French colonial empire

2763:, the Emir Abd-el-Kadr protected the Christians there against the Muslim rioters. Napoleon III felt obliged to intervene on behalf of the Christians, despite the opposition of London, which feared it would lead to a wider French presence in the Middle East. After long and difficult negotiations to obtain the approval of the British government, Napoleon III sent a French contingent of seven thousand men for a period of six months. The troops arrived in Beirut in August 1860, and took positions in the mountains between the Christian and Muslim communities. Napoleon III organized an international conference in Paris, where the country was placed under the rule of a Christian governor named by the Ottoman Sultan, which restored a fragile peace. The French troops departed in June 1861, after just under one year. The French intervention alarmed the British, but was highly popular with the powerful 1550: 846: 2678: 2945: 2578: 1980: 2775: 1630: 760: 2273: 2000:

to Algiers for a second time on 3 May 1865, and this time he remained for a month, meeting with tribal leaders and local officials. He offered a wide amnesty to participants of the insurrection, and promised to name Arabs to high positions in his government. He also promised a large public works program of new ports, railroads, and roads. However, once again his plans met a major natural obstacle in 1866 and 1868, Algeria was struck by an epidemic of cholera, clouds of locusts, drought and famine, and his reforms were hindered by the French colonists, who voted massively against him in the plebiscites of his late reign. Up to 500,000 people died from the famine and epidemics.

4341: 1295: 2616: 1964:

leaders. The Emperor gradually conceived the idea that Algeria should be governed differently from other colonies. In February 1863, he wrote a public letter to Pelissier, the Military Governor, saying: "Algeria is not a colony in the traditional sense, but an Arab kingdom; the local people have, like the colonists, a legal right to my protection. I am just as much the Emperor of the Arabs of Algeria as I am of the French." He intended to rule Algeria through a government of Arab aristocrats. Toward this end he invited the chiefs of main Algerian tribal groups to his chateau at Compiegne for hunting and festivities.

1051: 2843: 563: 79: 1163: 2368: 113: 3686: 2600: 1972:(who had been promised freedom on surrender but was imprisoned by the previous administration) and gave him a stipend of 150,000 francs. He allowed Muslims to serve in the military and civil service on theoretically equal terms and allowed them to migrate to France. In addition, he gave the option of citizenship; however, for Muslims to take this option they had to accept all of the French civil code, including parts governing inheritance and marriage which conflicted with Muslim laws, and they had to reject the competence of religious 1542:

colonial government built 36.5 kilometers of sewers in the new neighborhoods created to accommodate new French settlers while only 4.3 kilometers of sewers were built in indigenous Moroccan communities. Additionally, land in Morocco was far more expensive for Moroccans than for French settlers. For example, while the average Moroccan had a plot of land 50 times smaller than their French settler counterparts, Moroccans were forced to pay 24% more per hectare. Moroccans were additionally prohibited from buying land from French settlers.

2982:

and methods in vogue in the mother nation. Having a moderately trained lower bureaucracy was of great use to colonial officials. The emerging French-educated indigenous elite saw little value in educating rural peoples. After 1946 the policy was to bring the best students to Paris for advanced training. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. Impressionistic colonials could mingle with studious scholars or radical revolutionaries or so everything in between.

2941:

privilege". Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship (they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards). From 1830 to 1946, only between 3,000 and 6,000 Muslim native Algerians were granted French citizenship. In French West Africa, outside of the Four Communes, there were 2,500 "citoyens indigènes" out of a total population of 15 million.

1956:. Abdelkader continued to fight the French in the west until 1847. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, were killed during the French conquest as a result of war, massacres, disease and famine. Famines and disease epidemics were partially caused by French confiscation of farmland from Algerians and the "scorched earth" tactics of razing farms and villages to quell Algerian resistance. French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 3,336 killed in action and 92,329 dead in the hospital. 2886: 2457: 2180: 352: 1307: 2025: 1401: 1921: 623: 12508: 3013: 1749: 1827: 3993: 1354:

alone. Of the 55,131 French soldiers dispatched to Haiti in 1802–03, 45,000, including 18 generals, died, along with 10,000 sailors, the great majority from disease. Captain Sorrell of the British navy observed, "France lost there one of the finest armies she ever sent forth, composed of picked veterans, the conquerors of Italy and of German legions. She is now entirely deprived of her influence and her power in the West Indies."

3374: 1174: 4905: 338: 324: 4115: 3811: 86: 1526: 4891: 7154:"Whilst 46 per cent of the shares are in the hands of the British Treasury, almost all the remainder are held by French citizens. The British shares carry next to no voting rights, for the Articles of Association provide that twenty-five shares give the right to a vote, but no shareholder may have more than ten votes. The management of the Canal is almost exclusively French," Sir Arnold T. Wilson, 2300:. Dupetit Thouars forced the native government to pay an indemnity and sign a treaty of friendship with France respecting the rights of French subjects in the islands including any future Catholic missionaries. Four years later, claiming the Tahitians had violated the treaty, a French protectorate was forcibly installed and the queen made to sign a request for French protection. 1570:. The outbreak of World War One prevented the French from committing fully to the conflict, and thus the French forces suffered high losses. For example, at the Battle of El Herri in 1914, 600 French soldiers were killed. The fighting was primarily characterized by Guerrilla warfare. The Zaian forces additionally received military and economic support from the Central Powers. 2501:, the Chasseurs d'Afrique, and Algerian sharpshooters, and he expanded the Foreign Legion, which had been founded in 1831 and won fame in the Crimea, Italy and Mexico. By the end of Napoleon III's reign, the French overseas territories had tripled in the area; in 1870 they covered a 1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi), with more than 5 million inhabitants. 1996:

dismantling tribal land ownership in favour of individual land ownership. This process was corrupted by French officials sympathetic to the French in Algeria who took much of the land they surveyed into public domain. In addition, many tribal leaders, chosen for loyalty to the French rather than influence in their tribe, immediately sold communal land for cash.

706:

land, and by relying solely on Aboriginals to supply them with fur at the trading posts, the French composed a complex series of military, commercial, and diplomatic connections. These became the most enduring alliances between the French and the First Nation community. The French were, however, under pressure from religious orders to convert them to

3004:(Catholic migrants from Europe) welcomed this. Those goals were rejected by the Moslem Arabs, who prized mental agility and their distinctive religious tradition. The Arabs refused to become patriotic and cultured Frenchmen and a unified educational system was impossible until the Pied-Noir and their Arab allies went into exile after 1962. 2540:. The Vietnamese ruler was compelled to cede three provinces to France, and to offer protection to the Catholics. The French troops departed for a time to take part in the expedition to China, but in 1862, when the agreements were not fully followed by the Vietnamese emperor, they returned. The Emperor was forced to open treaty ports in 3086:, nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control. The colonies were given local assemblies with only limited local power and budgets. There emerged a group of elites, known as evolués, who were natives of the overseas territories but lived in metropolitan France. 2981:

French colonial officials, influenced by the revolutionary ideal of equality, standardized schools, curricula, and teaching methods as much as possible. They did not establish colonial school systems with the idea of furthering the ambitions of the local people, but rather simply exported the systems

2940:

between "sujets français" (all the natives) and "citoyens français" (all males of European extraction) with different rights and duties was maintained until 1946. As was pointed out in a 1927 treatise on French colonial law, the granting of French citizenship to natives "was not a right, but rather a

2802:

from 1855 to 1865, sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe; this rarely involved an alignment with France. In 1859 there were even briefly fears that France might try to invade Britain. Palmerston was suspicious of France's interventions in Lebanon, Southeast Asia and Mexico. Palmerston was

2332:

or the Anglo-French Convention of 1847, was signed by France and Great Britain, in which the two powers agreed to respect the independence of Queen Pōmare's allies in Leeward Islands. The French continued the guise of protection until the 1880s when they formally annexed Tahiti with the abdication of

1537:

The French Colonial Empire established a protectorate in Morocco between the years of 1912 to 1956. France's general approach to governing the protectorate of Morocco was a policy of in-direct rule where they co-opted existing governance systems to control the protectorate. Specifically, the Moroccan

705:

New France had a rather small population, which resulted from more emphasis being placed on the fur trade rather than agricultural settlements. Due to this emphasis, the French relied heavily on creating friendly contacts with the local First Nations community. Without the appetite of New England for

2996:

African nationalists rejected such a public education system, which they perceived as an attempt to retard African development and maintain colonial superiority. One of the first demands of the emerging nationalist movement after World War II was the introduction of full metropolitan-style education

2964:

David P. Forsythe wrote: "From Senegal and Mauritania in the west to Niger in the east (what became French Africa), there was a parallel series of ruinous wars, resulting in tremendous numbers of people being violently enslaved. At the beginning of the twentieth century there may have been between 3

2818:

The Suez Canal was successfully built by a French-backed company, which was to remain under French control even after the British government acquired almost half of the shares. Both nations saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and respective empire in East Africa and Asia. In 1882, ongoing

2379:

planned to take over their island kingdoms. After years of diplomatic negotiation, Britain and France agreed to abrogate the convention in 1887 and the French formally annexed all the Leeward Islands without official treaties of cession from the islands' sovereign governments. From 1888 to 1897, the

1901:

The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers, and was mostly completed by 1852. Not until 1903 was the conquest fully complete. French colonization of Algeria was undertaken through military conquest and the overthrow of existing structures of government. French colonial

1620:

As in Morocco, the French governed indirectly and preserved the existing government structure. The bey remained an absolute monarch, Tunisian ministers were still appointed, although they were both subject to French authority. Over time, the French gradually weakened the existing structures of power

1353:

ultimately achieved independence in 1804 (becoming the first black republic in the world, followed by Liberia in 1847). The black and mulatto population of the island (including the Spanish east) had declined from 700,000 in 1789 to 351,819 in 1804. About 80,000 Haitians died in the 1802–03 campaign

1130:

Characteristic of plantation colonies, the French colonists were a minority on Reunion Island. In 1763 there were only 4,000 French colonists while there were over 18,000 African enslaved people. The majority of enslaved people on Reunion Island worked on coffee plantations. They primarily came from

3847:

of France. The French government had ensured that a constitutional law (60-525) was passed which removed the need for a referendum in a territory to confirm a change in status towards independence or départementalisation, so the voters who had rejected independence in 1958 were not consulted about

1999:

His attempted reforms were interrupted in 1864 by an Arab insurrection, which required more than a year and an army of 85,000 soldiers to suppress. Nonetheless, he did not give up his idea of making Algeria a model where French colonists and Arabs could live and work together as equals. He traveled

1959:

There were about 100,000 European settlers in the country in 1852, at that time, about half of them French. Under the Second Republic the country was ruled by a civilian government, but Louis Napoleon re-established a military government, much to the annoyance of the colonists. By 1857 the army had

1616:

The French protectorate of Tunisia lasted from 1881 to 1956. The protectorate was initially established after the successful invasion of Tunisia in 1881. The groundwork for occupation was laid on April 24, 1881, when the French deployed 35,000 troops from Algeria to invade several Tunisian cities.

3911:

itself, of 69.1 million people. Of the total population, 16.1 million lived in North Africa, 25.5 million in sub-Saharan Africa, 3.2 million in the Middle East, 0.3 million in the Indian subcontinent, 23.2 million in East and South-East Asia, 0.15 million in the

1138:

Conditions for enslaved people on the Mascarene Island plantations were very poor. Enslaved labor was highly lethal because of poor living conditions and famines. After a series of crop failures from 1725 to 1737, as much as 10% of the islands' enslaved populations died due to famine and disease.

2960:

French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. In the Protectorate of Morocco, the French administration attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon

2831:

After the downfall of Napoleon III, few writers used the word 'empire', which had become associated with despotism, decadence, and weakness, preferring the word 'colonies'. However, by the 1880s and 1890s, as Republicans consolidated their control over the political system, increasing numbers of

2323:

where Queen Pōmare sought refuge with her relatives. The British remained officially neutral during the war but diplomatic tensions existed between the French and British. The French succeeded in subduing the guerilla forces on Tahiti but failed to hold the other islands. In February 1847, Queen

1817:

Cameroon was initially colonized by the German Empire in 1884. The indigenous people of Cameroon refused to work on German related projects, which turned into force labor. However, after World War One, the colony was partitioned by France and Britain. The French colony lasted from 1916 to until

1995:

More importantly, Napoleon III changed the system of land tenure. While ostensibly well-intentioned, in effect this move destroyed the traditional system of land management and deprived many Algerians of land. While Napoleon did renounce state claims to tribal lands, he also began a process of

1963:

In the first eight years of his rule Napoleon III paid little attention to Algeria. In September 1860, however, he and Empress Eugénie visited Algeria, and the trip made a deep impression upon them. Eugénie was invited to attend a traditional Arab wedding, and the Emperor met many of the local

1545:

Colonial Morocco's economy was designed to benefit French businesses at the detriment of Moroccan laborers. Morocco was forced to import all of its goods from France despite higher costs. Additionally, improvements to agriculture and irrigation systems in Morocco exclusively benefited colonial

1541:

French colonialism in Morocco was discriminatory against native Moroccans and highly detrimental to the Moroccan economy. Moroccans were treated as second class citizens and discriminated against in all aspects of colonial life. Infrastructure was discriminatory in colonial Morocco. The French

1134:

The economy of the Mauritius (Island of France) was similarly based on an exploitative plantation system dependent on forced African labor. The monoculture plantations farmed sugar cane, cotton, indigo, rice, and wheat. Around 2,000 colonists and enslaved people from Reunion Island migrated to

1077:

was primarily motivated by desires to secure access to natural resources including gum arabic, groundnuts (or peanuts) and other raw materials. In addition they were further motivated by desires throughout the 17th and 19th century to secure access to and to control the slave trade. Through an

3950:

2.7 million Europeans (French and non-French citizens) and assimilated natives (non-European French citizens) lived in the French colonial empire in 1936 besides 66.4 million non-assimilated natives (French subjects but not citizens). The majority of Europeans lived in North Africa.

3842:

refused by referendum to take part in the new organisation. However, the French Community ceased to operate before the end of the Algerian War. Almost all of the other former African colonies achieved independence in 1960. The French government refused to allow the populations of the former

6507:

In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From 1830 to 1847, its European settler population quadrupled to 104,000. Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in 1830, about 500,000 to 1 million perished in the first three decades of the French

2515:

Napoleon III also acted to increase the French presence in Indochina. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Deeper down was the sense that France owed the world a civilizing mission.

1589:

that operated until 1926 but had no international recognition. Paris and Madrid agreed to collaborate to destroy it. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco became quiet, and in 1936 became the base from which

2007:

in the Kabylia erupted, which spread through much of Algeria. By April 1871, 250 tribes were rebelling. The uprising was defeated in 1872. There were roughly 130,000 colonists in Algeria in 1871 and by 1900, there were one million. In 1902, a French military expedition entered

1721:, to govern and expand the colony, and to give it the beginning of a modern economy. Faidherbe built a series of forts along the Senegal River, formed alliances with leaders in the interior, and sent expeditions against those who resisted French rule. He built a new port at 2408:

remained neutral but hostile to the French. The conflict ended in 1897 with the capture and exile of rebel leaders to New Caledonia and more than one hundred rebels to the Marquesas. These conflicts and the annexation of other Pacific islands formed French Polynesia.

3621:

had no intention of liberating the colonies. He assembled the conference of colonial governors (excluding the nationalist leaders) in Brazzaville in January 1944 to announce plans for postwar Union that would replace the Empire. The Brazzaville manifesto proclaimed:

8061: 3882:

Robert Aldrich argues that with Algerian independence in 1962, it appeared that the Empire practically had come to an end, as the remaining colonies were quite small and lacked active nationalist movements. However, there was trouble in French Somaliland

1906:

in 1962. French colonization of Algeria was defined by its lethality for indigenous Algerians, the dissolution of the Algerian government, and the creation of oppressive and segregationist structures which discriminated against the indigenous population.

2993:, who built an educational system for colonists and indigenous people alike that was closely modeled on mainland France. He emphasized female and vocational education. By independence, the quality of Tunisian education nearly equalled that in France. 4132:

in British or Dutch colonies. France generally had close to the slowest natural population growth in Europe, and emigration pressures were therefore quite small. A small but significant emigration, numbering only in the tens of thousands, of mainly

455:, which saw Germany become the leading economic and military power of Continental Europe, acquiring colonies and rebuilding an empire was seen as a way to restore French prestige in the world. It was also to provide manpower during the world wars. 3626:

the goals of the work of civilization undertaken by France in the colonies exclude all idea of autonomy, all possibility of development outside the French block of the Empire; the possible constitutional self-government in the colonies is to be

2794:, a historic free trade agreement between Britain and France, and the joint operations conducted by France and Britain in the Crimea, China and Mexico, diplomatic relations between Britain and France never became close during the colonial era. 3749:, the US-supported president of the first Republic of Vietnam , to allow elections in 1956 – as had been stipulated by the Geneva Conference – in fear of Ho Chi Minh's victory and subsequently a total communist takeover, eventually led to the 1247:

While the peace treaty saw France's Indian outposts, and the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe restored to France, the competition for influence in India had been won by the British, and North America was entirely lost – most of

9052: 2493:, to head it. A key part of the enterprise was the modernization of the French Navy; he began the construction of 15 powerful new battle cruisers powered by steam and driven by propellers; and a fleet of steam-powered troop transports. The 1389:

in 1798–1801 was not successful. Battle casualties for the campaign were at least 15,000 killed or wounded and 8,500 prisoners for France; 50,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 prisoners for Turkey, Egypt, other Ottoman lands, and Britain.

2324:

Pōmare IV returned from her self-imposed exile and acquiesced to rule under the protectorate. Although victorious, the French were not able to annex the islands due to diplomatic pressure from Great Britain, so Tahiti and its dependency

1026:

and slave labor. These economies were based on monoculture agriculture and forced African labor. Poor living conditions, famines, and disease made enslaved labor conditions particularly lethal across French colonies. French presence in

482:– were offered, although in reality "assimilation was always receding the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens." France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the 2961:

which the French depended for collaboration, with mixed results. After World War II, the segregationist approach modeled in Morocco had been discredited by its connections to Vichyism, and assimilationism enjoyed a brief renaissance.

2909:. During the 19th century, French citizenship along with the right to elect a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies was granted to the four old colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne and Réunion as well as to the residents of 501:. Historian Tony Chafer argues: "In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation, France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War." However, after 1945 1844:

French colonialism in Madagascar began in 1896 when France established a protectorate by force and ended in the 1960s with the beginning of self-rule. Under French control, the colony of Madagascar included the dependencies of

2176:, the greatest ruler in the region, and the creation of the Military Territory of Chad (September 1900), the Voulet–Chanoine Mission had accomplished all its goals. The ruthlessness of the mission provoked a scandal in Paris. 2527:

felt threatened by the French influence and tried to expel the missionaries. Napoleon III sent a naval force of fourteen gunships, carrying three thousand French and three thousand Filipino troops provided by Spain, under

650:

throughout that century, were the precursors to the story of France's colonial expansion. But Spain's defense of its American monopoly, and the further distractions caused in France itself in the later 16th century by the

6160: 2928:

were integral to justifying the concept of the civilizing mission. French colonialists viewed non-European societies as uncivilized, and their colonial subjects as needing European re-education. Racial darwinists like

2615: 1967:

Compared to previous administrations, Napoleon III was far more sympathetic to the native Algerians. He halted European migration inland, restricting them to the coastal zone. He also freed the Algerian rebel leader

7931: 1268:

in the West Indies. Although the loss of Canada would cause much regret in future generations, it excited little unhappiness at the time; colonialism was widely regarded as both unimportant to France, and immoral.

1127:), the French East India Company first introduced the slave trade in the 1730s. The French East India Company additionally introduced coffee and sought to create a plantation economy centered around forced labor. 8065: 2577: 1931:

The French military invasion of Algeria began in 1830 with a naval blockade around Algeria followed by the landing of 37,000 French soldiers in Algeria. The French captured the strategic port of Algiers in 1830

1940:. They also seized other coastal communities. Around 100,000 French soldiers were deployed in the conquest of Algeria. Algerian armed resistance against the French invasion was mainly divided between forces of 1081:

Colonial development prioritized export oriented production while local industry remained very underdeveloped. There was high development of production for export oriented production, notably of ground nuts in

9243: 3405: 713:

Through alliances with various Native American tribes, the French were able to exert a loose control over much of the North American continent. Areas of French settlement were generally limited to the

921:. François Martin de Vitré was the first Frenchman to write an account of travels to the Far East in 1604, at the request of Henry IV, and from that time numerous accounts on Asia would be published. 3361: 2141:

in 1890–1892, signing treaties of friendship and protection with the rulers of several of the countries he passed through, and gaining much knowledge of the geography and politics of the region.

1960:

conquered Kabyle Province, and pacified the country. By 1860 the European population had grown to 200,000, and lands of native Algerians were being rapidly bought and farmed by the new arrivals.

2764: 2901:), the principle that it was Europe's duty to bring civilisation to benighted peoples. As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably 7423:

Martin Klein, ‘Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan’, in Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.

8825: 733:

in 1713. Back in France, there was relatively little interest in colonialism, which concentrated rather on dominance within Europe, and for most of its history, New France was far behind the

3614:

struggled for control of the colonies, sometimes with outright military combat. By 1943, all of the colonies, except for Indochina under Japanese control, had joined the Free French cause.

9688: 7935:, Direction de la coordination statistique et des relations internationales, Département de la coordination statistique, Division Environnement Juridique de la Statistique (DEJS) (2009). 9236: 529:

within the French Republic. These now total altogether 119,394 km (46,098 sq. miles), with 2.8 million people in 2021. Links between France and its former colonies persist through

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arrived to confront them. Under heavy pressure, the French withdrew, implicitly acknowledging Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. An agreement between the two states recognised the

10142: 1086:. In additional coastal areas, the French set up slave plantations. Initial French development prioritized the building of roads to connect natural resources to harbors and ports. 9485: 7910: 1783:

French Equatorial Africa was a confederation of French colonial possessions in the Sahel and Congo River regions of Africa. Colonies included in French Equatorial Africa include

1260:, which France ceded to Spain as payment for Spain's late entrance into the war (and as compensation for Britain's annexation of Spanish Florida). Also ceded to the British were 12146: 3398: 3440: 9229: 729:

in 1665 that France gave its American colonies the proper means to develop population colonies comparable to that of the British. Acadia itself was lost to the British in the

13815: 2532:, to compel the government to accept the missionaries and to stop the persecution of Catholics. In September 1858 the expeditionary force captured and occupied the port of 1189:, which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. These wars were the 2375:

In contravention of the Jarnac Convention of 1847, the French placed the Leeward Islands under a provisional protectorate by falsely convincing the ruling chiefs that the

5658:, Claude Markovits p. 144: The account of the experiences of François Martin de Vitré "incited the king to create a company in the image of that of the United Provinces" 5021: 3475: 4153:

islands and Africa. In New France, Huguenots were banned from settling in the territory, and Quebec was one of the most staunchly Catholic areas in the world until the

3659:

in Madagascar in 1947. The French blamed education. French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from a low of 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.

13810: 3871:

had replaced formal direct rule. They argued that while de Gaulle was granting independence on one hand, he was maintaining French dominance through the operations of

3391: 6054: 3460: 9681: 6875:

Law as a Tool of Oppression and Liberation: Institutional Histories and Perspectives on Political Independence in Hawaiʻi, Tahiti Nui/French Polynesia and Rapa Nui

3795:, and the number killed became highly controversial estimates that were made for propaganda purposes. Algeria was a three-way conflict due to the large number of " 3631:

The manifesto angered nationalists across the Empire, and set the stage for long-term wars in Indochina and Algeria that France would lose in humiliating fashion.

6873: 7510:

Tony Chafer, "Teaching Africans To Be French?: France's 'civilising mission' and the establishment of a public education system in French West Africa, 1903-30".

2599: 3480: 2567:, rebelled against his sponsors and sought the protection of France. The Thai king granted authority over Cambodia to France, in exchange for two provinces of 2198:. Tensions between Britain and France heightened in Africa. At several points war seemed possible, but no outbreak occurred. The most serious episode was the 7334: 1357:

Meanwhile, France's newly resumed war with Britain resulted in the British capture of practically all remaining French colonies. These were restored at the

13329: 9478: 8110: 865:

encouraged various enterprises to establish trade with the African and Asian continents. In December 1600, a company was formed through the association of

7718: 1232:

and North America, saw a French defeat, with the numerically superior British (over one million to about 50 thousand French settlers) conquering not only

12980: 9674: 3843:

colonies the right they had in the new French Constitution of 1958, as French citizens with equal rights, to choose for their territories to become full

3764:, was violently repressed over a two-year period, with perhaps as many as 100 people killed. However, France formally relinquished its protectorate over 112: 3589: 2497:

became the second most powerful in the world, after Britain's. He also created a new force of colonial troops, including elite units of naval infantry,

3497: 924:

From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré, Henry developed a strong enthusiasm for travel to Asia and attempted to set up a

8212: 6468:

Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.

3115: 3024:

Critics of French colonialism gained an international audience in the 1920s, and often used documentary reportage and access to agencies such as the

2736: 1948:

in the east, who was seeking to reinstate the Deylik of Algiers, and nationalist forces in the west and center. Treaties with the nationalists under

8822: 2965:

and 3.5 million slaves, representing over 30 percent of the total population, within this sparsely populated region." In 1905, the French abolished

13204: 11818: 9198: 7961: 5800: 9471: 7704:

Nash, Gary B., Julie Roy Jeffrey, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, Allan M. Winkler, Charlene Mires, and Carla Gardina Pestana.

4199:, at the end of the 17th century, there were more than 26,000 blacks and 9,000 whites. Bill Marshall wrote, "The first French effort to colonize 3928: 3792: 3652: 809:

by (1650). The food-producing plantations of these colonies were built and sustained through slavery, with the supply of slaves dependent on the

13461: 1006:, the French did establish a few colonies and trading posts on the African continent. Initial French colonization in Africa began in modern-day 11823: 7553:

J.P. Daughton, "Behind the Imperial Curtain: International Humanitarian Efforts and the Critique of French Colonialism in the Interwar Years",

5038: 940:, returned from a circumnavigation of the globe and informed Henry of his adventures. He had visited China and India and had an encounter with 530: 526: 12760: 10637: 8617:

Strother, Christian. "Waging War on Mosquitoes: Scientific Research and the Formation of Mosquito Brigades in French West Africa, 1899–1920".

6424: 3899:

voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and not become independent like the other three islands of the Comoro archipelago.

3647:

with an estimated 6,000 to 45,000 Algerians killed. Unrest in Haiphong, Indochina, in November 1945 was met by a warship bombarding the city.

3594: 3337: 2489:

To carry out his new overseas projects, Napoleon III created a new Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies and appointed an energetic minister,

12947: 7407: 2364:

and, from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners were sent to New Caledonia.

13825: 12775: 2969:

in most of French West Africa. From 1906 to 1911, over a million slaves in French West Africa fled from their masters to earlier homes. In

1566:

Between the years of 1914 to 1921 the Zaian Confederation of Berber Tribes, primarily from the Atlas Mountain region of Morocco, staged an

13050: 13040: 8019: 2360:(Nouméa) was founded 25 June 1854. A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years, but New Caledonia became a 1976:

courts. This was interpreted by some Muslims as requiring them to give up parts of their religion to obtain citizenship and was resented.

1318:

True disaster came to what remained of France's colonial empire in 1791 when Saint Domingue (the Western third of the Caribbean island of

9111:

Hodson, Christopher, and Brett Rushforth, "Absolutely Atlantic: Colonialism and the Early Modern French State in Recent Historiography",

3849: 3032:

to make their protests heard. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. Major critics included

12544: 11833: 11828: 10231: 9964: 4264:

government confiscated their farms and land properties. In November 2004, several thousand of the estimated 14,000 French nationals in

4180:. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000. 2795: 317: 1549: 1361:

in 1802, but when war resumed in 1803, the British soon recaptured them. France's 1800 recovery of Louisiana from Spain in the secret

12635: 9932: 8187: 13451: 2832:

politicians, intellectuals and writers began using the phrase "colonial empire", linking it to republicanism and the French nation.

833:. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue grew to be the richest sugar colony in the Caribbean. The eastern half of Hispaniola (today's 13830: 13264: 11926: 8336:

Cogneau, Denis, et al. "Taxation in Africa from Colonial Times to Present Evidence from former French colonies 1900-2018." (2021):

2202:

of 1898. French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan, and a British force purporting to act in the interests of the

1273: 1157: 793: 9016: 8790: 8536: 936:, giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years. No ships were sent, however, until 1616. In 1609, another adventurer, 12973: 12410: 12156: 5026: 3538: 2638:(1871–1940) that most of France's later colonial possessions were acquired. From their base in Cochinchina, the French took over 1220:

Although the War of the Austrian Succession was indecisive – despite French successes in India under the French Governor-General

8668: 2917:" in Senegal. In most cases, the elected deputies were white Frenchmen, although there were some blacks, such as the Senegalese 12072: 1733:. He built schools, bridges, and systems to supply fresh water to the towns. He also introduced the large-scale cultivation of 987: 518: 13319: 12656: 12121: 3211: 2779: 12755: 12715: 12022: 11590: 10972: 10166: 9607: 8607: 8555: 8521: 8147: 8046: 6972: 6937: 6843: 6760: 6683: 6616: 6500: 6461: 6307: 6180: 5050: 3455: 3108: 999: 655:, prevented any constant efforts by France to settle colonies. Early French attempts to found colonies in Brazil, in 1555 at 2677: 845: 13466: 12735: 12116: 12004: 11780: 9191: 8273: 5867:"Flux du sang et sauterelles: How the People and Environment of Madagascar Thwarted French Commercial Expansion[1]" 3507: 3349: 2944: 2799: 11496: 3617:

The overseas empire helped liberate France as 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French. However

11803: 10110: 9648: 9497: 7070: 5691: 4988: 4320: 2727:, was in part motivated by British apprehension at France advancing and gaining possession of territories near to Burma. 631: 412: 8905:

Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. "The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885–1914".

1078:

emphasis on controlling seaports, the French sought to forcibly extract enslaved people to send them abroad for profit.

13334: 13137: 12966: 12337: 11642: 10642: 8137: 7578: 7458:

B. Olatunji Oloruntimehin, "Education for Colonial Dominance in French West Africa from 1900 to the Second World War."

6898: 6017: 5158: 4360: 3682:

in northern Vietnam, which was the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War.

3000:

In Algeria, the debate was polarized. The French set up schools based on the scientific method and French culture. The

1386: 1112:, France took control of Mauritius, which it renamed the Island of France in 1721. Furthermore, France took control of 814: 771:

As the French empire in North America grew, the French also began to build a smaller but more profitable empire in the

502: 17: 9101:

Greer, Allan. "National, Transnational, and Hypernational Historiographies: New France Meets Early American History",

8356:

Evans, Martin. "From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since Napoleon". in Martin S. Alexander, ed.,

3783:

had marked the period between the two world wars, but both sides radicalised after the Second World War. In 1945, the

1979: 13563: 13361: 12264: 10286: 9802: 8402: 8320: 7828: 7801: 7256: 7113: 7081: 7055: 6650: 6557: 6140: 5984: 5634: 5435: 5300: 5273: 5246: 5219: 5190: 5166: 5129: 5104: 4591: 3029: 2819:

civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. France's leading expansionist

2393: 2338: 2320: 2319:

people and the French from 1844 to 1847 as France attempted to consolidate their rule and extend their rule into the

2241: 1153: 9064:

Dwyer, Philip. "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars",

7181:

Christina Carroll (Winter 2018). "Republican Imperialisms: Narrating the History of "Empire" in France, 1885–1900".

4161:

population, which numbers in the millions, is descended almost entirely from New France's small settler population.

13745: 13600: 13446: 13324: 13269: 13132: 12745: 12431: 12390: 12179: 9792: 6788:

T. G. Otte, "From 'War-in-Sight' to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898",

4203:, in 1763, failed utterly when tropical diseases and climate killed all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers." 4128:

Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the Americas, except for the

3757: 3738: 3577: 3101: 1105:. Reunion Island was first settled in 1642 and was administered by the French East India Company starting in 1665. 12891: 2016:. The conquest of Algeria was fully completed in 1903 with the French in control of all Saharan lands in Algeria. 13805: 13800: 12620: 12194: 12111: 11855: 11268: 9762: 9184: 9154: 6835: 4633: 718: 10430: 7228:

L. Abrams and D. J. Miller, "Who Were the French Colonialists? A Reassessment of the Parti Colonial, 1890-1914"

6104: 2774: 2003:

In 1871, in response to prolonged famine and the French authorities' discriminatory treatment of Algerians, the

1941: 1629: 12927: 12537: 12184: 12101: 11813: 10137: 9812: 9279: 9274: 9106: 8435:

Newbury, C. W.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1969). "French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa".

8097: 7757: 7392: 4938: 4659: 4372: 4366: 3932: 2933:, justified this ideology by falsely claiming that people of color were biologically inferior to white people. 2230: 1607: 1516: 1190: 1031:

began in 1626, although formal colonies and trading posts were not established until 1659 with the founding of

8740:

The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco

2815:

in Egypt. They tried to oppose its completion by diplomatic pressures and by promoting revolts among workers.

759: 78: 13558: 13511: 13501: 13486: 13309: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13010: 12666: 12582: 12174: 11706: 9925: 8089:

France and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia. N – Z, index

6674:

Bernard Droz, « Insurrection de 1871: la révolte de Mokrani », dans Jeannine Verdès-Leroux (dir.),

5408: 3702: 2272: 1362: 1178: 902: 13750: 13496: 13416: 13299: 13147: 12881: 12610: 12577: 12374: 12082: 11701: 11585: 10024: 9785: 9538: 4621: 3848:

it in 1960. There are still a few former colonies that chose to remain part of France, under the status of

3788: 3689:

Captured French soldiers from Dien Bien Phu, escorted by Vietnamese troops, walk to a prisoner-of-war camp.

2658:

between France and Vietnam's Nguyen dynasty in 1883. These, together with Cambodia and Cochinchina, formed

2587: 2529: 2490: 2289: 1709:, carried out by the rulers of the small kingdoms of the interior, as well as elite families, until France 1581:. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921 Spanish forces were massacred at the 1554: 1214: 821:

of 1660. France's most important Caribbean colonial possession was established in 1664, when the colony of

404:

in 1830. On the eve of World War I, France's colonial empire was the second largest in the world after the

13775: 5916:

Mimi Sheller, "The 'Haytian Fear': Racial Projects and Competing Reactions to the First Black Republic."

4490: 1753: 13426: 13396: 12806: 12625: 12615: 12136: 11711: 10748: 10105: 9780: 9767: 8279:

Burrows, Mathew (1986). "'Mission civilisatrice': French Cultural Policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914".

6992: 4639: 4627: 4576: 3831: 3083: 2791: 2647: 2541: 2349: 2145: 1969: 1484: 1003: 331: 12901: 9006: 8865:

Andrew, Christopher M., and Alexander Sydney Kanya-Forstner. "France, Africa, and the First World War".

8728:

Cooper, Frederick. "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation".

6273: 6001:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed

5960:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed

5931:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed

4340: 3919:(grouping five separate colonies and protectorates), with 23.0 million, the general governorate of 2768: 2571:, which were ceded by Cambodia to Thailand. In 1867, Cambodia formally became a protectorate of France. 898: 13605: 13568: 13516: 13411: 13391: 13386: 13366: 13177: 13082: 12937: 12705: 12671: 12587: 12279: 11984: 9450: 8772: 8386: 7843: 7471:

James E. Genova, "Conflicted missionaries: power and identity in French West Africa during the 1930s".

7361:

De l'Indigénat. Anatomie d'un monstre juridique: Le Droit colonial en Algérie et dans l'Empire français

7288:

Winnacker, Rudolph A. (1938). "Elections in Algeria and the French Colonies under the Third Republic".

4665: 3502: 3383: 3301: 3158: 3017: 2983: 2953: 2689: 2622: 2510: 2465: 2126: 1925: 1611: 1530: 1520: 1491: 1346: 401: 392:

that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "

12661: 6210: 3807:

returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the French soldiers and settlers out of Algeria by 1962.

3435: 1745:

and a model colony. Dakar became one of the most important cities of the French Empire and of Africa.

1294: 1221: 668: 13835: 13735: 13700: 13695: 13406: 13254: 12861: 12836: 12725: 12720: 12567: 12530: 12473: 12300: 11669: 10817: 10381: 10029: 9890: 9885: 9653: 4993: 4834: 4165: 3644: 3470: 3378: 3313: 3204: 2835:

Most Frenchmen ignored foreign affairs and colonial issues. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the

2606: 1726: 1538:

elite and Sultan were both left in control while being strongly influenced by the French government.

1342: 1311: 1237: 1202: 1044: 1019: 975: 925: 675:"), were not successful, due to a lack of official interest and to Portuguese and Spanish vigilance. 389: 9019:; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan. 8775:. "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962", 8039:

The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804

7846:, "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962", 3746: 3730: 874: 497:

took control of the overseas colonies one-by-one and used them as bases from which they prepared to

12831: 12826: 12816: 12367: 12295: 12247: 11883: 11773: 11627: 11602: 11452: 11111: 11106: 9918: 9872: 9371: 8793:; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan 4828: 4692: 4440: 4276: 3936: 3694: 3296: 3045: 2949: 2655: 2157: 2092: 1774: 1334: 1186: 788: 784: 740:

In 1699, French territorial claims in North America expanded still further, with the foundation of

730: 679: 514: 13730: 12871: 9134: 8767: 8673:

Winnacker, R. A. (1938). "Elections in Algeria and the French Colonies under the Third Republic."

7404: 5669: 5624: 5315:

Mathew Burrows, "'Mission civilisatrice': French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914."

3887:), which became independent in 1977. There also were complications and delays in the New Hebrides 2893:

A hallmark of the French colonial project in the late 19th century and early 20th century was the

513:

proved very expensive and France lost both colonies. After these conflicts, a relatively peaceful

13820: 13705: 13690: 13491: 13371: 12932: 12866: 12821: 12811: 12785: 12730: 12710: 12478: 12106: 12077: 11850: 11694: 11575: 11116: 11069: 11012: 10711: 10655: 10403: 7484:

Louisa Rice, "Between empire and nation: francophone West African students and decolonization."

6521: 5211: 5060: 4288: 4188: 3679: 3272: 3216: 2755:. The Ottoman authorities in Lebanon could not stop the violence, and it spread into neighboring 2720: 1730: 1338: 937: 858: 791:

in the eastern Caribbean also fell under increasing French settlement from the early 1630s. The

652: 525:, which endured until 1958. Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as 436: 93: 8972:

Martin, Guy (1985). "The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy".

8249:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

8023: 7997: 7105:

No Ordinary General: Lt. General Sir Henry Bunbury (1778–1860) : the Best Soldier Historian

6492: 2842: 2807:(1861–65) on the side of the South. The British also felt threatened by the construction of the 1050: 837:) also came under French rule for a short period, after being given to France by Spain in 1795. 642:

in the early 16th century, as well as the frequent voyages of French boats and fishermen to the

13541: 12841: 12698: 12441: 12426: 12067: 11994: 11974: 11949: 11889: 11840: 11716: 11617: 11300: 11248: 11168: 11101: 11005: 10990: 10883: 10650: 10604: 10445: 10332: 9844: 9597: 9587: 9518: 8711: 8337: 4822: 3800: 3562: 3255: 3231: 2783: 2701: 2693: 2461: 2210:. The British were to maintain control over Egypt, while France remained the dominant power in 2195: 2194:, France aimed to establish a continuous west–east axis across the continent, in contrast with 1277: 1210: 929: 741: 698:, which was to become the capital of the enormous, but sparsely settled, fur-trading colony of 635: 603: 428: 13381: 7818: 7568: 7103: 7045: 6640: 6606: 6085: 5290: 5236: 5094: 2625:, in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to house the French Governor-General of Indochina. 2519:

French missionaries had been active in Vietnam since the 17th century, when the Jesuit priest

13640: 13259: 13157: 13152: 12446: 12357: 12342: 11647: 11607: 11420: 11295: 10359: 10349: 10308: 10279: 10004: 9734: 9528: 7246: 6962: 6750: 6547: 6453:

Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden

6451: 6248: 6130: 5974: 5592: 5575: 5425: 5263: 5009: 4983: 4734: 2635: 2134: 2096: 1350: 1253: 734: 647: 451:, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. Especially after the disastrous 103: 11535: 8873:

Andrew, C. M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1976). "French Business and the French Colonialists".

7980: 7872:

Histoire occultée de la décolonisation franco-africaine: Imposture, refoulements et névroses

7791: 3557: 3221: 1705:, and a handful of trading posts in the interior. The economy had largely been based on the 1654:

French West Africa was a confederation of eight other French colonial territories including

672: 13630: 13553: 13521: 13249: 13087: 13020: 12790: 12681: 12488: 12456: 12352: 12209: 12126: 12032: 11740: 11570: 11540: 11415: 11346: 11317: 11236: 10570: 10408: 10398: 8203: 7335:"Le colonialisme : épisode 1/2 du podcast Colonialisme, l'idée noire de la République" 5505:

Helen Dewar, "Canada or Guadeloupe?: French and British Perceptions of Empire, 1760–1762."

5004: 3972: 3519: 3170: 2812: 2328:

continued to be ruled under the protectorate. A clause to the war settlement, known as the

2028: 1984: 1953: 1952:

enabled the French to focus on the defeating of the remnants of the Deylik during the 1837

1945: 1710: 1702: 1404:

Animated map showing the growth and decline of the first and second French colonial empires

1185:

In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and

1032: 952: 498: 37: 11520: 8780: 8764:

Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire

7851: 3678:. The war dragged on until 1954, when the Viet Minh decisively defeated the French at the 3545: 3325: 2848: 1280:

in 1783, but not nearly as much as had been hoped for at the time of French intervention.

1162: 678:

The story of France's colonial empire truly began on 27 July 1605, with the foundation of

8: 13755: 13725: 13720: 13506: 13421: 13376: 13229: 12886: 12876: 12780: 12740: 12511: 12461: 12451: 12317: 12274: 11989: 11959: 11939: 11877: 11766: 11432: 11312: 11278: 11180: 11000: 10995: 10807: 10526: 10462: 10337: 10322: 10200: 9523: 9356: 9317: 9261: 9131:

Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire

8962:

A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930

8600:

The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956

8429:

Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism: anti-colonial protest in the French empire

8344:

A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930

7915: 7497:

Barbara DeGorge, "The modernization of education: A case study of Tunisia and Morocco".

7276:

The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956

5756: 5489: 5055: 4816: 4550: 4192: 4018: 3908: 3742: 3675: 3572: 3277: 3243: 2966: 2826: 2752: 2631: 2591: 2520: 2413: 2312: 2191: 1882: 1476: 1198: 1194: 1062: 956: 928:

on the model of England and the Netherlands. On 1 June 1604, he issued letters patent to

810: 691: 599: 575: 506: 452: 424: 221: 33: 11148: 11138: 10019: 9168: 8368: 7540:

Alf Andrew Heggoy, and Paul J. Zingg, "French education in revolutionary North Africa".

5549: 4722: 4176:

population. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of

2341:

which ended in 1897. These conflicts and the annexation of other Pacific islands formed

1054: 13715: 13526: 13314: 13304: 13274: 13209: 13127: 13045: 12605: 11964: 11895: 11545: 11525: 11508: 11459: 11324: 11133: 11084: 11017: 10935: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10822: 10792: 10684: 10582: 10450: 10425: 9865: 9775: 9724: 9630: 9617: 9548: 9346: 9297: 9289: 9089: 9047:

Bennington, Alice. "Writing Empire? The Reception of Post-Colonial Studies in France".

8989: 8948: 8890: 8646: 8460: 8452: 8416: 8408: 8296: 7432:

Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press, p. 878

7313: 7305: 7198: 6731: 6485: 6401: 6354: 6186: 5768: 5450:

Steven R. Pendery, "A Survey of French Fortifications in the New World, 1530–1650." in

5383: 4961: 4918: 4785: 4773: 4740: 4615: 4414: 4402: 4378: 4345: 3923:(grouping eight separate colonies), with 14.9 million, the general governorate of 3920: 3876: 3485: 3289: 3236: 2930: 2902: 2894: 2804: 2667: 2153: 1742: 1734: 1675: 1667: 1645: 1374: 1366: 1326:, caused partly by the divisions among the island's elite, which had resulted from the 1323: 1289: 1023: 862: 834: 714: 660: 607: 583: 562: 473: 465: 432: 208: 8812:

Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention

8581: 8577: 8533:

A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires

7758:"The Ambiguous Legacy of Ngô Đình Diệm in South Vietnam's Second Republic (1967–1975)" 7570:

Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention

6300:

The Emergence of Classes in Algeria: A Study of Colonialism and Socio-Political Change

5716: 3734: 3718: 3685: 2681:

French colonial infantry marching through the French Concession in Tianjin during the

2367: 752:, was maintained through a vast system of fortifications, many of them centred in the 748:. The extensive trading network throughout the region connected to Canada through the 13710: 13635: 12765: 12493: 12436: 12220: 11911: 11845: 11654: 11550: 11486: 11481: 11410: 11307: 11022: 10950: 10945: 10787: 10716: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10489: 10440: 10147: 10095: 10034: 9839: 9822: 9445: 9440: 9093: 8993: 8894: 8603: 8551: 8517: 8510: 8464: 8420: 8398: 8365:

Contesting French West Africa: Battles over Schools and the Colonial Order, 1900–1950

8316: 8300: 8256:

Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914

8162: 8143: 8093: 8042: 7955: 7824: 7820:

The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars: Conflicts that Changed World History

7797: 7574: 7388: 7317: 7252: 7202: 7109: 7077: 7051: 6968: 6943: 6933: 6890: 6849: 6839: 6756: 6723: 6679: 6646: 6612: 6553: 6496: 6457: 6393: 6358: 6346: 6303: 6190: 6176: 6136: 6073: 5980: 5886: 5882: 5844: 5760: 5630: 5431: 5387: 5375: 5296: 5269: 5242: 5215: 5186: 5162: 5135: 5125: 5100: 5014: 4999: 4955: 4869: 4863: 4478: 4384: 4210:, ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and 3940: 3804: 3726: 3656: 3618: 3567: 3330: 3284: 3265: 3260: 3187: 3075: 3054:, when various parts were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in 3025: 2906: 2329: 2293: 2281: 2116: 1937: 1839: 1778: 1706: 1655: 1327: 1090: 1015: 890: 745: 611: 490: 396:", that existed until 1814, by which time most of it had been lost or sold, and the " 97: 11954: 10152: 8540: 7619:

Joseph R. De Benoist, "The Brazzaville Conference, or Involuntary Decolonization".

6695:

Shillington, Kevin (1995). "North and north-east Africa in the nineteenth century".

6055:"What Moroccan Schools Do Not Teach About the Toxic Legacy of France's Protectorate" 5826: 4520: 3875:, his counsellor for African matters. Foccart supported in particular Biafra in the 3784: 3761: 2214:. Still, it is commonly believed that France suffered a humiliating defeat overall. 1862: 13548: 13077: 12942: 12676: 12640: 12553: 12483: 12362: 12312: 12252: 12052: 12042: 11901: 11503: 11290: 11285: 11241: 11228: 11158: 11126: 11121: 10985: 10980: 10962: 10923: 10856: 10839: 10780: 10770: 10765: 10706: 10662: 10632: 10592: 10575: 10558: 10521: 10272: 10186: 10014: 9754: 9719: 9399: 9081: 8981: 8940: 8882: 8444: 8390: 8288: 7772: 7297: 7190: 6882: 6752:

The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890–1898

6487:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

6385: 6336: 6168: 5878: 5834: 5752: 5365: 5355: 4857: 4810: 4609: 4556: 4526: 4316: 4272: 4158: 4154: 3916: 3835: 3714: 3698: 3250: 3199: 3165: 3051: 2659: 2643: 2421: 2342: 2203: 2199: 2184: 2009: 1886: 1866: 1591: 1582: 1358: 753: 579: 538: 440: 247: 158: 10156: 9035:

The French Colonial Mind, Volume 2: Violence, Military Encounters, and Colonialism

6573: 5866: 5360: 5343: 2284:

was made a French protectorate in 1842, and annexed as a colony of France in 1880.

13740: 13685: 13536: 13531: 13239: 13142: 12896: 12750: 12693: 12686: 12204: 12199: 11721: 11689: 11562: 11530: 11513: 11469: 11464: 11442: 11437: 11395: 11388: 11363: 11223: 11218: 11059: 10940: 10834: 10829: 10797: 10622: 10612: 10506: 10499: 10494: 10479: 10435: 10317: 10303: 10205: 10176: 9941: 9834: 9817: 9351: 9329: 9158: 9031:

The French Colonial Mind, Volume 1: Mental Maps of Empire and Colonial Encounters

8829: 8310: 8088: 7411: 7383: 6927: 6829: 5412: 5045: 4597: 4562: 4538: 4472: 4426: 3872: 3803:). The political crisis in France caused the collapse of the Fourth Republic, as 3729:

under pressure from Ho. However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister,

3524: 3465: 3450: 3445: 3180: 3153: 3148: 3143: 2925: 2682: 2651: 2583: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2292:

responded to complaints of the mistreatment of French Catholic missionary in the

2173: 1949: 1890: 1874: 1812: 1718: 1683: 1409: 1206: 918: 818: 707: 639: 423:

in the 16th century but lost most of its possessions following its defeat in the

373: 191: 126: 60: 12027: 11143: 5520:

French roots in the Illinois country: The Mississippi frontier in colonial times

4292: 3866: 3036:, Félicien Challaye, and Paul Monet, whose books and articles were widely read. 2885: 2823:

was out of office, and Paris allowed London to take effective control of Egypt.

2456: 1546:

agriculturalists while leaving Moroccan farms at a technological disadvantage.

993: 13665: 13615: 13279: 13244: 13234: 13015: 12911: 12327: 12269: 11916: 11664: 11659: 11622: 11597: 11580: 11491: 11476: 11447: 11405: 11253: 11213: 11208: 11163: 11089: 11049: 11039: 11029: 10844: 10723: 10617: 10484: 10366: 10192: 10132: 9580: 9571: 9533: 9409: 9334: 9302: 9269: 9085: 8918:

The Selling of the Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890–1940

8750: 7866:, Ed. Pierre-Marcel Favre-ABC, 1983, p.211, Mbajum, Samuel and Sanmarco, Louis 7646: 7141:

K. Bell, "British Policy towards the Construction of the Suez Canal, 1859–65",

5571: 4933: 4896: 4746: 4671: 4570: 4532: 4420: 4390: 4354: 4295:, other populations of French ancestry outside metropolitan France include the 4184: 4134: 3944: 3924: 3860: 3640: 3377:

The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to Free France and the Allies by 1943.

3033: 2839:, a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of only 5,000 members. 2744: 2524: 2357: 2308: 2245: 2161: 2056: 2004: 1911: 1870: 1694: 1679: 1659: 1490:

The beginnings of the second French colonial empire were laid in 1830 with the

1449: 1167: 933: 910: 878: 870: 822: 656: 587: 405: 10126: 9729: 9061:

ed. by Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, (Oxford UP, 2009) pp. 137–61.

8985: 8886: 8733: 8448: 8292: 6341: 6324: 6172: 2700:) was set up. Both concessions lasted until 1946. The French also had smaller 2474:

doubled the area of the French overseas Empire; he established French rule in

1240:), but also most of France's West Indian (Caribbean) colonies, and all of the 960: 13794: 13620: 13401: 12906: 12242: 12062: 12037: 11745: 11632: 11427: 11400: 11373: 11351: 11329: 11096: 11079: 11064: 10908: 10861: 10849: 10775: 10667: 10541: 10536: 10511: 10393: 10181: 10087: 10054: 9974: 9829: 9422: 9339: 9312: 9013:

Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013

8787:

Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013

8383:

Francophonie and the Orient: French-Asian Transcultural Crossings (1840-1940)

7529:

Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines

7194: 6947: 6894: 6727: 6397: 6350: 5890: 5848: 5839: 5764: 5379: 4910: 4851: 4779: 4544: 4458: 4396: 4302: 4200: 4122: 3968: 3964: 3892: 3706: 3648: 3308: 3226: 3175: 2986:

and other young radicals in Paris formed the French Communist party in 1920.

2918: 2914: 2475: 2417: 2376: 2353: 2222: 2218: 2129:

helped to formalise French control in Gabon and on the northern banks of the

1878: 1792: 1725:, established and protected telegraph lines and roads, followed these with a 1663: 1429: 1425: 1341:, held their own against French and British opponents. The French launched a 948: 776: 664: 615: 472:, declared: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a 291: 162: 12958: 11173: 11153: 9122:(N. Bancel, P. Blanchard, & D. Thomas, Eds.). Indiana University Press. 8805:

The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France

8381:

Kang, Mathilde (2018). "II The affirmation of the French presence in Asia".

8312:

The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?

7998:"T1 – Évolution générale de la situation démographique - Séries depuis 1901" 7776: 6853: 5402:

The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization?

5265:

The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?

5139: 2179: 1306: 13650: 13645: 12630: 12047: 11906: 11637: 11378: 11368: 11334: 11263: 11258: 11185: 10975: 10957: 10918: 10913: 10893: 10888: 10760: 10753: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10627: 10565: 10546: 10531: 10467: 9860: 9714: 9706: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9307: 8706:

The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization

8412: 7793:

Algerian War and the French Army, 1954–62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies

5478:

Skyscrapers hide the heavens: A history of Indian-white relations in Canada

4943: 4875: 4647: 4603: 4452: 4446: 4432: 4408: 4245: 3951:

Non-European French citizens lived essentially in the four "old colonies" (

3907:

French census statistics from 1936 show an imperial population, outside of

3895:

remains a special case under French suzerainty. The Indian Ocean island of

3827: 3819: 3780: 3776: 3611: 3420: 3416: 3079: 2910: 2671: 2471: 2445: 2389: 2361: 2169: 2048: 2040: 2024: 1903: 1788: 1784: 1687: 1671: 1586: 1445: 1299: 1241: 1225: 968: 850: 722: 522: 510: 420: 385: 345: 278: 234: 8041:, Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, pp. 319–322, 5096:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

3992: 2297: 2277: 1400: 1209:(1803–1815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the 195: 13655: 13122: 12468: 11356: 11341: 11190: 10903: 10812: 10802: 10728: 10376: 10371: 10044: 9592: 9379: 9251: 9176: 8966:

Trading Places: Colonization & Slavery in 18th-Century French Culture

8817:

Smith, Tony. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization".

8221:

Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991

7936: 6480: 4966: 4948: 4928: 4751: 4728: 4464: 4324: 4265: 4257: 4224: 4169: 4146: 3796: 3750: 3710: 3693:

Following the Vietnamese victory at Điện Biên Phủ and the signing of the

3663: 3607: 3125: 2990: 2820: 2724: 2549: 2494: 2479: 2237: 2130: 2108: 2076: 2052: 2013: 1933: 1920: 1796: 1738: 1714: 1649: 1574: 1498: estimates that 825,000 Algerians died during the conquest by 1875. 1495: 1453: 1421: 1265: 1109: 806: 780: 772: 749: 695: 687: 643: 622: 494: 469: 447:. As it developed, the new French empire took on roles of trade with the 146: 8853:

Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960

8834:

Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58."

8394: 7515: 6735: 6711: 3705:, with control of the north given to the Soviet-backed Viet Minh as the 3413: 3093: 2334: 2059:

by around the start of the 20th century (including the modern states of

13456: 12395: 12057: 11789: 11383: 11200: 11074: 11034: 10967: 10243: 9984: 9979: 9566: 9505: 9123: 8925:

Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France

8910: 8900: 8755:

Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France".

7309: 7233: 6886: 6803:

France under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1930)

6405: 6373: 5452:

First Forts: Essays on the Archaeology of Proto-colonial Fortifications

5031: 4798: 4716: 4704: 4484: 4196: 4177: 3960: 3956: 3722: 3531: 3059: 3012: 2970: 2808: 2149: 2120: 2060: 1835: 1761: 1748: 1461: 1417: 1413: 1319: 1249: 1233: 1117: 1074: 1040: 1011: 866: 830: 802: 798: 726: 699: 595: 591: 571: 557: 435:. France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, concentrating chiefly 12347: 9994: 9151: 8952: 8855:(Doubleday, 1971), scholarly analysis of French policies, pp 265–469.. 8839: 8592: 8456: 8375:

Imperial Heights: Dalat and the Making and Undoing of French Indochina

8351:

Civilizing habits: Women missionaries and the revival of French empire

7442: 6881:(MA thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 32–51. 6374:"The Occupation of Algiers in 1830: A Study in Anglo-French Diplomacy" 6165:

Colonialism, Neo-Colonialism, and Anti-Terrorism Law in the Arab World

6018:"Morocco - Decline of traditional government (1830–1912) | Britannica" 5772: 5568:

Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1

5370: 4508: 4191:, the first ruler of an independent Haiti (St. Domingue), ordered the 3952: 2827:

Evolution in the use of the term Empire between the years of 1870–1939

1854: 1826: 1579:

armed resistance against the Spanish and French for control of Morocco

1441: 1124: 1094: 544: 13610: 13595: 12405: 12400: 12307: 12257: 12226: 12189: 11273: 11044: 10928: 10898: 10679: 10553: 10344: 10249: 8716:

Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century

8640:

French East India companies: A historical account and record of trade

8626:

The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society

7706:

The American People, Concise Edition Creating a Nation and a Society,

7527:

David E. Gardinier, "Schooling in the states of equatorial Africa".

6132:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

5342:

Barclay, Fiona; Chopin, Charlotte Ann; Evans, Martin (3 April 2018).

4923: 4675: 4514: 4307: 4237: 4211: 4173: 4150: 4142: 4129: 3701:, while stipulating that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 3001: 2937: 2705: 2429: 2405: 2316: 2148:, a military expedition, set out from Senegal in 1898 to conquer the 2138: 2032: 1858: 1713:

in its colonies in 1848. In 1854, Napoleon III named an enterprising

1567: 1469: 1257: 1113: 1102: 1098: 901:, who managed to return to France in 1611. The second ship, carrying 534: 483: 448: 427:. The North American possessions were lost to Britain and Spain, but 416: 117:

The First (light blue) and Second (dark blue) French colonial empires

9427: 7301: 6716:

Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society

6389: 1693:

At the beginning of Napoleon III's reign, the presence of France in

1412:, most of France's colonies were restored to it by Britain, notably 13660: 12522: 12322: 10674: 10457: 10415: 10354: 9739: 9556: 8944: 6964:

France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer

6325:"THE CONGRESS SYSTEM AND THE FRENCH INVASION OF ALGIERS, 1827–1830" 4297: 4280: 4253: 4118: 3984: 3884: 3667: 3373: 2997:

in French West Africa with its promise of equality with Europeans.

2973:

over 500,000 slaves were freed following French abolition in 1896.

2760: 2564: 2556: 2483: 2441: 2261: 2156:. This expedition operated jointly with two other expeditions, the 2112: 2104: 1808: 1370: 894: 567: 286: 170: 166: 12771:

Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

12332: 9576: 9024:

Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire

8678: 8139:

France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation

7885:

Black Africa and de Gaulle: From the French Empire to Independence

5905:

The scratch of a pen: 1763 and the transformation of North America

5427:

Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire

5405: 3980: 2723:, in which Britain conquered and annexed the hitherto independent 1698: 1634: 1480: 1173: 1058: 1036: 1018:. Initial French colonial projects, partially administered by the 626:

French North America was known as 'Nouvelle France' or New France.

13625: 12214: 10587: 10516: 10472: 10327: 10237: 9989: 9625: 9561: 9417: 9361: 9163: 9146: 8488:

French-speaking West Africa: From Colonial Status to Independence

8270:

Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914

8178:

Langley, Michael. "Bizerta to the Bight: The French in Africa".

7248:

Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914

7128:

David Brown, "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865",

5827:"Mascareignes et Seychelles, archipels créoles de l'océan Indien" 4976: 4757: 4698: 4502: 4496: 4261: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4183:

In 1787, there were 30,000 white colonists on France's colony of

4168:

settled in South Africa. Most of these originally settled in the

3896: 3888: 3772: 3765: 3671: 3071: 3067: 3063: 2740: 2697: 2560: 2533: 2498: 2397: 2381: 2304: 2253: 2226: 2211: 2165: 2064: 2044: 1988: 1915: 1850: 1846: 1757: 1638: 1603: 1578: 1512: 1433: 1261: 1229: 1083: 1070: 1028: 1007: 964: 914: 444: 260: 154: 85: 10388: 7217:

Grandeur And Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914–1940

4114: 3810: 3697:, France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in 2172:

respectively. With the death (April 1900) of the Muslim warlord

1272:

Some recovery of the French colonial empire was made during the

783:

in 1625 (the island had to be shared with the English until the

11871: 10420: 10295: 9602: 9513: 9322: 9120:

The Colonial Legacy in France: Fracture, Rupture, and Apartheid

7937:"Le code officiel géographique (COG), avant, pendant et autour" 7443:

Inadequacies of the notion of assimilation in African education

6926:

Matsuda, Matt K. (2005). "Society Islands: Tahitian Archives".

4971: 4804: 4284: 4219: 4138: 3839: 2709: 2639: 2545: 2537: 2325: 2068: 2019: 1973: 1525: 1457: 1373:

that holding Louisiana would not be worth the cost, leading to

998:

Although initial French colonization primarily occurred in the

906: 767:(West Indies) 12 Diniers copper Sous (w/1793 "RF" counterstamp) 683: 381: 9696: 8587:

Schnerb, Robert. "Napoleon III and the Second French Empire."

7927: 7925: 7719:"Playboy, bon vivant and the last emperor of Vietnam: Bao Dai" 3939:(grouping four separate colonies), with 3.9 million, and 2523:

opened a mission there. In 1858 the Vietnamese emperor of the

2464:, the Algerian military leader who led a struggle against the 2307:

in protest against the French and tried to enlist the help of

1322:), France's richest and most important colony, was riven by a 1089:

Additional initial French settlements were established on the

787:

in 1713, when it was ceded outright). The current isle of the

11758: 11054: 9744: 9635: 8931:

Confer, Vincent (1964). "French Colonial Ideas before 1789".

8846:

Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's imperial states

8196:

Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940

7985:. Statistique générale de la France (SGF). 1939. p. 258. 7932: 5533:

Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy

5155:

The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife

4710: 4653: 4145:, both (at the time) French possessions, and colonies in the 4137:

French populations led to the settlement of the provinces of

3976: 3815: 3639:

France was immediately confronted with the beginnings of the

3055: 2865: 2756: 2748: 2713: 2401: 2385: 2249: 2100: 2084: 2080: 2051:. Gradually, French control crystallised over much of North, 1722: 1621:

and centralized power into a French colonial administration.

941: 826: 775:. Settlement along the South American coast in what is today 150: 136: 5423: 2875: 1395: 7922: 6777:

The Killer Trail: A Colonial Scandal in the Heart of Africa

6712:"The Dark Side of Beau Geste -- the invasion of the Sahara" 6167:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 163–176, 3670:, which was backed by the Soviet Union and China, declared 2663: 2568: 2257: 2088: 2072: 1559: 1142: 829:) was founded on the western half of the Spanish island of 10264: 9493: 7019:

The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans

6960: 6236:

Double Impact: France and Africa in the age of imperialism

4214:, to live in mainland France. It is estimated that 20,000 4195:

remaining on the island. Out of the 40,000 inhabitants on

3931:

and four Saharan territories), with 7.2 million, the

2412:

At this time, the French also established colonies in the

1337:

and then, following his capture by the French in 1801, by

8665:

In God's Empire: French Missionaries in the Modern World

7405:

Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 1905–1914

5288: 4244:

in the largest relocation of population in Europe since

2989:

Tunisia was exceptional. The colony was administered by

2936:

Elsewhere, in the largest and most populous colonies, a

1830:

Engraving celebrating the conquest of Madagascar in 1895

1228:– the Seven Years' War, after early French successes in 505:

began to challenge European authority. Major revolts in

8800:(Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp 7708:

Combined Volume (6th Edition). New York: Longman, 2007.

5022:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

8619:

Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences

8235:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

7898:

Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion

7072:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

6932:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–112. 5623:

Lach, Donald F; Van Kley, Edwin J (15 December 1998).

5344:"Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria" 5081:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

3997:

Population of the French Empire between 1919 and 1939

3912:

South Pacific, and 0.6 million in the Caribbean.

2236:

The French made their last major colonial gains after

737:

colonies in both population and economic development.

8434: 6831:

To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania

6211:"Tunisia - The protectorate (1881–1956) | Britannica" 6161:"The Colonial and Neo-Colonial Experience in Tunisia" 6128: 5871:

Proceedings of the Western Society for French History

5594:

The Cambridge History of the British Empire, volume 2

3915:

The largest colonies were the general governorate of

3760:'s insurrection, which started in 1955 and headed by 3643:

movement. In Algeria demonstrations in May 1945 were

2798:, the British foreign minister from 1846 to 1851 and 2654:) and made them become French protectorates with the 2536:, and then in February 1859 moved south and captured 917:, but was captured by the Dutch on the return leg at 27:

Overseas territories controlled by France (1534–1980)

13816:

1977 disestablishments in the French colonial empire

8872: 5972: 4886: 4268:

left the country after days of anti-white violence.

3935:, with 6.3 million, the general governorate of 3050:

The French colonial empire began to fall during the

2563:, who had been placed in power by the government of 2303:

Queen Pōmare left her kingdom and exiled herself to

1737:

and peanuts as a commercial crop. Reaching into the

1494:, which was fully conquered by 1903. Historian 9033:(France Overseas: Studies in Empire and D) (2012); 8844:Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. 8651:

Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914

8242:

The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842–1940

7789: 6929:

Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific

5235:Heenan, Patrick; Lamontagne, Monique, eds. (2014). 3891:, which was the last to gain independence in 1980. 3074:). However, control was gradually reestablished by 2400:also attempted to fight off the French under Queen 2256:, as well as most of the former German colonies of 1276:, with Saint Lucia being returned to France by the 545:

First French colonial empire (16th century to 1814)

8509: 8142:. University Press of Florida. pp. 9–23, 14. 7911:Mayotte votes to become France's 101st département 7870:, Ed. de l’Officine, 2007, p.64, Gerbi, Alexandre 7664:Bouaricha, Nadjia (7 May 2015). "70 ans de déni". 7158:, Oxford University Press, (2nd ed. 1939), p. e-f. 6987:Linden A. Mander, "The New Hebrides Condominium". 6638: 6484: 5341: 2803:also concerned that France might intervene in the 1741:valley, Senegal became the primary French base in 978:was established to compete for trade in the east. 721:, the territories of New France were developed as 468:". In 1884, the leading proponent of colonialism, 13811:1534 establishments in the French colonial empire 9173:—an annual volume of refereed, scholarly articles 8213:History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria 7816: 7244: 7180: 6748: 1448:, and France's tiny Indian possessions; however, 1213:. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the 1147: 104:Flag of the French Empire and the French Republic 13792: 7868:Entretiens sur les non-dits de la décolonisation 5801:"La France et les Mascareignes au XVIIIe siècle" 5234: 4172:, but have since been quickly absorbed into the 3007: 1764:and unify all French territories in West Africa. 1568:armed resistance against French colonial control 8663:White, Owen, and James Patrick Daughton, eds. 8567:France overseas;: A study of modern imperialism 8474:Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa 7270: 7268: 7101: 6867: 6865: 6863: 5454:ed by Eric Klingelhofer (Brill 2010) pp. 41–64. 3610:, often with British support, and Axis-aligned 2889:Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 1697:was limited to a trading post on the island of 717:Valley. Prior to the establishment of the 1663 8859: 8495:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism 6921: 6919: 6642:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 6608:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 5743:Robinson, K. E. (1951). "French West Africa". 5492:, "France and the Beginnings of New France." 5292:France Overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism 5092: 5039:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 2952:, a Senegalese mulatto, conquered and annexed 1274:French intervention in the American Revolution 12988: 12974: 12538: 11774: 10280: 9926: 9682: 9479: 9237: 9192: 8574:History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925) 8569:463pp; encyclopedic coverage as of late 1930s 7363:, Éditions La Découverte, Paris, 2010, p. 59. 7169:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 7156:The Suez Canal, its Past, Present, and Future 6549:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987 6519: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5430:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 24. 3399: 3109: 1387:French attempt to establish a colony in Egypt 13003: 12776:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon 11737:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 9152:H-FRANCE, daily discussions and book reviews 9041: 8757:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8308: 8182:(Oct 1972), pp 733–739. covers 1798 to 1900. 7975: 7973: 7971: 7960:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7573:. Oxford University Press. pp. 285–86. 7542:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7460:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 7265: 7251:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 10. 7143:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 7076:, Robert Aldrich, Palgrave Macmillan, 1996, 6860: 6834:. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, 5629:. University of Chicago Press. p. 393. 5622: 5208:The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism 5152: 5124:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5036: 3987:) and in the colonies of the South Pacific. 3864: 3741:and proclaimed himself president of the new 2020:Summary of additional colonization in Africa 725:. It is only after the arrival of intendant 477: 459: 52: 12657:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820) 10076: 9057:Dubois, Laurent. "The French Atlantic", in 7050:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 215. 7043: 6916: 6821: 6694: 6611:. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. 6473: 5261: 4951:units with a tradition of service overseas 3775:stretched back a century. The movements of 2759:, with the massacre of many Christians. In 2133:from the early 1880s. The explorer Colonel 2043:after 1870, establishing a protectorate in 1768: 1701:, a narrow strip on the coast, the town of 1380: 805:in 1635, and a colony was later founded on 779:began in 1624, and a colony was founded on 12981: 12967: 12545: 12531: 11781: 11767: 10287: 10273: 9933: 9919: 9689: 9675: 9486: 9472: 9244: 9230: 9206: 9199: 9185: 9118:Pernsteiner, Alexis (translator). (2017). 8819:Comparative Studies in Society and History 6967:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 6742: 6678:, Paris, Robert Laffont 2009, pp. 474–475 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5579: 4164:On 31 December 1687 a community of French 3406: 3392: 3116: 3102: 2451: 2420:, the various island groups which make up 2337:on 29 June 1880. The Leeward Islands were 2221:in 1911, Britain supported France against 2183:Central and east Africa, 1898, during the 1252:was taken by Britain (also referred to as 318:Overseas departments and regions of France 12636:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 9953: 8798:The Routledge companion to decolonization 8745:Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. 8188:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962 8163:France, U.N. Start Ivory Coast Evacuation 7968: 7790:Martin S. Alexander; et al. (2002). 7663: 7653:. New York: The Viking Press. p. 27. 7287: 6604: 6520:Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (28 January 1981). 6340: 6158: 5838: 5369: 5359: 4206:French law made it easy for thousands of 3787:was carried out by the French army. The 3123: 2876:Causes and justifications for colonialism 2396:. Anti-French factions in the kingdom of 2035:leaders, 1892, in present-day Ivory Coast 1396:Second French colonial empire (post-1830) 1345:in 1802, and were up against a crippling 1166:French and other European settlements in 521:(Fourth French Republic) established the 12761:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 8658:The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919 8631:Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. 8545: 8507: 8481:Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995 8227: 7651:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 7108:. Fairleigh Dickinson U.P. p. 103. 6871: 6545: 6456:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–3. 6249:"Cameroon Embassy in Washington DC, USA" 5979:. Indiana University Press. p. 28. 5742: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5205: 4339: 4236:. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 4113: 4097: 3809: 3684: 3595:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 3372: 3011: 2943: 2884: 2841: 2773: 2676: 2609:at the palace of Fontainebleau in 1864 2455: 2444:), and established joint control of the 2366: 2271: 2178: 2023: 1978: 1919: 1825: 1747: 1628: 1548: 1524: 1399: 1305: 1293: 1172: 1161: 1158:France in the American Revolutionary War 1143:Collapse of First French colonial empire 1049: 1043:began in 1642 with the establishment of 1039:. Additionally, the first settlement of 844: 758: 621: 561: 537:, and joint military operations such as 429:Spain later returned Louisiana to France 11561: 9072:Emerson, Rupert (1969). "Colonialism". 9071: 9059:Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal, 8597: 8278: 8129: 7566: 6925: 6872:Gonschor, Lorenz Rudolf (August 2008). 6827: 6816:The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 6479: 5824: 5609: 5465:The Beginnings of New France, 1524–1663 5424:Singer, Barnett; Langdon, John (2008). 5153:Hinson, Glenn; Ferris, William (2010), 5027:List of French possessions and colonies 3539:Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon 2948:French colonial troops, led by Colonel 2786:, landing in Beyrouth on 16 August 1860 2486:(1863); and colonized parts of Africa. 1727:rail line between Dakar and Saint-Louis 1365:came to nothing, as the success of the 955:in the south east (1674), and later at 14: 13793: 9066:French Politics, Culture & Society 8971: 8930: 8367:(U of Nebraska Press, 2017). 378 pp. 8263:Tricouleur: The French Overseas Empire 8135: 8036: 7567:Simpson, Alfred William Brian (2004). 7384:Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1 7183:French Politics, Culture & Society 7008:(in French, Paris: 2006), pp. 626–636 6574:"French Conquest of Algeria (1829–47)" 6449: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6297: 5864: 5590: 5180: 3799:" (Europeans who had settled there in 2769:Louis Napoleon's dispute with the Pope 2039:France also extended its influence in 988:Category:French colonisation in Africa 690:, Canada. A few years later, in 1608, 519:French Constitution of 27 October 1946 411:France began to establish colonies in 13588: 13354: 13197: 13070: 12962: 12756:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 12526: 12023:List of French forts in North America 11762: 10268: 10075: 9952: 9914: 9670: 9467: 9225: 9180: 8974:The Journal of Modern African Studies 8675:The American Political Science Review 8531:Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., 8062:"Guadeloupe : the mosaic island" 7645: 7329: 7327: 7290:The American Political Science Review 6961:Robert Aldrich; John Connell (2006). 6709: 6699:(2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 276. 6522:"Origins of the Algerian Proletariat" 6371: 6322: 6274:"MADAGASCAR: Colonial Era, 1894-1960" 6154: 6152: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6012: 6010: 6003:. McFarland. 9 May 2017. p. 199. 5962:. McFarland. 9 May 2017. p. 106. 5933:. McFarland. 9 May 2017. p. 142. 5860: 5858: 5820: 5818: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5711: 5709: 5692:"Empire colonial français - LAROUSSE" 5554: 5119: 5051:Postage stamps of the French colonies 4037:Colonies, protectorates, and mandates 3768:and granted it independence in 1956. 3456:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 3387: 3097: 2880: 2767:in France, which had been alarmed by 2634:of 1870–1871 and the founding of the 2491:Prosper, Marquis of Chasseloup-Laubat 2196:the proposed British north–south axis 2154:all French territories in West Africa 1624: 1349:the following year. As a result, the 1283: 1131:Madagascar, Mozambique, and Senegal. 1069:Initial French colonial expansion in 947:Colonies were established in India's 517:took place elsewhere after 1960. The 13412:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94) 12948:Governor-General of French Indochina 12552: 9124:https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20060bg 8699:France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960 8380: 8111:"For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures" 7796:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 6. 7755: 7387:". Oxford University Press. p. 464. 6954: 6546:Bennoune, Mahfoud (22 August 2002). 5757:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093967 5656:A history of modern India, 1480–1950 5480:(University of Toronto Press, 2000). 3717:under former Nguyen-dynasty Emperor 3508:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2630:It was only after its defeat in the 2371:The captured rebels of Raiatea, 1897 2288:In 1838, the French naval commander 1594:launched his revolt against Madrid. 1061:off the coast of Senegal during the 893:in May 1601. One was wrecked in the 527:overseas departments and territories 13826:Historical transcontinental empires 13427:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900) 13417:Second Madagascar expedition (1895) 11804:French colonization of the Americas 9940: 9649:French colonization of the Americas 9022:Singer, Barnett, and John Langdon. 9003:Mission to Civilize: The French Way 8684: 8251:(2001), covers New France in Canada 7597:(Manchester University Press, 2007) 7595:The French Empire at War, 1940–1945 7372:Le Cour Grandmaison, p. 60, note 9. 6412: 5943: 5798: 4989:French colonisation of the Americas 4248:. In the 1970s, over 30,000 French 4222:in 1945. 1.6 million European 3793:Atrocities characterized both sides 3674:'s independence, which started the 3062:, the United States and Britain in 2552:became a French territory in 1864. 2244:over the former territories of the 1057:on the French-controlled island of 632:French colonization of the Americas 486:took power while being a minority. 474:duty to civilize the inferior races 24: 9164:French Colonial Historical Society 9147:French Colonial Historical Society 8565:Priestley, Herbert Ingram. (1938) 8512:The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912 8476:(Cambridge University Press, 1998) 8172: 8020:"British North America: 1763–1841" 7771:. University of California: 1–75. 7324: 6491:. Yale University Press. pp. 6149: 6092: 6053:News, Samir Bennis-Morocco World. 6035: 6007: 5855: 5815: 5779: 5731: 5706: 5546:Black Democracy The Story of Haiti 5159:University of North Carolina Press 5113: 4361:French Military Territory in Libya 4109: 4081:Percentage of the world population 3756:In France's African colonies, the 2692:was established, and in 1860, the 2267: 1991:in 1857 by Ernest Francis Vacherot 1756:military expedition sent out from 566:The French colonial empire in the 25: 13847: 13387:French conquest of Senegal (1854) 9140: 8923:Chafer, Tony, and Amanda Sackur. 8723:The wars of French decolonization 8667:(Oxford University Press, 2012). 8584:; Comprehensive scholarly history 8331:The Wars of French Decolonization 8136:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2000). 7995: 7693:The Wars of French Decolonization 7447:Journal of Modern African Studies 6323:Lange, Erik De (September 2021). 5467:(McClelland & Stewart, 1973). 5289:Herbert Ingram Priestley (2018). 4648:Leased territory of Guangzhouwan 3039: 3030:International Labour Organization 2394:annexation of the Leeward Islands 2392:, fought off French rule and the 1585:. El-Krim founded an independent 686:in North America, in what is now 433:sold to the United States in 1803 13776:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988) 13467:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) 13407:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) 13300:Burma–France relations (1729–56) 12711:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936) 12507: 12506: 12432:Military history of the Acadians 12180:Seigneurial system of New France 8814:(Oxford University Press, 2004). 8779:89#4 (December 2017) pp 772–811 8550:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. 8156: 8103: 8080: 8054: 8030: 8012: 7989: 7903: 7890: 7877: 7856: 7837: 7810: 7783: 7749: 7737: 7711: 7698: 7685: 7672: 7657: 7639: 7626: 7613: 7600: 7587: 7560: 7547: 7534: 7521: 7504: 7491: 7478: 7465: 7452: 7435: 7426: 6159:Alzubairi, Fatemah, ed. (2019), 6052: 5918:Research in Politics and Society 5825:Bertile, Wilfrid (1 July 2013). 5591:Newton, Arthur Percival (1936). 4903: 4889: 4792: 4767: 4685: 3991: 3758:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon 3578:Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan 2790:Despite the signing of the 1860 2614: 2598: 2590:on 18 February 1859, painted by 2576: 2482:, established a protectorate in 2339:annexed through the Leewards War 1818:self-rule was achieved in 1960. 1236:(excluding the small islands of 1108:After initial settlement by the 1035:, and 1677 with the founding of 794:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique 431:in 1800. The territory was then 350: 336: 322: 111: 84: 77: 13831:History of European colonialism 13641:Tunisian independence (1952–56) 13422:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903) 13260:French and Indian War (1754–60) 11856:History of the French-Americans 10143:French domains of the Holy Land 9074:Journal of Contemporary History 8836:Journal of Contemporary History 8810:Simpson, Alfred William Brian. 8747:Decolonization: A Short History 8679:https://doi.org/10.2307/1948669 8353:(Oxford UP, 2010); role of nuns 7817:Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2018). 7680:France and the World since 1870 7417: 7397: 7375: 7366: 7353: 7281: 7238: 7222: 7209: 7174: 7161: 7148: 7135: 7122: 7095: 7086: 7064: 7037: 7024: 7011: 6998: 6981: 6836:University of the South Pacific 6808: 6795: 6782: 6769: 6703: 6688: 6668: 6659: 6632: 6598: 6589: 6580: 6566: 6539: 6513: 6443: 6365: 6316: 6291: 6266: 6241: 6228: 6203: 6122: 5993: 5966: 5952: 5937: 5923: 5910: 5897: 5684: 5662: 5650: 5538: 5525: 5512: 5499: 5483: 5470: 5457: 5444: 5417: 5394: 5335: 5322: 5309: 5185:. Barron's Educational Series. 4634:French protectorate of Cambodia 3902: 3089: 2771:over his territories in Italy. 1573:The Berber independence leader 618:. Pictured above is New France. 551: 13691:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36) 13631:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31) 13522:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) 13275:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 12928:Paris Foreign Missions Society 12682:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62) 12185:Criminal justice in New France 11814:Timeline of New France history 11788: 10138:French domains of Saint Helena 9255:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 8708:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002). 8437:The Journal of African History 8385:. Translated by Martin Munro. 6645:. Cambridge U.P. p. 264. 6552:. Cambridge University Press. 6425:"L'Algérie, le temps colonial" 6129:Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). 6109:francia.digitale-sammlungen.de 5694:(in French). Éditions Larousse 5282: 5255: 5228: 5199: 5174: 5146: 5086: 5073: 4939:Evolution of the French Empire 4373:French Protectorate of Tunisia 4367:French Protectorate in Morocco 4330: 3707:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 2846:French colonies in 1891 (from 2730: 2623:Presidential Palace of Vietnam 2348:On 24 September 1853, Admiral 1608:French protectorate of Tunisia 1531:French pacification of Morocco 1517:French protectorate in Morocco 1333:The slaves, led eventually by 1191:War of the Austrian Succession 1154:France in the Seven Years' War 1148:Colonial conflict with Britain 897:, leading to the adventure of 13: 1: 13756:First Indochina War (1946–54) 13507:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47) 12667:Bombardment of Tourane (1847) 12175:Custom of Paris in New France 9115:(January 2010) 8#1 pp 101–117 8848:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015) 8777:The Journal of Modern History 8358:French History since Napoleon 8216:. Cambridge University Press. 8207:. Cambridge University Press. 7823:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 355–57. 7765:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 7359:Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, 5976:Haitian Revolutionary Studies 5973:David Patrick Geggus (2002). 5361:10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862 5206:Jerryson, Michael K. (2017). 5066: 4283:), francophone Louisianians ( 3713:, and the south becoming the 3008:Critics of French colonialism 2694:French Concession in Tientsin 2690:French Concession in Shanghai 1821: 1375:its sale to the United States 1363:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 756:and in present-day Arkansas. 663:") and in Florida (including 630:During the 16th century, the 476:." Full citizenship rights – 398:Second French colonial empire 13569:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 13153:King William's War (1689–97) 12882:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 12706:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 12662:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35) 9873:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 8037:Girard, Philippe R. (2011), 6605:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). 6302:. New York: Westview Press. 5626:Asia in the Making of Europe 5522:(U of Illinois Press, 2000). 5093:Melvin E. Page, ed. (2003). 4825:(1682 – 1762), (1801 – 1803) 4813:(1675 – 1769), (1801 – 1803) 4660:French concession in Tianjin 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4017: 3801:the 125 years of French rule 3606:During World War II, allied 2976: 2921:, who was elected in 1914. 2588:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 2530:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 2290:Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars 2012:and defeated the kingdom of 1942:Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif 394:First French colonial empire 281:and various other currencies 7: 13636:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48) 13462:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50) 13335:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) 13250:King George's War (1744–48) 12807:Treaty of Versailles (1787) 12751:French–Thai War (1940–1941) 12694:Sino-French War (1884–1885) 12687:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886) 10294: 10113: and Antarctic Lands 9103:Canadian Historical Review, 8964:(1997) * Dobie, Madeleine. 8860:Images and impact on France 8493:Priestley, Herbert Ingram. 7381:David P. Forsythe (2009). " 7278:. Nebraska University Press 7145:(1965) Vol. 15, pp 121–143. 6639:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (1987). 6378:Political Science Quarterly 4882: 4640:French protectorate of Laos 4577:French domains of St Helena 4335: 4327:of the French West Indies. 3941:Madagascar and Dependencies 3634: 3070:, and Germany and Italy in 2605:Napoleon III receiving the 1802: 1501: 1485:Haiti indemnity controversy 1432:, various trading posts in 332:Overseas territory (France) 10: 13852: 13517:French conquest of Vietnam 13230:Queen Anne's War (1702–13) 12938:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps 12672:French conquest of Vietnam 12122:Governor of Trois-Rivières 9086:10.1177/002200946900400101 8867:Journal of African History 8742:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) 8516:. New York: Random House. 8502:The French Overseas Empire 8387:Amsterdam University Press 8210:McDougall, James. (2006). 8201:McDougall, James. (2017). 7555:French Historical Studies, 7245:Betts, Raymond F. (2005). 7130:Diplomacy & Statecraft 6790:Diplomacy & Statecraft 6755:. Springer. p. 37ff. 6749:Claire Hirshfield (1979). 6431:(in French). 13 March 2012 6253:www.cameroonembassyusa.org 5670:"Empire colonial français" 5507:Canadian Historical Review 5494:Canadian Historical Review 5295:. Routledge. p. 192. 5241:. Routledge. p. 318. 5238:The South America Handbook 4845: 4666:Shanghai French Concession 3814:French officer and native 3043: 3018:Second Franco-Dahomean War 2869:3. Flooded street of Hanoi 2780:French expedition in Syria 2765:Catholic political faction 2511:French conquest of Vietnam 2508: 2466:French invasion of Algeria 2380:natives of the kingdom of 2352:took formal possession of 2127:Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza 1926:French conquest of Algeria 1909: 1896: 1833: 1806: 1772: 1643: 1612:French conquest of Tunisia 1601: 1597: 1521:French conquest of Morocco 1510: 1506: 1492:French invasion of Algeria 1287: 1151: 991: 985: 881:and Japan. Two ships, the 813:. Local resistance by the 555: 31: 13768: 13741:Franco-Thai War (1940–41) 13678: 13581: 13537:Sino-French War (1884–85) 13532:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) 13479: 13452:Río de la Plata (1838–40) 13439: 13347: 13292: 13280:Santo Domingo (1795–1809) 13222: 13190: 13170: 13115: 13063: 13033: 12996: 12990:French colonial conflicts 12920: 12862:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 12850: 12837:Treaty of Tientsin (1885) 12799: 12721:1916 Cochinchina uprising 12649: 12596: 12583:France–Thailand relations 12560: 12502: 12474:Expulsion of the Acadians 12419: 12383: 12288: 12265:Company of 100 Associates 12235: 12167: 12091: 12078:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 12015: 11925: 11864: 11796: 11730: 11682: 11199: 10603: 10302: 10226: 10165: 10121: 10104: 10086: 10082: 10071: 10043: 10030:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 10003: 9963: 9959: 9948: 9907: 9891:French East India Company 9881: 9853: 9801: 9753: 9705: 9666: 9654:French West India Company 9644: 9616: 9547: 9504: 9463: 9436: 9408: 9370: 9288: 9260: 9221: 9214: 9042:Historiography and memoir 8986:10.1017/S0022278X00000148 8933:French Historical Studies 8887:10.1017/S0018246X00010803 8732:(2014) 40#4 pp: 466–478. 8598:Segalla, Spencer (2009). 8589:Journal of Modern History 8548:Brazza, A Life for Africa 8508:Pakenham, Thomas (1991). 8449:10.1017/S0021853700009518 8293:10.1017/S0018246X00018641 8185:Horne, Alistair. (1977). 8092:. ABC-CLIO. Pp. 372–373. 7848:Journal of Modern History 7232:19#3 (1976), pp. 685-725 6989:Pacific Historical Review 6342:10.1017/S0018246X2000062X 6173:10.1017/9781108569262.007 6059:www.moroccoworldnews.com/ 5883:2027/spo.0642292.0037.004 5672:. www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 5122:The Jews of modern France 5099:. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. 5037: 4994:French law on colonialism 4835:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4584: 4491:Île de France (Mauritius) 3471:1940 Cochinchina uprising 3428: 3350:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3134: 2871:4. Landing stage of Hanoi 2858:, French outpost in China 2504: 2248:that make up what is now 2137:traveled from Senegal to 1731:another into the interior 1529:Map depicting the staged 1312:Saint-Domingue expedition 1238:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1215:Second Hundred Years' War 1203:French Revolutionary Wars 1020:French East India Company 981: 976:French East India Company 926:French East India Company 667:in 1562), and in 1612 at 380:) comprised the overseas 297: 285: 274: 270: 257: 244: 231: 218: 205: 188: 184: 176: 142: 132: 122: 110: 74: 69: 47: 13616:Volta-Bani War (1915–16) 13480:Asia & Pacific Ocean 13235:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52) 12902:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée 12842:Geneva Conference (1954) 12578:France–Vietnam relations 12469:French and Iroquois Wars 10169: the Indian Ocean 9105:(2010) 91#4 pp 695–724, 9051:(2016) 59#4: 1157–1186. 8821:(1978) 20#1 pp: 70–102. 8602:. Lincoln: Nebraska UP. 8591:8#3 (1936), pp. 338–55. 8546:Petringa, Maria (2006). 7864:Le colonisateur colonisé 7723:South China Morning Post 7274:Segalla, Spencer. 2009, 7195:10.3167/fpcs.2018.360308 7102:Desmond Gregory (1999). 6595:Girard, 1986, p. 321-322 6135:. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. 5903:Colin Gordon Calloway, 5840:10.4000/oceanindien.1811 5348:Settler Colonial Studies 5268:. Berg. pp. 84–85. 4693:Commonwealth of Dominica 4441:French Equatorial Africa 4121:, French people born in 3937:French Equatorial Africa 3655:) cabinet repressed the 3046:Decolonization in Africa 2093:Central African Republic 1936:, the ruler of the 1775:French Equatorial Africa 1769:French Equatorial Africa 1637:, an island offshore of 1381:Failed invasion of Egypt 903:François Martin de Vitré 899:François Pyrard de Laval 789:Commonwealth of Dominica 400:", which began with the 378:Empire colonial français 94:Royal Standard of France 54:Empire colonial français 32:Not to be confused with 13751:South Vietnam (1945–46) 13621:Kaocen revolt (1916–17) 13549:Second Opium War (1860) 13542:North Vietnam (1886–96) 13527:North Vietnam (1873–74) 13330:East Indies (1793–1801) 13265:North America (1778–83) 13133:North America (1627–29) 13123:Beaver Wars (1609–1701) 12933:Tirailleurs indochinois 12867:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 12822:Treaty of Saigon (1874) 12812:Treaty of Saigon (1862) 12786:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 12677:Siege of Tourane (1858) 12479:Great Peace of Montreal 12280:Compagnie de l'Occident 11851:History of the Acadians 10077:Uninhabited territories 9588:Saint Kitts & Nevis 9170:French Colonial History 9068:(2008) 26#3 pp 110–122. 8851:Von Albertini, Rudolf. 8628:(2007) covers 1919–1939 8274:excerpt and text search 8194:Hutton, Patrick H. ed. 7883:Dorothy Shipley White, 7850:89#4 (2017) pp 772–811 7777:10.1525/jvs.2016.11.1.1 7132:(2006) 17#4 pp. 675–692 7034:(11th ed. 1911) p. 957. 7032:Encyclopædia Britannica 6792:(2006) 17#4 pp 693–714. 6710:Porch, Douglas (1985). 6665:Girard, 1986, p. 322-23 6298:Lazreg, Marnia (2018). 5717:"French in West Africa" 5212:Oxford University Press 5061:Timeline of imperialism 4592:French mandate of Syria 4344:Map of the colonies in 3933:protectorate of Morocco 3879:during the late 1960s. 3680:Battle of Điện Biên Phủ 3436:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 2792:Cobden–Chevalier Treaty 2735:In the spring of 1860, 2721:Third Anglo-Burmese War 2452:Napoleon III: 1852–1870 2146:Voulet–Chanoine Mission 1760:in 1898 to conquer the 1633:French trading post on 1558:: French occupation of 1339:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1222:Joseph François Dupleix 938:Pierre-Olivier Malherbe 889:, were sent around the 859:French Wars of Religion 849:India at the height of 840: 653:French Wars of Religion 614:and other islands) and 503:anti-colonial movements 259:• Independence of 13806:Former French colonies 13801:French colonial empire 13686:Boxer Rebellion (1901) 13651:Cameroon War (1955–64) 13646:Algerian War (1954–62) 13564:Leewards War (1888–97) 13362:Indian Ocean (1809–11) 13240:Dummer's War (1721–25) 13143:Carib Expulsion (1660) 12699:Pacification of Tonkin 12588:France–China relations 12573:French colonial empire 12427:Military of New France 12353:Gens de couleur libres 12083:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 12068:Fortress of Louisbourg 11892:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 11809:French colonial empire 10007: collectivities 9845:Sanjak of Alexandretta 9698:Former French colonies 9495:Former French colonies 9253:Former French colonies 9208:French overseas empire 8749:(princeton UP, 2017). 8712:Chamberlain, Muriel E. 8642:(Hamilton Books, 2006) 8638:Wellington, Donald C. 8535:(Edinburgh UP, 2008), 8281:The Historical Journal 8219:Northcutt, Wayne, ed. 8086:Bill Marshall (2005). 7557:(2011) 34#3 pp 503–528 6828:Garrett, John (1982). 6676:L'Algérie et la France 6450:Jalata, Asafa (2016). 6329:The Historical Journal 6278:www.wildmadagascar.org 5719:. www.africa.upenn.edu 4349: 4125: 3865: 3823: 3771:French involvement in 3727:1945 August Revolution 3690: 3563:Battle of Mont Mouchet 3503:Syria–Lebanon campaign 3381: 3138:Africa and Middle East 3021: 2957: 2924:Racism and notions of 2890: 2872: 2787: 2685: 2555:In 1863, the ruler of 2468: 2462:Abdelkader El Djezairi 2388:led by a minor chief, 2372: 2315:broke out between the 2285: 2187: 2164:, which advanced from 2036: 1992: 1928: 1831: 1765: 1641: 1577:(1882–1963) organized 1563: 1534: 1479:sent an expedition to 1405: 1315: 1303: 1242:French Indian outposts 1211:French and Indian Wars 1182: 1179:invasion of Martinique 1170: 1066: 932:merchants to form the 854: 768: 735:British North American 702:(also called Canada). 636:Giovanni da Verrazzano 627: 619: 478: 460: 377: 370:French colonial empire 53: 49:French colonial empire 13666:Bizerte crisis (1961) 13497:Philippines (1844–45) 13447:West Indies (1804–10) 13402:Ivory Coast (1883–98) 13325:East Indies (1778–83) 13255:Nova Scotia (1749–55) 13245:Natchez revolt (1729) 13205:West Africa (1758–63) 13138:West Indies (1635–59) 13011:South Carolina (1562) 12872:Jean-Baptiste Cécille 12568:France–Asia relations 11707:Medieval great powers 9954:Inhabited territories 9886:France–Asia relations 9441:Somaliland (Djibouti) 9133:(Cambridge UP, 2013) 9011:Rothermund, Dietmar. 8909:14#1 (1971): 99–128. 8796:Rothermund, Dietmar. 8785:Rothermund, Dietmar. 8766:(Cambridge UP, 2013) 8759:42#5 (2014): 787–825. 8483:(Cambridge UP, 1998). 8431:(Cambridge UP, 2013). 8309:Chafer, Tony (2002). 8228:Policies and colonies 7682:(Arnold, 2001) p 207. 7488:10.1 (2013): 131-147. 7215:Anthony Adamthwaite, 7074:, Google Print, p. 83 6991:13.2 (1944): 151-167 6372:Swain, J. E. (1933). 5865:Hooper, Jane (2009). 5833:(in French) (49–50). 5509:91.4 (2010): 637–660. 5496:25.3 (1944): 246–278. 5411:14 March 2017 at the 5319:29.1 (1986): 109–135. 5181:Gordon, Leah (2000). 5120:Hyman, Paula (1998). 5010:French Third Republic 4984:French colonial flags 4343: 4117: 3967:), as well as in the 3947:), with 3.8 million. 3813: 3688: 3461:1940 Bắc Sơn uprising 3376: 3320:Indian Ocean and Asia 3044:Further information: 3015: 2947: 2899:mission civilisatrice 2888: 2845: 2777: 2680: 2459: 2404:while the kingdom of 2370: 2275: 2182: 2135:Parfait-Louis Monteil 2119:), and the island of 2097:Republic of the Congo 2027: 1982: 1923: 1904:Algerian independence 1829: 1751: 1632: 1552: 1528: 1403: 1335:Toussaint L'Ouverture 1309: 1297: 1254:British North America 1176: 1165: 1152:Further information: 1053: 848: 762: 634:began. Excursions of 625: 565: 461:Mission civilisatrice 458:A major goal was the 13158:Santo Domingo (1691) 12832:Treaty of Huế (1884) 12827:Treaty of Huế (1883) 12817:Treaty of Huế (1863) 12791:Partition of Vietnam 12731:Vue Pa Chay's revolt 12726:Thái Nguyên uprising 12127:Governor of Montreal 12033:Fort Michilimackinac 11841:1763 Treaty of Paris 11717:European colonialism 11702:Ancient great powers 10232:overseas departments 10167:Scattered Islands in 10048: collectivity 9506:French North America 9157:15 July 2021 at the 9029:Thomas, Martin, ed. 8828:14 June 2015 at the 8645:Wesseling, H.L. and 8635:(Stanford UP, 1958). 8572:Roberts, Stephen H. 8254:Baumgart, Winfried. 8204:A History of Algeria 7982:Annuaire statistique 7623:15 (1990) pp: 39–58. 7544:7.4 (1976): 571-578. 7531:8.3 (1974): 517-538. 7501:7.5 (2002): 579-596. 7462:7.2 (1974): 347-356. 7449:8.3 (1970): 425-444. 7092:Girard, 1986, p. 313 7047:The Old Shanghai A-Z 7044:Paul French (2011). 6838:. pp. 253–256. 6586:Girard, 1986, p. 320 5946:Latin America's Wars 5262:Tony Chafer (2002). 5005:Second French Empire 4996:(for teachers, 2005) 4321:Indian Ocean islands 3832:Constitution of 1958 3830:was replaced in the 3520:Battle of Madagascar 3481:Battle of Phum Preav 3415:Military actions of 3084:Constitution of 1946 2813:Ferdinand de Lesseps 2031:signing treaty with 2029:Louis-Gustave Binger 1954:Siege of Constantine 1408:At the close of the 1347:Royal Naval blockade 1324:massive slave revolt 1205:(1793–1802) and the 1024:plantation economies 857:With the end of the 797:founded colonies in 744:in the basin of the 38:Second French Empire 13611:Zaian War (1914–21) 13596:Wadai War (1906–11) 13372:Algeria (1835–1903) 13320:Vietnam (1777–1820) 13270:Caribbean (1778–83) 12877:Charles de Montigny 12781:First Indochina War 12736:Bazin assassination 12275:Mississippi Company 11712:Modern great powers 10201:Juan de Nova Island 10088:North Pacific Ocean 9700:in Asia and Oceania 9129:Lawrence, Adria K. 8869:19.1 (1978): 11–23. 8762:Lawrence, Adria K. 8395:10.2307/j.ctv80cd6t 8360:(1999) pp: 391–415. 8026:on 31 October 2009. 7916:The Daily Telegraph 7874:, L'Harmattan 2006. 7756:Fear, Sean (2016). 7475:66.1 (2004): 45-66. 6814:William L. Langer, 6234:G. Wesley Johnson, 5831:Études Océan Indien 5803:(in French). Futura 5799:Bernier, Isabelle. 5490:Edward Robert Adair 5406:see Chafer abstract 5056:Scramble for Africa 4551:Juan de Nova Island 4019:Metropolitan France 3998: 3909:Metropolitan France 3743:Republic of Vietnam 3695:1954 Geneva Accords 3676:First Indochina War 3662:Also in Indochina, 3590:1945 Ba Tơ uprising 3573:Liberation of Paris 2950:Alfred-Amédée Dodds 2784:Beaufort d'Hautpoul 2753:Maronite Christians 2751:population and the 2743:, then part of the 2632:Franco-Prussian War 2592:Antoine Morel-Fatio 2521:Alexandre de Rhodes 2350:Febvrier Despointes 2313:Franco-Tahitian War 2240:, when they gained 2231:French protectorate 2192:Scramble for Africa 2111:coastal enclave of 1983:Arrival of Marshal 1883:Juan de Nova Island 1483:, resulting in the 1199:American Revolution 1123:On Reunion Island ( 811:African slave trade 765:Colonies Françoises 723:mercantile colonies 692:Samuel de Champlain 453:Franco-Prussian War 402:conquest of Algiers 390:mandate territories 222:Conquest of Algeria 34:First French Empire 13661:Ifni War (1957–58) 13656:Suez Crisis (1956) 12447:King William's War 12442:Intercolonial Wars 10106:Overseas territory 9631:France Antarctique 9618:Equinoctial France 9581:Dominican Republic 9049:Historical Journal 8916:August, Thomas G. 8907:Historical Journal 8875:Historical Journal 8725:(Routledge, 2014). 8721:Clayton, Anthony. 8697:Betts, Raymond F. 8690:Betts, Raymond F. 8677:, 32(2), 261–277. 8660:(Routledge, 2015). 8647:Arnold J. Pomerans 8633:French West Africa 8541:entire text online 8500:Quinn, Frederick. 8479:Manning, Patrick. 8373:Jennings, Eric T. 8342:Conklin, Alice L. 8329:Clayton, Anthony. 8165:, Fox News Channel 8115:The New York Times 7410:2 May 2013 at the 7230:Historical Journal 7030:"Kwangchow Bay" . 7017:Arthur J. Dommen, 6215:www.britannica.com 6105:"Francia 3 (1975)" 6084:has generic name ( 6022:www.britannica.com 5920:6 (1999): 285–304. 5317:Historical Journal 4962:Troupes coloniales 4919:Army of the Levant 4786:Equinoctial France 4774:France Antarctique 4741:Dominican Republic 4616:French Cochinchina 4415:French Upper Volta 4403:French Ivory Coast 4379:French West Africa 4350: 4346:French West Africa 4193:massacre of whites 4126: 3990: 3921:French West Africa 3877:Nigerian Civil War 3824: 3737:in a fraud-ridden 3691: 3486:Battle of Ko Chang 3382: 3082:, included in the 3022: 2958: 2931:Arthur de Gobineau 2903:French West Africa 2895:civilising mission 2891: 2881:Civilizing Mission 2873: 2805:American Civil War 2788: 2686: 2662:in 1887 (to which 2469: 2373: 2286: 2188: 2037: 1993: 1929: 1902:rule lasted until 1832: 1766: 1735:Bambara groundnuts 1676:French Upper Volta 1668:French Ivory Coast 1646:French West Africa 1642: 1625:French West Africa 1564: 1535: 1406: 1367:Haitian Revolution 1316: 1304: 1290:Haitian Revolution 1284:Haitian Revolution 1183: 1171: 1067: 877:to trade with the 855: 835:Dominican Republic 815:indigenous peoples 769: 715:St. Lawrence River 673:France Équinoxiale 661:France Antarctique 628: 620: 584:French West Indies 466:Civilizing Mission 18:French colonialism 13788: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13764: 13763: 13731:Vietnam (1930–31) 13716:Cilicia (1920–21) 13706:Vietnam (1918–21) 13701:Vietnam (1917–18) 13674: 13673: 13626:Rif War (1920–26) 13606:Morocco (1911–12) 13601:Casablanca (1907) 13577: 13576: 13475: 13474: 13435: 13434: 13397:Madagascar (1883) 13367:Algeria (1830–47) 13343: 13342: 13288: 13287: 13218: 13217: 13186: 13185: 13166: 13165: 13111: 13110: 13083:Senegal (1659–77) 13059: 13058: 13029: 13028: 13016:Florida (1562–65) 12956: 12955: 12766:August Revolution 12520: 12519: 12457:King George's War 12437:Acadian Civil War 12384:Missionary groups 12375:Intellectual life 12112:Sovereign Council 11846:History of Quebec 11756: 11755: 11678: 11677: 11643:Polish–Lithuanian 10818:Gurjara-Pratihara 10262: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10157:Amsterdam Islands 10148:Kerguelen Islands 10096:Clipperton Island 10067: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10035:Wallis and Futuna 9903: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9803:Mandate for Syria 9793:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 9755:Indochinese Union 9662: 9661: 9459: 9458: 9372:Equatorial Africa 9001:Rosenblum, Mort. 8960:Conkin, Alice L. 8838:(1974): 217–247. 8718:(Routledge, 2014) 8609:978-0-8032-1778-2 8557:978-1-4259-1198-0 8523:978-0-394-51576-2 8472:Klein, Martin A. 8427:Lawrence, Adria. 8349:Curtis, Sarah A. 8240:Aldrich, Robert. 8233:Aldrich, Robert. 8149:978-0-8130-3096-8 8048:978-0-8173-1732-4 7896:Robert Aldrich, 7691:Anthony Clayton, 7634:France since 1945 7608:France since 1945 6974:978-0-521-03036-6 6939:978-0-19-534747-0 6904:on 2 January 2020 6845:978-2-8254-0692-2 6775:Bertrand Taithe, 6762:978-90-247-2099-6 6697:History of Africa 6684:978-2-221-10946-5 6618:978-0-521-33767-0 6502:978-0-300-10098-3 6463:978-1-137-55234-1 6309:978-0-367-02081-1 6238:(Greenwood 1985). 6182:978-1-108-47692-8 5907:(2006). pp 165–69 5476:James R. Miller, 5183:The Book of Vodou 5015:Kingdom of France 5000:History of France 4956:Troupes de marine 4870:Clipperton Island 4864:Wallis and Futuna 4479:French Madagascar 4385:French Mauritania 4289:Louisiana Creoles 4107: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4013: 1936 3863:claimed that the 3805:Charles de Gaulle 3791:started in 1954. 3745:. The refusal of 3657:Malagasy Uprising 3619:Charles de Gaulle 3603: 3602: 3568:Battle of Vercors 3558:Battle of Glières 3546:Battle of Réunion 3370: 3369: 3362:Wallis and Futuna 3076:Charles de Gaulle 3026:League of Nations 2938:strict separation 2864:, in the quay of 2849:Le Monde illustré 2584:Capture of Saigon 2460:Napoleon III and 2330:Jarnac Convention 2294:Kingdom of Tahiti 2190:As a part of the 2117:French Somaliland 2047:in 1881 with the 1938:Deylik of Algiers 1840:French Madagascar 1779:Equatorial Africa 1711:abolished slavery 1656:French Mauritania 1343:failed expedition 1328:French Revolution 1224:and Europe under 1201:(1775–1783), the 1197:(1756–1763), the 1193:(1740–1748), the 1091:Mascarene Islands 1016:Mascarene Islands 891:Cape of Good Hope 785:Treaty of Utrecht 746:Mississippi River 731:Treaty of Utrecht 719:Sovereign Council 682:in the colony of 491:Charles de Gaulle 489:In World War II, 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 209:Sale of Louisiana 16:(Redirected from 13843: 13836:Overseas empires 13766: 13765: 13746:Indochina (1945) 13676: 13675: 13586: 13585: 13477: 13476: 13457:Mexico (1838–39) 13437: 13436: 13352: 13351: 13290: 13289: 13220: 13219: 13195: 13194: 13168: 13167: 13128:Brazil (1612–15) 13113: 13112: 13088:Djidjelli (1664) 13068: 13067: 13051:Brazil (1590–04) 13046:Brazil (1555–67) 13031: 13030: 13001: 13000: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12960: 12959: 12943:Tonkinese Rifles 12641:State of Vietnam 12554:French Indochina 12547: 12540: 12533: 12524: 12523: 12510: 12509: 12489:Schenectady Raid 12462:Seven Years' War 12452:Queen Anne's War 12318:King's Daughters 12270:Crozat's Company 12253:Coureur des bois 12195:Superior Council 12117:Bishop of Quebec 12102:Governor General 12043:Fort de Chartres 11902:Illinois Country 11783: 11776: 11769: 11760: 11759: 11559: 11558: 11224:Austro-Hungarian 10924:Chagatai Khanate 10289: 10282: 10275: 10266: 10265: 10187:Glorioso Islands 10168: 10119: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10084: 10083: 10073: 10072: 10047: 10020:Saint Barthélemy 10015:French Polynesia 10006: 9966: 9961: 9960: 9950: 9949: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9912: 9911: 9720:Coromandel Coast 9691: 9684: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9549:French Caribbean 9529:Terre Neuve 9488: 9481: 9474: 9465: 9464: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9178: 9177: 9113:History Compass, 9097: 8997: 8956: 8898: 8773:McDougall, James 8730:Critical Inquiry 8656:Wesseling, H.L. 8653:(Praeger, 1996.) 8624:Thomas, Martin. 8613: 8561: 8527: 8515: 8468: 8424: 8326: 8304: 8268:Betts, Raymond. 8261:Betts, Raymond. 8247:Anderson, Fred. 8166: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8101: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8064:. Archived from 8058: 8052: 8051: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8022:. Archived from 8016: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7977: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7929: 7920: 7919:. 29 March 2009. 7907: 7901: 7894: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7862:Sanmarco, Louis 7860: 7854: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7762: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7696: 7689: 7683: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7643: 7637: 7630: 7624: 7621:Africana Journal 7617: 7611: 7604: 7598: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7564: 7558: 7551: 7545: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7514:(2001): 190-209 7508: 7502: 7495: 7489: 7486:Atlantic Studies 7482: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7456: 7450: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7415: 7401: 7395: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7285: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7242: 7236: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7178: 7172: 7171:(1954) pp 286–92 7165: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7139: 7133: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7084: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7015: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6903: 6897:. Archived from 6880: 6869: 6858: 6857: 6825: 6819: 6818:(1951) pp 537–80 6812: 6806: 6805:(1940) pp 321–26 6799: 6793: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6692: 6686: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6490: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6421: 6410: 6409: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6344: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6156: 6147: 6146: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6101: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6050: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6014: 6005: 6004: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5862: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5822: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5796: 5777: 5776: 5751:(199): 123–132. 5740: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5620: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5588: 5577: 5565: 5552: 5548:(1928) pp 16–86 5542: 5536: 5529: 5523: 5518:Carl J. Ekberg, 5516: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5421: 5415: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5373: 5363: 5339: 5333: 5330:The Other Empire 5328:Julian Jackson, 5326: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5090: 5084: 5079:Robert Aldrich, 5077: 5042: 5041: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4858:French Polynesia 4811:Illinois Country 4723:Saint Barthélemy 4610:French Indochina 4557:Glorioso Islands 4527:Amsterdam Island 4317:Franco-Mauritian 4305:, the so-called 4273:French-Canadians 4238:French Algerians 4155:Quiet Revolution 4101: 4098: 4010: 1931 4007: 1926 4004: 1921 3999: 3995: 3989: 3927:(grouping three 3917:French Indochina 3870: 3836:French Community 3715:State of Vietnam 3699:French Indochina 3498:Battle of Angkor 3423: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3129: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3052:Second World War 2660:French Indochina 2644:northern Vietnam 2618: 2602: 2580: 2422:French Polynesia 2204:Khedive of Egypt 2200:Fashoda Incident 2185:Fashoda Incident 2010:Hoggar Mountains 1887:Glorioso Islands 1867:Amsterdam Island 1592:Francisco Franco 1583:Battle of Annual 1555:Le Petit Journal 1452:finally annexed 1428:on the coast of 1359:Treaty of Amiens 1195:Seven Years' War 1063:Seven Years' War 1014:, and along the 909:and traded with 851:French influence 817:resulted in the 754:Illinois Country 539:Operation Serval 481: 463: 425:Seven Years' War 354: 353: 340: 339: 326: 325: 314: 313: 299: 298: 248:French Community 159:Louisiana Voodoo 115: 88: 81: 64: 56: 45: 44: 21: 13851: 13850: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13841: 13840: 13791: 13790: 13789: 13780: 13760: 13721:Syria (1925–27) 13711:Syria (1919–21) 13670: 13573: 13554:Japan (1863–64) 13487:Moluccas (1810) 13471: 13431: 13339: 13315:India (1756–63) 13310:India (1749–54) 13305:India (1746–48) 13284: 13214: 13182: 13162: 13148:Texas (1685–89) 13107: 13055: 13025: 12992: 12987: 12957: 12952: 12916: 12897:Francis Garnier 12855: 12853: 12846: 12795: 12645: 12598: 12592: 12556: 12551: 12521: 12516: 12498: 12415: 12391:Jesuit missions 12379: 12328:Casquette girls 12284: 12231: 12200:Admiralty court 12163: 12087: 12011: 11928: 11921: 11860: 11819:Beginnings–1533 11792: 11787: 11757: 11752: 11741:American Empire 11726: 11722:African empires 11674: 11557: 11249:Central African 11195: 11013:Romano-Germanic 10599: 10333:Middle Assyrian 10306: 10298: 10293: 10263: 10254: 10236:Claimed by the 10210: 10206:Tromelin Island 10177:Bassas da India 10161: 10111:French Southern 10100: 10078: 10059: 10039: 9999: 9967: regions 9955: 9944: 9942:Overseas France 9939: 9895: 9877: 9849: 9835:Greater Lebanon 9805:and the Lebanon 9804: 9797: 9749: 9701: 9695: 9658: 9640: 9612: 9543: 9500: 9498:in the Americas 9492: 9455: 9432: 9404: 9366: 9284: 9256: 9250: 9210: 9205: 9159:Wayback Machine 9143: 9107:in Project MUSE 9044: 8881:(4): 981–1000. 8862: 8830:Wayback Machine 8803:Shepard, Todd. 8687: 8621:(2016): jrw005. 8610: 8558: 8524: 8486:Neres, Philip. 8405: 8363:Gamble, Harry. 8323: 8230: 8191:. Viking Press. 8175: 8173:Further reading 8170: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8035: 8031: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8003: 8001: 7994: 7990: 7979: 7978: 7969: 7953: 7952: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7930: 7923: 7908: 7904: 7900:(1996) pp 303–6 7895: 7891: 7882: 7878: 7861: 7857: 7844:James McDougall 7842: 7838: 7831: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7788: 7784: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7703: 7699: 7690: 7686: 7678:J.F.V. Keiger, 7677: 7673: 7662: 7658: 7647:Horne, Alistair 7644: 7640: 7631: 7627: 7618: 7614: 7606:Robert Gildea, 7605: 7601: 7593:Martin Thomas, 7592: 7588: 7581: 7565: 7561: 7552: 7548: 7539: 7535: 7526: 7522: 7509: 7505: 7499:European Legacy 7496: 7492: 7483: 7479: 7470: 7466: 7457: 7453: 7441:Remi Clignet, " 7440: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7418: 7412:Wayback Machine 7402: 7398: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7302:10.2307/1948669 7286: 7282: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7243: 7239: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7210: 7179: 7175: 7167:A.J.P. Taylor, 7166: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7140: 7136: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7012: 7003: 6999: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6940: 6924: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6878: 6870: 6861: 6846: 6826: 6822: 6813: 6809: 6800: 6796: 6787: 6783: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6747: 6743: 6708: 6704: 6693: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6518: 6514: 6503: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6413: 6390:10.2307/2143152 6370: 6366: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6195: 6193: 6183: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6103: 6102: 6093: 6081: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6051: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6015: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5863: 5856: 5823: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5797: 5780: 5745:African Affairs 5741: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5621: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5580: 5566: 5555: 5543: 5539: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5513: 5504: 5500: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5463:Marcel Trudel, 5462: 5458: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5413:Wayback Machine 5399: 5395: 5340: 5336: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5214:. p. 279. 5204: 5200: 5193: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5161:, p. 241, 5151: 5147: 5132: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5046:Overseas France 4909: 4904: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4848: 4795: 4770: 4765: 4688: 4683: 4598:Greater Lebanon 4587: 4582: 4539:Bassas da India 4473:French Cameroon 4427:French Togoland 4338: 4333: 4218:were living in 4159:French Canadian 4112: 4110:French settlers 4099:Sources: INSEE, 3996: 3905: 3873:Jacques Foccart 3637: 3604: 3599: 3526:Operation Torch 3476:Đô Lương mutiny 3466:Franco-Thai War 3451:Battle of Gabon 3446:Battle of Dakar 3424: 3414: 3412: 3371: 3366: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3092: 3058:, Lebanon, and 3048: 3042: 3010: 2979: 2926:white supremacy 2883: 2878: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2854:1. Panorama of 2853: 2829: 2811:(1859–1869) by 2796:Lord Palmerston 2782:led by General 2737:a war broke out 2733: 2683:Boxer Rebellion 2652:central Vietnam 2626: 2619: 2610: 2607:Siamese embassy 2603: 2594: 2581: 2513: 2507: 2454: 2438:Austral Islands 2434:Gambier Islands 2426:Society Islands 2424:(including the 2321:Leeward Islands 2296:ruled by Queen 2270: 2268:Pacific Islands 2174:Rabih az-Zubayr 2162:Gentil Missions 2022: 1950:Emir Abdelkader 1918: 1899: 1875:Bassas da India 1842: 1824: 1815: 1813:French Cameroon 1805: 1781: 1771: 1719:Louis Faidherbe 1684:French Togoland 1652: 1627: 1614: 1600: 1533:through to 1934 1523: 1509: 1504: 1410:Napoleonic Wars 1398: 1383: 1351:Empire of Haiti 1298:Saint-Domingue 1292: 1286: 1278:Treaty of Paris 1207:Napoleonic Wars 1160: 1150: 1145: 996: 990: 984: 919:Cape Finisterre 843: 819:Carib Expulsion 640:Jacques Cartier 560: 554: 547: 531:La francophonie 499:liberate France 484:French settlers 351: 337: 323: 263: 250: 237: 224: 211: 198: 127:Colonial empire 118: 106: 101: 90: 89: 82: 65: 58: 50: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13849: 13839: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13821:Former empires 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13786: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13772: 13770: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13736:Vietnam (1940) 13733: 13728: 13726:Vietnam (1930) 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13696:Vietnam (1916) 13693: 13688: 13682: 13680: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13592: 13590: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13514: 13512:Tourane (1856) 13509: 13504: 13502:Tourane (1847) 13499: 13494: 13489: 13483: 13481: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13443: 13441: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13392:Tunisia (1881) 13389: 13384: 13379: 13377:Morocco (1844) 13374: 13369: 13364: 13358: 13356: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13226: 13224: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13210:Morocco (1765) 13207: 13201: 13199: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13178:Siam (1687–90) 13174: 13172: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13119: 13117: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13103:Algiers (1688) 13100: 13098:Algiers (1683) 13095: 13093:Algiers (1682) 13090: 13085: 13080: 13078:Morocco (1629) 13074: 13072: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13037: 13035: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13021:Florida (1568) 13018: 13013: 13007: 13005: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12986: 12985: 12978: 12971: 12963: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12924: 12922: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12914: 12912:Albert Sarraut 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12887:Amédée Courbet 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12858: 12856: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12803: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12741:Yên Bái mutiny 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12602: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12564: 12562: 12558: 12557: 12550: 12549: 12542: 12535: 12527: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12496: 12494:Deerfield Raid 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12423: 12421: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12371: 12370: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12245: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12229: 12224: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12019: 12017: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12007: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11955:Trois-Rivières 11952: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11933: 11931: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11919: 11917:Domaine du roy 11914: 11912:Pays d'en Haut 11909: 11904: 11899: 11893: 11887: 11881: 11875: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11811: 11806: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11786: 11785: 11778: 11771: 11763: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11578: 11573: 11567: 11565: 11556: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11506: 11501: 11500: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11479: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11344: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11315: 11305: 11304: 11303: 11298: 11288: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11251: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11231: 11226: 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10596: 10595: 10585: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10460: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10404:Middle Kingdom 10401: 10391: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10360:Neo-Babylonian 10357: 10352: 10350:Old Babylonian 10342: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10325: 10320: 10314: 10312: 10300: 10299: 10292: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10269: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10230:Also known as 10227: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10193:Banc du Geyser 10184: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10133:Crozet Islands 10130: 10122: 10116: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10092: 10090: 10080: 10079: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10051: 10049: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10011: 10009: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9957: 9956: 9946: 9945: 9938: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9893: 9888: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9857: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9840:Jabal al-Druze 9837: 9832: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9813:State of Syria 9809: 9807: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9770: 9765: 9759: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9711: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9694: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9671: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9608:Virgin Islands 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9572:Saint-Domingue 9569: 9567:The Grenadines 9564: 9559: 9553: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9534:French Florida 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9510: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9491: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9468: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9451:Isle de France 9448: 9443: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9266: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9204: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9166: 9161: 9149: 9142: 9141:External links 9139: 9138: 9137: 9135:online reviews 9127: 9116: 9109: 9099: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9027: 9020: 9009: 8999: 8980:(2): 189–208. 8969: 8958: 8945:10.2307/285947 8939:(3): 338–359. 8928: 8921: 8914: 8903: 8870: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8832: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8783: 8770: 8768:online reviews 8760: 8753: 8743: 8736: 8726: 8719: 8709: 8704:Chafer, Tony. 8702: 8695: 8694:(2nd ed. 2004) 8692:Decolonization 8686: 8685:Decolonization 8683: 8682: 8681: 8671: 8661: 8654: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8595: 8585: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8543: 8529: 8522: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8443:(2): 253–276. 8432: 8425: 8403: 8378: 8371: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8321: 8306: 8287:(1): 109–135. 8276: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8217: 8208: 8199: 8192: 8183: 8180:History Today. 8174: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8155: 8148: 8128: 8117:. 6 April 1988 8102: 8079: 8068:on 16 May 2008 8053: 8047: 8029: 8011: 7988: 7967: 7921: 7902: 7889: 7876: 7855: 7836: 7829: 7809: 7802: 7782: 7748: 7736: 7725:. 30 July 2017 7710: 7697: 7684: 7671: 7656: 7638: 7625: 7612: 7599: 7586: 7580:978-0199267897 7579: 7559: 7546: 7533: 7520: 7503: 7490: 7477: 7464: 7451: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7396: 7374: 7365: 7352: 7323: 7296:(2): 261–277. 7280: 7264: 7257: 7237: 7221: 7208: 7189:(3): 118–142. 7173: 7160: 7147: 7134: 7121: 7114: 7094: 7085: 7063: 7056: 7036: 7023: 7010: 7004:Pierre Milza, 6997: 6980: 6973: 6953: 6938: 6915: 6859: 6844: 6820: 6807: 6801:D. W. Brogan, 6794: 6781: 6768: 6761: 6741: 6702: 6687: 6667: 6658: 6651: 6631: 6617: 6597: 6588: 6579: 6565: 6558: 6538: 6512: 6501: 6472: 6462: 6442: 6411: 6384:(3): 359–366. 6364: 6335:(4): 940–962. 6315: 6308: 6290: 6265: 6240: 6227: 6202: 6181: 6148: 6141: 6121: 6091: 6034: 6006: 5992: 5985: 5965: 5951: 5936: 5922: 5909: 5896: 5854: 5814: 5778: 5730: 5705: 5683: 5661: 5649: 5635: 5608: 5578: 5572:Donald F. Lach 5553: 5537: 5524: 5511: 5498: 5482: 5469: 5456: 5443: 5436: 5416: 5393: 5354:(2): 115–130. 5334: 5321: 5308: 5301: 5281: 5274: 5254: 5247: 5227: 5220: 5198: 5191: 5173: 5167: 5145: 5130: 5112: 5105: 5085: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 4997: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4934:Decolonization 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4900: 4897:History portal 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4831:(1658 – 1713) 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4801:(1534 – 1763) 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4747:Virgin Islands 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4672:Shamian Island 4669: 4663: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4612:(1887 - 1954) 4607: 4601: 4595: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4571:French Somalia 4568: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4533:Crozet Islands 4530: 4524: 4521:Île Saint-Paul 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4481:(1897 - 1958) 4476: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4443:(1910 - 1958) 4438: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4421:French Dahomey 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4391:French Senegal 4388: 4381:(1895 - 1958) 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4355:French Algeria 4351: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4260:regime as the 4232:, Tunisia and 4228:migrated from 4185:Saint-Domingue 4157:. The current 4141:, Canada, and 4135:Roman Catholic 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3945:Comoro Islands 3904: 3901: 3861:neocolonialism 3854:or territories 3785:Sétif massacre 3762:Ruben Um Nyobé 3725:following the 3641:decolonisation 3636: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3529: 3522: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3041: 3040:Decolonization 3038: 3034:Albert Londres 3009: 3006: 2978: 2975: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2837:Parti colonial 2828: 2825: 2800:prime minister 2747:, between the 2745:Ottoman Empire 2732: 2729: 2672:Guangzhouwanin 2636:Third Republic 2628: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2582: 2575: 2525:Nguyen dynasty 2506: 2503: 2453: 2450: 2448:with Britain. 2358:Port-de-France 2343:French Oceania 2309:Queen Victoria 2269: 2266: 2246:Ottoman Empire 2057:Central Africa 2021: 2018: 2005:Mokrani Revolt 1932:deposing 1912:French Algeria 1898: 1895: 1871:Crozet Islands 1863:Île Saint-Paul 1823: 1820: 1804: 1801: 1770: 1767: 1680:French Dahomey 1660:French Senegal 1626: 1623: 1599: 1596: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1466:Isle de France 1397: 1394: 1382: 1379: 1285: 1282: 1168:Colonial India 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1125:Bourbon Island 1095:Reunion Island 1093:which include 1055:British attack 1022:, prioritized 983: 980: 934:Dieppe Company 842: 839: 823:Saint-Domingue 763:1767 Louis XV 657:Rio de Janeiro 588:Saint-Domingue 553: 550: 546: 543: 515:decolonization 443:and the South 406:British Empire 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 348: 342: 341: 334: 328: 327: 320: 311: 308: 307: 302: 295: 294: 289: 283: 282: 276: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 258: 255: 254: 251: 245: 242: 241: 238: 232: 229: 228: 225: 219: 216: 215: 212: 206: 203: 202: 199: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 116: 108: 107: 91: 83: 76: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 51: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13848: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13777: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13677: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13478: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13438: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13062: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13041:Brazil (1531) 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034:South America 13032: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13004:North America 13002: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12984: 12979: 12977: 12972: 12970: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12921:Organisations 12919: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12907:Auguste Pavie 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12892:Henri Rivière 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12854:personalities 12849: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12548: 12543: 12541: 12536: 12534: 12529: 12528: 12525: 12513: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12243:Chemin du Roy 12241: 12240: 12238: 12234: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12222: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12090: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12063:Fort Duquesne 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12053:Fort Carillon 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12038:Fort de Buade 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12014: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11879: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11784: 11779: 11777: 11772: 11770: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11747: 11746:Soviet empire 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731:Miscellaneous 11729: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11560: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11330:German Empire 11328: 11327: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11070:Turco-Persian 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10290: 10285: 10283: 10278: 10276: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10251: 10247: 10245: 10241: 10239: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10182:Europa Island 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10164: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10074: 10070: 10056: 10055:New Caledonia 10053: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9975:French Guiana 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9936: 9931: 9929: 9924: 9922: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9830:Alawite State 9828: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9685: 9680: 9678: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9598:Saint Vincent 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9489: 9484: 9482: 9477: 9475: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9423:Grande Comore 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9340:Four Communes 9338: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9323:Arguin Island 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298:Côte d'Ivoire 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9254: 9247: 9242: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9202: 9197: 9195: 9190: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9008: 9007:online review 9004: 9000: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576:(2 vol 1929) 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8497:(1938) 464pp. 8496: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8404:9789048540273 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8369:online review 8366: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8322:9781859735572 8318: 8314: 8313: 8307: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8265:(1978), 174pp 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8198:(2 vol 1986). 8197: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8164: 8159: 8151: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8050: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8015: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7983: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7957: 7942:. p. 108 7938: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7886: 7880: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7832: 7830:9781440855993 7826: 7822: 7821: 7813: 7805: 7803:9780230500952 7799: 7795: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7740: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7694: 7688: 7681: 7675: 7667: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7635: 7629: 7622: 7616: 7609: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7582: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7563: 7556: 7550: 7543: 7537: 7530: 7524: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7494: 7487: 7481: 7474: 7473:The Historian 7468: 7461: 7455: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7378: 7369: 7362: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7260: 7258:9780803262478 7254: 7250: 7249: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7218: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7144: 7138: 7131: 7125: 7117: 7115:9780838637913 7111: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7089: 7083: 7082:0-312-16000-3 7079: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7059: 7057:9789888028894 7053: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7001: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6920: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6876: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6804: 6798: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6772: 6764: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6662: 6654: 6652:9780521337670 6648: 6644: 6643: 6635: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6575: 6569: 6561: 6559:9780521524322 6555: 6551: 6550: 6542: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6153: 6144: 6142:9781598843361 6138: 6134: 6133: 6125: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6075: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6002: 5996: 5988: 5986:9780253109262 5982: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5955: 5947: 5940: 5932: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5819: 5802: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5693: 5687: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5638: 5636:9780226467658 5632: 5628: 5627: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5596: 5595: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5531:Paul Cheney, 5528: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5437:9780299199043 5433: 5429: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400:Tony Chafer, 5397: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5302:9781351002417 5298: 5294: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5275:9781859735572 5271: 5267: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5248:9781135973216 5244: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5223: 5221:9780199362387 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5192:0-7641-5249-1 5188: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5168:9780807898550 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5131:9780520919297 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5106:9781576073353 5102: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5040: 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4677: 4673: 4670: 4668:(1896 - 1943) 4667: 4664: 4662:(1896 - 1943) 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650:(1898 - 1945) 4649: 4646: 4642:(1893 - 1953) 4641: 4638: 4636:(1863 - 1956) 4635: 4632: 4630:(1883 - 1950) 4629: 4626: 4624:(1883 - 1887) 4623: 4620: 4618:(1862 - 1946) 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606:(1673 - 1950) 4605: 4602: 4600:(1923 - 1943) 4599: 4596: 4594:(1923 - 1946) 4593: 4590: 4589: 4578: 4575: 4573:(1896 - 1967) 4572: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545:Europa Island 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4499:(1841 - 1975) 4498: 4495: 4493:(1715 - 1810) 4492: 4489: 4487:(1756 - 1794) 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475:(1920 - 1960) 4474: 4471: 4467:(1958 - 1960) 4466: 4463: 4461:(1958 - 1960) 4460: 4459:Ubangui-Shari 4457: 4455:(1958 - 1960) 4454: 4451: 4449:(1958 - 1960) 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4435:(1959 - 1960) 4434: 4431: 4429:(1958 - 1960) 4428: 4425: 4423:(1958 - 1960) 4422: 4419: 4417:(1958 - 1960) 4416: 4413: 4411:(1958 - 1960) 4410: 4407: 4405:(1958 - 1960) 4404: 4401: 4399:(1958 - 1960) 4398: 4397:French Guinea 4395: 4393:(1958 - 1960) 4392: 4389: 4387:(1958 - 1960) 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375:(1881 - 1956) 4374: 4371: 4369:(1912 - 1956) 4368: 4365: 4363:(1943 - 1951) 4362: 4359: 4357:(1830 - 1961) 4356: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313:Petits-blancs 4310: 4309: 4304: 4303:New Caledonia 4300: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4123:New Caledonia 4120: 4116: 4096: 4079: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969:Four Communes 3966: 3965:French Guiana 3962: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893:New Caledonia 3890: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747:Ngô Đình Diệm 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3731:Ngô Đình Diệm 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703:17th parallel 3700: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649:Paul Ramadier 3646: 3642: 3632: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344:North America 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309:Colmar Pocket 3307: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3217:Monte Cassino 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3200:Eastern Front 3198: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3176:Run for Tunis 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2919:Blaise Diagne 2916: 2915:Four Communes 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2712:(now part of 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688:In 1849, the 2684: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668:added in 1893 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:Treaty of Hue 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2548:, and all of 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:New Caledonia 2473: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:New Caledonia 2415: 2414:South Pacific 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2377:German Empire 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:New Caledonia 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:Agadir Crisis 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152:and to unify 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879:Europa Island 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1793:Ubangui-Shari 1790: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:French Guinea 1661: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:South America 1427: 1426:French Guiana 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 995: 989: 979: 977: 974:In 1664, the 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:Chandernagore 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 852: 847: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 777:French Guiana 774: 766: 761: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 665:Fort Caroline 662: 658: 654: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 624: 617: 616:French Guiana 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 559: 549: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 480: 475: 471: 467: 462: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 386:protectorates 383: 379: 375: 371: 349: 347: 344: 343: 335: 333: 330: 329: 321: 319: 316: 315: 312: 310: 309: 306: 303: 301: 300: 296: 293: 290: 288: 287:ISO 3166 code 284: 280: 277: 273: 269: 265: 262: 256: 252: 249: 243: 239: 236: 230: 226: 223: 217: 213: 210: 204: 200: 197: 193: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 163:Haitian Vodou 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 114: 109: 105: 99: 95: 87: 80: 73: 68: 62: 55: 46: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 13582:20th century 13559:Korea (1866) 13348:19th century 13191:18th century 13064:17th century 12997:16th century 12989: 12746:World War II 12631:Guangzhouwan 12572: 12484:Lachine Raid 12221:Maréchaussée 12219: 12143:Terre-Neuve 12048:Fort Detroit 12028:Fort Rouillé 12001:Terre-Neuve 11907:Ohio Country 11808: 11612: 11497:Contemporary 11347:Indo-Persian 11335:Nazi Germany 11279:Contemporary 11181:Vijayanagara 11080:Great Seljuk 10991:Thessalonica 10919:Golden Horde 10559:Carthaginian 10338:Neo-Assyrian 10323:Neo-Sumerian 10191: 10125: 10025:Saint Martin 9861:New Hebrides 9715:Chandernagor 9707:French India 9697: 9539:French Texas 9494: 9395:Ubangi-Shari 9390:Middle Congo 9357:James Island 9262:North Africa 9252: 9207: 9169: 9130: 9119: 9112: 9102: 9077: 9073: 9065: 9058: 9048: 9034: 9030: 9023: 9012: 9002: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8936: 8932: 8924: 8917: 8906: 8878: 8874: 8866: 8852: 8845: 8835: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8786: 8776: 8763: 8756: 8746: 8739: 8738:Ikeda, Ryo. 8729: 8722: 8715: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8674: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8599: 8588: 8582:vol 2 online 8578:vol 1 online 8573: 8566: 8547: 8532: 8511: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8382: 8374: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8343: 8330: 8311: 8284: 8280: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8220: 8211: 8202: 8195: 8186: 8179: 8158: 8138: 8131: 8119:. Retrieved 8114: 8105: 8087: 8082: 8070:. Retrieved 8066:the original 8056: 8038: 8032: 8024:the original 8014: 8002:. Retrieved 7991: 7981: 7944:. Retrieved 7914: 7905: 7897: 7892: 7884: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7847: 7839: 7819: 7812: 7792: 7785: 7768: 7764: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7727:. Retrieved 7722: 7713: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7687: 7679: 7674: 7665: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7633: 7628: 7620: 7615: 7607: 7602: 7594: 7589: 7569: 7562: 7554: 7549: 7541: 7536: 7528: 7523: 7511: 7506: 7498: 7493: 7485: 7480: 7472: 7467: 7459: 7454: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7399: 7382: 7377: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7343:. Retrieved 7339:France Inter 7338: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7275: 7247: 7240: 7229: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7137: 7129: 7124: 7104: 7097: 7088: 7071: 7066: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7026: 7018: 7013: 7006:Napoléon III 7005: 7000: 6988: 6983: 6963: 6956: 6928: 6906:. 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Retrieved 5597:. p. 61 5593: 5567: 5545: 5540: 5532: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5506: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5464: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5426: 5419: 5401: 5396: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5291: 5284: 5264: 5257: 5237: 5230: 5207: 5201: 5182: 5176: 5154: 5148: 5121: 5115: 5095: 5088: 5083:(1996) p 304 5080: 5075: 4944:Francization 4876:New Hebrides 4829:Newfoundland 4776:(1555 -1567) 4735:Saint Martin 4701:(1649 -1763) 4656:concessions 4604:French India 4453:French Congo 4447:French Gabon 4433:French Sudan 4409:French Niger 4312: 4306: 4296: 4270: 4249: 4246:World War II 4223: 4215: 4207: 4205: 4182: 4163: 4127: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 3971:of Senegal ( 3949: 3914: 3906: 3903:Demographics 3881: 3867:Françafrique 3858: 3852:départements 3851: 3845:départements 3844: 3828:French Union 3825: 3822:in the 1950s 3820:Algerian War 3789:Algerian War 3781:Messali Hadj 3777:Ferhat Abbas 3770: 3755: 3692: 3661: 3638: 3630: 3616: 3612:Vichy France 3605: 3583: 3582: 3551: 3550: 3532: 3525: 3513: 3512: 3491: 3490: 3430: 3421:World War II 3417:Vichy France 3331: 3302: 3266: 3256:Saint-Marcel 3237: 3232:Mont Mouchet 3205: 3181: 3159: 3090:World War II 3080:French Union 3049: 3023: 3020:in 1892–1894 2999: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2963: 2959: 2935: 2923: 2911:French India 2898: 2892: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2817: 2789: 2734: 2718: 2696:(now called 2687: 2629: 2554: 2518: 2514: 2488: 2472:Napoleon III 2470: 2446:New Hebrides 2416:, including 2411: 2374: 2362:penal colony 2347: 2302: 2287: 2235: 2216: 2207: 2189: 2170:Middle Congo 2158:Foureau–Lamy 2143: 2125: 2109:east African 2049:Bardo Treaty 2041:North Africa 2038: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1970:Abd al Qadir 1966: 1962: 1958: 1930: 1900: 1843: 1816: 1789:French Congo 1785:French Gabon 1782: 1754:Foureau-Lamy 1692: 1688:French Sudan 1672:French Niger 1653: 1619: 1615: 1587:Rif Republic 1572: 1565: 1553: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1489: 1474: 1465: 1446:Indian Ocean 1437: 1407: 1392: 1384: 1356: 1332: 1317: 1314:in 1801–1803 1300:slave revolt 1271: 1246: 1226:Marshal Saxe 1219: 1184: 1177:The British 1137: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1116:in 1735 and 1107: 1088: 1080: 1068: 1045:Fort Dauphin 997: 994:Françafrique 973: 969:French India 967:(1739) (see 963:(1725), and 946: 923: 886: 882: 856: 792: 770: 764: 739: 712: 704: 677: 648:Newfoundland 629: 552:The Americas 548: 523:French Union 488: 479:assimilation 457: 413:the Americas 410: 397: 393: 369: 367: 346:Francophonie 305:Succeeded by 304: 279:French franc 235:French Union 42: 29: 13492:Java (1811) 13382:Salé (1851) 12716:World War I 12606:Cochinchina 12599:territories 12597:Constituent 12338:Amerindians 12301:1666 census 12210:Officiality 12205:Provostship 12092:Governments 12073:Castle Hill 11995:New Orleans 11971:Île Royale 11950:Quebec City 11898:(1713–1763) 11886:(1662–1713) 11884:Terre-Neuve 11880:(1608–1763) 11874:(1604–1713) 11085:Khwarezmian 11018:Carolingian 10823:Rashtrakuta 10527:Shaishunaga 10426:Hellenistic 10409:New Kingdom 10399:Old Kingdom 10248:Claimed by 10242:Claimed by 10127:Adélie Land 10045:Sui generis 9776:Cochinchina 9593:Saint Lucia 9347:Upper Volta 9290:West Africa 9080:(1): 3–16. 8413:j.ctv80cd6t 8072:12 February 8000:(in French) 7695:(1994) p 85 7636:(1996) p 16 7610:(1996) p 17 7341:(in French) 7021:(2001) p. 4 6908:31 December 6887:10125/20375 6722:: 219–230. 6624:10 November 6082:|last= 5642:19 December 5601:19 December 5550:online free 5544:H.P.Davis, 4967:Tirailleurs 4960:1900–1958: 4954:1900–1958: 4949:French Army 4929:Colonialism 4752:Saint Croix 4729:Saint Lucia 4465:French Chad 4331:Territories 4325:Beke people 4319:of various 4271:Apart from 4266:Ivory Coast 4258:Khmer Rouge 4256:during the 4225:pieds noirs 4170:Cape Colony 4147:West Indies 4075:110,631,000 4070:105,843,000 4065:100,184,000 4049:69,131,000 4032:41,500,000 3973:Saint-Louis 3943:(incl. the 3929:departments 3859:Critics of 3818:during the 3797:pieds-noirs 3751:Vietnam War 3711:Ho Chi Minh 3664:Ho Chi Minh 3608:Free France 3126:Free French 2991:Paul Cambon 2984:Ho Chi Minh 2821:Jules Ferry 2731:Middle East 2725:Upper Burma 2702:concessions 2650:(in modern 2642:(in modern 2550:Cochinchina 2495:French Navy 2480:Cochinchina 2238:World War I 2217:During the 2131:Congo River 2077:Ivory Coast 2014:Kel Ahaggar 1946:Constantine 1934:Hussein Dey 1797:French Chad 1743:West Africa 1707:slave trade 1703:Saint-Louis 1650:West Africa 1575:Abd el-Krim 1562:in May 1914 1496:Ben Kiernan 1454:Saint Lucia 1438:Île Bourbon 1422:West Indies 1310:Napoleon's 1266:Saint Lucia 1135:Mauritius. 1110:Netherlands 1033:Saint-Louis 951:(1673) and 807:Saint Lucia 781:Saint Kitts 773:West Indies 750:Great Lakes 708:Catholicism 688:Nova Scotia 644:Grand Banks 586:(including 574:(including 495:Free French 470:Jules Ferry 439:as well as 147:Catholicism 13795:Categories 12561:Background 12411:Sulpicians 12368:card money 12296:Population 12190:Intendancy 12153:Louisiane 12058:Fort Condé 11981:Louisiane 11975:Louisbourg 11940:Port Royal 11896:Île Royale 11790:New France 11655:Portuguese 11536:Revival Le 11526:Vietnamese 11169:Later Tran 11139:Vietnamese 11035:Singhasari 11023:Holy Roman 10647:Bulgarian 10583:Satavahana 10554:Phoenician 10490:Achaemenid 10451:Indo-Greek 10431:Macedonian 10345:Babylonian 10244:Madagascar 10153:Saint Paul 9985:Martinique 9980:Guadeloupe 9735:Pondichéry 9446:Madagascar 9318:Mauritania 8098:1851094113 7393:0195334027 7219:(1995) p 6 5574:pp. 93–94 5371:1893/25105 5067:References 5032:New France 4799:New France 4717:Martinique 4705:Guadeloupe 4485:Seychelles 4197:Guadeloupe 4189:Dessalines 4187:. In 1804 4178:New France 4060:94,696,000 4046:64,293,000 4043:59,474,000 4040:55,556,000 4029:41,550,000 4026:40,710,000 4023:39,140,000 3961:Guadeloupe 3957:Martinique 3739:referendum 3733:, toppled 3627:dismissed. 3533:Case Anton 3297:Strasbourg 3278:Marseilles 3171:Bir Hakeim 3060:Madagascar 2971:Madagascar 2907:Madagascar 2809:Suez Canal 2509:See also: 2208:status quo 2150:Chad Basin 2121:Madagascar 2061:Mauritania 1910:See also: 1836:Madagascar 1834:See also: 1822:Madagascar 1807:See also: 1773:See also: 1762:Chad Basin 1644:See also: 1602:See also: 1511:See also: 1464:, and the 1462:Seychelles 1418:Martinique 1414:Guadeloupe 1369:convinced 1320:Hispaniola 1288:See also: 1256:), except 1250:New France 1234:New France 1118:Seychelles 1075:Madagascar 1041:Madagascar 1012:Madagascar 992:See also: 986:See also: 953:Pondichéry 905:, reached 867:Saint-Malo 831:Hispaniola 803:Martinique 799:Guadeloupe 727:Jean Talon 700:New France 680:Port Royal 596:Martinique 592:Guadeloupe 572:New France 570:comprised 558:New France 556:See also: 12406:Ursulines 12401:Grey Nuns 12396:Récollets 12313:Canadiens 12308:Habitants 12258:Voyageurs 12248:Fur trade 12227:Code Noir 12107:Intendant 12005:Plaisance 11927:Towns and 11890:Louisiana 11834:1663–1759 11829:1608–1662 11824:1534–1607 11648:Couronian 11286:Ethiopian 11274:Manchukuo 11229:Brazilian 11075:Ghaznavid 11045:Srivijaya 10996:Trebizond 10981:Byzantine 10963:North Sea 10958:Norwegian 10946:Almoravid 10929:Ilkhanate 10899:Majapahit 10872:Muromachi 10781:Solomonic 10766:Ethiopian 10680:Caliphate 10613:Aragonese 10441:Ptolemaic 10250:Mauritius 10109: ( 9519:Louisiana 9400:Cameroons 9094:220878619 8994:154727976 8895:159812995 8465:162656377 8421:240251838 8301:154801621 7746:, p. 699. 7318:145758088 7203:151103630 6948:191036857 6895:798846333 6728:0362-7055 6508:conquest. 6398:0032-3195 6359:233913915 6351:0018-246X 6191:216739164 5944:Scheina. 5891:2573-5012 5849:0246-0092 5765:0001-9909 5388:151527670 5380:2201-473X 5332:, Radio 3 4924:CFA franc 4823:Louisiana 4676:Guangzhou 4515:Kerguelen 4315:with the 4308:Zoreilles 4298:Caldoches 4277:Québécois 4212:Indochina 4174:Afrikaner 4166:Huguenots 4151:Mascarene 4143:Louisiana 4130:Huguenots 4119:Caldoches 3850:overseas 3723:abdicated 3668:Viet Minh 3645:repressed 3441:Gibraltar 3338:Indochina 3128:campaigns 3002:Pied-Noir 2977:Education 2913:and the " 2706:Guangzhou 2430:Marquesas 2406:Bora Bora 2390:Teraupo'o 2298:Pōmare IV 2280:in 1860. 2278:Pōmare IV 2229:became a 2139:Lake Chad 2033:Famienkro 1859:Kerguelen 1717:officer, 1477:Charles X 1470:Mauritius 1444:) in the 1377:in 1803. 1330:of 1789. 1258:Louisiana 1120:in 1756. 1114:Rodrigues 1103:Rodrigues 1099:Mauritius 883:Croissant 825:(today's 742:Louisiana 604:St. Lucia 580:Louisiana 535:CFA franc 507:Indochina 449:metropole 441:Indochina 437:in Africa 417:Caribbean 227:1830–1903 196:Gaspé Bay 143:Religion 70:1534–1980 13440:Americas 13223:Americas 13116:Americas 12800:Treaties 12621:Cambodia 12512:Category 12363:Currency 12323:Acadians 12157:Governor 12147:Governor 12137:Governor 11960:Montreal 11929:villages 11865:Colonies 11628:Japanese 11591:Scottish 11571:American 11563:Colonial 11492:Imperial 11460:Moroccan 11396:Japanese 11374:Afsharid 11233:Burmese 11219:Austrian 11174:Later Le 11149:Early Le 11134:Venetian 11060:Tiwanaku 10973:Hellenic 10936:Moroccan 10867:Kamakura 10857:Japanese 10840:Saffarid 10793:Georgian 10707:Chalukya 10685:Rashidun 10675:Calakmul 10643:Bruneian 10522:Haryanka 10500:Sasanian 10495:Parthian 10446:Bactrian 10436:Seleucid 10416:Goguryeo 10394:Egyptian 10328:Assyrian 10318:Akkadian 10309:Colonies 10005:Overseas 9965:Overseas 9823:Damascus 9772:Vietnam 9763:Cambodia 9740:Karaikal 9557:Dominica 9352:Togoland 9155:Archived 9053:abstract 8840:in JSTOR 8826:Archived 8734:in JSTOR 8315:. Berg. 8004:12 March 7956:cite web 7946:12 March 7666:El Watan 7649:(1977). 7632:Gildea, 7414:". p.11. 7408:Archived 6854:17485209 6736:42952165 6483:(2007). 6074:cite web 5409:Archived 5140:44955842 4883:See also 4872:(1858 -) 4866:(1887 -) 4860:(1842 -) 4854:(1853 -) 4782:(1503 -) 4725:(1878 -) 4719:(1635 -) 4707:(1635 -) 4579:(1854 -) 4565:(1722 -) 4563:Tromelin 4559:(1892 -) 4553:(1897 -) 4541:(1897 -) 4535:(1772 -) 4529:(1924 -) 4523:(1924 -) 4517:(1924 -) 4511:(1665 -) 4505:(1843 -) 4323:and the 4281:Acadians 4254:Cambodia 3985:Rufisque 3885:Djibouti 3635:Conflict 3303:Nordwind 3290:Dompaire 3285:Lorraine 3238:Overlord 3160:Exporter 3028:and the 2956:in 1894. 2761:Damascus 2565:Thailand 2557:Cambodia 2484:Cambodia 2442:Tuamotus 2440:and the 2335:Pōmare V 2317:Tahitian 2262:Cameroon 2242:mandates 2113:Djibouti 2105:Cameroon 1891:Tromelin 1809:Cameroon 1803:Cameroon 1475:In 1825 1371:Napoleon 1000:Americas 959:(1723), 895:Maldives 885:and the 879:Moluccas 863:Henry IV 694:founded 669:São Luís 600:Dominica 568:Americas 493:and the 382:colonies 275:Currency 194:claimed 171:Hinduism 167:Buddhism 96:(before 13769:Pacific 12358:Alcohol 12348:Plaçage 12343:Slavery 12289:Society 12236:Economy 12215:Bailiff 12133:Acadie 12098:Canada 11965:Détroit 11946:Canada 11936:Acadie 11797:History 11695:largest 11690:Empires 11670:Swedish 11665:Spanish 11660:Russian 11623:Italian 11598:Chinese 11586:English 11581:British 11576:Belgian 11551:Vietnam 11541:Tay son 11487:Tsarist 11482:Russian 11477:Ottoman 11443:Dzungar 11438:Khoshut 11411:Mexican 11406:Maratha 11389:Pahlavi 11369:Safavid 11364:Iranian 11291:Haitian 11254:Chinese 11214:Ashanti 11186:Wagadou 11112:Eastern 11107:Western 11090:Timurid 11050:Tibetan 11040:Songhai 11030:Serbian 10951:Almohad 10941:Idrisid 10845:Samanid 10835:Tahirid 10830:Iranian 10808:Kannauj 10788:Genoese 10724:Chinese 10717:Eastern 10712:Western 10700:Fatimid 10695:Abbasid 10690:Umayyad 10663:Burmese 10623:Ayyubid 10618:Angevin 10588:Xianbei 10576:Eastern 10571:Western 10517:Magadha 10480:Iranian 10473:Xiongnu 10458:Hittite 10367:Chinese 10355:Kassite 10304:Ancient 10296:Empires 10238:Comoros 9995:Réunion 9990:Mayotte 9908:Present 9866:Vanuatu 9854:Oceania 9626:Berbice 9562:Grenada 9418:Anjouan 9410:Comoros 9362:Albreda 9335:Senegal 9303:Dahomey 9280:Tunisia 9275:Morocco 9270:Algeria 9037:(2012). 9017:excerpt 9015:(2015) 9005:(1986) 8791:excerpt 8789:(2015) 8781:excerpt 8537:excerpt 8377:(2010). 8272:(2005) 8244:(1989). 8223:(1992). 8121:2 April 7996:INSEE. 7887:(1979). 7852:excerpt 7744:Chapman 7310:1948669 6406:2143152 4977:Zouaves 4846:Oceania 4837:(1536-) 4758:Vieques 4737:(1648-) 4699:Grenada 4547:(1897 ) 4509:Réunion 4503:Mayotte 4497:Comoros 4348:in 1935 4291:), and 4262:Pol Pot 4242:Algeria 4234:Morocco 4230:Algeria 3953:Réunion 3925:Algeria 3897:Mayotte 3889:Vanuatu 3838:. Only 3834:by the 3773:Algeria 3766:Morocco 3735:Bảo Đại 3719:Bảo Đại 3672:Vietnam 3419:during 3379:Legend. 3356:Oceania 3332:Crimson 3326:Réunion 3267:Dragoon 3261:Vercors 3222:Glières 3212:Corsica 3188:Tunisia 3072:Tunisia 3068:Algeria 3064:Morocco 2967:slavery 2954:Dahomey 2862:Yun-nan 2856:Lac-Kaï 2741:Lebanon 2698:Tianjin 2674:1900). 2561:Norodom 2559:, King 2534:Da Nang 2499:Zouaves 2398:Huahine 2382:Raiatea 2305:Raiatea 2254:Lebanon 2227:Morocco 2223:Germany 2212:Morocco 2166:Algeria 2065:Senegal 2045:Tunisia 1989:Algiers 1916:Algeria 1897:Algeria 1855:Réunion 1851:Mayotte 1847:Comoros 1758:Algiers 1695:Senegal 1639:Senegal 1604:Tunisia 1598:Tunisia 1513:Morocco 1507:Morocco 1450:Britain 1442:Réunion 1434:Senegal 1420:in the 1302:in 1791 1262:Grenada 1230:Menorca 1187:Britain 1181:in 1809 1084:Senegal 1071:Senegal 1065:in 1758 1029:Senegal 1008:Senegal 1002:and in 965:Karikal 915:Sumatra 861:, King 853:in 1751 608:Grenada 511:Algeria 445:Pacific 261:Vanuatu 246:• 233:• 220:• 207:• 192:Cartier 190:• 177:History 155:Judaism 133:Capital 102:Right: 13589:Africa 13355:Africa 13198:Africa 13071:Africa 12852:French 12650:Events 12611:Tonkin 11990:Biloxi 11985:Mobile 11878:Canada 11872:Acadia 11633:Mongol 11618:German 11613:French 11603:Danish 11546:Dainam 11521:Tongan 11509:Somali 11504:Sokoto 11470:'Alawi 11448:Kalmyk 11428:Mongol 11421:Second 11401:Korean 11352:Mughal 11342:Indian 11325:German 11318:Second 11308:French 11301:Second 11237:Second 11209:Afghan 11201:Modern 11127:Kyrgyz 11122:Uighur 11117:Second 11097:Turkic 11065:Toltec 11001:Epirus 10986:Nicaea 10909:Mongol 10862:Yamato 10798:Huetar 10656:Second 10593:Rouran 10542:Shunga 10537:Maurya 10512:Kushan 10485:Median 10463:Hunnic 10421:Harsha 9818:Aleppo 9786:Tonkin 9745:Yanaon 9725:Madras 9603:Tobago 9524:Canada 9514:Acadia 9428:Mohéli 9313:Guinea 9215:Former 9092: 9026:(2008) 8992: 8968:(2010) 8953:285947 8951: 8927:(2002) 8920:(1985) 8911:online 8901:online 8893: 8823:online 8807:(2006) 8751:online 8701:(1991) 8669:online 8606: 8593:online 8554: 8520: 8504:(2000) 8490:(1962) 8463: 8457:179514 8455: 8419: 8411: 8401: 8346:(1997) 8338:online 8333:(1995) 8319: 8299: 8258:(1982) 8237:(1996) 8146: 8096: 8045: 7827: 7800: 7729:18 May 7577: 7516:online 7512:Africa 7391: 7316: 7308: 7255: 7234:online 7201: 7112: 7080: 7054: 6993:online 6971: 6946: 6936: 6893: 6852: 6842: 6779:(2009) 6759: 6734: 6726: 6682: 6649: 6615: 6556: 6499: 6460: 6404: 6396: 6357: 6349: 6306: 6189: 6179: 6139: 5983: 5889: 5847: 5773:718942 5771: 5763: 5633: 5535:(2010) 5434: 5404:(2002) 5386: 5378: 5299: 5272: 5245: 5218: 5189: 5165: 5138: 5128: 5103: 4972:Spahis 4817:Canada 4805:Acadia 4622:Tonkin 4336:Africa 4285:Cajuns 4250:colons 4220:Saigon 4216:colons 4208:colons 4201:Guiana 4139:Acadia 4093:5.15% 3983:, and 3963:, and 3840:Guinea 3721:, who 3709:under 3273:Toulon 3194:Europe 3078:. The 2710:Hankou 2646:) and 2640:Tonkin 2546:Tonkin 2538:Saigon 2478:, and 2436:, the 2432:, the 2428:, the 2326:Moorea 2311:. The 2282:Tahiti 2276:Queen 2225:, and 2107:, the 2069:Guinea 2055:, and 1985:Randon 1974:Sharia 1889:, and 1795:, and 1715:French 1686:, and 1610:, and 1519:, and 1502:Africa 1460:, the 1458:Tobago 1436:, the 1101:, and 982:Africa 930:Dieppe 907:Ceylon 887:Corbin 873:, and 696:Quebec 684:Acadia 612:Tobago 576:Canada 533:, the 419:, and 415:, the 388:, and 374:French 180: 123:Status 92:Left: 61:French 57: 12616:Annam 12333:Métis 12016:Forts 11683:Lists 11638:Omani 11608:Dutch 11514:Isaaq 11465:Saadi 11433:Oirat 11416:First 11384:Qajar 11313:First 11296:First 11269:China 11242:Third 11102:First 11055:Tikal 11006:Morea 10976:Roman 10894:Latin 10889:Khmer 10884:Kanem 10850:Buyid 10776:Zagwe 10771:Aksum 10761:Chola 10668:First 10651:First 10638:Bornu 10633:Benin 10628:Aztec 10566:Roman 10547:Gupta 10532:Nanda 10468:White 9781:Annam 9636:Inini 9577:Haïti 9385:Gabon 9330:Niger 9308:Sudan 9090:S2CID 8990:S2CID 8949:JSTOR 8891:S2CID 8580:also 8539:also 8461:S2CID 8453:JSTOR 8417:S2CID 8409:JSTOR 8297:S2CID 7940:(PDF) 7933:INSEE 7761:(PDF) 7345:8 May 7314:S2CID 7306:JSTOR 7199:S2CID 6902:(PDF) 6879:(PDF) 6732:JSTOR 6531:9 May 6526:MERIP 6495:–ff. 6435:9 May 6402:JSTOR 6355:S2CID 6283:9 May 6258:9 May 6220:8 May 6196:8 May 6187:S2CID 6114:8 May 6064:8 May 6027:8 May 5807:3 May 5769:JSTOR 5723:3 May 5698:3 May 5676:3 May 5384:S2CID 4711:Haiti 4654:China 4628:Annam 4293:Métis 4252:left 4240:left 4090:5.11% 4087:5.01% 4084:5.02% 4055:Total 3981:Gorée 3977:Dakar 3816:Spahi 3244:Paris 3206:Husky 3182:Torch 3166:Kufra 3154:Keren 3149:Gabon 3144:Dakar 3056:Syria 2866:Hanoi 2757:Syria 2749:Druze 2714:Wuhan 2648:Annam 2542:Annam 2402:Teuhe 2386:Tahaa 2333:King 2250:Syria 2101:Gabon 2085:Niger 2081:Benin 1739:Niger 1723:Dakar 1699:Gorée 1635:Gorée 1481:Haïti 1468:(now 1059:Gorée 1037:Gorée 957:Yanam 942:Akbar 875:Vitré 871:Laval 827:Haiti 421:India 151:Islam 137:Paris 13679:Asia 13293:Asia 13171:Asia 12626:Laos 12420:Wars 12168:Laws 11453:Bogd 11379:Zand 11357:Sikh 11264:Qing 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French colonial empire

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