366:, he expounded on what became known as the Laurentian thesis: that the most creative and major developments in Canadian history occurred in the metropolitan centers of central Canada and that the civilization of North America is the civilization of Europe. Innis considered place as critical in the development of the Canadian West and wrote of the importance of metropolitan areas, settlements, and indigenous people in the creation of markets. Turner and Innis continue to exert influence over the historiography of the American and Canadian Wests. The Quebec frontier showed little of the individualism or democracy that Turner ascribed to the American zone to the south. The Nova Scotia and Ontario frontiers were rather more democratic than the rest of Canada, but whether that was caused by the need to be self-reliant on the frontier itself or the presence of large numbers of American immigrants is debated.
411:. This is a region of primarily less-developed countries, many of which aspire to become part of the European Union itself. Current applicants include Turkey and Croatia. Ukraine has also set itself the primary task of eventually joining the Union, as have many small countries in the Balkans and South Caucasus. Romania and Bulgaria joined the European Union in 2007. Proposals to admit Turkey have been debated but are now currently stalled, partly on the ground that Turkey is beyond Europe's historic frontier and it is yet to comply with the 35 point policy areas set out by the EU. If all or most East European states become members, the
666:
forces, myths, and defining characteristics that pertain to the region. A third element of the framework tests the validity of Turner's
Frontier Thesis and Creighton's Metropolitan Thesis when applied to northern Canada. The fourth element consists of an overview of major northern environmental trends. The final element consists of four interrelated themes that identify the environmental relationships between northern and southern Canada.
45:
391:
Native peoples of the region. In a series of treaties, the basis for peaceful relations was established and the long wars with the
Natives that occurred in the United States largely did not spread to Canada. Like their American counterparts, the Prairie provinces supported populist and democratic movements in the early 20th century.
665:
2001 6(4): 611–626. ISSN 1084-5453. Proposes a five-part conceptual framework for the study of environmental history in the
Canadian North. The first element of the framework analyzes approaches to environmental history that are applicable to the Canadian North. The second element reviews historical
390:
was dispatched to the region. When settlers began to arrive, a system of law and order was already in place and the Dakota lawlessness for which the
American "Wild West" was famed did not occur in Canada. Before settlers arrived, the federal government also sent teams of negotiators to meet with the
373:
has argued that such events ought to be seen as part of a process in which
Canadians advanced a "border"—as distinct from a "frontier"—from east to west. According to Blattberg, a border assumes a significantly sharper contrast between the civilized and the uncivilized since, unlike with a frontier
333:
The
American frontier was generally the most Western edge of settlement and typically more democratic and free-spirited in nature than the East because of its lack of social and political institutions. The idea that the frontier provided the core defining quality of the United States was elaborated
184:
English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada; these habitants settled in villages along the St. Lawrence river, building communities that remained stable for long stretches; they did not leapfrog west the
97:
called "the significance of the frontier." For example, Turner argued in 1893, one change was that unlimited free land in the zone was available and thus offered the psychological sense of unlimited opportunity, which in turn had many consequences, such as optimism, future orientation, shedding of
318:
of 1862, coupled with railroad land grants that opened cheap (but not free) lands for settlers. In 1890, the frontier line had broken up (Census maps defined the frontier line as a line beyond which the population was under 2 persons per square mile).
115:
Throughout
American history, the expansion of settlement was largely from the east to the west, and thus the frontier is often identified with "the west". On the Pacific Coast, settlement moved eastward. In New England, it moved north.
92:
was the term applied by scholars to the impact of the zone of land beyond the region of existing
European occupation. That is, as pioneers moved into the frontier zone they were changed significantly by the encounter. That is what
209:
to the new continent. The typical
English settlements were quite compact and small—under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, viz. who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the
280:), were used by the states as rewards to veterans of the war. How to formally include these new frontier areas into the nation was an important issue in the Continental Congress of the 1780s and was partly resolved by the
201:. Likewise, the Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson river valley, followed by large grants of land to patroons who brought in tenant farmers who created compact, permanent villages. They did not push westward.
204:
In contrast, the
English colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World for cultivation and exploitation of the land, a practice that required the extension of European
112:, the idea implicitly negated any recognition of legitimate pre-existing occupation and embodied a blank denial of land rights to the indigenous peoples whose territories were being annexed by European colonists.
362:. They emphasized the relationship between the center and periphery. Katerberg argues that "in Canada the imagined West must be understood in relation to the mythic power of the North." In Innis's 1930 work
157:
coast, the frontier was essentially any part of the forested interior of the continent beyond the fringe of existing settlements along the coast and the great rivers, such as the
407:
is a term used to describe the region beyond the expanding borders of the European Union. The European Union has designated the countries surrounding it as part of the
382:
The pattern of settlement of the Canadian prairies began in 1896, when the American prairie states had already achieved statehood. Pioneers then headed north to the "
374:
process, the civilizing force is not supposed to be shaped by that which it is civilizing. Blattberg criticizes both the frontier and border "civilizing" processes.
119:'Frontier' was borrowed into English from French in the 15th century with the meaning "borderland," the region of a country that fronts on another country (see also
197:, they did not usually settle down. Actual French settlement in these areas was limited to a few very small villages on the lower Mississippi and in the
370:
256:
in 1783, the United States gained formal, if not actual, control of the British lands west of the Appalachians. Many thousands of settlers, typified by
701:
307:. In general before 1860 Northern Democrats promoted easy land ownership and Whigs and Southern Democrats resisted. The Southerners resisted
303:, attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers. The question of whether the Kansas frontier would become "slave" or "free" was a spark of the
123:). The use of frontier to mean "a region at the edge of a settled area" is a special North American development. (Compare the Australian "
696:
455:"Governor Bourke's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius | Australia's migration history timeline | NSW Migration Heritage Centre"
661:
Mulvihill, Peter R.; Baker, Douglas C.; and Morrison, William R. "A Conceptual Framework for Environmental History in Canada's North."
148:
140:
144:
676:
536:
454:
49:
98:
restraints due to land scarcity, and wastefulness of natural resources. Operating in tandem with the doctrine of "
654:
Katerberg, William H. "A Northern Vision: Frontiers and the West in the Canadian and American Imagination."
38:
17:
558:
Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century
291:
For the next century, the expansion of the nation into these areas, as well as the subsequently acquired
273:
186:
127:".) In the Turnerian sense, "frontier" was a technical term that was explicated by hundreds of scholars.
269:
249:
546:(1984), an analysis of the frontier experience from perspective of social sciences and historiography
387:
223:
31:
553:(1952 and later editions), the most detailed textbook, with highly detailed annotated bibliographies
335:
94:
102:", the "frontier" concept also had a massive impact on Native Americans—like the declaration of
408:
253:
219:
178:
314:
When the Republican party came to power in 1860 they promoted a free land policy—notably the
211:
158:
649:
Shaping the Upper Canadian Frontier: Environment, Society and Culture in the Trent Valley.
230:. Americans began moving across the Appalachians into areas such the Ohio Country and the
8:
626:
Cavell, Janice. "The Second Frontier: the North in English-Canadian Historical Writing."
285:
281:
355:
311:
because it supported the growth of a free farmer population that might oppose slavery.
304:
292:
359:
243:
227:
215:
190:
174:
162:
231:
198:
136:
99:
681:
623:(2003), ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'
567:(2003), ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'
429:
339:
300:
206:
194:
607:
Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860
400:
383:
296:
222:
of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the
170:
154:
53:
185:
way the Americans did. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the
690:
315:
308:
104:
85:
424:
327:
257:
166:
69:
642:
Game in the Garden: A Human History of Wildlife in Western Canada to 1940
512:
Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945.
323:
486:
Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775
265:
109:
65:
108:
enacted by the British ca. 1835 to legitimize their colonization of
44:
261:
593:
American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review
434:
124:
120:
351:
73:
658:
2003 33(4): 543–563. ISSN 0272-2011 Fulltext online at Ebsco
322:
The popular culture impact of the frontier was enormous, in
635:
Land, Power, and Economics on the Frontier of Upper Canada.
277:
551:
Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier
630:
2002 83(3): 364–389. ISSN 0008-3755 Fulltext in Ebsco
588:
2nd ed (1997), primary sources and essays by scholars
354:
frontier thesis was developed by Canadian historians
153:In the earliest days of European settlement of the
586:Major Problems in the History of the American West
499:From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers
248:Following the victory of the United States in the
37:"Virgin land" redirects here. For other uses, see
688:
621:Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada
565:Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada
682:Transhumanist.com: Opening Space as a Frontier
415:may be the boundaries with Russia and Turkey.
288:saw a similar pattern of settlement pressure.
572:The American West: A New Interpretive History
268:and adjacent areas. Some areas, such as the
644:U. of British Columbia Press, 2002. 216 pp.
600:History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893
581:(1998), 1000+ pages of articles by scholars
386:." Before settlers began to arrive, the
579:The New Encyclopedia of the American West
570:Hine, Robert V. and John Mack Faragher.
130:
72:term referring to areas near or beyond a
43:
14:
689:
637:McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2001. 747 pp.
702:History of United States expansionism
609:(2000), University of Oklahoma Press
377:
345:
326:, Wild West shows, and, after 1910,
237:
149:Spanish colonization of the Americas
141:British colonization of the Americas
656:American Review of Canadian Studies
145:French colonization of the Americas
24:
25:
713:
670:
651:U. of Calgary Press 2003. 164 pp.
394:
50:National Ranching Heritage Center
537:The Frontier In American History
226:west of the Appalachians to the
79:
48:A restored pioneer house at the
369:The Canadian political thinker
697:Canada–United States relations
504:
491:
474:
469:The Illinois Country 1673-1818
461:
447:
27:Area near or beyond a boundary
13:
1:
530:
525:
514:1990; Seymour Martin Lipset,
595:(1986) essays by 14 scholars
482:The Hudson Through the Years
342:in 1893 around this notion.
39:Virgin land (disambiguation)
7:
544:America's Frontier Heritage
539:by Frederick Jackson Turner
418:
274:Connecticut Western Reserve
10:
718:
628:Canadian Historical Review
467:Clarence Walworth Alvord,
270:Virginia Military District
250:American Revolutionary War
241:
134:
36:
29:
613:
584:Milner, Clyde A., II ed.
388:North West Mounted Police
224:French colonial territory
193:watershed, as far as the
32:Frontier (disambiguation)
484:(1996); Sung Bok Kim,
440:
336:Frederick Jackson Turner
95:Frederick Jackson Turner
574:(2000), recent textbook
556:Billington, Ray Allen.
549:Billington, Ray Allen.
542:Billington, Ray Allen.
364:The Fur Trade in Canada
334:by the great historian
591:Nichols, Roger L. ed.
409:European Neighbourhood
260:, had already reached
220:French and Indian Wars
131:Colonial North America
57:
663:Environmental History
577:Lamar, Howard R. ed.
330:set on the frontier.
242:Further information:
212:Appalachian Mountains
47:
30:For other uses, see
640:Colpitts, George.
619:Blattberg, Charles
563:Blattberg, Charles
286:Southwest Territory
282:Northwest Ordinance
218:river valley. The
677:Turner Thesis text
605:Slotkin, Richard,
598:Paxson, Frederic,
516:Agrarian Socialism
356:Harold Adams Innis
305:American Civil War
293:Louisiana Purchase
58:
647:Forkey, Neil S.
510:Laycock, David.
480:Arthur G. Adams,
378:Canadian prairies
371:Charles Blattberg
360:J. M. S. Careless
346:Canadian frontier
244:American frontier
238:American frontier
228:Mississippi River
191:Mississippi River
175:Susquehanna River
16:(Redirected from
709:
519:
508:
502:
497:Allan Kulikoff,
495:
489:
478:
472:
465:
459:
458:
451:
338:, who built his
252:and the signing
232:New River Valley
199:Illinois Country
137:Colonial America
100:manifest destiny
21:
717:
716:
712:
711:
710:
708:
707:
706:
687:
686:
673:
633:Clarke, John.
616:
533:
528:
523:
522:
509:
505:
496:
492:
479:
475:
466:
462:
453:
452:
448:
443:
430:Frontier Thesis
421:
397:
380:
348:
340:Frontier Thesis
301:Mexican Cession
254:Treaty of Paris
246:
240:
207:property rights
195:Rocky Mountains
151:
133:
82:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
715:
705:
704:
699:
685:
684:
679:
672:
671:External links
669:
668:
667:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
615:
612:
611:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
532:
529:
527:
524:
521:
520:
503:
490:
473:
460:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
420:
417:
401:European Union
396:
395:European Union
393:
384:Last Best West
379:
376:
347:
344:
328:Western movies
309:Homestead Acts
297:Oregon Country
239:
236:
132:
129:
81:
78:
54:Lubbock, Texas
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
714:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
692:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
629:
625:
622:
618:
617:
608:
604:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
535:
534:
517:
513:
507:
500:
494:
487:
483:
477:
470:
464:
456:
450:
446:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
389:
385:
375:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
331:
329:
325:
320:
317:
316:Homestead Act
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
284:(1787). The
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:included the
213:
208:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
111:
107:
106:
105:terra nullius
101:
96:
91:
87:
86:United States
80:United States
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
515:
511:
506:
498:
493:
485:
481:
476:
468:
463:
449:
425:Cabin Rights
412:
404:
398:
381:
368:
363:
349:
332:
321:
313:
290:
258:Daniel Boone
247:
203:
183:
159:St. Lawrence
152:
118:
114:
103:
89:
83:
70:geographical
61:
59:
18:Frontiersman
324:dime novels
216:Connecticut
187:Great Lakes
163:Connecticut
691:Categories
531:US history
526:References
135:See also:
276:(both in
266:Tennessee
110:Australia
66:political
419:See also
413:frontier
405:frontier
352:Canadian
272:and the
262:Kentucky
171:Delaware
155:Atlantic
90:frontier
74:boundary
62:frontier
518:(1950).
435:Marches
399:In the
125:outback
121:marches
84:In the
614:Canada
602:(1924)
560:(1981)
501:(2000)
488:(1987)
471:(1918)
403:, the
299:, and
167:Hudson
147:, and
88:, the
441:Notes
179:James
64:is a
358:and
278:Ohio
264:and
189:and
177:and
68:and
161:,
52:in
693::
350:A
295:,
234:.
181:.
173:,
169:,
165:,
143:,
139:,
76:.
60:A
457:.
56:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
