2199:
666:
2193:
2180:
57:
2187:
31:
355:
330:
of it is made for comparison with the detected electric field it creates. The cerebellum plays a key role in processing such efference copy dependent perception. The muddy waters where they live has resulted in such electroperception playing a key role in their survival and this has resulted in their
257:
but these due to their endothermy also have high body energy metabolism. The unusual high brain energy consumption percentage of mormyrinae fish is thus due to them having the unusual combination of a large brain in a low energy consuming body. The actual energy consumption per unit mass of its brain
325:
since it is dependent upon the ability to distinguish between self-generated and other generated electric fields, and their self-created aspects and their environment modification. To enable this specialized information processing, with each self-generated electrical discharge, an
240:
The body energy expenditure of ectothermic animals is about 1/13 of that of endotherms but the energy expenditure of the brains of both ectothermic and endothermic animals are similar. Other high brain percentage (2.6–3.7 % of the body mass) animals exist such as
793:
Nieuwenhuys R. Nicholson, C. (1969). A survey of the general morphology, the fiber connections and the possible functional significance of the gigantocerebellum of mormyrid fishes. pp. 107–134. In
Neurobiology of Cerebellar Evolution and Development. (ed.
684:, whose name means "sharp-nosed" after the fish, archaeologists have found fishes depicted as bronze figurines, mural paintings, or wooden coffins in the shape of fishes with downturned snouts, with horned sun-disc crowns like those of the goddess
210:
The range with which the adult brain in all animals regardless of body size consumes energy as a percentage of the body's energy is roughly 2% to 8%. The only exceptions of animal brains using more than 10% (in terms of
191:(called a gigantocerebellum) used in their electroperception. Linked to this they are notable for holding the zoological record at around 60% as the brains that consume the most energy as a percentage of the body's
850:
Lavoué S, Bigorne R, Lecointre G, Agnèse JF. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships of mormyrid electric fishes (Mormyridae; Teleostei) inferred from cytochrome b sequences.Mol
Phylogenet Evol. 14(1):1-10.
301:
muscles. To detect these fields from those created by other mormyrinae fish, their prey animals, and how their nearby environment distorts them, their skin contains three types of
774:
Mink JW, Blumenschine RJ, Adams DB. (1981). Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis. Am J Physiol. 241(3):R203-12.
892:
Van Neer, Wim; Gonzalez, JĂ©rĂ´me (2019). "A Late Period fish deposit at
Oxyrhynchus (el-Bahnasa, Egypt)". In Peters, Joris; McGlynn, George; Goebel, Veronika (eds.).
753:
Bell CC, Szabo T (1986). Electroreception in
Mormyrid fish. Central Anatomy. pp. 375–421. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W, (eds.), Electroreception. New York, Wiley
1823:
1923:
1703:
1580:
1717:
1553:
1362:
1164:
486:
434:
1724:
1668:
1645:
1631:
1621:
1543:
1289:
1226:
1790:
1731:
1654:
1570:
1533:
1523:
1489:
1459:
1409:
1351:
1304:
1296:
628:
607:
525:
408:
395:
378:
1901:
1891:
1813:
1439:
1341:
615:
1933:
1779:
1710:
1419:
1266:
1250:
1675:
1372:
1215:
939:
1689:
2198:
1259:
195:
of any animal. Previous to this discovery, it was the “human brain, which had been thought to hold the record in this respect”. The
2192:
960:
893:
906:
758:
233:
consumption. This is due to the combination of large brain size (3.1% of body mass compared to 2% in humans) and them being
2232:
318:
221:
317:
are the specialized electrical detection organs for this function). This electroperception, however, requires complex
1021:
932:
816:
Neural substrates for species recognition in the time-coding electrosensory pathway of mormyrid electric fish
180:
though this term is usually associated with an unrelated group of fish). They can also be called tapirfish.
611:
258:
is not in fact particularly high and indeed lower (2.02 mg g h) than that in some other fish such as
39:
925:
56:
872:
729:"Brain and body oxygen requirements of Gnathonemus petersii, a fish with an exceptionally large brain"
339:
The classification by osteology-based traits of
Mormyridae into the two subfamilies of Mormyrinae and
322:
2179:
1560:
665:
298:
184:
555:
262:(2.20 mg g h). In comparison, that of rats is 6.02 mg g h and humans 2.61 mg g h.
2227:
1975:
641:
581:
447:
266:
2186:
834:
Bell CC. (2002). Evolution of cerebellum-like structures. Brain Behav Evol. 59(5-6):312-26.
289:
and reflecting this is called a gigantocerebellum. This enlarged cerebellum links to their
202:
Mormyrinae is the largest subfamily in the
Osteoglossiformes order with around 170 species.
1048:
728:
310:
739:
8:
2222:
344:
1961:
1075:
473:
226:
51:
1682:
1388:
1143:
1121:
1087:
948:
902:
852:
835:
819:
799:
775:
754:
360:
254:
161:
108:
795:
294:
290:
658:
2040:
2019:
1758:
815:
416:
373:
340:
306:
302:
153:
529:
382:
2082:
2075:
1591:
1322:
1006:
978:
680:
was a sacred fish in
Ancient Egypt. At the city of Per-Medjed, better known as
594:
481:
468:
421:
327:
192:
98:
895:
2216:
2152:
2138:
1999:
1867:
1833:
1511:
1479:
1204:
1184:
868:
677:
636:
602:
568:
542:
512:
499:
460:
1968:
1945:
1912:
1840:
1768:
1499:
1449:
1429:
1280:
1236:
1194:
856:
839:
314:
169:
823:
803:
779:
2110:
2103:
2089:
2068:
2047:
2033:
1847:
1742:
1469:
1033:
984:
681:
670:
589:
537:
520:
494:
455:
403:
234:
196:
688:. The depictions have been described as resembling members of the genus
2145:
2061:
2054:
2026:
1986:
1881:
1661:
623:
442:
429:
390:
282:
259:
188:
157:
118:
46:, has the largest brain-to-body weight ratio of all known vertebrates.
30:
2117:
2096:
1696:
1611:
1311:
550:
507:
205:
177:
68:
917:
885:
354:
2131:
2124:
1751:
972:
877:
690:
576:
563:
348:
286:
88:
168:
due to a long protrusion below their mouths used to detect buried
1954:
1801:
1331:
1174:
1060:
990:
246:
229:
found that mormyrinae brains utilize roughly 60% of their body O
966:
685:
278:
78:
305:. The electroperception they enable is used in hunting prey,
216:
281:, the part of the brain enlarged in mormyrinae fish is the
250:
242:
1929:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1887:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1786:
1775:
1764:
1642:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1576:
1566:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1368:
1358:
1347:
1337:
1277:
1247:
1232:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
901:. Rahden, Westfalia, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
172:
that is suggestive of a tusk or trunk (some such as
206:Unique brain percentage of body energy consumption
152:contains all but one of the genera of the African
2214:
1141:
891:
347:methods. The classification below comes from
1005:
933:
789:
787:
269:comes from gulping air at the water surface.
940:
926:
784:
29:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
219:. However, research published in 1996 in
215:intake) are a few primates (11–13%) and
664:
353:
867:
2215:
770:
768:
766:
749:
747:
704:
959:
947:
921:
763:
744:
222:The Journal of Experimental Biology
183:Fish in this subfamily have a high
13:
14:
2244:
814:Friedman MA, Hopkins CD. (1998).
798:), American Medical Association.
673:fish, Late Period-Ptolemaic Egypt
334:
174:Marcusenius senegalensis gracilis
2197:
2191:
2185:
2178:
657:This section is an excerpt from
55:
732:Journal of Experimental Biology
272:
861:
844:
828:
808:
1:
818:. J Neurosci. 18(3):1171-85.
698:
651:
199:in comparison uses only 20%.
7:
2233:Ray-finned fish subfamilies
10:
2249:
656:
2176:
2009:
1994:
1985:
1944:
1876:
1865:
1800:
1741:
1641:
1603:
1590:
1510:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1321:
1276:
1246:
1156:
1152:
1137:
1118:
1086:
1068:
1059:
1041:
1032:
1014:
1001:
955:
343:has been confirmed using
164:. They are often called
139:
134:
52:Scientific classification
50:
40:Peters' elephantnose fish
37:
28:
23:
871:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
185:brain to body mass ratio
659:Mormyridae § In culture
612:Thys van den audenaerde
265:The oxygen for this in
674:
365:
319:information processing
668:
369:Subfamily Mormyrinae
357:
293:. They generate weak
267:low oxygen conditions
225:by Göran Nilsson at
176:are sometimes called
44:Gnathonemus petersii
881:. May 2018 version.
873:"Family Mormyridae"
669:Bronze figurine of
345:molecular phylogeny
331:gigantocerebellum.
187:due to an expanded
16:Subfamily of fishes
675:
366:
227:Uppsala University
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1824:Heterosteoglossum
1389:Osteoglossiformes
1382:
1381:
1144:Osteoglossomorpha
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:Osteoglossomorpha
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1088:Osteoglossomorpha
949:Osteoglossomorpha
908:978-3-89646-674-7
759:978-0-387-23192-1
727:Nilsson G (1996)
645:
632:
619:
598:
585:
572:
559:
546:
533:
516:
503:
490:
477:
464:
451:
438:
425:
412:
399:
386:
361:Genyomyrus donnyi
297:from specialized
295:electrical fields
162:Osteoglossiformes
146:
145:
109:Osteoglossiformes
2240:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2182:
1992:
1991:
1931:
1924:Palaeonotopterus
1921:
1910:
1899:
1889:
1874:
1873:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1788:
1777:
1766:
1704:Phareodusichthys
1644:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1581:Prognathoglossum
1578:
1568:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1370:
1360:
1349:
1339:
1279:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1213:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1066:
1065:
1039:
1038:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
957:
956:
942:
935:
928:
919:
918:
913:
912:
900:
889:
883:
882:
865:
859:
848:
842:
832:
826:
812:
806:
791:
782:
772:
761:
751:
742:
725:
640:
627:
606:
593:
580:
567:
554:
541:
524:
511:
498:
485:
472:
459:
446:
433:
420:
407:
394:
377:
303:electroreceptors
291:electroreception
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2184:
2158:
2041:Campylomormyrus
2020:Boulengeromyrus
2005:
1981:
1940:
1870:
1853:
1796:
1737:
1718:Ridewoodichthys
1637:
1594:
1586:
1554:Pankowskipiscis
1506:
1391:
1378:
1363:Plesiolycoptera
1317:
1272:
1242:
1165:Chandlerichthys
1146:
1125:
1102:
1082:
1055:
1028:
997:
962:
961:
951:
946:
916:
909:
898:
890:
886:
866:
862:
849:
845:
833:
829:
813:
809:
792:
785:
773:
764:
752:
745:
726:
705:
701:
696:
695:
662:
654:
417:Campylomormyrus
374:Boulengeromyrus
364:
341:Petrocephalinae
337:
307:electrolocation
275:
232:
214:
208:
154:freshwater fish
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:Fish of Africa
2225:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2083:Hippopotamyrus
2079:
2076:Heteromormyrus
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1806:
1804:
1802:Osteoglossinae
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1773:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1725:Taverneichthys
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1669:Cretophareodus
1665:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1646:Phareodontinae
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1622:Chauliopareion
1615:
1604:
1598:
1592:Osteoglossidae
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1557:
1547:
1544:Palaeopantodon
1537:
1527:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:Hiodontiformes
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1290:Jiuquanichthys
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1227:Tongxinichthys
1220:
1209:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:Actinopterygii
1015:
1009:
1007:Actinopterygii
999:
998:
994:
993:
987:
981:
979:Actinopterygii
975:
969:
953:
952:
945:
944:
937:
930:
922:
915:
914:
907:
884:
869:Froese, Rainer
860:
843:
827:
807:
783:
762:
743:
738:(3): 603-607.
702:
700:
697:
663:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:
646:
633:
620:
599:
586:
573:
560:
547:
534:
517:
504:
491:
482:Hippopotamyrus
478:
469:Heteromormyrus
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
387:
358:
336:
335:Classification
333:
328:efference copy
323:neurocircuitry
299:electric organ
274:
271:
230:
212:
207:
204:
193:metabolic rate
148:The subfamily
144:
143:
137:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
99:Actinopterygii
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2245:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2155:
2154:
2153:Stomatorhinus
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:Paramormyrops
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2001:
2000:Petrocephalus
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:Notopteroidei
1864:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:Opsithrissops
1828:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1791:Thrissopterus
1785:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1732:Xosteoglossid
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1655:Brychaetoides
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:Petersichthys
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:Cretapantodon
1528:
1526:
1525:
1524:Capassopiscis
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1512:Pantodontidae
1509:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:Wilsonichthys
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:Wakinoichthys
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:Tetoriichthys
1454:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:Archaeglossus
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:Kokuraichthys
1346:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1305:Kuyangichthys
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:Kokuraichthys
1294:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:Paralycoptera
1199:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:Harenaichthys
1179:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
986:
982:
980:
976:
974:
970:
968:
964:
963:
958:
954:
950:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
924:
923:
920:
910:
904:
897:
896:
888:
880:
879:
874:
870:
864:
858:
854:
847:
841:
837:
831:
825:
821:
817:
811:
805:
801:
797:
790:
788:
781:
777:
771:
769:
767:
760:
756:
750:
748:
741:
737:
733:
730:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
703:
693:
692:
687:
683:
679:
672:
667:
660:
643:
639:
638:
637:Stomatorhinus
634:
630:
626:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
603:Paramormyrops
600:
596:
592:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
371:
370:
368:
367:
363:
362:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
332:
329:
324:
320:
316:
315:Knollenorgans
312:
311:communication
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
270:
268:
263:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
228:
224:
223:
218:
203:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
170:invertebrates
167:
163:
160:in the order
159:
155:
151:
142:
138:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2183:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
1998:
1974:
1969:Papyrocranus
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:Notopteridae
1932:
1922:
1913:Ostariostoma
1911:
1902:Lopadichthys
1900:
1892:Laeliichthys
1890:
1880:
1846:
1841:Osteoglossum
1839:
1832:
1822:
1814:Foreyichthys
1812:
1789:
1778:
1769:Joffrichthys
1767:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1595:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1500:Xixiaichthys
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1450:Shuleichthys
1448:
1440:Kokenichthys
1438:
1430:Joffrichthys
1428:
1418:
1408:
1371:
1361:
1350:
1342:Jiaohichthys
1340:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1281:Lycopteridae
1265:
1258:
1237:Xixiaichthys
1235:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1195:Jinanichthys
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1120:
989:Infraclass:
894:
887:
876:
863:
846:
830:
810:
735:
731:
689:
635:
622:
601:
588:
575:
562:
556:J. P. MĂĽller
549:
536:
519:
506:
493:
480:
474:Steindachner
467:
454:
441:
428:
415:
402:
389:
372:
359:
338:
276:
273:Large brains
264:
239:
220:
209:
201:
182:
173:
166:elephantfish
165:
149:
147:
140:
128:
43:
18:
2111:Marcusenius
2104:Ivindomyrus
2090:Hyperopisus
2069:Gnathonemus
2048:Cryptomyrus
2034:Brienomyrus
1934:Sinoglossus
1848:Scleropages
1780:Sinoglossus
1743:Arapaiminae
1470:Thaumaturus
1049:Neopterygii
1034:Neopterygii
985:Neopterygii
682:Oxyrhynchus
671:Oxyrhynchus
590:Oxymormyrus
538:Marcusenius
521:Ivindomyrus
495:Hyperopisus
456:Gnathonemus
404:Brienomyrus
321:in special
235:ectothermic
197:human brain
125:Subfamily:
24:Mormyrinae
2223:Mormyridae
2217:Categories
2146:Pollimyrus
2062:Genyomyrus
2055:Cyphomyrus
2027:Brevimyrus
2011:Mormyrinae
1987:Mormyridae
1976:Xenomystus
1962:Notopterus
1882:Gymnarchus
1711:Phareoides
1683:Monopteros
1662:Brychaetus
1596:sensu lato
1420:Furichthys
1267:Kuntulunia
1251:Huashiidae
1097:see below↓
983:Subclass:
699:References
652:In culture
624:Pollimyrus
487:Pappenheim
443:Genyomyrus
435:Pappenheim
430:Cyphomyrus
391:Brevimyrus
283:cerebellum
260:Salmonidae
189:cerebellum
158:Mormyridae
150:Mormyrinae
129:Mormyrinae
119:Mormyridae
2118:Mormyrops
2097:Isichthys
1759:Heterotis
1697:Phareodus
1676:Magnigena
1612:Chanopsis
1373:Yanbiania
1312:Lycoptera
1216:Tanolepis
1076:Teleostei
1061:Teleostei
991:Teleostei
965:Kingdom:
804:174641159
796:R. Llinás
642:Boulenger
582:Boulenger
551:Mormyrops
508:Isichthys
448:Boulenger
178:trunkfish
141:see text
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
2132:Myomyrus
2125:Mormyrus
1752:Arapaima
1690:Musperia
1561:Pantodon
973:Chordata
971:Phylum:
967:Animalia
878:FishBase
857:10631038
840:12207086
740:Download
691:Mormyrus
577:Myomyrus
569:Linnaeus
564:Mormyrus
349:FishBase
287:cerebrum
285:not the
255:sparrows
247:swallows
115:Family:
89:Chordata
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1955:Chitala
1632:Singida
1260:Huashia
1175:Coriops
977:Class:
824:9437037
780:7282965
629:Taverne
608:Taverne
595:Bleeker
526:Taverne
422:Bleeker
409:Taverne
396:Taverne
379:Taverne
279:mammals
277:Unlike
156:family
135:Genera
105:Order:
95:Class:
1332:Hiodon
905:
855:
838:
822:
802:
778:
757:
686:Hathor
678:Medjed
644:, 1898
631:, 1971
618:, 1977
616:Heymer
614:&
597:, 1874
584:, 1898
571:, 1758
558:, 1843
545:, 1862
532:, 1975
528:&
515:, 1863
502:, 1862
489:, 1906
476:, 1866
463:, 1863
450:, 1898
437:, 1906
424:, 1874
411:, 1971
398:, 1971
385:, 1968
381:&
309:, and
217:humans
899:(PDF)
251:crows
1074:see
1047:see
1020:see
903:ISBN
853:PMID
836:PMID
820:PMID
800:OCLC
776:PMID
755:ISBN
676:The
543:Gill
530:GĂ©ry
513:Gill
500:Gill
461:Gill
383:GĂ©ry
253:and
243:bats
38:The
736:199
2219::
875:.
786:^
765:^
746:^
734:,
706:^
610:,
351:.
249:,
245:,
237:.
42:,
1937:?
1930:â€
1920:â€
1916:?
1909:â€
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1898:â€
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1820:â€
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911:.
694:.
661:.
313:(
231:2
213:2
211:O
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