: 12540: 12246: 10961: 10806: 10776: 10746: 10707: 10682: 10603: 10591:from the original on 17 May 2013 10572: 10545: 10533:from the original on 31 May 2018 10515: 10493: 10481:Alfograf writing system proposal 10471: 10449: 10427: 10370: 10319: 10262: 10231: 10165: 10134: 10068:Kai Chan, Distinguished Fellow, 8622:from the original on 2 July 2015 8513:from the original on 18 May 2024 8299:A History of the French Language 7964:French: From Dialect to Standard 7459: 7372: 7044: 6894:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5630:Within the indicative mood, the 3999:is sometimes pronounced like in 2385: 2294: 2268: 1826: 1791: 1738:It was during the period of the 1541:fall of the Western Roman Empire 979: 783:Direction de la langue française 438:Democratic Republic of the Congo 43: 11072: 10103: 10062: 10032: 10001: 9975: 9827: 9742: 9692: 9661: 9628: 9598: 9572: 9563: 9489: 9431: 9405: 9342: 9315: 9293: 9274: 9244: 9186: 9154: 9128: 9098: 9031: 8998: 8929: 8903: 8891: 8865:. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. 8852: 8733: 8714: 8692: 8634: 8603: 8564: 8525: 8470: 8461: 8271: 8187: 8131: 8067: 7993: 7954: 7938:Histoire de la langue française 7862: 7835: 7817: 7782:"Europeans and their Languages" 7697: 7658: 7643: 7570: 7176: 7150:Official bilingualism in Canada 7000: 6971:(two twenties and ten) for 50, 5499: 5437:refers to a male dentist while 5342:the development of grammatical 5177:. It usually indicates that an 4011:but can also be silent like in 3004:Organization of American States 2992:International Olympic Committee 2366:, Prince Edward Island and the 2074:and is the main language after 1470:International Olympic Committee 723:International Olympic Committee 706:Intergovernmental organizations 16791:Languages of Wallis and Futuna 16776:Languages of the United States 16093:of the language on their left. 15963:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 14163:of the language on their left. 11527:Government of National Defense 10992:: interactive French program, 10840: 10743:in the French counting system. 10691:Old French: A Concise Handbook 10640:"Maltese – an unusual formula" 10238:Burns, Judith (22 June 2014). 10172:Cohen, Mathilde (April 2016). 9228:(in French). Jacques Leclerc. 7552: 7529: 7442: 7412: 7380: 7167: 7115:Influence of French on English 6936:(Vaud, Valais, Fribourg). The 6260:"Le chien est aimé par elle." 6256:Example of the passive voice: 5286:and a few other pronouns, for 5205:(past participle for the verb 5181:came after it long ago, as in 4948:(name of Flemish origin spelt 4470:and many others. In addition, 4434:, resulting in a written form 4278: 3905:occur in final position as in 3893:respectively. There are a few 3873:is unvelarised in both onset ( 3831:are dental, like the plosives 3732:are tending to be replaced by 3087:European Court of Human Rights 3059:International Court of Justice 2645:and French at the entrance of 2466:of what was previously French 1991:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1817:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1323:invaders. Today, owing to the 1050:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 92:multilingual support templates 13: 1: 16801:Subject–verb–object languages 16646:Languages of French Polynesia 11436:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 11431:War of the Spanish Succession 11132:(Full book freely accessible) 11041:Trésor de la langue française 11003:University of Texas at Austin 10994:University of Texas at Austin 10945:. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. 9580:"Guyana – World Travel Guide" 9105:Cross, Tony (19 March 2010), 8708:www.research.manchester.ac.uk 8536:. Librairie Droz. p. 28. 8265:10.1515/zcph.1997.49-50.1.814 8104:Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois 7683:10.1080/00309230.2018.1494203 7650:Lu, Marcus (31 August 2024). 7621:Øyvind, Dahl (19 June 2024). 7341: 6928:(Geneva, Neuchâtel, Jura) or 6787:, 159 from Spanish, 153 from 6441: Other languages (3.43%) 6314: 6249:"Marc a conduit la voiture." 6239:Example of the active voice: 5492:(participe présent), and the 5377:while a female teacher is an 5339:the loss of the neuter gender 5125:in front of the front vowels 4289:Reforms of French orthography 3153:Consonant phonemes in French 3085:, and makes with English the 2966:Current status and importance 2396:French-based creole languages 1620: 1443:most natively spoken language 1329:French-based creole languages 171:, and other locations in the 13216:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 12665:French Belgian Sign Language 11054: 10968:Fondation Alliance française 9642:International Herald Tribune 8831:original source (pdf 4.9 MB) 8102:Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004). 6967:(twenty and twelve) for 32, 6892:as well as that used in the 5464:Moods and tense-aspect forms 5097:in front of the back vowels 5089:—boy) means that the letter 4200:("the man whom he saw") and 4131:at the end of a word (e.g., 3130: 3075:International Criminal Court 2808: 2481: 2352:French Language Services Act 2317:language in the province of 1853:said that the fact that the 1656:influence from the Germanic 1423:Democratic Republic of Congo 1339:in both English and French. 1307:of Northern Roman Gaul like 27:Romance language from France 7: 15960:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 13338:Plains Indian Sign Language 11136: 10905:When the World Spoke French 10855:(in French). Nathan. 2014. 10638:Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). 10269:Johnson (9 December 2017). 9900:(in French). Archived from 9606:"Saint Pierre and Miquelon" 9325:c) Le sabir franco-africain 9111:Radio France Internationale 8970:Population Reference Bureau 8674:Labouysse, Georges (2007). 7799:, p. 5, archived from 7723:10.24018/ejlang.2023.2.1.58 7037: 6829: 6268:The car was driven by Marc. 4956:in handwriting looked like 4225: 2564:French language in Cambodia 2450:was historically spoken in 2438:, essentially a variant of 2404:United States Census Bureau 2236: 1974:Knowledge of French in the 1675:Up until its later stages, 1441:). French is also the 16th 10: 16817: 16726:Languages of New Caledonia 16641:Languages of French Guiana 15662:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 14688:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 14482:Central−Southern Calabrian 13189:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 11917:French subdivisions by GDP 11664:2022 presidential election 11649:2017 presidential election 11084: 11059: 11046: 10977:Agence de promotion du FLE 10096:Rodney Ball, Dawn Marley, 8862:Le français et les langues 8561:. Retrieved 11 April 2011. 8532:Victor, Joseph M. (1978). 8000:Craven, Thomas D. (2002). 7961:Lodge, R. Anthony (1993). 7310:Two observers of the OIF: 6127:Conditional (conditionnel) 5456: 5352:the loss of certain Latin 5251: 5247: 4693:was not pronounced. Thus, 4282: 4229: 4159:is preceded by the letter 3712:plus the nasalized vowels 3613: 3134: 3089:'s two working languages. 3047:Caribbean Court of Justice 2986:, an official language of 2812: 2668:French language in Lebanon 2633:French language in Lebanon 2630: 2626: 2604: 2556:French language in Vietnam 2553: 2251:Languages of the Caribbean 2247:Languages of South America 2243:Languages of North America 2240: 2101: 1963: 1948: 1795: 1624: 1517: 1487: 1483: 1460:, the European Union, the 29: 16586:Languages of Burkina Faso 16511: 16463: 16425: 16140: 16067: 16051: 16002: 15951: 15875: 15679: 15652: 15601: 15453: 15339: 15285: 15266: 15217: 14884: 14637: 14628: 14589: 14469: 14354: 14343: 14254: 14216: 14138: 14103: 13904: 13833: 13647: 13604: 13576: 13567: 13550: 13483: 13447: 13416: 13353: 13315: 13229: 13188: 13148: 13120: 13082: 13019: 12971: 12938: 12850: 12777: 12770: 12749: 12691: 12673: 12650: 12617: 12579: 12553: 12500:Language policy in France 12496: 12480: 12399: 12299:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 12275: 12259: 12178: 12068: 11978: 11969: 11865: 11856: 11758: 11749: 11687: 11678: 11599: 11480: 11449: 11421:Second Hundred Years' War 11372: 11325: 11292: 11271: 11263:Liberalism and radicalism 11215: 11206: 11163: 11158:Links to related articles 11043:), language corpora, etc. 10885:Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). 10569:Walter & Walter 1998. 10508:29 September 2009 at the 10344:10.1007/s11145-015-9586-8 10228:, retrieved on scribd.com 9771:Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. 9352:République centrafricaine 8699:Joubert, Aurélie (2010). 8074:Schrijver, Peter (1997). 7967:. Routledge. p. 46. 7100:French language in Canada 6801:Native American languages 6451:or were constructed from 6287:"On conduit la voiture." 6147: 6144: 6142: 6090: 6088: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5449:a (feminine) is a pound. 5173:, nor, in most dialects, 4817:with diaeresis following 4774:with diaeresis following 4080:, for example, the first 3627: 3622: 3620: 3531: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3374: 3335: 3302: 3233: 3196: 3157: 3121:Standard Mandarin Chinese 2759: 2752: 2539:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2259: 2255:French language in Canada 2184: 2177: >50% Francophone 2097: 2001:(excluding a part of the 1959: 1874: 1847:. Stanley Meisler of the 1706:Sequence of Saint Eulalia 946: 917: 903: 887: 871: 855: 819: 801: 796: 775:(French Academy, France) 766: 616:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 378:Official language in 376: 371: 351: 326: 277: 196: 178: 144: 132: 123: 118: 16761:Languages of Switzerland 16671:Languages of Ivory Coast 16621:Languages of the Comoros 14970:North American dialects 14477:Extreme Southern Italian 13410:Languages of Switzerland 13196:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 11692:Administrative divisions 11120: 11013:French lessons in London 10943:Manuel des francophonies 10889:. Leuven, Belgium: Acco. 10386:Writing Systems Research 10008:Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel. 8642:"Rapport Grégoire an II" 8577:. Taylor & Francis. 7936:Hélix, Laurence (2011). 7908:10.1017/CBO9780511482977 7208:Central African Republic 7160: 6262:The dog is loved by her. 6219: 6213:ils/elles auraient aimé 5927:Subjunctive (subjonctif) 5627:seen in literary works. 5452: 5360: 5025:) may be moved onto the 4978:and a family name), and 4329:. While it contains 130 4212:) is more emphasized on 4102:beaucoup d'hommes aiment 3720:. In France, the vowels 3434:Vowel phonemes in French 3032:Médecins sans Frontières 3016:World Trade Organization 2619:. It continued to be an 2600: 2572:, comprising modern-day 2442:, is spoken in parts of 2171: 41-50% Francophone 2165: 31-40% Francophone 2159: 21-30% Francophone 2153: 11-20% Francophone 1466:World Trade Organization 1275:. It descended from the 1078:Articles and determiners 753:World Trade Organization 418:Central African Republic 185:: 74 million (2020) 30:Not to be confused with 16756:Languages of Seychelles 16706:Languages of Mauritania 16701:Languages of Martinique 16691:Languages of Madagascar 16686:Languages of Luxembourg 16656:Languages of Guadeloupe 14389:Central−Northern Latian 13543:Gallo-Romance languages 11912:Franc (former currency) 11517:Coup of 2 December 1851 11490:Long nineteenth century 11066:French verb conjugation 10486:12 January 2010 at the 9754:16 October 2021 at the 9387:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 9330:17 January 2013 at the 9308:17 January 2013 at the 9203:20 January 2016 at the 8859:Abalain, Hervé (2007). 7182:29 full members of the 6781:Gallo-Romance languages 6068:ils/elles eussent aimé 5914:ils/elles avaient aimé 5258:French is a moderately 4661:—forest) shows that an 4634:instead of the default 4603:instead of the default 4542:: French uses not only 4294:words such as "debt"): 4155:) adds a sound if the 3844:voiced uvular fricative 3795:parking, camping, swing 3782:Voiceless stops (i.e., 3008:Eurovision Song Contest 2936:South East Asian French 2698:Oceania and Australasia 2560:French language in Laos 2544: 2147: 0-10% Francophone 2070:. It is also spoken in 2015:Brussels-Capital Region 1978:and candidate countries 1945:Geographic distribution 1384:Brussels-Capital Region 16711:Languages of Mauritius 16183:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14693:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 13361:Canadian dictionaries 13344:Maritime Sign Language 13323:American Sign Language 12812:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 11932:Science and technology 11589:Provisional Government 11558: 11537: 11397: 11015:, The Language machine 10901:Marc Fumaroli (2011). 10224:, George Weber, 1997, 9363: 9336: 7858:– via Le Figaro. 6990: 6943: 6931: 6923: 6915: 6907: 6869: 6857: 6849: 6813:Balto-Slavic languages 6809:Afro-Asiatic languages 6243:"Elle aime le chien." 6075:Imperative (imperatif) 5920:ils/elles eurent aimé 5908:ils/elles auront aimé 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5539: 5531: 5521: 5507: 5488:mood (infinitif), the 5290:, number, gender, and 5117:before a back vowel). 4966:(commune near Paris), 4382: 4325:French orthography is 4208:, the second example ( 3921: 3910: 3848: 3823:, and palato-alveolar 3149: 3148:Spoken French (Africa) 3116:Bloomberg Businessweek 2962: 2829:(North African French) 2782:, the investment bank 2722: 2650: 2496:French Creole language 2399: 2368:Port au Port Peninsula 2218:There is not a single 2179: 2135: 2094: 1987:Constitution of France 1979: 1668:(a calque of Germanic 1642: 1634: 1564: 1368: 1325:French colonial empire 1287:, the Latin spoken in 1256:[lɑ̃ɡfʁɑ̃sɛːz] 1250: 1231: 948:This article contains 125: 16636:Languages of Djibouti 16601:Languages of Cameroon 16596:Languages of Cambodia 15180:Poitevin–Saintongeais 14153:A star (*) indicates 14048:Poitevin-Saintongeais 13979:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 13357:Canadian style guides 12660:Flemish Sign Language 10984:Courses and tutorials 10464:14 April 2009 at the 10326:Fejzo, Anila (2016). 10079:24 March 2019 at the 9726:. 14 September 2014. 8616:The Los Angeles Times 8553:12 March 2008 at the 8427:10.1515/flin.2012.014 8218:10.1353/lan.2003.0131 7671:Paedagogica Historica 7284:São Tomé and Príncipe 7224:Republic of the Congo 6224:French uses both the 6207:ils/elles aimeraient 6062:ils/elles aient aimé 5480:(impératif), and the 5228:("or"), respectively. 5121:is always pronounced 4923:(an alley in Paris), 4821:is either pronounced 3877:) and coda position ( 3147: 3028:Amnesty International 3012:European Space Agency 2960: 2705: 2640: 2393: 2336:Northwest Territories 2241:Further information: 2141: 2111: 2092: 1973: 1931:French Basque Country 1711:Old French literature 1327:, there are numerous 190:: 238 million (2022) 16786:Languages of Vietnam 16781:Languages of Vanuatu 16771:Languages of Tunisia 16751:Languages of Senegal 16736:Languages of Réunion 16721:Languages of Morocco 16681:Languages of Lebanon 16591:Languages of Burundi 16576:Languages of Belgium 16571:Languages of Algeria 16134:Languages of Europe 14989:St. Marys Bay French 14513:Neapolitan–Calabrese 13448:Major dialect groups 13328:Quebec Sign Language 12771:Indigenous languages 12683:German Sign Language 12547:Languages of Belgium 12341:French Sign Language 11737:World Heritage Sites 11654:Coronavirus pandemic 11025:Oxford Dictionaries 10999:Tex's French Grammar 10689:Einhorn, E. (1974). 10671:Jean-Pierre Martin, 10085:World Economic Forum 9985:. 24 November 2004. 9357:5 April 2007 at the 9286:27 July 2009 at the 9138:. 24 November 2004. 8816:Van Parijs, Philippe 8745:languageknowledge.eu 8726:17 June 2017 at the 8381:www.pin1.harvard.edu 8377:"HarvardKey – Login" 8049:Annu. Rev. Anthropol 8045:Mufwene, Salikoko S. 7902:. pp. 279–289. 7755:on 22 September 2015 7596:10.4102/lit.v32i2.15 7070:Français fondamental 6281:"On aime le chien." 6210:il/elle aurait aimé 6056:ils/elles aimassent 5197:(you said), or even 4647:l'accent circonflexe 4333:that denote only 36 4143:and adding a silent 4127:and adding a silent 3775:Voiced stops (i.e., 2476:DeLisle, Mississippi 2036:and cantons such as 1907:public school system 1855:Treaty of Versailles 1514:Vulgar Latin in Gaul 1445:in the world, sixth 1273:Indo-European family 1040:Phonological history 54:specify the language 52:This article should 16741:Languages of Rwanda 16716:Languages of Monaco 16661:Languages of Guinea 16606:Languages of Canada 16566:Languages of France 16426:States with limited 15341:Galician–Portuguese 14367:Central Marchigiano 13606:Bourbonnais Creoles 13297:Pennsylvania German 12743:Languages of Canada 12351:Lorraine Franconian 12253:Languages of France 11875:Automotive industry 11659:2021 labor protests 11416:Peace of Westphalia 11284:History of Normandy 11279:History of Brittany 11020:Online dictionaries 10990:Français interactif 10925:The Story of French 10529:. 5 February 2016. 10442:13 May 2012 at the 10332:Reading and Writing 10190:10.1093/icon/mow023 10112:"France-Diplomatie" 10046:. 17 October 2019. 9934:on 18 February 2020 9775:. Servat.unibe.ch. 9612:. 18 October 2021. 9477:on 12 February 2020 8943:. 21 January 2014. 8652:on 23 November 2006 8646:Languefrancaise.net 8496:The Story of French 8487:Nadeau, Jean-Benoit 8282:. pp. 603–620. 7778:European Commission 7513:. 6 November 2014. 7424:www12.statcan.gc.ca 7393:The Washington Post 7155:Varieties of French 6309:object–subject–verb 6305:verb–object–subject 6296:subject–verb–object 6251:Marc drove the car. 6139: 6085: 6010:nous eussions aimé 5940: 5911:il/elle avait aimé 5902:ils/elles aimeront 5787:ils/elles aimèrent 5781:ils/elles ont aimé 5775:ils/elles aimaient 5659: 5496:(participe passé). 5371:grammatical genders 4980:Le Blanc de Nicolaÿ 4960:to French clerks), 4813:The combination of 4770:The combination of 4096:, for example, the 3617: 3444: 3154: 3103:linguistic prestige 2909:Jersey Legal French 2860:Newfoundland French 2815:Varieties of French 2458:(formerly known as 2372:Newfoundland French 1841:replaced by English 1815:in 1536, while the 1715:Vie de Saint Alexis 1701:Oaths of Strasbourg 1045:Oaths of Strasbourg 16731:Languages of Niger 16666:Languages of Haiti 16651:Languages of Gabon 16581:Languages of Benin 16556:Fusional languages 15755:Catalan Ribagorçan 15602:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 14874:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14784:Bustocco–Legnanese 14579:Northern Calabrian 13417:Official languages 13333:Inuk Sign Language 13292:Newfoundland Irish 13257:Tagalog (Filipino) 13230:Minority languages 13102:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 12860:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 12750:Official languages 12554:Official languages 12400:Overseas languages 12276:Regional languages 11942:Telecommunications 11644:2015 Paris attacks 11507:Revolution of 1848 11335:Visigothic Kingdom 10758:Académie française 10398:10.1093/wsr/wsr003 9724:The Times of India 9610:CIA World Factbook 9541:The New York Times 9451:on 5 February 2016 9419:on 2 February 2009 8259:. 49–50: 814–829. 7825:"Why Learn French" 7120:Language education 7060:Alliance Française 6824:Lexical similarity 6777:Germanic languages 6322:Root languages of 6245:She loves the dog. 6179:nous aurions aimé 6137: 6083: 6039:vous eussiez aimé 5938: 5905:il/elle aura aimé 5657: 5609:is used while the 5490:present participle 5476:(subjonctif), the 5407:les professeur(e)s 5270:are inflected for 4454:(pronounced first 4285:French orthography 4264:appearing in "ç". 4210:l'homme qui l'a vu 4202:l'homme qui l'a vu 4198:l'homme qu'il a vu 4056:, for example the 3800:The palatal nasal 3786:) are unaspirated. 3615: 3442: 3152: 3150: 2963: 2951:West Indian French 2865:New England French 2771:sub-Saharan Africa 2723: 2651: 2507:French West Indies 2436:New England French 2400: 2230:Sub-Saharan Africa 2180: 2136: 2095: 1980: 1876:Académie française 1866:Cardinal Richelieu 1585:, etc.), animals ( 1319:of the post-Roman 773:Académie Française 192:Total: 310 million 165:Francophone Africa 16766:Languages of Togo 16696:Languages of Mali 16676:Languages of Laos 16616:Languages of Chad 16538: 16537: 16532: 16531: 16100: 16099: 16076:extinct languages 15998: 15997: 15675: 15674: 15634:Navarro-Aragonese 15519:Peruvian Ribereño 15444:Judaeo-Portuguese 15359:Galician–Asturian 15262: 15261: 15253:Old Gallo-Romance 15207:Wisconsin Walloon 14624: 14623: 14597:Dalmatian Romance 14205:Romance languages 14171: 14170: 14148:extinct languages 14104:Francoprovencalic 14099: 14098: 14082:Wisconsin Walloon 13509: 13508: 13491:Swiss-German Sign 13369: 13368: 13287:Doukhobor Russian 13184: 13183: 12709: 12708: 12506: 12505: 12260:Official language 12212: 12211: 12174: 12173: 11965: 11964: 11852: 11851: 11844:Political parties 11780:Foreign relations 11745: 11744: 11674: 11673: 11457:French Revolution 11411:Thirty Years' War 11392:Absolute monarchy 11357:Kingdom of France 11253:Foreign relations 11233:Political history 11093:"French, Numbers" 11027:French Dictionary 10951:978-3-11-034670-1 10916:978-1-59017-375-6 10862:978-2-09-882654-0 10764:on 1 January 2015 10700:978-0-521-09838-0 10624:978-0-397-00400-3 10615:Story of Language 9509:978-0-89925-356-5 9281:France-Diplomatie 8913:. 28 April 2014. 8872:978-2-87747-881-6 8785:978-0-19-979669-4 8685:978-2-85910-426-9 8584:978-0-203-41796-6 8506:978-1-4299-3240-0 8415:Folia Linguistica 8387:on 13 August 2021 8309:978-0-8196-0191-9 7974:978-0-415-08071-2 7947:978-2-7298-6470-5 7917:978-0-511-48297-7 7806:on 6 January 2016 7457:(26th ed., 2023) 7426:. 2 August 2017. 7396:. 18 April 2022. 7370:(27th ed., 2024) 7240:Equatorial Guinea 7021:Article 1 of the 7005:Article 1 of the 6779:, 481 from other 6765:Micro-Robert Plus 6217: 6216: 6204:il/elle aimerait 6196:vous auriez aimé 6124: 6123: 6072: 6071: 6065:il/elle eût aimé 6059:il/elle ait aimé 6050:ils/elles aiment 5955:Plus-que-parfait 5924: 5923: 5917:il/elle eut aimé 5856:nous avions aimé 5850:nous aurons aimé 5804:Plus-que-parfait 5769:ils/elles aiment 5547:past imperfective 5472:(indicatif), the 5335:Latin declensions 5284:personal pronouns 5278:, for number and 4985:The diaeresis on 4458:before the final 4123:Doubling a final 3754:Meridional French 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3611: 3610: 3431: 3430: 3145: 3036:Médecins du Monde 2996:Council of Europe 2946:Vietnamese French 2892:Meridional French 2743:Wallis and Futuna 2720:Wallis and Futuna 2529:Other territories 2402:According to the 2398:are not included. 2224:African languages 2080:El Pas de la Casa 1885:French government 1850:Los Angeles Times 1821:Kingdom of France 1744:Mediterranean Sea 1733:William of Orange 1720:Chanson de Roland 1658:Frankish language 1593:, etc.), nature ( 1490:History of French 1344:official language 1317:Frankish language 1224: 1223: 974: 973: 956:rendering support 952:phonetic symbols. 768:Regulated by 758:Council of Europe 687: 621:Wallis and Futuna 602: 577: 565: 548: 448:Equatorial Guinea 300:Old Gallo-Romance 114: 113: 94:may also be used. 16:(Redirected from 16808: 16464:Dependencies and 16400:Northern Ireland 16141:Sovereign states 16127: 16120: 16113: 16104: 16103: 15621:Judaeo-Aragonese 15610:Andalusi Romance 15463:Amazonic Spanish 15300:Western Asturian 15283: 15282: 15222:Franco-Provençal 14893: 14892: 14789:Comasco–Lecchese 14647:Emilian–Romagnol 14635: 14634: 14435:Regional Italian 14425:Italo-Australian 14352: 14351: 14274:Megleno-Romanian 14198: 14191: 14184: 14175: 14174: 14117:Franco-Provençal 14113:/Faetar-Cigliàje 14002:Louisiana French 13997:Louisiana Creole 13810:Saint-Barthélemy 13578:Antillean Creole 13574: 13573: 13536: 13529: 13522: 13513: 13512: 13408: 13407: 13396: 13389: 13382: 13373: 13372: 13282:Hutterite German 12775: 12774: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12713: 12712: 12545: 12544: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12510: 12509: 12336:Franco-Provençal 12318:Northern Catalan 12303:Souletin dialect 12288:Alsatian dialect 12283:Alemannic German 12251: 12250: 12239: 12232: 12225: 12216: 12215: 11976: 11975: 11892:Economic history 11863: 11862: 11756: 11755: 11685: 11684: 11563: 11542: 11441:Seven Years' War 11406:Wars of Religion 11402: 11387:House of Bourbon 11382:Early modern era 11362:Fundamental laws 11238:Military history 11213: 11212: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11154: 11153: 11128: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11103:. Archived from 11008:Lingopolo French 10973: 10920: 10908: 10890: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10872:on 12 April 2015 10871: 10865:. Archived from 10854: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10760:. Archived from 10750: 10744: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10711: 10705: 10704: 10686: 10680: 10675:, éd. Musumeci, 10669: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10558: 10557: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10519: 10513: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10479: 10475: 10469: 10457: 10453: 10447: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10414: 10383: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10235: 10229: 10219: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10107: 10101: 10094: 10088: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9962: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9930:. Archived from 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9906: 9893: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9870:. Archived from 9863: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9839: 9831: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9768: 9762: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9716: 9707: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9674:www.worldwide.rs 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9450: 9444:. Archived from 9443: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9218: 9212: 9207:by Katja Ploog, 9194: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9174:on 26 April 2012 9173: 9167:. Archived from 9166: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9075: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9055: 9048: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9014: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8985: 8978: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8839: 8824: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8737: 8731: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8705: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8671: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8568: 8562: 8544: 8538: 8537: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8406: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8383:. Archived from 8373: 8360: 8354: 8345: 8344: 8323: 8321: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8211: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8151: 8143: 8135: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8099: 8090: 8089: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8041: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7933: 7922: 7921: 7895: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7831:on 19 June 2008. 7827:. Archived from 7821: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7786: 7774: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7751:. Archived from 7745: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7598: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7479: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7359: 7335: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7054: 7049: 7048: 6969:dous vinz et diz 6946: 6934: 6926: 6918: 6910: 6872: 6860: 6852: 6807:, 56 from other 6803:, 89 from other 6785:Celtic languages 6440: 6430: 6420: 6410: 6404: 6394: 6380: 6370: 6360: 6350: 6340: 6330: 6140: 6136: 6086: 6082: 6004:nous ayons aimé 5998:nous aimassions 5941: 5937: 5891:vous eûtes aimé 5885:vous aviez aimé 5879:vous aurez aimé 5862:nous eûmes aimé 5807:Passé antérieur 5801:Futur antérieur 5723:nous avons aimé 5660: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5639:plus-que-parfait 5635: 5626: 5620: 5618:plus-que-parfait 5614: 5608: 5602: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5565:plus-que-parfait 5556: 5544: 5536: 5524: 5510: 5482:conditional mood 5474:subjunctive mood 5124: 5116: 5096: 4938: 4905:appears include 4893: 4866: 4847: 4826: 4809: 4790: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4637: 4633: 4606: 4602: 4461: 4457: 4445: 4421: 4417: 4385: 4365:Liaison (French) 4306:"finger" (Latin 4086:deux cents euros 3919: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3872: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3803: 3792: 3789:The velar nasal 3785: 3778: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3694: 3676: 3668: 3660: 3646: 3639: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3594: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3559: 3545: 3537: 3529: 3522: 3508: 3499: 3492: 3478: 3471: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3427: 3420: 3409: 3398: 3391: 3382: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3298: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3228: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3137:French phonology 2919:Louisiana French 2845:Cambodian French 2764: 2763: 2761:Université Laval 2739:French Polynesia 2712:French Polynesia 2653:A former French 2570:French Indochina 2515:Saint Barthélemy 2472:Mon Louis Island 2432:Louisiana French 2360:Northern Ontario 2298: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2129: 2123: 2115: 1879: 1878: 1845:Second World War 1647: 1639: 1567: 1537:Gaulish language 1496:Romance language 1373: 1305:Celtic languages 1269:Romance language 1266: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1251:langue française 1247: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1237:[fʁɑ̃sɛ] 1234: 1216: 1209: 1202: 983: 976: 975: 939: 933: 927: 922: 913: 899: 883: 867: 860: 851: 845: 838: 832: 824: 815: 814: 806: 791: 685: 606:Saint Barthélemy 596: 571: 559: 552:French Polynesia 542: 366:(français signé) 357: 332: 202: 140: 138:[fʁɑ̃sɛ] 128: 116: 115: 109: 106: 100: 85: 79: 75: 69: 65: 59: 47: 46: 39: 21: 16816: 16815: 16811: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16806: 16805: 16551:French language 16541: 16540: 16539: 16534: 16533: 16528: 16507: 16465: 16459: 16445:Northern Cyprus 16427: 16421: 16315:North Macedonia 16136: 16131: 16101: 16096: 16063: 16047: 16025:Pannonian Latin 16011:African Romance 15994: 15947: 15878: 15871: 15809:Judeo-Provençal 15682: 15671: 15648: 15597: 15507:Chilean Chilote 15449: 15335: 15276: 15272: 15269: 15258: 15246:Moselle Romance 15213: 15062:Missouri French 15023:Franco-Ontarian 14898: 14887: 14880: 14620: 14585: 14562:Southern Latian 14465: 14430:Maltese Italian 14362:Central Italian 14346: 14339: 14334:Common Romanian 14250: 14234:Italo-Dalmatian 14212: 14202: 14172: 14167: 14166: 14134: 14095: 14013:Moselle Romance 13973:Karipúna Creole 13900: 13829: 13741:Franco-Ontarian 13643: 13600: 13563: 13558:Canadian French 13546: 13540: 13510: 13505: 13479: 13443: 13412: 13402: 13400: 13370: 13365: 13349: 13311: 13277:Canadian Gaelic 13225: 13180: 13176:Coast Tsimshian 13144: 13116: 13078: 13015: 12967: 12934: 12846: 12766: 12745: 12740: 12710: 12705: 12687: 12669: 12646: 12613: 12575: 12549: 12539: 12537: 12507: 12502: 12492: 12476: 12395: 12271: 12255: 12245: 12243: 12213: 12208: 12207: 12188: 12170: 12151:Public holidays 12064: 12023:Life expectancy 11961: 11848: 11741: 11670: 11639:Great Recession 11612:Fourth Republic 11607:1900 to present 11595: 11512:Second Republic 11476: 11445: 11368: 11321: 11288: 11267: 11202: 11194: 11159: 11139: 11126: 11123: 11110: 11108: 11107:on 2 March 2017 11087: 11075: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11049:fr:Dictionnaire 11022: 10986: 10971: 10964: 10959: 10917: 10897: 10895:Further reading 10875: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10852: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10827: 10825: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10797: 10795: 10782: 10781: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10728: 10726: 10713: 10712: 10708: 10701: 10687: 10683: 10670: 10663: 10653: 10651: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10608: 10604: 10594: 10592: 10577: 10573: 10568: 10561: 10550: 10546: 10536: 10534: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10510:Wayback Machine 10499: 10498: 10494: 10488:Wayback Machine 10477: 10476: 10472: 10466:Wayback Machine 10455: 10454: 10450: 10444:Wayback Machine 10433: 10432: 10428: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10381: 10375: 10371: 10361: 10359: 10324: 10320: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10236: 10232: 10220: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10139: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10108: 10104: 10095: 10091: 10087:, December 2016 10081:Wayback Machine 10067: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9976: 9966: 9964: 9960: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9935: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9894: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9874:on 7 April 2019 9864: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9820: 9816: 9808: 9804: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9769: 9765: 9756:Wayback Machine 9747: 9743: 9733: 9731: 9718: 9717: 9710: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9681: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9633: 9629: 9619: 9617: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9587: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9568: 9564: 9543:. p. A17. 9533: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9422: 9420: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9359:Wayback Machine 9348: 9347: 9343: 9332:Wayback Machine 9321: 9320: 9316: 9310:Wayback Machine 9299: 9298: 9294: 9288:Wayback Machine 9279: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9205:Wayback Machine 9192: 9191: 9187: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9120: 9118: 9103: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9076: 9069: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9036: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9012: 9003: 8999: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8967: 8960: 8950: 8948: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8920: 8918: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8873: 8857: 8853: 8843: 8841: 8840:on 13 June 2007 8837: 8829:: Article from 8822: 8813: 8809: 8786: 8768: 8764: 8754: 8752: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8728:Wayback Machine 8719: 8715: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8672: 8665: 8655: 8653: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8592: 8585: 8569: 8565: 8555:Wayback Machine 8545: 8541: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8507: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8407: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8375: 8374: 8363: 8355: 8348: 8319: 8317: 8310: 8294: 8287: 8276: 8272: 8253: 8249: 8209:10.1.1.134.9933 8192: 8188: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8145: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8115: 8111: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8072: 8068: 8042: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8014: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7975: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7934: 7925: 7918: 7896: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7840: 7836: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7784: 7775: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7739: 7702: 7698: 7663: 7659: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7625: 7619: 7612: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7360: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7325: 7319: 7309: 7303: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7052:Language portal 7050: 7043: 7040: 7003: 6940:similarly uses 6870:soixante-quinze 6832: 6805:Asian languages 6461:Classical Latin 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6436: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6416: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6397:Native American 6392: 6390: 6378: 6376: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6346: 6338: 6336: 6328: 6317: 6277:"one" is used: 6222: 6193:tu aurais aimé 6173:nous aimerions 6129: 6077: 6036:tu eusses aimé 6033:vous ayez aimé 6027:vous aimassiez 5929: 5899:il/elle aimera 5778:il/elle a aimé 5772:il/elle aimait 5752:vous avez aimé 5651:passé antérieur 5645:futur antérieur 5624:passé antérieur 5600:passé antérieur 5589:futur antérieur 5513: 5502: 5494:past participle 5478:imperative mood 5470:indicative mood 5466: 5461: 5455: 5363: 5324:auxiliary verbs 5256: 5250: 4963:L'Haÿ-les-Roses 4932: 4897:A diaeresis on 4875:is followed by 4681:for the letter 4291: 4283:Main articles: 4281: 4238: 4232:French alphabet 4230:Main articles: 4228: 4223: 4092:; and some are 4090:euros irlandais 4072:, depending on 3866:, "to believe". 3642: 3635: 3474: 3467: 3405: 3380: 3345: 3308: 3271: 3239: 3189: 3179: 3169: 3141: 3139: 3133: 2968: 2955: 2931:Missouri French 2887:Guianese French 2850:Canadian French 2817: 2811: 2755: 2700: 2672:Lebanese people 2643:Standard Arabic 2635: 2629: 2609: 2603: 2566: 2552: 2547: 2531: 2500:Lesser Antilles 2484: 2468:Lower Louisiana 2460:Upper Louisiana 2448:Missouri French 2440:Canadian French 2388: 2356:Eastern Ontario 2314: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2262: 2257: 2239: 2194:second language 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2068:Channel Islands 2007:German-speaking 1968: 1966:European French 1962: 1957: 1949:Main articles: 1947: 1935:Basque language 1927:Basses-Pyrénées 1829: 1809:Robert Estienne 1800: 1794: 1729:a cycle focused 1629: 1623: 1522: 1516: 1492: 1486: 1331:, most notably 1260: 1259: 1241: 1240: 1220: 1188:Help:IPA/French 1123: 1122: 1110: 998:French language 954:Without proper 942: 941: 937: 935: 931: 929: 925: 909: 895: 879: 876: 863: 856: 841: 840: 839: 828: 827: 820: 810: 809: 802: 785: 781: 776: 762: 709: 708: 701: 700: 686:(United States) 634: 633: 626: 625: 536: 535: 528: 527: 389: 388: 379: 372:Official status 364: 358: 353: 344: 341:French alphabet 333: 328: 322: 280: 273: 238:Western Romance 218:Latino-Faliscan 203: 200:Language family 198: 191: 186: 110: 104: 101: 95: 83: 77: 73: 71:transliteration 67: 63: 57: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:French-speaking 15: 12: 11: 5: 16814: 16804: 16803: 16798: 16796:Lingua francas 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16536: 16535: 16530: 16529: 16527: 16526: 16521: 16519:European Union 16515: 16513: 16512:Other entities 16509: 16508: 16506: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16469: 16467: 16466:other entities 16461: 16460: 16458: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16431: 16429: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16413: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16390:United Kingdom 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16203:Czech Republic 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16137: 16130: 16129: 16122: 16115: 16107: 16098: 16097: 16095: 16094: 16087: 16078: 16068: 16065: 16064: 16062: 16061: 16055: 16053: 16049: 16048: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16038: 16028: 16021: 16014: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15992: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15964: 15955: 15953: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15913: 15912: 15911: 15906: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15883: 15881: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15844: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15805: 15804: 15803: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15776: 15766: 15765: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15757: 15749: 15744: 15741:Judaeo-Catalan 15737: 15736: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15724: 15723: 15718: 15708: 15700: 15687: 15685: 15677: 15676: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15669: 15663: 15656: 15654: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15646: 15645: 15644: 15630: 15625: 15624: 15623: 15613: 15605: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15595: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15530: 15529: 15528: 15523: 15522: 15521: 15511: 15510: 15509: 15496:Latin American 15492: 15487: 15475: 15473:Judaeo-Spanish 15470: 15465: 15459: 15457: 15451: 15450: 15448: 15447: 15440: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15400: 15395: 15388: 15376: 15369: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15351: 15345: 15343: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15326: 15321: 15320: 15319: 15309: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15291: 15289: 15280: 15264: 15263: 15260: 15259: 15257: 15256: 15249: 15242: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15212: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15204: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15144: 15143: 15136: 15135: 15134: 15124: 15119: 15102: 15097: 15096: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15075: 15074: 15073: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15047: 15042: 15041: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15013: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14992: 14991: 14986: 14968: 14963: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14934: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14903: 14901: 14890: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14866: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14786: 14781: 14780: 14779: 14764: 14763: 14762: 14757: 14742: 14737: 14736: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14676: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14659: 14643: 14641: 14632: 14626: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14618: 14616:Judaeo-Italian 14613: 14612: 14611: 14606: 14593: 14591: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14510: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14506: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14484: 14473: 14471: 14467: 14466: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14449: 14444: 14443: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14358: 14356: 14349: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14276: 14271: 14269:Istro-Romanian 14266: 14260: 14258: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14226: 14220: 14218: 14217:Major branches 14214: 14213: 14209:classification 14201: 14200: 14193: 14186: 14178: 14169: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14157: 14151: 14140: 14139: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14114: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14086: 14085: 14084: 14074: 14067: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14045: 14040: 14033: 14028: 14021: 14016: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13982: 13975: 13970: 13967:Haitian Creole 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13937:Burundi Pidgin 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13908: 13906: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13886: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13852: 13847: 13839: 13837: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13775: 13770: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13727: 13726: 13721: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13665: 13654: 13652: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13610: 13608: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13582: 13580: 13571: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13561: 13554: 13552: 13548: 13547: 13539: 13538: 13531: 13524: 13516: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13487: 13485: 13484:Sign languages 13481: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13420: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13399: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13376: 13367: 13366: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13319: 13317: 13316:Sign languages 13313: 13312: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13233: 13231: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13211:Chinook Jargon 13208: 13203: 13198: 13192: 13190: 13186: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13152: 13150: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13126: 13124: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13114: 13112:Nuu-chah-nulth 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13088: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13025: 13023: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12977: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12944: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12856: 12854: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12772: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12759: 12753: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12739: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12716: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12697: 12695: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12685: 12679: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12662: 12656: 12654: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12623: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12585: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12536: 12535: 12528: 12521: 12513: 12504: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12401: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12330:French Flemish 12326: 12321: 12311: 12306: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12269: 12263: 12261: 12257: 12256: 12242: 12241: 12234: 12227: 12219: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12180: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12107:Cultural icons 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12074: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11927:Stock exchange 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11877: 11872: 11866: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11809: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11765: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11727:National parks 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11702:Climate change 11699: 11694: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11624:Fifth Republic 11621: 11620: 11619: 11609: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11550: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11532:Third Republic 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11467:First Republic 11464: 11462:Napoleonic era 11459: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11378: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11354: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11337: 11331: 11329: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11307:Greek colonies 11304: 11298: 11296: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11275: 11273: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11219: 11217: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11193: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11170: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11151: 11150: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11045: 11044: 11034: 11029: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11010: 11005: 10996: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10974: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:External links 10955: 10954: 10953: 10939:Ursula Reutner 10936: 10921: 10915: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10882: 10861: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10805: 10775: 10745: 10737:Welsh language 10706: 10699: 10681: 10661: 10630: 10623: 10617:. Lippincott. 10602: 10571: 10559: 10544: 10514: 10492: 10470: 10448: 10426: 10369: 10338:(2): 207–228. 10318: 10292: 10261: 10230: 10226:Language Today 10207: 10184:(2): 498–517. 10164: 10133: 10102: 10089: 10061: 10031: 10000: 9974: 9963:on 4 June 2011 9945: 9918: 9907:on 8 June 2019 9885: 9855: 9826: 9824:, p. 358. 9814: 9812:, p. 218. 9802: 9800:, p. 217. 9790: 9763: 9741: 9708: 9706:, 2019, p. 192 9691: 9660: 9627: 9597: 9571: 9562: 9527: 9508: 9488: 9462: 9430: 9404: 9374: 9341: 9314: 9292: 9273: 9243: 9213: 9211:, Paris, 2002. 9185: 9153: 9127: 9097: 9067: 9030: 9006:United Nations 8997: 8958: 8928: 8902: 8890: 8871: 8851: 8807: 8784: 8762: 8732: 8713: 8691: 8684: 8663: 8633: 8602: 8583: 8563: 8539: 8524: 8505: 8478: 8469: 8460: 8398: 8361: 8346: 8308: 8285: 8270: 8247: 8202:(2): 356–390. 8186: 8183:. p. 106. 8171: 8159: 8130: 8109: 8091: 8084: 8066: 8031: 8012: 7992: 7973: 7953: 7946: 7923: 7916: 7887: 7861: 7834: 7816: 7766: 7737: 7696: 7677:(6): 822–836. 7657: 7642: 7610: 7589:(2): 135–150. 7569: 7551: 7528: 7498: 7466: 7441: 7411: 7379: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7175: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7019: 7018: 7002: 6999: 6831: 6828: 6760:Petit Larousse 6751: 6750: 6741: 6732: 6723: 6708: 6684: 6683: 6663: 6639: 6638: 6625:ensoleillement 6621: 6604: 6587: 6562: 6561: 6537: 6513: 6489: 6437: 6427: 6417: 6407: 6401: 6391: 6377: 6367: 6357: 6347: 6337: 6327: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6294:Word order is 6292: 6291: 6285: 6271: 6270: 6264: 6254: 6253: 6247: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6190:vous aimeriez 6188: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176:j'aurais aimé 6174: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6053:il/elle aimât 6051: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952:Passé composé 5950: 5947: 5944: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5882:tu avais aimé 5880: 5877: 5876:tu auras aimé 5874: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844:nous aimerons 5842: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671:Passé composé 5669: 5666: 5663: 5583:future perfect 5512: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5465: 5462: 5457:Main article: 5454: 5451: 5403:la professeure 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5350: 5348:demonstratives 5340: 5337: 5254:French grammar 5252:Main article: 5249: 5246: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5210: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5093:is pronounced 5067: 5066: 5065: 5042: 4983: 4972:Moÿ-de-l'Aisne 4930:Château du Faÿ 4911:(a commune in 4895: 4811: 4718: 4673:is pronounced 4665:is pronounced 4639: 4616:l'accent grave 4608: 4569: 4551: 4537: 4466:pluralized as 4327:morphophonemic 4323: 4322: 4311: 4280: 4277: 4267:There are two 4236:French braille 4227: 4224: 4222: 4221:Writing system 4219: 4218: 4217: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4121: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3867: 3862:, "king", or 3840: 3835:and the nasal 3813: 3798: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3752:is present in 3714:/ɑ̃/,/ɛ̃/,/ɔ̃/ 3700: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3173: 3163: 3158: 3135:Main article: 3132: 3129: 3094:Language Today 2984:European Union 2980:UN Secretariat 2972:world language 2967: 2964: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2899:Haitian French 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2870:Ontario French 2867: 2862: 2857: 2855:Acadian French 2847: 2842: 2840:Belgian French 2837: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827:Maghreb French 2822:African French 2818: 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2801:. Since 2016, 2791:European Union 2754: 2751: 2727:Pacific Island 2699: 2696: 2680:license plates 2676:Lebanese pound 2628: 2625: 2602: 2599: 2594:Fall of Saigon 2551: 2550:Southeast Asia 2548: 2546: 2543: 2530: 2527: 2492:Haitian Creole 2483: 2480: 2474:, Alabama and 2387: 2384: 2300: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2238: 2235: 2220:African French 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2126: 2120: 2112: 2104:African French 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 1976:European Union 1964:Main article: 1961: 1958: 1946: 1943: 1895:Henri Grégoire 1828: 1825: 1796:Main article: 1793: 1790: 1784:(alchemy) and 1746:that became a 1625:Main article: 1622: 1619: 1515: 1512: 1488:Main article: 1485: 1482: 1458:United Nations 1435:European Union 1333:Haitian Creole 1309:Gallia Belgica 1222: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1001: 1000: 994: 993: 985: 984: 972: 971: 958:, you may see 944: 943: 936: 930: 924: 923: 915: 914: 907: 901: 900: 893: 885: 884: 877: 872: 869: 868: 861: 853: 852: 825: 817: 816: 807: 799: 798: 797:Language codes 794: 793: 770: 764: 763: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 738:European Union 735: 730: 725: 720: 718:United Nations 715: 704: 703: 702: 699: 698: 693: 688: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 629: 628: 627: 624: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 583: 578: 566: 554: 549: 533:10 subnational 531: 530: 529: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 384: 383: 382: 380: 377: 374: 373: 369: 368: 359: 352: 349: 348: 346:French Braille 334: 330:Writing system 327: 324: 323: 321: 320: 319: 318: 317: 316: 315: 314: 313: 312: 283: 281: 278: 275: 274: 272: 271: 270: 269: 268: 267: 266: 265: 264: 263: 262: 261: 260: 259: 258: 257: 256: 255: 206: 204: 197: 194: 193: 180: 176: 175: 146: 145:Native to 142: 141: 134: 130: 129: 121: 120: 112: 111: 105:September 2024 90:. Knowledge's 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16813: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16548: 16546: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16514: 16510: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16478:Faroe Islands 16476: 16474: 16471: 16470: 16468: 16462: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16450:South Ossetia 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16424: 16418: 16415: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16275:Liechtenstein 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16128: 16123: 16121: 16116: 16114: 16109: 16108: 16105: 16092: 16088: 16086: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16073: 16070: 16069: 16066: 16060: 16059:Proto-Romance 16057: 16056: 16054: 16052:Reconstructed 16050: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16026: 16022: 16020: 16019: 16018:British Latin 16015: 16013: 16012: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16001: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15961: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15918: 15917: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15880: 15874: 15864: 15863: 15859: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15837:Vivaro-Alpine 15835: 15831: 15828: 15827: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15801: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15781: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15767: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15738: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15689: 15688: 15686: 15684: 15678: 15667: 15664: 15661: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15651: 15643: 15642: 15641:Old Navarrese 15638: 15637: 15636: 15635: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15600: 15594: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15541: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15524: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15512: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15498: 15497: 15493: 15491: 15490:Equatoguinean 15488: 15486: 15483: 15482: 15481: 15480: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15456: 15452: 15446: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15425: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15406: 15405: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15393: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15381: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15360: 15357: 15356: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15342: 15338: 15332: 15331: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15281: 15278: 15271: 15265: 15255: 15254: 15250: 15248: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15199: 15198: 15195: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15142: 15141: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15129: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15117: 15113: 15112: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15076: 15072: 15071: 15067: 15063: 15060: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14981: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14956: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14944:Frainc-Comtou 14942: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14900: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14883: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14864: 14860: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14828: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14770: 14769: 14768: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14740:Judeo-Italian 14738: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14640: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14627: 14617: 14614: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14604: 14600: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14588: 14580: 14577: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14535:Castelmezzano 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14468: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14441: 14440:Swiss Italian 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14409: 14408: 14407: 14404: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14321:Transylvanian 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14281: 14280:Daco-Romanian 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14229:Italo-Western 14227: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14215: 14210: 14206: 14199: 14194: 14192: 14187: 14185: 14180: 14179: 14176: 14162: 14158: 14156: 14152: 14149: 14145: 14142: 14141: 14137: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14092: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14072: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14038: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14014: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13952:Frainc-Comtou 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13903: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13836: 13832: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13779:Middle French 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13768: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13669: 13668:St. Marys Bay 13666: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13646: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13569:Langues d'oïl 13566: 13559: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13549: 13544: 13537: 13532: 13530: 13525: 13523: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13460: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13406: 13397: 13392: 13390: 13385: 13383: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13314: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13201:Broken Slavey 13199: 13197: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13187: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13119: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13081: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12970: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12853: 12849: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12769: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12725: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12714: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12649: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12616: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12543: 12534: 12529: 12527: 12522: 12520: 12515: 12514: 12511: 12501: 12495: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12385:Vivaro-Alpine 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12331: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12319: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12274: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12249: 12240: 12235: 12233: 12228: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11988:Birth control 11986: 11984: 11981: 11980: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11763:Constitutions 11761: 11760: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11748: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11677: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11567: 11562: 11561: 11560:Années folles 11556: 11555: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11541: 11540: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11522:Second Empire 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11500:July Monarchy 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11448: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11399:Ancien Régime 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11371: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11191: 11186: 11184: 11179: 11177: 11172: 11171: 11168: 11162: 11155: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11140: 11131: 11125: 11124: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11091:Smith, Paul. 11089: 11088: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11050: 11042: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11023: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10978: 10975: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10962:Organisations 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10937: 10934: 10933:0-312-34183-0 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10912: 10907: 10906: 10899: 10898: 10888: 10883: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10851: 10850: 10845: 10844: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10763: 10759: 10756:(in French). 10755: 10749: 10742: 10738: 10724: 10721:(in French). 10720: 10719:langue-fr.net 10716: 10710: 10702: 10696: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10674: 10668: 10666: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10634: 10626: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10575: 10566: 10564: 10555: 10548: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10496: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10474: 10467: 10463: 10460: 10452: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10430: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10392:(2): 129–44. 10391: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10296: 10280: 10276: 10275:The Economist 10272: 10265: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10223: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10212: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10168: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10137: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10093: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9890: 9873: 9869: 9862: 9860: 9843: 9836: 9830: 9823: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9799: 9794: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9745: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9664: 9648: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9631: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9601: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9566: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9492: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9447: 9440: 9434: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9345: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9318: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9296: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9277: 9261: 9257: 9256:www.cecif.com 9253: 9247: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9210: 9209:CNRS Editions 9206: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9189: 9170: 9163: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9101: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9072: 9052: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9018: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8982: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8963: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8916: 8912: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8855: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8717: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8668: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8606: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8567: 8560: 8559:Top Languages 8556: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8535: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8491:Barlow, Julie 8488: 8482: 8473: 8464: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8403: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8359:, p. 82. 8358: 8357:Roegiest 2006 8353: 8351: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8175: 8169:, p. 83. 8168: 8167:Roegiest 2006 8163: 8155: 8149: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8120: 8113: 8105: 8098: 8096: 8087: 8085:9780901519597 8081: 8077: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8019: 8015: 8013:1-58811-313-2 8009: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7892: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7792: 7791:Eurobarometer 7783: 7780:(June 2012), 7779: 7773: 7771: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7646: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7615: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7347: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7252:Guinea-Bissau 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7228:Côte d'Ivoire 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:French poetry 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7042: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6950:quatre-vingts 6947: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6933: 6927: 6925: 6924:quatre-vingts 6919: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6890:Aostan French 6887: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6871: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6858:quatre-vingts 6853: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6645:thing/cause: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6434: 6424: 6414: 6398: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6364: 6354: 6344: 6334: 6326: 6325: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230:passive voice 6227: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6141: 6138:Conditionnel 6135: 6132: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6081: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6047:il/elle aime 6046: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6030:tu aies aimé 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6007:j'eusse aimé 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5992:nous aimions 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5873:vous aimerez 5872: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5853:j'avais aimé 5852: 5849: 5847:j'aurai aimé 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5798:Futur simple 5794: 5790: 5786: 5784:il/elle aima 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5766:il/elle aime 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758:vous aimâtes 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5729:nous aimâmes 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5717:nous aimions 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5674:Passé simple 5661: 5655: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5633:passé composé 5628: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5606:passé composé 5601: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5571:simple future 5567: 5566: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5534: 5533:passé composé 5528: 5523: 5518: 5509: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399:le professeur 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5365:Every French 5355: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5245: 5242: 5237: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185:(from former 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5113:is otherwise 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4921:Rue des Cloÿs 4918: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4807:[wɛ̃] 4804: 4803: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4629: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4586:l'accent aigu 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206:Quebec French 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3932:delateralised 3929: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3916:, "pay", vs. 3915: 3914: 3913: 3896: 3895:minimal pairs 3880: 3876: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3796: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3755: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3138: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976:jurisprudence 2973: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2904:Indian French 2902: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2882:French French 2880: 2876: 2875:Quebec French 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2835:Aostan French 2833: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2750: 2746: 2745:, it is 84%. 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:New Caledonia 2732: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2716:New Caledonia 2713: 2709: 2704: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2641:Town sign in 2639: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2607:Indian French 2598: 2595: 2591: 2590:South Vietnam 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2535:French Guiana 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:New Hampshire 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:New Hampshire 2409: 2405: 2397: 2392: 2386:United States 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2327:New Brunswick 2324: 2320: 2308: 2304: 2303:"arrêt" signs 2297: 2271: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2211:, Gabon, and 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2140: 2133: 2110: 2105: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:lingua franca 1834: 1827:Modern French 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1798:Middle French 1792:Middle French 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772:(cotton) and 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1749:lingua franca 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1727:, as well as 1726: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:V2 word order 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1520:Gallo-Romance 1511: 1509: 1508:Middle French 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1350:, as well as 1349: 1345: 1342:French is an 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:langues d'oïl 1290: 1286: 1285:Gallo-Romance 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1244: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:passé composé 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1007:Langues d'oïl 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 991: 987: 986: 982: 978: 977: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 951: 945: 921: 916: 912: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 892: 891: 886: 882: 878: 875: 874:Linguist List 870: 866: 862: 859: 854: 849: 844: 836: 831: 826: 823: 818: 813: 808: 805: 800: 795: 789: 784: 779: 774: 771: 769: 765: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743:African Union 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 707: 697: 694: 692: 689: 684: 683:New Hampshire 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 632: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 600: 595: 591: 590:Mahé district 587: 584: 582: 581:New Caledonia 579: 575: 574:United States 570: 567: 563: 562:United States 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 541: 538: 537: 534: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 387: 381: 375: 370: 367: 363: 362:Signed French 360: 356: 350: 347: 342: 338: 335: 331: 325: 311: 310:Middle French 308: 307: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295:Proto-Romance 293: 292: 291: 288: 287: 286: 282: 276: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243:Gallo-Romance 241: 240: 239: 236: 235: 234: 233:Italo-Western 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 210: 209: 208:Indo-European 205: 201: 195: 189: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 133:Pronunciation 131: 127: 122: 117: 108: 98: 93: 89: 82: 72: 62: 55: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 32:Lingua franca 19: 16455:Transnistria 16417:Vatican City 16080: 16071: 16023: 16016: 16009: 15958: 15860: 15853: 15815:Languedocien 15807: 15800:Judeo-Gascon 15798: 15739: 15690: 15660:Barranquenho 15639: 15632: 15608: 15590: 15532: 15494: 15477: 15468:Extremaduran 15442: 15416: 15402: 15390: 15378: 15371: 15328: 15287:Asturleonese 15251: 15244: 15202:West Walloon 15190:Saintongeais 15138: 15114: 15110:Anglo-Norman 15068: 15001:Newfoundland 14961:Jersey Legal 14954: 14953: 14861: 14826:Southwestern 14809:Vallassinese 14698:Gallo-Picene 14639:Gallo-Italic 14601: 14517: 14512: 14451: 14417: 14332: 14278: 14143: 14088: 14069: 14058:Saintongeais 14035: 14023: 14011: 13977: 13942:Camfranglais 13888: 13881: 13854: 13844:Anglo-Norman 13842: 13805:Newfoundland 13790:Metropolitan 13777: 13767:Jersey Legal 13765: 13756:Houma French 13648: 13596:Saint Lucian 13551:Areal groups 13545:and dialects 13501:Italian Sign 13475:Swiss German 13355: 13342: 13302:Plautdietsch 12963:Inuvialuktun 12701:Sinte Romani 12604:West Flemish 12594:East Flemish 12427:Guadeloupean 12369:Languedocian 12266: 12093:Coat of arms 12083:Architecture 12055:Social class 12013:Homelessness 11998:Demographics 11952:Trade unions 11885:Central bank 11827:criminal law 11790:Human rights 11773:presidential 11617:Algerian War 11600:Contemporary 11574:Vichy France 11569:World War II 11539:Belle Époque 11472:First Empire 11374:Early Modern 11345:West Francia 11109:. Retrieved 11105:the original 11096: 10942: 10924: 10904: 10886: 10874:. Retrieved 10867:the original 10848: 10826:. Retrieved 10817: 10808: 10796:. Retrieved 10787: 10778: 10766:. Retrieved 10762:the original 10748: 10727:. Retrieved 10718: 10709: 10690: 10684: 10672: 10652:. Retrieved 10644:MED Magazine 10643: 10633: 10614: 10605: 10593:. Retrieved 10584: 10574: 10553: 10547: 10535:. Retrieved 10526: 10517: 10495: 10473: 10451: 10429: 10419:22 September 10417:. Retrieved 10389: 10385: 10372: 10360:. Retrieved 10335: 10331: 10321: 10313: 10308:. New York. 10305: 10295: 10283:. Retrieved 10274: 10264: 10252:. Retrieved 10243: 10233: 10225: 10198:. Retrieved 10181: 10177: 10167: 10155:. Retrieved 10146: 10136: 10124:. Retrieved 10115: 10105: 10097: 10092: 10064: 10054:16 September 10052:. Retrieved 10043: 10034: 10022:. Retrieved 10013: 10003: 9991:. Retrieved 9977: 9965:. Retrieved 9958:the original 9948: 9936:. Retrieved 9932:the original 9921: 9909:. 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14286:dialects 14246:Southern 14123:Savoyard 14053:Poitevin 13962:Guianese 13877:Jèrriais 13862:Cauchois 13815:Standard 13795:Missouri 13736:Francien 13686:Kinshasa 13459:Ticinese 13237:Mandarin 13092:Ditidaht 13084:Wakashan 13074:Thompson 13069:Squamish 13059:shíshálh 13049:Okanagan 13044:Lillooet 13021:Salishan 12996:Onondaga 12930:Tutchone 12885:Gwichʼin 12581:Germanic 12481:See also 12462:Tahitian 12457:Shimaore 12417:Guianese 12373:Limousin 12332:dialect) 12324:Corsican 12320:dialect) 12193:Category 12126:Language 12038:Religion 11983:Abortion 11937:Taxation 11834:Military 11795:Intersex 11785:Politics 11751:Politics 11553:Interwar 11248:Economic 11243:Language 11228:Timeline 11137:Articles 10941:(2017). 10822:Archived 10792:Archived 10723:Archived 10648:Archived 10613:(1949). 10589:Archived 10531:Archived 10527:BBC News 10506:Archived 10484:Archived 10462:Archived 10440:Archived 10410:Archived 10406:15072817 10356:Archived 10310:Archived 10279:Archived 10248:Archived 10244:BBC 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