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85:. Late spring melts allow for faster flooding; this is because the relatively longer days and higher solar angle allow for average melting temperatures to be reached quickly, causing snow to melt rapidly. Snowpacks at higher altitudes and in mountainous areas remain cold and tend to melt over a longer period of time and thus do not contribute to major flooding. Serious flooding from freshets in southern US states are more often related to rain storms of large
36:
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and have been found to recover even when their habitat has been diminished by physical disturbances. The freshets in winter or early spring cause rapid flooding. The water abundance due to the melting of snow cannot easily infiltrate the frozen surface and run into nearby rivers, in this study the Ohashi River. Many of the organisms in this river have evolved to overcome the effects of the freshets
367:, water entering streams comes from deep in the soil where carbon contents are lower due to microbial digestion. During a freshet, water is more likely to run overland, where it dissolves the abundant, less degraded carbon present in the uppermost soil layers before entering streams. High dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels lead to a decrease in the
424:. However, due to the low population this flood had a minor impact compared to the second largest flood in 1948, which had a peak discharge of 15,200 cubic metres per second (540,000 cu ft/s) and a peak height of 10.97 metres (36.0 ft) at Hope, BC. The 1948 flood caused extensive damage in the lower
346:, are highly responsive to freshets. In low flows present at the end of freshets, fish are more likely to ascend streams (move upstream). During high flows at the peak of a freshet, fish are more likely to descend streams. There are some species of fish that are less effected from freshets than others. Goby
400:
Flood was the result of an exceptionally large freshet fed by large snow accumulations which melted due to rapidly warming temperatures, producing large volumes of meltwater which inundated the frozen ground. At the peak of the flood, the Red River reached a depth of 16.46 metres (54.0 ft) and a
259:, heavy rains, or a combination of the two. Specifically, freshets occur when this water enters streams and results in flooding and high flow conditions. When freshets occur in the winter or early spring, the frozen ground can contribute to rapid flooding. This is because the meltwaters cannot easily
475:
In southwestern Japan the Ohashi River runs between two brackish-water lagoons. In this river
Ammonia "beccarii" forma 1 (a benthic foraminiferan) has been found to colonize these waters depending on seasonal changes in the ecosystem. These organisms have been studied prior and post freshet events,
379:
Freshets may cause catastrophic changes to society, specifically in the economy and agriculture of populated environments. The floods caused by high waters from the rivers have been documented to destroy historical monuments, destroy ecosystems as well as pose a great threat to any life living near
350:
ssp for example, show similar patterns of migration and recover in population abundance and distribution after/during freshet conditions. The benthic-estuarine species seem to better cope with freshets, some have even showed an attraction effect due to the extent of estuarine cues. Some species are
375:
Artificial freshets have also been correlated with changes in migration patterns of adult
Atlantic salmon. A study was conducted in southern Norway which showed significant alterations in migration distances. Comparing the data from pre-freshet, during freshet, and post-freshet the mean migration
245:
A controlled release of extra water into a river from a dam or other impounding structure, in additional to normal compensation flows, intended to simulate high flow events which would normally occur naturally if the river was not impounded. They are designed to aid fish
351:
affected by the consequences of freshets more than others. This is due to multiple factors, some include, but not limited to: differentiation in species biological anatomy, previous migration patterns, mating seasons, and feeding habits.
283:, the timing of freshets is critical. In the Fraser River Basin, the annual freshet was observed 10 days earlier in 2006 compared to 1949. In these areas, earlier freshets can result in low flow conditions later in the summer or fall.
371:
of the stream by enhancing heterotrophic microbial growth. Freshets have also been linked to compressing salinity gradients, increasing turbidity, and in the most intense conditions of freshets they have decreased oxygen levels.
467:
in
Chesapeake Bay. At the peak of the flood on June 24, 1972, the instantaneous peak flow was greater than 32,000 cubic metres per second (1,100,000 cu ft/s), and at the mouth of the river, the concentration of
294:
Freshets may also occur due to rainfall events. Significant rainfall events can saturate the ground and lead to rapid inundation of streams, as well as contributing to snowmelt by delivering energy to snowpacks through
81:. Freshets can occur with differing strength and duration depending upon the depth of the snowpack and the local average rates of warming temperatures. Deeper snowpacks which melt quickly can result in more severe
380:
the freshet event, including human life. The research of predicting the changes of water levels due to freshets have become a large topic in the scientific community due to prior and future catastrophic events.
271:, given that they reach adequate melting temperatures. When melting temperatures are reached quickly and snowmelt is rapid, flooding can be more intense. In areas where freshets dominate the
335:
conditions, smaller freshets contribute less runoff and result in lower nutrient inputs to lakes and rivers. In these conditions, fewer positive ecological indicator species are present.
416:
experiences yearly freshets fed by snowmelt in the spring and early summer. The largest freshet ever experienced in the Fraser River occurred in 1894 and resulted in an estimated peak
930:
Neville, Lisa; Gammon, Paul; Patterson, Timothy; Swindles, Graeme (May 2015). "Climate Cycles Drive
Aquatic Ecologic Changes in the Fort McMurray Region of Northern Alberta, Canada".
174:
In the western part of the continent, freshets occur throughout the generally much higher elevations of the various west coast mountain ranges that extend southward down from
1097:"Seasonal hydrology drives rapid shifts in the flux and composition of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and major and trace ions in the Fraser River, Canada"
286:
1239:
1095:
Voss, B.M.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B.; Eglinton, T.I.; Spencer, R.G.M.; Bulygina, E.; Galy, V.; Lamborg, C.H.; Ganguli, P.M.; Montluçon, D.B. (2015).
714:
Pomeroy, John; Fang, Xing; Ellis, Chad; Guan, May (June 2011). "Sensitivity of
Snowmelt Hydrology on Mountain Slopes to Forest Cover Disturbance".
405:
of 4,000 cubic metres per second (140,000 cu ft/s). This event has been referred to as “the flood of the century” in the areas impacted.
242:
and followed in Thomas
Sheridan's dictionary, but this might have been a misinterpretation on Johnson's part, and it is at best not a common usage.
1290:
Takata, Hiroyuki (September 1, 2010). "Life history of
Ammonia "beccarii" forma 1 on hard substrate in the Ohashi River, southwestern Japan".
891:
263:
the frozen surface and instead run overland into rivers and streams, leading to a rapid flooding response. Deeper snow packs with large
1021:
Thorstad, Eva B.; Heggberget, Tor G. (1998). "Migration of adult
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); the effects of artificial freshets".
669:"The Response of River-resident Fish to Reservoir Freshet Releases of Varying Profiles Intended to Facilitate a Spawning Migration"
636:
A Complete
Dictionary of the English Language, Both with Regard to Sound and Meaning ...: To which is Prefixed a Prosodial Grammar
1222:
981:"Effects of freshet events on early life stages of fish and macroinvertebrates in a highly turbid estuary of Iberian Peninsula"
1274:
238:
1201:
573:
541:
1257:
Schubel, Jerry R. (1974). "Effects of
Tropical Storm Agnes on the Suspended Solids of the Northern Chesapeake Bay".
311:
The magnitude of freshets depends on snow accumulation and temperature. Smaller freshets have been associated with
827:
Shook, Kevin; Pomeroy, John (2012). "Changes in the hydrological character of rainfall on the Canadian prairies".
420:
of 17,000 cubic metres per second (600,000 cu ft/s) and a peak height of 11.75 metres (38.5 ft) at
69:
A spring freshet can sometimes last several weeks on large river systems, resulting in significant inundation of
907:"Tropical storms in Central America and the Caribbean: characteristic rainfall and forecasting of flash floods"
392:
Panorama from the top of a bridge, showing the true extent of the recent overland flooding south of Winnipeg.
962:
436:
39:
An example of usage of the term "freshet" is shown in the text on a historic marker at Durgin Bridge near
668:
431:
731:"Examining controls on peak annual streamflow and floods in the Fraser River Basin of British Columbia"
1182:
980:
772:"Impacts of a Rapidly Declining Mountain Snowpack on Streamflow Timing in Canada's Fraser River Basin"
1223:"Comprehensive Review of Fraser River at Hope Flood Hydrology and Flows Scoping Study – Final Report"
315:
conditions, where the milder conditions lead to lower snow accumulations. The opposite is true under
1356:
1326:
360:
272:
260:
770:
Kang, Do Hyuk; Gao, Huilin; Shi, John Xiaogang; Islam, Siraj ul; Dery, Stephen J (January 2016).
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are capable of delivering larger quantities of water to rivers and streams, compared to smaller
207:, a spring thaw event is generally a more incremental process, depending upon local climate and
421:
651:
634:
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1146:
Vasil'ev, O.F. (2012). "Designing systems of operational freshet and high water prediction".
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conditions with stronger freshets, higher runoff, and high nutrient inputs, more positive
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to lesser snow packs. Tropically induced rainfall influenced quick melts can also affect
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conditions. Runoff from freshets is a major contributor of nutrients to lakes. In
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Freshets are the result of the mass delivery of water to the landscape, either by
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resulting from heavy rain or a spring thaw. Whereas heavy rain often causes a
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971030)11:13<1725::AID-HYP601>3.0.CO;2-P
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to latitudes as far north as southern Canada, so long as the generally colder
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331:) are present in lakes, indicating lower levels of ecological stress. In
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Flood Mitigation of the Red River Floodplain, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Shook, Kevin; Gray, D.M. (1997). "Snowmelt resulting from advection".
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The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
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679:(6). Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull.
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distances per hour of the salmon showed significant differences.
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A freshet on the Ocmulgee river, Macon, GA, United States c. 1876
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Meyer, J.L. (1994). "The microbial loop in flowing waters".
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A small stream of fresh water, irrespective of its outflow.
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event on rivers resulting from snow and river ice melting.
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10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[257:FAF]2.0.CO;2
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359:Freshets are often associated with high levels of
1261:. Marine Science. Vol. 4. pp. 113–132.
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459:experienced a considerably large freshet due to
16:High water levels caused by melting snow and ice
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716:University of Saskatchewan Centre for Hydrology
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951:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
729:Curry, Charles L.; Zwiers, Francis W. (2018).
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615:
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536:. Kent State University Press. pp. xvii.
472:was greater than 10,000 milligrams per liter.
1240:"Flooding events in Canada: British Columbia"
1016:
1014:
559:
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826:
533:A Photo Album of Ohio's Canal Era, 1825–1913
435:Aerial view of the southern entrance to the
116:northward movement of low pressure systems.
1228:. BC Ministry of Environment. October 2008.
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667:Baker, N G; et al. (29 January 2020).
626:
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1148:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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589:Bonnier Corporation (January–June 1907).
428:and cost 20 million dollars at the time.
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192:The term can also refer to the following:
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463:, resulting in flooding and increased
299:. In the tropics, tropical storms and
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666:
619:A Dictionnary of the English Language
978:
914:Proceedings of the Hamburg Symposium
239:A Dictionary of the English Language
232:A pool of fresh water, according to
53:is most commonly used to describe a
985:Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
735:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
13:
1212:
1199:
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14:
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1292:Fundamental and Applied Limnology
123:, annual freshets occur from the
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1304:10.1127/1863-9135/2010/0178-0081
1181:Heidorn, Keith (April 1, 2011).
945:Huntsman, A. G. (January 1948).
178:even into the northern parts of
130:ranging along both sides of the
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979:Miro, JM (December 23, 2023).
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363:in streams and rivers. During
361:dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
134:then down through the heavily
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1:
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222:, usually flowing through an
905:Arenas, Andres Diaz (1983).
597:. Bonnier Corporation: 68–.
303:can lead to freshet events.
265:snow water equivalents (SWE)
214:A stream, river or flood of
23:Freshet on Ouareau River in
7:
1267:10.1007/978-1-4684-8529-5_8
595:The Popular Science Monthly
510:Alberta WaterPortal Society
479:
119:In the eastern part of the
10:
1378:
1183:"The 1997 Red River Flood"
1005:10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108559
639:. C. Dilly. pp. 286–.
383:
306:
1259:Suspended Solids in Water
1168:10.1134/S1019331612020050
1084:– via SpringerLink.
816:– via ResearchGate.
756:10.5194/hess-22-2285-2018
250:
673:Water Resources Research
653:New-England and New-York
633:Thomas Sheridan (1789).
369:net primary productivity
338:Migratory fish, such as
100:, to add their powerful
1122:10.5194/bg-12-5597-2015
1031:10.1023/a:1017035507856
650:Timothy Dwight (1822).
616:Samuel Johnson (1773).
218:which empties into the
41:Sandwich, New Hampshire
1202:"1997 Red River Flood"
872:Hydrological Processes
829:Hydrological Processes
568:. Oxford : Clarendon.
560:Brown, Lesley (1993).
448:
393:
355:Biogeochemical Impacts
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77:melts in the river's
38:
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1329:at Wikimedia Commons
1244:Government of Canada
1025:. 371/372: 339–346.
693:10.1029/2018WR024196
530:Gieck, Jack (1988).
461:Tropical Storm Agnes
325:ecological indicator
92:rolling in from the
1246:. December 2, 2010.
1160:2012HRuAS..82..129V
1132:20.500.11850/105179
1113:2015BGeo...12.5597V
1058:1994MicEc..28..195M
997:2023ECSS..29508559M
947:"Freshets and Fish"
884:1997HyPr...11.1725S
841:2012HyPr...26.1752S
788:2016NatSR...619299K
747:2018HESS...22.2285C
685:2020WRR....5624196B
506:"What is Snowmelt?"
439:. The water is the
273:hydrological regime
1187:The Weather Doctor
1066:10.1007/BF00166808
932:GeoConvention 2015
776:Scientific Reports
449:
394:
292:
45:
33:
1325:Media related to
1276:978-1-4684-8531-8
1107:(19): 5597–5618.
1046:Microbial Ecology
878:(13): 1725–1736.
835:(12): 1752–1766.
796:10.1038/srep19299
591:"Popular Science"
455:which flows into
453:Susquehanna River
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957:: 257–266.
515:February 8,
216:fresh water
205:flash flood
139:Appalachian
132:Great Lakes
65:Description
1346:Categories
492:References
365:base flows
329:Arcellacea
261:infiltrate
246:migration.
209:topography
184:New Mexico
106:snow cover
59:high water
1362:Hydrology
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603:0161-7370
418:discharge
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169:Tennessee
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47:The term
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384:History
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321:La Niña
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853:S2CID
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344:trout
220:ocean
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128:Taiga
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