3461:
1336:
3455:
3442:
64:
42:
3449:
286:
1965:
1953:
322:
Electric fish can be classified into two types: pulse fish or wave fish. Pulse-type discharges are characterized by long intervals between electric discharges, whereas wave-type discharges occur when the interval between consecutive pulses is so brief that the discharges fuse together to form a wave.
262:
The retina is called a "grouped retina", an eye structure seen in mormyrids and a few other fishes. Instead of being smooth, their retina is composed of tiny cups, acting like parabolic mirrors. Because of the murky waters they inhabit, the cones in their eyes have adapted to see only red light. The
343:
in the same voltage-gated sodium channel despite the two groups of fish being on different continents and the evolution of the electric sense organ being separated in time by around 60 million years. Convergent changes to other key transcription factors and regulatory pathways in both
Gymnotiforms
258:
buried in muddy substrates. The shape and structure of these leads to the popular name "elephant-nosed fish" for those species with particularly prominent mouth extensions. The extensions to the mouthparts usually consist of a fleshy elongation attached to the lower jaw. They are flexible, and
198:
The elephantfish are a diverse family, with a wide range of different sizes and shapes. The smallest are just 5 cm (2.0 in) in adult length, while the largest reach up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft). They do, however, have a number of unique features in common. Firstly, their
1355:, whose name means "sharp-nosed" after the fish, archaeologists have found fishes depicted as bronze figurines, mural paintings, or wooden coffins in the shape of fishes with downturned snouts, with horned sun-disc crowns like those of the goddess
259:
equipped with touch, and possibly taste, sensors. The mouth is not protrusible, and the head (including the eyes), the dorsum, and belly are covered by a thin layer of skin that is perforated with small pores leading to electroreceptors.
1630:
The generation of these electric fields and their use in providing the fish with additional sensory input from the environment is the subject of considerable scientific research, as is research into communication between and within
1515:
Orts, S. (1967): Contribution to the comparative anatomy and systematics of
Mormyroïdes (RAOS Prize 1966) - Ann. Acad. Roy. Sc. d'Outre Mer, Classe des Sc. Nat. et Méd., Bruxelles, XVII, 3, 1-89, 30 figs, 3 tabs, 8 pls, 1967 (in
263:
cups are made of four layers of light-reflecting proteins, funneling red light to areas of cones, intensifying its brightness 10-fold, while the rods are hit by light from other wavelengths. Only a single
1727:
Gallant, Jason R.; Traeger, Lindsay L.; Volkening, Jeremy D.; Moffett, Howell; Chen, Po-Hao; Novina, Carl D.; Phillips, George N.; Anand, Rene; Wells, Gregg B.; Pinch, Matthew; Güth, Robert (2014-06-27).
1616:
1074:
1787:"Phylogenetic utility of the first two introns of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and congruence with other molecular markers"
1641:
Caputi, A. A. (1999). "The electric organ discharge of pulse gymnotiforms: the transformation of a simple impulse into a complex spatiotemporal electromotor pattern".
1918:
Van Neer, Wim; Gonzalez, Jérôme (2019). "A Late Period fish deposit at
Oxyrhynchus (el-Bahnasa, Egypt)". In Peters, Joris; McGlynn, George; Goebel, Veronika (eds.).
1526:
Francke, Mike; Kreysing, Moritz; Mack, Andreas; et al. (2014). "Grouped retinae and tapetal cups in some
Teleostian fish: Occurrence, structure, and function".
1078:
3085:
339:
between the South
American gymnotiforms and the African Mormyridae is remarkable, with the electric organ being produced by the substitution of the same
3185:
2965:
2842:
2979:
2815:
2624:
2426:
1147:
1095:
1082:
2986:
2930:
2907:
2893:
2883:
2805:
2551:
2488:
3605:
3052:
2993:
2916:
2832:
2795:
2785:
2751:
2721:
2671:
2613:
2566:
2558:
1289:
1268:
1186:
1048:
1021:
3163:
3153:
3075:
2701:
2603:
1276:
3631:
3195:
3041:
2972:
2681:
2528:
2512:
203:
is greatly enlarged, enabling them to interpret complex bio-electrical signals, and to the large size of the valve. Secondly, an auditory
2937:
2634:
2477:
2201:
2951:
315:, and Mormyromasts) that detect small variations in these electric fields caused by the presence of prey or other objects of different
3460:
1820:"Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs"
2521:
3579:
3454:
2222:
1919:
1406:
Chapman, Lauren J.; Hulen, Kevin G. (2001). "Implications of hypoxia for the brain size and gill morphometry of mormyrid fishes".
3618:
2020:
17:
175:. It is by far the largest family in the order, with around 200 species. Members of the family can be popular, if challenging,
1932:
1450:
3623:
2043:
1969:
294:
3708:
3670:
3636:
353:
2283:
2194:
1865:: a new genus of Mormyridae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) with two new species from Gabon, West-Central Africa"
223:(containing the otolith asteriscus), is in fact unique among vertebrates, completely independent of the other
319:. This allows them to sense their environment in turbid waters where vision is impaired by suspended matter.
1272:
1678:"Old gene duplication facilitates origin and diversification of an innovative communication system--twice"
254:
Some species possess modifications of their mouthparts to facilitate electrolocating and feeding on small
3540:
2013:
1957:
316:
3545:
2187:
2048:
63:
1568:
1386:
3675:
2158:
3441:
2822:
2064:
1335:
300:
1216:
3703:
3237:
1302:
1242:
1108:
267:
is present, located on the left side of their body. The
Mormyridae and the closely related genus
3662:
3480:
3448:
2006:
1579:
3657:
3610:
2072:
308:
3649:
3566:
3527:
3518:
2310:
1872:
1741:
336:
50:
8:
3698:
1983:
1992:
1876:
1745:
1592:
273:
are also unique in being the only vertebrates where the male sperm cell does not have a
3223:
2337:
1895:
1860:
1762:
1729:
1704:
1677:
1551:
1498:
1134:
324:
58:
1617:
Bustami, H.P. (2007). Smart elephant fish navigates in darkness with electric fields.
3644:
3553:
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1900:
1841:
1803:
1786:
1767:
1709:
1658:
1543:
1539:
1490:
1486:
1446:
1442:
168:
115:
1555:
1502:
3532:
2168:
2141:
2129:
1890:
1880:
1831:
1798:
1757:
1749:
1699:
1689:
1650:
1535:
1482:
1438:
1433:
Glickstein, M.; Voogd, J. (2009). "Cerebellum: Evolution and
Comparative Anatomy".
1415:
220:
180:
3558:
3302:
3281:
3020:
2135:
1320:
1056:
1016:
835:
661:
363:
187:
142:
1468:"A direct cerebello-telencephalic projection in an electrosensory mormyrid fish"
1467:
1190:
1025:
3344:
3337:
2853:
2584:
2268:
2240:
1351:
was a sacred fish in
Ancient Egypt. At the city of Per-Medjed, better known as
1255:
1142:
1129:
1061:
786:
304:
208:
105:
1975:
1921:
1419:
358:
The roughly 221 species of elephantfish are grouped into two subfamilies, the
344:
and
Mormyridae also contributed to the evolution of the electric sense organ.
227:; it is neither connected to the labyrinth to which only one otolith bag (the
3692:
3503:
3414:
3400:
3261:
3129:
3095:
2773:
2741:
2466:
2446:
2101:
2029:
1885:
1519:
1382:
1348:
1315:
1297:
1263:
1229:
1203:
1173:
1160:
1121:
613:
580:
395:
332:
164:
1753:
1694:
1654:
41:
3230:
3207:
3174:
3102:
3030:
2761:
2711:
2691:
2542:
2498:
2456:
2163:
2107:
2095:
2077:
1904:
1845:
1771:
1713:
1662:
1547:
312:
255:
236:
1836:
1819:
1494:
204:
3592:
3512:
3372:
3365:
3351:
3330:
3309:
3295:
3109:
3004:
2731:
2295:
2246:
1352:
1340:
1250:
1198:
1181:
1155:
1116:
1069:
1043:
902:
852:
745:
678:
637:
475:
1359:. The depictions have been described as resembling members of the genus
3407:
3323:
3316:
3288:
3272:
3143:
2923:
2123:
1858:
1817:
1784:
1580:
Communication Behavior and Sensory Mechanisms in Weakly Electric Fishes
1284:
1103:
1090:
1033:
1010:
885:
769:
563:
359:
340:
269:
219:(sacculum containing the otolith sagitta), itself communicating to the
200:
138:
1976:
Detailed research paper on the sensory and central nervous systems in
285:
3597:
3379:
3358:
2958:
2873:
2573:
1211:
1168:
492:
444:
274:
244:
228:
212:
75:
3584:
3474:
2179:
1988:
289:
Mormyromast, a type of electroreceptor found only in mormyrid fishes
3497:
3393:
3386:
3013:
2234:
1964:
1676:
Arnegard, M. E.; Zwickl, D. J.; Lu, Y.; Zakon, H. H. (2010-12-02).
1391:
1361:
1237:
1224:
525:
420:
176:
95:
3216:
3063:
2593:
2436:
2322:
2252:
248:
240:
232:
216:
1998:
2228:
1952:
1730:"Genomic basis for the convergent evolution of electric organs"
1356:
328:
224:
186:
They are not to be confused with the marine and brackish-water
179:
species. These fish have a large brain size and unusually high
172:
85:
1726:
3571:
264:
1525:
1911:
190:(family Callorhinchidae) of Southern Hemisphere oceans.
1675:
327:
is produced from an electric organ that evolved from
3191:
3181:
3170:
3159:
3149:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3048:
3037:
3026:
2904:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2838:
2828:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2630:
2620:
2609:
2599:
2539:
2509:
2494:
2484:
2473:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
1927:. Rahden, Westfalia, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
1859:
Sullivan, J. P.; Lavoué, S.; Hopkins, C. D. (2016).
1818:
Sullivan, J. P.; Lavoué, S.; Hopkins, C. D. (2000).
1785:
Lavoué, S.; Sullivan, J. P.; Hopkins, C. D. (2003).
1459:
1399:
3690:
2403:
1917:
1682:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1465:
1432:
1466:Wullimann, Mario F.; Rooney, Donal J. (1990).
354:Mormyridae_(superfamily) § Classification
335:electric fish, electric rays, and skates. The
2267:
2195:
2014:
1852:
1405:
215:. This vesicle, together with a bag with an
1989:Mormyridae - African weakly electric fishes
1597:Mormyridae - African weakly electric fishes
1381:
2202:
2188:
2021:
2007:
1590:
235:) is attached, nor is it connected to the
193:
40:
1894:
1884:
1835:
1802:
1791:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1761:
1703:
1693:
1334:
284:
243:) of which it has the same histological
207:(a small bladder) is present inside the
1569:Elephant-Nosed Fish Has Funky Eyes, Too
1375:
14:
3691:
1640:
366:. The latter has only a single genus:
3479:
3478:
2221:
2209:
2183:
2002:
247:, nor is it therefore related to the
1528:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2044:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1624:
295:Electroreception and electrogenesis
24:
280:
25:
3720:
2028:
1945:
1343:fish, Late Period-Ptolemaic Egypt
347:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3440:
1963:
1951:
1804:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00170.x
1540:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.10.001
1443:10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00947-5
62:
1824:Journal of Experimental Biology
1811:
1778:
1720:
1669:
1643:Journal of Experimental Biology
1634:
1610:
1584:
1573:
1562:
1509:
1426:
1385:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017).
13:
1:
1368:
1330:
1593:"Mormyridae Bonaparte, 1831"
1487:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91730-5
1435:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
7:
10:
3725:
2104:(S. American knifefishes)
2049:Jamming avoidance response
1311:Subfamily Petrocephalinae
351:
292:
188:callorhinchid elephantfish
3487:
3438:
3271:
3256:
3247:
3206:
3138:
3127:
3062:
3003:
2903:
2865:
2852:
2772:
2663:
2659:
2648:
2583:
2538:
2508:
2418:
2414:
2399:
2380:
2348:
2330:
2321:
2303:
2294:
2276:
2263:
2217:
2159:History of bioelectricity
2151:
2088:
2057:
2036:
1984:Mormyrids in the aquarium
1591:Miller, S.; Sullivan, J.
1420:10.1017/S0952836901000966
899:
882:
875:
849:
832:
825:
818:
783:
766:
759:
742:
735:
728:
675:
658:
651:
634:
627:
610:
603:
577:
560:
553:
546:
539:
522:
515:
489:
472:
465:
458:
441:
434:
417:
410:
392:
384:
331:, as can also be seen in
136:
131:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
3709:Ray-finned fish families
1886:10.3897/zookeys.561.7137
1649:(# (Pt 10)): 1229–1241.
307:, and electroreceptors (
163:), are a superfamily of
35:Freshwater elephantfish
1754:10.1126/science.1254432
1695:10.1073/pnas.1011803107
1655:10.1242/jeb.202.10.1229
1273:Thys van den Audenaerde
231:containing the otolith
194:Description and biology
161:freshwater elephantfish
18:Freshwater elephantfish
1344:
290:
211:of the left and right
3658:Paleobiology Database
2073:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1993:interactive checklist
1837:10.1242/jeb.203.4.665
1338:
309:ampullae of Lorenzini
299:Elephantfish possess
293:Further information:
288:
2132:(electric catfishes)
1960:at Wikimedia Commons
337:convergent evolution
165:weakly electric fish
51:Gnathonemus petersii
2098:(African knifefish)
1978:Gnathonemus petersi
1877:2016ZooK..561..117S
1746:2014Sci...344.1522G
1740:(6191): 1522–1525.
1688:(51): 22172–22177.
1619:life-of-science.net
1387:"Family Mormyridae"
1339:Bronze figurine of
303:that generate weak
155:, sometimes called
1408:Journal of Zoology
1345:
325:electric discharge
291:
3686:
3685:
3645:Open Tree of Life
3481:Taxon identifiers
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3086:Heterosteoglossum
2651:Osteoglossiformes
2644:
2643:
2406:Osteoglossomorpha
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2384:Osteoglossomorpha
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2350:Osteoglossomorpha
2211:Osteoglossomorpha
2177:
2176:
2069:Electroreceptors
1956:Media related to
1934:978-3-89646-674-7
1830:(Pt 4): 665–683.
1452:978-0-08-045046-9
1324:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1065:
1052:
1039:
1029:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
986:
985:
977:
976:
968:
967:
959:
958:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
923:
922:
914:
913:
864:
863:
807:
806:
798:
797:
717:
716:
708:
707:
699:
698:
690:
689:
592:
591:
504:
503:
169:Osteoglossiformes
149:
148:
116:Osteoglossiformes
16:(Redirected from
3716:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3254:
3253:
3193:
3186:Palaeonotopterus
3183:
3172:
3161:
3151:
3136:
3135:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3050:
3039:
3028:
2966:Phareodusichthys
2906:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2843:Prognathoglossum
2840:
2830:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2632:
2622:
2611:
2601:
2541:
2511:
2496:
2486:
2475:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2328:
2327:
2301:
2300:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2219:
2218:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2169:Magnetoreception
2120:(elephantfishes)
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1968:Data related to
1967:
1955:
1939:
1938:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1871:(561): 117–150.
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1481:(1–2): 354–357.
1472:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1379:
1319:
1301:
1288:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1202:
1185:
1172:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1094:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1037:
1020:
878:
877:
828:
827:
821:
820:
762:
761:
738:
737:
731:
730:
654:
653:
630:
629:
606:
605:
556:
555:
549:
548:
542:
541:
518:
517:
468:
467:
461:
460:
437:
436:
413:
412:
390:Petrocephalinae
387:
386:
379:
378:
369:
368:
67:
66:
44:
32:
31:
27:Family of fishes
21:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3483:
3473:
3464:
3446:
3420:
3303:Campylomormyrus
3282:Boulengeromyrus
3267:
3243:
3202:
3132:
3115:
3058:
2999:
2980:Ridewoodichthys
2899:
2856:
2848:
2816:Pankowskipiscis
2768:
2653:
2640:
2625:Plesiolycoptera
2579:
2534:
2504:
2427:Chandlerichthys
2408:
2387:
2364:
2344:
2317:
2290:
2259:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2178:
2173:
2147:
2138:(electric rays)
2136:Torpediniformes
2112:(electric eels)
2084:
2053:
2032:
2027:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1857:
1853:
1816:
1812:
1783:
1779:
1725:
1721:
1674:
1670:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1431:
1427:
1404:
1400:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1333:
1057:Campylomormyrus
1017:Boulengeromyrus
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
865:
836:Campylomormyrus
808:
799:
718:
709:
700:
691:
662:Boulengeromyrus
593:
505:
364:Petrocephalinae
356:
350:
305:electric fields
301:electric organs
297:
283:
281:Electric fields
196:
159:(more properly
143:Petrocephalinae
141:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3704:Fish of Africa
3701:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3667:
3654:
3641:
3628:
3615:
3602:
3589:
3576:
3563:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3345:Hippopotamyrus
3341:
3338:Heteromormyrus
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3179:
3168:
3157:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3068:
3066:
3064:Osteoglossinae
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3035:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2987:Taverneichthys
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2931:Cretophareodus
2927:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2908:Phareodontinae
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2884:Chauliopareion
2877:
2866:
2860:
2854:Osteoglossidae
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2819:
2809:
2806:Palaeopantodon
2799:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2607:
2597:
2589:
2587:
2585:Hiodontiformes
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2552:Jiuquanichthys
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2489:Tongxinichthys
2482:
2471:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:Actinopterygii
2277:
2271:
2269:Actinopterygii
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2241:Actinopterygii
2237:
2231:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2130:Malapteruridae
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2065:Electric organ
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1972:at Wikispecies
1961:
1947:
1946:External links
1944:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1910:
1851:
1810:
1797:(2): 273–292.
1777:
1719:
1668:
1633:
1623:
1609:
1583:
1572:
1561:
1518:
1508:
1475:Brain Research
1458:
1451:
1425:
1414:(4): 461–472.
1398:
1383:Froese, Rainer
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1195:
1178:
1165:
1152:
1143:Hippopotamyrus
1139:
1130:Heteromormyrus
1126:
1113:
1100:
1087:
1075:J. P. Sullivan
1066:
1053:
1040:
1030:
998:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
980:
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907:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
881:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:
858:
857:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
831:
826:
824:
819:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
801:
800:
796:
795:
792:
791:
787:Hippopotamyrus
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
765:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
715:
714:
711:
710:
706:
705:
702:
701:
697:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
684:
683:
674:
671:
670:
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666:
657:
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650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
633:
628:
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623:
622:
619:
618:
609:
604:
602:
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594:
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589:
586:
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576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
521:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
497:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
471:
466:
464:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
440:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
416:
411:
409:
405:
404:
401:
400:
391:
385:
383:
377:
374:
373:
352:Main article:
349:
348:Classification
346:
317:conductivities
282:
279:
195:
192:
157:"elephantfish"
147:
146:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
106:Actinopterygii
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3721:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3417:
3416:
3415:Stomatorhinus
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:Paramormyrops
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3262:Petrocephalus
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:Notopteroidei
3126:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:Opsithrissops
3090:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3053:Thrissopterus
3047:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2994:Xosteoglossid
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:Brychaetoides
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:Petersichthys
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:Cretapantodon
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:Capassopiscis
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2774:Pantodontidae
2771:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:Wilsonichthys
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:Wakinoichthys
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:Tetoriichthys
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:Archaeglossus
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:Kokuraichthys
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:Kuyangichthys
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:Kokuraichthys
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:Paralycoptera
2461:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:Harenaichthys
2441:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2142:Uranoscopidae
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:Electrophorus
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:Gymnotiformes
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Electric fish
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:Petrocephalus
1313:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:Stomatorhinus
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:Paramormyrops
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:C. D. Hopkins
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
991:
990:
982:
981:
973:
972:
964:
963:
955:
954:
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
919:
918:
910:
909:
906:
905:
904:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
879:
873:
872:
869:
868:
860:
859:
856:
855:
854:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
837:
830:
829:
823:
822:
816:
815:
812:
811:
803:
802:
794:
793:
790:
789:
788:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
771:
764:
763:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
747:
740:
739:
733:
732:
726:
725:
722:
721:
713:
712:
704:
703:
695:
694:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
663:
656:
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
639:
632:
631:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:Paramormyrops
608:
607:
601:
600:
597:
596:
588:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:Stomatorhinus
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
565:
558:
557:
551:
550:
544:
543:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
527:
520:
519:
513:
512:
509:
508:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
477:
470:
469:
463:
462:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
446:
439:
438:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
422:
415:
414:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:Petrocephalus
389:
388:
381:
380:
376:
375:
371:
370:
367:
365:
361:
355:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
320:
318:
314:
313:knollenorgans
310:
306:
302:
296:
287:
278:
276:
272:
271:
266:
260:
257:
256:invertebrates
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
191:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:in the order
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
144:
140:
135:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3488:
3445:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3231:Papyrocranus
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:Notopteridae
3194:
3184:
3175:Ostariostoma
3173:
3164:Lopadichthys
3162:
3154:Laeliichthys
3152:
3142:
3108:
3103:Osteoglossum
3101:
3094:
3084:
3076:Foreyichthys
3074:
3051:
3040:
3031:Joffrichthys
3029:
3019:
3012:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2857:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2762:Xixiaichthys
2760:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2712:Shuleichthys
2710:
2702:Kokenichthys
2700:
2692:Joffrichthys
2690:
2680:
2670:
2633:
2623:
2612:
2604:Jiaohichthys
2602:
2592:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2543:Lycopteridae
2527:
2520:
2499:Xixiaichthys
2497:
2487:
2476:
2465:
2457:Jinanichthys
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2382:
2251:Infraclass:
2164:Lateral line
2144:(stargazers)
2117:
2108:
2096:Gymnarchidae
2078:Knollenorgan
1977:
1920:
1913:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1575:
1564:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1434:
1428:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1377:
1360:
1346:
1314:
1296:
1283:
1262:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1217:J. P. Müller
1210:
1197:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1135:Steindachner
1128:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1068:
1055:
1042:
1038:Taverne 1971
1032:
1015:
1003:
1001:
901:
900:
884:
883:
851:
850:
834:
833:
785:
784:
768:
767:
744:
743:
677:
676:
660:
659:
636:
635:
612:
611:
579:
578:
562:
561:
524:
523:
491:
490:
474:
473:
443:
442:
419:
418:
394:
393:
357:
321:
298:
268:
261:
253:
237:swim bladder
197:
185:
181:intelligence
160:
156:
152:
150:
137:
132:Subfamilies
125:
49:
29:
3593:iNaturalist
3513:Wikispecies
3373:Marcusenius
3366:Ivindomyrus
3352:Hyperopisus
3331:Gnathonemus
3310:Cryptomyrus
3296:Brienomyrus
3196:Sinoglossus
3110:Scleropages
3042:Sinoglossus
3005:Arapaiminae
2732:Thaumaturus
2311:Neopterygii
2296:Neopterygii
2247:Neopterygii
1991:(including
1863:Cryptomyrus
1437:: 743–756.
1353:Oxyrhynchus
1341:Oxyrhynchus
1251:Oxymormyrus
1199:Marcusenius
1182:Ivindomyrus
1156:Hyperopisus
1117:Gnathonemus
1070:Cryptomyrus
1044:Brienomyrus
903:Marcusenius
853:Gnathonemus
746:Hyperopisus
679:Ivindomyrus
638:Cryptomyrus
476:Brienomyrus
408:Mormyrinae
382:Mormyridae
333:gymnotiform
239:(except in
3699:Mormyridae
3693:Categories
3533:Mormyridae
3519:Mormyridae
3489:Mormyridae
3408:Pollimyrus
3324:Genyomyrus
3317:Cyphomyrus
3289:Brevimyrus
3273:Mormyrinae
3249:Mormyridae
3238:Xenomystus
3224:Notopterus
3144:Gymnarchus
2973:Phareoides
2945:Monopteros
2924:Brychaetus
2858:sensu lato
2682:Furichthys
2529:Kuntulunia
2513:Huashiidae
2359:see below↓
2245:Subclass:
2124:Rajiformes
2118:Mormyridae
2037:Physiology
1970:Mormyridae
1958:Mormyridae
1602:20 October
1369:References
1331:In culture
1285:Pollimyrus
1148:Pappenheim
1104:Genyomyrus
1096:Pappenheim
1091:Cyphomyrus
1034:Brevimyrus
1011:Mormyrinae
1009:Subfamily
1004:Mormyridae
886:Genyomyrus
770:Brevimyrus
564:Pollimyrus
372:Phylogeny
360:Mormyrinae
341:amino acid
270:Gymnarchus
213:inner ears
201:cerebellum
171:native to
153:Mormyridae
139:Mormyrinae
126:Mormyridae
3380:Mormyrops
3359:Isichthys
3021:Heterotis
2959:Phareodus
2938:Magnigena
2874:Chanopsis
2635:Yanbiania
2574:Lycoptera
2478:Tanolepis
2338:Teleostei
2323:Teleostei
2253:Teleostei
2227:Kingdom:
1534:: 43–69.
1303:Boulenger
1243:Boulenger
1212:Mormyrops
1169:Isichthys
1109:Boulenger
493:Isichthys
445:Mormyrops
275:flagellum
245:structure
229:utriculus
209:labyrinth
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
3498:Wikidata
3394:Myomyrus
3387:Mormyrus
3014:Arapaima
2952:Musperia
2823:Pantodon
2235:Chordata
2233:Phylum:
2229:Animalia
2126:(skates)
1905:27006619
1846:10648209
1772:24970089
1714:21127261
1663:10210664
1556:39081714
1548:24157316
1503:12951395
1392:FishBase
1362:Mormyrus
1321:Marcusen
1238:Myomyrus
1230:Linnaeus
1225:Mormyrus
526:Mormyrus
421:Myomyrus
233:lapillus
177:aquarium
122:Family:
96:Chordata
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
3504:Q876569
3217:Chitala
2894:Singida
2522:Huashia
2437:Coriops
2239:Class:
2152:Related
2058:Anatomy
1896:4768369
1873:Bibcode
1869:ZooKeys
1763:5541775
1742:Bibcode
1734:Science
1705:3009798
1631:species
1516:French)
1495:1698507
1290:Taverne
1269:Taverne
1256:Bleeker
1187:Taverne
1062:Bleeker
1049:Taverne
1022:Taverne
1002:Family
249:pharynx
241:embryos
217:otolith
205:vesicle
112:Order:
102:Class:
3676:154434
3663:131421
3650:816146
3624:161916
3611:114899
2594:Hiodon
2089:Groups
1931:
1903:
1893:
1844:
1770:
1760:
1712:
1702:
1661:
1554:
1546:
1501:
1493:
1449:
1357:Hathor
1349:Medjed
1323:, 1854
1305:, 1898
1292:, 1971
1279:, 1977
1277:Heymer
1275:&
1258:, 1874
1245:, 1898
1232:, 1758
1219:, 1843
1206:, 1862
1193:, 1975
1189:&
1176:, 1863
1163:, 1862
1150:, 1906
1137:, 1866
1124:, 1863
1111:, 1898
1098:, 1906
1085:, 2016
1081:&
1079:Lavoué
1064:, 1874
1051:, 1971
1028:, 1968
1024:&
329:muscle
225:organs
221:lagena
173:Africa
3671:WoRMS
3637:31092
3606:IRMNG
3598:85907
3546:78229
1925:(PDF)
1552:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1471:(PDF)
265:gonad
3632:NCBI
3619:ITIS
3585:8484
3580:GBIF
3572:5390
3541:BOLD
2336:see
2309:see
2282:see
1929:ISBN
1901:PMID
1842:PMID
1768:PMID
1710:PMID
1659:PMID
1604:2023
1544:PMID
1491:PMID
1447:ISBN
1347:The
1204:Gill
1191:Géry
1174:Gill
1161:Gill
1122:Gill
1026:Géry
362:and
323:The
151:The
3567:EoL
3559:CY5
3554:CoL
3528:ADW
1891:PMC
1881:doi
1832:doi
1828:203
1799:doi
1758:PMC
1750:doi
1738:344
1700:PMC
1690:doi
1686:107
1651:doi
1647:202
1536:doi
1483:doi
1479:520
1439:doi
1416:doi
1412:254
3695::
3673::
3660::
3647::
3634::
3621::
3608::
3595::
3582::
3569::
3556::
3543::
3530::
3515::
3500::
1899:.
1889:.
1879:.
1867:.
1840:.
1826:.
1822:.
1795:78
1793:.
1789:.
1766:.
1756:.
1748:.
1736:.
1732:.
1708:.
1698:.
1684:.
1680:.
1657:.
1645:.
1595:.
1550:.
1542:.
1532:38
1530:.
1497:.
1489:.
1477:.
1473:.
1445:.
1410:.
1389:.
1271:,
1077:,
311:,
277:.
251:.
183:.
3199:?
3192:†
3182:†
3178:?
3171:†
3167:?
3160:†
3150:†
3092:†
3082:†
3072:†
3049:†
3045:?
3038:†
3034:?
3027:†
2905:†
2890:†
2880:†
2870:†
2839:†
2829:†
2812:†
2802:†
2792:†
2782:†
2765:?
2758:†
2748:†
2738:†
2728:†
2718:†
2708:†
2698:†
2688:†
2678:†
2668:†
2631:†
2621:†
2617:?
2610:†
2600:†
2562:?
2540:†
2510:†
2495:†
2485:†
2481:?
2474:†
2470:?
2463:†
2453:†
2443:†
2433:†
2423:†
2203:e
2196:t
2189:v
2022:e
2015:t
2008:v
1995:)
1937:.
1907:.
1883::
1875::
1861:"
1848:.
1834::
1807:.
1801::
1774:.
1752::
1744::
1716:.
1692::
1665:.
1653::
1606:.
1558:.
1538::
1505:.
1485::
1455:.
1441::
1422:.
1418::
1395:.
1365:.
20:)
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