3450:
1325:
3444:
3431:
53:
31:
3438:
275:
1954:
1942:
311:
Electric fish can be classified into two types: pulse fish or wave fish. Pulse-type discharges are characterized by long intervals between electric discharges, whereas wave-type discharges occur when the interval between consecutive pulses is so brief that the discharges fuse together to form a wave.
251:
The retina is called a "grouped retina", an eye structure seen in mormyrids and a few other fishes. Instead of being smooth, their retina is composed of tiny cups, acting like parabolic mirrors. Because of the murky waters they inhabit, the cones in their eyes have adapted to see only red light. The
332:
in the same voltage-gated sodium channel despite the two groups of fish being on different continents and the evolution of the electric sense organ being separated in time by around 60 million years. Convergent changes to other key transcription factors and regulatory pathways in both
Gymnotiforms
247:
buried in muddy substrates. The shape and structure of these leads to the popular name "elephant-nosed fish" for those species with particularly prominent mouth extensions. The extensions to the mouthparts usually consist of a fleshy elongation attached to the lower jaw. They are flexible, and
187:
The elephantfish are a diverse family, with a wide range of different sizes and shapes. The smallest are just 5 cm (2.0 in) in adult length, while the largest reach up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft). They do, however, have a number of unique features in common. Firstly, their
1344:, whose name means "sharp-nosed" after the fish, archaeologists have found fishes depicted as bronze figurines, mural paintings, or wooden coffins in the shape of fishes with downturned snouts, with horned sun-disc crowns like those of the goddess
248:
equipped with touch, and possibly taste, sensors. The mouth is not protrusible, and the head (including the eyes), the dorsum, and belly are covered by a thin layer of skin that is perforated with small pores leading to electroreceptors.
1619:
The generation of these electric fields and their use in providing the fish with additional sensory input from the environment is the subject of considerable scientific research, as is research into communication between and within
1504:
Orts, S. (1967): Contribution to the comparative anatomy and systematics of
Mormyroïdes (RAOS Prize 1966) - Ann. Acad. Roy. Sc. d'Outre Mer, Classe des Sc. Nat. et Méd., Bruxelles, XVII, 3, 1-89, 30 figs, 3 tabs, 8 pls, 1967 (in
252:
cups are made of four layers of light-reflecting proteins, funneling red light to areas of cones, intensifying its brightness 10-fold, while the rods are hit by light from other wavelengths. Only a single
1716:
Gallant, Jason R.; Traeger, Lindsay L.; Volkening, Jeremy D.; Moffett, Howell; Chen, Po-Hao; Novina, Carl D.; Phillips, George N.; Anand, Rene; Wells, Gregg B.; Pinch, Matthew; Güth, Robert (2014-06-27).
1605:
1063:
1776:"Phylogenetic utility of the first two introns of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and congruence with other molecular markers"
1630:
Caputi, A. A. (1999). "The electric organ discharge of pulse gymnotiforms: the transformation of a simple impulse into a complex spatiotemporal electromotor pattern".
1907:
Van Neer, Wim; Gonzalez, Jérôme (2019). "A Late Period fish deposit at
Oxyrhynchus (el-Bahnasa, Egypt)". In Peters, Joris; McGlynn, George; Goebel, Veronika (eds.).
1515:
Francke, Mike; Kreysing, Moritz; Mack, Andreas; et al. (2014). "Grouped retinae and tapetal cups in some
Teleostian fish: Occurrence, structure, and function".
1067:
3074:
328:
between the South
American gymnotiforms and the African Mormyridae is remarkable, with the electric organ being produced by the substitution of the same
3174:
2954:
2831:
2968:
2804:
2613:
2415:
1136:
1084:
1071:
2975:
2919:
2896:
2882:
2872:
2794:
2540:
2477:
3594:
3041:
2982:
2905:
2821:
2784:
2774:
2740:
2710:
2660:
2602:
2555:
2547:
1278:
1257:
1175:
1037:
1010:
3152:
3142:
3064:
2690:
2592:
1265:
3620:
3184:
3030:
2961:
2670:
2517:
2501:
192:
is greatly enlarged, enabling them to interpret complex bio-electrical signals, and to the large size of the valve. Secondly, an auditory
2926:
2623:
2466:
2190:
2940:
304:, and Mormyromasts) that detect small variations in these electric fields caused by the presence of prey or other objects of different
3449:
1809:"Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs"
2510:
3568:
3443:
2211:
1908:
1395:
Chapman, Lauren J.; Hulen, Kevin G. (2001). "Implications of hypoxia for the brain size and gill morphometry of mormyrid fishes".
3607:
2009:
164:. It is by far the largest family in the order, with around 200 species. Members of the family can be popular, if challenging,
1921:
1439:
3612:
2032:
1958:
283:
3697:
3659:
3625:
342:
2272:
2183:
1854:: a new genus of Mormyridae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) with two new species from Gabon, West-Central Africa"
212:(containing the otolith asteriscus), is in fact unique among vertebrates, completely independent of the other
308:. This allows them to sense their environment in turbid waters where vision is impaired by suspended matter.
1261:
1667:"Old gene duplication facilitates origin and diversification of an innovative communication system--twice"
243:
Some species possess modifications of their mouthparts to facilitate electrolocating and feeding on small
3529:
2002:
1946:
305:
3534:
2176:
2037:
52:
1557:
1375:
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2147:
3430:
2811:
2053:
1324:
289:
1205:
3692:
3226:
1291:
1231:
1097:
256:
is present, located on the left side of their body. The
Mormyridae and the closely related genus
3651:
3469:
3437:
1995:
1568:
3646:
3599:
2061:
297:
3638:
3555:
3516:
3507:
2299:
1861:
1730:
325:
39:
8:
3687:
1972:
1981:
1865:
1734:
1581:
262:
are also unique in being the only vertebrates where the male sperm cell does not have a
3212:
2326:
1884:
1849:
1751:
1718:
1693:
1666:
1540:
1487:
1123:
313:
47:
1606:
Bustami, H.P. (2007). Smart elephant fish navigates in darkness with electric fields.
3633:
3542:
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1830:
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1775:
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1532:
1528:
1479:
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1435:
1431:
157:
104:
1544:
1491:
3521:
2157:
2130:
2118:
1879:
1869:
1820:
1787:
1746:
1738:
1688:
1678:
1639:
1524:
1471:
1427:
1422:
Glickstein, M.; Voogd, J. (2009). "Cerebellum: Evolution and
Comparative Anatomy".
1404:
209:
169:
3547:
3291:
3270:
3009:
2124:
1309:
1045:
1005:
824:
650:
352:
176:
131:
1457:"A direct cerebello-telencephalic projection in an electrosensory mormyrid fish"
1456:
1179:
1014:
3333:
3326:
2842:
2573:
2257:
2229:
1340:
was a sacred fish in
Ancient Egypt. At the city of Per-Medjed, better known as
1244:
1131:
1118:
1050:
775:
293:
197:
94:
1964:
1910:
1408:
347:
The roughly 221 species of elephantfish are grouped into two subfamilies, the
333:
and
Mormyridae also contributed to the evolution of the electric sense organ.
216:; it is neither connected to the labyrinth to which only one otolith bag (the
3681:
3492:
3403:
3389:
3250:
3118:
3084:
2762:
2730:
2455:
2435:
2090:
2018:
1874:
1508:
1371:
1337:
1304:
1286:
1252:
1218:
1192:
1162:
1149:
1110:
602:
569:
384:
321:
153:
1742:
1683:
1643:
30:
3219:
3196:
3163:
3091:
3019:
2750:
2700:
2680:
2531:
2487:
2445:
2152:
2096:
2084:
2066:
1893:
1834:
1760:
1702:
1651:
1536:
301:
244:
225:
1825:
1808:
1483:
193:
3581:
3501:
3361:
3354:
3340:
3319:
3298:
3284:
3098:
2993:
2720:
2284:
2235:
1341:
1329:
1239:
1187:
1170:
1144:
1105:
1058:
1032:
891:
841:
734:
667:
626:
464:
1348:. The depictions have been described as resembling members of the genus
3396:
3312:
3305:
3277:
3261:
3132:
2912:
2112:
1847:
1806:
1773:
1569:
Communication Behavior and Sensory Mechanisms in Weakly Electric Fishes
1273:
1092:
1079:
1022:
999:
874:
758:
552:
348:
329:
258:
208:(sacculum containing the otolith sagitta), itself communicating to the
189:
127:
1965:
Detailed research paper on the sensory and central nervous systems in
274:
3586:
3368:
3347:
2947:
2862:
2562:
1200:
1157:
481:
433:
263:
233:
217:
201:
64:
3573:
3463:
2168:
1977:
278:
Mormyromast, a type of electroreceptor found only in mormyrid fishes
3486:
3382:
3375:
3002:
2223:
1953:
1665:
Arnegard, M. E.; Zwickl, D. J.; Lu, Y.; Zakon, H. H. (2010-12-02).
1380:
1350:
1226:
1213:
514:
409:
165:
84:
3205:
3052:
2582:
2425:
2311:
2241:
237:
229:
221:
205:
1987:
2217:
1941:
1719:"Genomic basis for the convergent evolution of electric organs"
1345:
317:
213:
175:
They are not to be confused with the marine and brackish-water
168:
species. These fish have a large brain size and unusually high
161:
74:
1715:
3560:
253:
1514:
1900:
179:(family Callorhinchidae) of Southern Hemisphere oceans.
1664:
316:
is produced from an electric organ that evolved from
3180:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3138:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3037:
3026:
3015:
2893:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2827:
2817:
2800:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2619:
2609:
2598:
2588:
2528:
2498:
2483:
2473:
2462:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
1916:. Rahden, Westfalia, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
1848:
Sullivan, J. P.; Lavoué, S.; Hopkins, C. D. (2016).
1807:
Sullivan, J. P.; Lavoué, S.; Hopkins, C. D. (2000).
1774:
Lavoué, S.; Sullivan, J. P.; Hopkins, C. D. (2003).
1448:
1388:
3679:
2392:
1906:
1671:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1454:
1421:
1455:Wullimann, Mario F.; Rooney, Donal J. (1990).
343:Mormyridae_(superfamily) § Classification
324:electric fish, electric rays, and skates. The
2256:
2184:
2003:
1841:
1394:
204:. This vesicle, together with a bag with an
1978:Mormyridae - African weakly electric fishes
1586:Mormyridae - African weakly electric fishes
1370:
2191:
2177:
2010:
1996:
1579:
224:) is attached, nor is it connected to the
182:
29:
1883:
1873:
1824:
1791:
1780:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1750:
1692:
1682:
1323:
273:
232:) of which it has the same histological
196:(a small bladder) is present inside the
1558:Elephant-Nosed Fish Has Funky Eyes, Too
1364:
3680:
1629:
355:. The latter has only a single genus:
3468:
3467:
2210:
2198:
2172:
1991:
236:, nor is it therefore related to the
1517:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2033:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1613:
284:Electroreception and electrogenesis
13:
269:
14:
3709:
2017:
1934:
1332:fish, Late Period-Ptolemaic Egypt
336:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3429:
1952:
1940:
1793:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00170.x
1529:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.10.001
1432:10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00947-5
51:
1813:Journal of Experimental Biology
1800:
1767:
1709:
1658:
1632:Journal of Experimental Biology
1623:
1599:
1573:
1562:
1551:
1498:
1415:
1374:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017).
1:
1357:
1319:
1582:"Mormyridae Bonaparte, 1831"
1476:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91730-5
1424:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
7:
10:
3714:
2093:(S. American knifefishes)
2038:Jamming avoidance response
1300:Subfamily Petrocephalinae
340:
281:
177:callorhinchid elephantfish
3476:
3427:
3260:
3245:
3236:
3195:
3127:
3116:
3051:
2992:
2892:
2854:
2841:
2761:
2652:
2648:
2637:
2572:
2527:
2497:
2407:
2403:
2388:
2369:
2337:
2319:
2310:
2292:
2283:
2265:
2252:
2206:
2148:History of bioelectricity
2140:
2077:
2046:
2025:
1973:Mormyrids in the aquarium
1580:Miller, S.; Sullivan, J.
1409:10.1017/S0952836901000966
888:
871:
864:
838:
821:
814:
807:
772:
755:
748:
731:
724:
717:
664:
647:
640:
623:
616:
599:
592:
566:
549:
542:
535:
528:
511:
504:
478:
461:
454:
447:
430:
423:
406:
399:
381:
373:
320:, as can also be seen in
125:
120:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
3698:Ray-finned fish families
1875:10.3897/zookeys.561.7137
1638:(# (Pt 10)): 1229–1241.
296:, and electroreceptors (
152:), are a superfamily of
24:Freshwater elephantfish
1743:10.1126/science.1254432
1684:10.1073/pnas.1011803107
1644:10.1242/jeb.202.10.1229
1262:Thys van den Audenaerde
220:containing the otolith
183:Description and biology
150:freshwater elephantfish
1333:
279:
200:of the left and right
3647:Paleobiology Database
2062:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1982:interactive checklist
1826:10.1242/jeb.203.4.665
1327:
298:ampullae of Lorenzini
288:Elephantfish possess
282:Further information:
277:
2121:(electric catfishes)
1949:at Wikimedia Commons
326:convergent evolution
154:weakly electric fish
40:Gnathonemus petersii
2087:(African knifefish)
1967:Gnathonemus petersi
1866:2016ZooK..561..117S
1735:2014Sci...344.1522G
1729:(6191): 1522–1525.
1677:(51): 22172–22177.
1608:life-of-science.net
1376:"Family Mormyridae"
1328:Bronze figurine of
292:that generate weak
144:, sometimes called
1397:Journal of Zoology
1334:
314:electric discharge
280:
3675:
3674:
3634:Open Tree of Life
3470:Taxon identifiers
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3075:Heterosteoglossum
2640:Osteoglossiformes
2633:
2632:
2395:Osteoglossomorpha
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2373:Osteoglossomorpha
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2339:Osteoglossomorpha
2200:Osteoglossomorpha
2166:
2165:
2058:Electroreceptors
1945:Media related to
1923:978-3-89646-674-7
1819:(Pt 4): 665–683.
1441:978-0-08-045046-9
1313:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1166:
1153:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1018:
989:
988:
984:
983:
975:
974:
966:
965:
957:
956:
948:
947:
939:
938:
930:
929:
921:
920:
912:
911:
903:
902:
853:
852:
796:
795:
787:
786:
706:
705:
697:
696:
688:
687:
679:
678:
581:
580:
493:
492:
158:Osteoglossiformes
138:
137:
105:Osteoglossiformes
3705:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3243:
3242:
3182:
3175:Palaeonotopterus
3172:
3161:
3150:
3140:
3125:
3124:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3039:
3028:
3017:
2955:Phareodusichthys
2895:
2880:
2870:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2832:Prognathoglossum
2829:
2819:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2621:
2611:
2600:
2590:
2530:
2500:
2485:
2475:
2464:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2317:
2316:
2290:
2289:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2208:
2207:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2158:Magnetoreception
2109:(elephantfishes)
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1957:Data related to
1956:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1860:(561): 117–150.
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1470:(1–2): 354–357.
1461:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1368:
1308:
1290:
1277:
1256:
1243:
1230:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1026:
1009:
867:
866:
817:
816:
810:
809:
751:
750:
727:
726:
720:
719:
643:
642:
619:
618:
595:
594:
545:
544:
538:
537:
531:
530:
507:
506:
457:
456:
450:
449:
426:
425:
402:
401:
379:Petrocephalinae
376:
375:
368:
367:
358:
357:
56:
55:
33:
21:
20:
16:Family of fishes
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3472:
3462:
3453:
3435:
3409:
3292:Campylomormyrus
3271:Boulengeromyrus
3256:
3232:
3191:
3121:
3104:
3047:
2988:
2969:Ridewoodichthys
2888:
2845:
2837:
2805:Pankowskipiscis
2757:
2642:
2629:
2614:Plesiolycoptera
2568:
2523:
2493:
2416:Chandlerichthys
2397:
2376:
2353:
2333:
2306:
2279:
2248:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2167:
2162:
2136:
2127:(electric rays)
2125:Torpediniformes
2101:(electric eels)
2073:
2042:
2021:
2016:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1846:
1842:
1805:
1801:
1772:
1768:
1714:
1710:
1663:
1659:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1420:
1416:
1393:
1389:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1322:
1046:Campylomormyrus
1006:Boulengeromyrus
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
904:
854:
825:Campylomormyrus
797:
788:
707:
698:
689:
680:
651:Boulengeromyrus
582:
494:
353:Petrocephalinae
345:
339:
294:electric fields
290:electric organs
286:
272:
270:Electric fields
185:
148:(more properly
132:Petrocephalinae
130:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3693:Fish of Africa
3690:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3513:
3498:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3334:Hippopotamyrus
3330:
3327:Heteromormyrus
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3178:
3168:
3157:
3146:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3057:
3055:
3053:Osteoglossinae
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3024:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2976:Taverneichthys
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2920:Cretophareodus
2916:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2897:Phareodontinae
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2873:Chauliopareion
2866:
2855:
2849:
2843:Osteoglossidae
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2808:
2798:
2795:Palaeopantodon
2788:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2596:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2574:Hiodontiformes
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2541:Jiuquanichthys
2536:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2478:Tongxinichthys
2471:
2460:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2273:Actinopterygii
2266:
2260:
2258:Actinopterygii
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2230:Actinopterygii
2226:
2220:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2119:Malapteruridae
2116:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2054:Electric organ
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1961:at Wikispecies
1950:
1936:
1935:External links
1933:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1899:
1840:
1799:
1786:(2): 273–292.
1766:
1708:
1657:
1622:
1612:
1598:
1572:
1561:
1550:
1507:
1497:
1464:Brain Research
1447:
1440:
1414:
1403:(4): 461–472.
1387:
1372:Froese, Rainer
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1210:
1197:
1184:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1132:Hippopotamyrus
1128:
1119:Heteromormyrus
1115:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1064:J. P. Sullivan
1055:
1042:
1029:
1019:
987:
986:
982:
981:
978:
977:
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972:
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880:
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865:
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859:
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850:
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846:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
794:
793:
790:
789:
785:
784:
781:
780:
776:Hippopotamyrus
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
754:
749:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
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663:
660:
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635:
632:
631:
622:
617:
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612:
611:
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598:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
575:
574:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
510:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
487:
486:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
429:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
405:
400:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:
380:
374:
372:
366:
363:
362:
341:Main article:
338:
337:Classification
335:
306:conductivities
271:
268:
184:
181:
146:"elephantfish"
136:
135:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
95:Actinopterygii
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3710:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3432:
3406:
3405:
3404:Stomatorhinus
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:Paramormyrops
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3251:Petrocephalus
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:Notopteroidei
3115:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3085:Opsithrissops
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3042:Thrissopterus
3036:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2983:Xosteoglossid
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:Brychaetoides
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:Petersichthys
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2785:Cretapantodon
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:Capassopiscis
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2763:Pantodontidae
2760:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:Wilsonichthys
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:Wakinoichthys
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:Tetoriichthys
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:Archaeglossus
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:Kokuraichthys
2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:Kuyangichthys
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:Kokuraichthys
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:Paralycoptera
2450:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:Harenaichthys
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2131:Uranoscopidae
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:Electrophorus
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:Gymnotiformes
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Electric fish
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:Petrocephalus
1302:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1287:Stomatorhinus
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:Paramormyrops
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:C. D. Hopkins
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
995:
994:
980:
979:
971:
970:
962:
961:
953:
952:
944:
943:
935:
934:
926:
925:
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
895:
894:
893:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
876:
869:
868:
862:
861:
858:
857:
849:
848:
845:
844:
843:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
826:
819:
818:
812:
811:
805:
804:
801:
800:
792:
791:
783:
782:
779:
778:
777:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
760:
753:
752:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
736:
729:
728:
722:
721:
715:
714:
711:
710:
702:
701:
693:
692:
684:
683:
675:
674:
671:
670:
669:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
652:
645:
644:
638:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
628:
621:
620:
614:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:Paramormyrops
597:
596:
590:
589:
586:
585:
577:
576:
573:
572:
571:
570:Stomatorhinus
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
554:
547:
546:
540:
539:
533:
532:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
516:
509:
508:
502:
501:
498:
497:
489:
488:
485:
484:
483:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
466:
459:
458:
452:
451:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
435:
428:
427:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:
404:
403:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:Petrocephalus
378:
377:
370:
369:
365:
364:
360:
359:
356:
354:
350:
344:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
307:
303:
302:knollenorgans
299:
295:
291:
285:
276:
267:
265:
261:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:invertebrates
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
180:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:in the order
155:
151:
147:
143:
134:
133:
129:
124:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3477:
3434:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3220:Papyrocranus
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:Notopteridae
3183:
3173:
3164:Ostariostoma
3162:
3153:Lopadichthys
3151:
3143:Laeliichthys
3141:
3131:
3097:
3092:Osteoglossum
3090:
3083:
3073:
3065:Foreyichthys
3063:
3040:
3029:
3020:Joffrichthys
3018:
3008:
3001:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2846:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2751:Xixiaichthys
2749:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2701:Shuleichthys
2699:
2691:Kokenichthys
2689:
2681:Joffrichthys
2679:
2669:
2659:
2622:
2612:
2601:
2593:Jiaohichthys
2591:
2581:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2532:Lycopteridae
2516:
2509:
2488:Xixiaichthys
2486:
2476:
2465:
2454:
2446:Jinanichthys
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2371:
2240:Infraclass:
2153:Lateral line
2133:(stargazers)
2106:
2097:
2085:Gymnarchidae
2067:Knollenorgan
1966:
1909:
1902:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1575:
1564:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1423:
1417:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1366:
1349:
1335:
1303:
1285:
1272:
1251:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1206:J. P. Müller
1199:
1186:
1169:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1124:Steindachner
1117:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1027:Taverne 1971
1021:
1004:
992:
990:
890:
889:
873:
872:
840:
839:
823:
822:
774:
773:
757:
756:
733:
732:
666:
665:
649:
648:
625:
624:
601:
600:
568:
567:
551:
550:
513:
512:
480:
479:
463:
462:
432:
431:
408:
407:
383:
382:
346:
310:
287:
257:
250:
242:
226:swim bladder
186:
174:
170:intelligence
149:
145:
141:
139:
126:
121:Subfamilies
114:
38:
18:
3582:iNaturalist
3502:Wikispecies
3362:Marcusenius
3355:Ivindomyrus
3341:Hyperopisus
3320:Gnathonemus
3299:Cryptomyrus
3285:Brienomyrus
3185:Sinoglossus
3099:Scleropages
3031:Sinoglossus
2994:Arapaiminae
2721:Thaumaturus
2300:Neopterygii
2285:Neopterygii
2236:Neopterygii
1980:(including
1852:Cryptomyrus
1426:: 743–756.
1342:Oxyrhynchus
1330:Oxyrhynchus
1240:Oxymormyrus
1188:Marcusenius
1171:Ivindomyrus
1145:Hyperopisus
1106:Gnathonemus
1059:Cryptomyrus
1033:Brienomyrus
892:Marcusenius
842:Gnathonemus
735:Hyperopisus
668:Ivindomyrus
627:Cryptomyrus
465:Brienomyrus
397:Mormyrinae
371:Mormyridae
322:gymnotiform
228:(except in
3688:Mormyridae
3682:Categories
3522:Mormyridae
3508:Mormyridae
3478:Mormyridae
3397:Pollimyrus
3313:Genyomyrus
3306:Cyphomyrus
3278:Brevimyrus
3262:Mormyrinae
3238:Mormyridae
3227:Xenomystus
3213:Notopterus
3133:Gymnarchus
2962:Phareoides
2934:Monopteros
2913:Brychaetus
2847:sensu lato
2671:Furichthys
2518:Kuntulunia
2502:Huashiidae
2348:see below↓
2234:Subclass:
2113:Rajiformes
2107:Mormyridae
2026:Physiology
1959:Mormyridae
1947:Mormyridae
1591:20 October
1358:References
1320:In culture
1274:Pollimyrus
1137:Pappenheim
1093:Genyomyrus
1085:Pappenheim
1080:Cyphomyrus
1023:Brevimyrus
1000:Mormyrinae
998:Subfamily
993:Mormyridae
875:Genyomyrus
759:Brevimyrus
553:Pollimyrus
361:Phylogeny
349:Mormyrinae
330:amino acid
259:Gymnarchus
202:inner ears
190:cerebellum
160:native to
142:Mormyridae
128:Mormyrinae
115:Mormyridae
3369:Mormyrops
3348:Isichthys
3010:Heterotis
2948:Phareodus
2927:Magnigena
2863:Chanopsis
2624:Yanbiania
2563:Lycoptera
2467:Tanolepis
2327:Teleostei
2312:Teleostei
2242:Teleostei
2216:Kingdom:
1523:: 43–69.
1292:Boulenger
1232:Boulenger
1201:Mormyrops
1158:Isichthys
1098:Boulenger
482:Isichthys
434:Mormyrops
264:flagellum
234:structure
218:utriculus
198:labyrinth
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
3487:Wikidata
3383:Myomyrus
3376:Mormyrus
3003:Arapaima
2941:Musperia
2812:Pantodon
2224:Chordata
2222:Phylum:
2218:Animalia
2115:(skates)
1894:27006619
1835:10648209
1761:24970089
1703:21127261
1652:10210664
1545:39081714
1537:24157316
1492:12951395
1381:FishBase
1351:Mormyrus
1310:Marcusen
1227:Myomyrus
1219:Linnaeus
1214:Mormyrus
515:Mormyrus
410:Myomyrus
222:lapillus
166:aquarium
111:Family:
85:Chordata
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
3493:Q876569
3206:Chitala
2883:Singida
2511:Huashia
2426:Coriops
2228:Class:
2141:Related
2047:Anatomy
1885:4768369
1862:Bibcode
1858:ZooKeys
1752:5541775
1731:Bibcode
1723:Science
1694:3009798
1620:species
1505:French)
1484:1698507
1279:Taverne
1258:Taverne
1245:Bleeker
1176:Taverne
1051:Bleeker
1038:Taverne
1011:Taverne
991:Family
238:pharynx
230:embryos
206:otolith
194:vesicle
101:Order:
91:Class:
3665:154434
3652:131421
3639:816146
3613:161916
3600:114899
2583:Hiodon
2078:Groups
1920:
1892:
1882:
1833:
1759:
1749:
1701:
1691:
1650:
1543:
1535:
1490:
1482:
1438:
1346:Hathor
1338:Medjed
1312:, 1854
1294:, 1898
1281:, 1971
1268:, 1977
1266:Heymer
1264:&
1247:, 1874
1234:, 1898
1221:, 1758
1208:, 1843
1195:, 1862
1182:, 1975
1178:&
1165:, 1863
1152:, 1862
1139:, 1906
1126:, 1866
1113:, 1863
1100:, 1898
1087:, 1906
1074:, 2016
1070:&
1068:Lavoué
1053:, 1874
1040:, 1971
1017:, 1968
1013:&
318:muscle
214:organs
210:lagena
162:Africa
3660:WoRMS
3626:31092
3595:IRMNG
3587:85907
3535:78229
1914:(PDF)
1541:S2CID
1488:S2CID
1460:(PDF)
254:gonad
3621:NCBI
3608:ITIS
3574:8484
3569:GBIF
3561:5390
3530:BOLD
2325:see
2298:see
2271:see
1918:ISBN
1890:PMID
1831:PMID
1757:PMID
1699:PMID
1648:PMID
1593:2023
1533:PMID
1480:PMID
1436:ISBN
1336:The
1193:Gill
1180:Géry
1163:Gill
1150:Gill
1111:Gill
1015:Géry
351:and
312:The
140:The
3556:EoL
3548:CY5
3543:CoL
3517:ADW
1880:PMC
1870:doi
1821:doi
1817:203
1788:doi
1747:PMC
1739:doi
1727:344
1689:PMC
1679:doi
1675:107
1640:doi
1636:202
1525:doi
1472:doi
1468:520
1428:doi
1405:doi
1401:254
3684::
3662::
3649::
3636::
3623::
3610::
3597::
3584::
3571::
3558::
3545::
3532::
3519::
3504::
3489::
1888:.
1878:.
1868:.
1856:.
1829:.
1815:.
1811:.
1784:78
1782:.
1778:.
1755:.
1745:.
1737:.
1725:.
1721:.
1697:.
1687:.
1673:.
1669:.
1646:.
1634:.
1584:.
1539:.
1531:.
1521:38
1519:.
1486:.
1478:.
1466:.
1462:.
1434:.
1399:.
1378:.
1260:,
1066:,
300:,
266:.
240:.
172:.
3188:?
3181:†
3171:†
3167:?
3160:†
3156:?
3149:†
3139:†
3081:†
3071:†
3061:†
3038:†
3034:?
3027:†
3023:?
3016:†
2894:†
2879:†
2869:†
2859:†
2828:†
2818:†
2801:†
2791:†
2781:†
2771:†
2754:?
2747:†
2737:†
2727:†
2717:†
2707:†
2697:†
2687:†
2677:†
2667:†
2657:†
2620:†
2610:†
2606:?
2599:†
2589:†
2551:?
2529:†
2499:†
2484:†
2474:†
2470:?
2463:†
2459:?
2452:†
2442:†
2432:†
2422:†
2412:†
2192:e
2185:t
2178:v
2011:e
2004:t
1997:v
1984:)
1926:.
1896:.
1872::
1864::
1850:"
1837:.
1823::
1796:.
1790::
1763:.
1741::
1733::
1705:.
1681::
1654:.
1642::
1595:.
1547:.
1527::
1494:.
1474::
1444:.
1430::
1411:.
1407::
1384:.
1354:.
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