308:
279:
36:
379:, was found smeared across the outer surface of the shell. It was likely worn as a pendant. Bone working is another criterion often mentioned for behavioral modernity. In a late Mousterian layer, a retouched bone shaft was found, modified through direct percussion. This transfer of knowledge from flint
331:
The older stone tools were created using the
Levallois technique, while the newer flakes and cores were made using the centripetal method. Blades and bladelets were recorded in the Uluzzian layer. In the initial portion of the Uluzzian phase, it was a flake-dominated industry. Sidescrapers and points
390:
and red deer finds at A4, A9, A10 and A11 layers, with red deer being dominant in the A5-A6 layers at 70.3%. A number of avian bones found in the final
Mousterian layer show signs of modification (cuts, scrapes, peeling), which do not serve feeding or utilitarian purposes. It seems that Neanderthals
416:
During the excavations conducted between 1989 and 2011, four human teeth were found. Three in the
Mousterian layers, and one in the Uluzzian layer. Two of the three found in the Mousterian layer can be identified as Neanderthal. The remaining Mousterian tooth cannot be definitely identified due to
399:
Stone slabs bearing images of a four-legged animal and a half-human, half-animal figure were discovered during the excavation of the cave. Three more figures could be seen on the slabs, but couldn't be identified due to their bad preservation. As they were embedded in the sediment, they could be
303:
and bladelets with sub-parallel edges. The second technique used alternate knapping progression to produce slender bladelets with a convergent shape. These techniques can be found in other proto-Aurignacian
European sites as well. The Fumane cave finds support the idea that proto-Aurignacian is
374:
shell is of particular interest, as pigment use is suggestive of symbolism. The shell is dated to 47.6-45 000 BP. The shell was brought to the cave from a great distance, of over 100 km. Microscopic analysis revealed a dark red substance, identified as
793:
Tagliacozzo, Antonio; Romandini, Matteo; Fiore, Ivana; Gala, Monica; Peresani, Marco (2013). "Animal
Exploitation Strategies during the Uluzzian at Grotta di Fumane (Verona, Italy)". In Clark, Jamie L.; Speth, John D. (eds.).
391:
removed large feathers from a number of different birds, which could be linked to some form of symbolic behavior. The birds were also used for subsistence, which testifies to the
Neanderthal ability to diversify their diet.
460:
Peresani, Marco; Cremaschi, Mauro; Ferraro, Francesca; Falgueres, Christophe; Bahain, Jean-Jacques; Gruppioni, Giulia; Sibilia, Emanuela; Quarta, Gianluca; Calcagnile, Lucio; Dolo, Jean-Michel (2008).
417:
incisal wear, while the
Uluzzian tooth cannot be identified as only a fragment of it was found. Anonther tooth was found in the proto-Aurignacian layer, but is yet to be published. All of them were
507:
631:"An integrated method for understanding the function of macro-lithic tools. Use wear, 3D and spatial analyses of an Early Upper Palaeolithic assemblage from North Eastern Italy"
421:, two of them belonging to six-year olds, and one of them to a child aged 10–11 years old. One of the Fumane individuals, "Fumane 2" has been directly dated to circa 40,000 BP.
629:
Caricola, Isabella; Zupancich, Andrea; Moscone, Daniele; Mutri, Giuseppina; Falcucci, Armando; Duches, Rossella; Peresani, Marco; Cristiani, Emanuela (December 2018).
870:"The Uluzzian technology of Grotta di Fumane and its implication for reconstructing cultural dynamics in the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition of Western Eurasia"
295:
from the proto-Aurignacian layer show core reduction techniques which aimed at manufacturing predetermined products. The first technique used linear and consecutive
203:
has been known since the 19th century, the first excavation took place in 1965. Systematic excavations have been almost continuously undertaken since 1988.
1285:
Benazzi, Stefano; Bailey, Shara E.; Peresani, Marco; Mannino, Marcello A.; Romandini, Matteo; Richards, Michael P.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques (May 2014).
736:"A critical assessment of the Protoaurignacian lithic technology at Fumane Cave and its implications for the definition of the earliest Aurignacian"
462:"Age of the final Middle Palaeolithic and Uluzzian levels at Fumane Cave, Northern Italy, using 14C, ESR, 234U/230Th and thermoluminescence methods"
1440:
560:
Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Smith, Geoff M.; Romandini, Matteo; Wilcke, Arndt; Peresani, Marco; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Welker, Frido (26 August 2019).
355:
was the exclusive flaking technique used. Most of the artifacts found here are well preserved, devoid of abrasions, and slightly affected by
340:
being the most used method of their production. Backed knives and upper
Paleolithic tools become dominant in the later phase of the culture.
235:
place the end of
Mousterian at around 44 000 BP, the Uluzzian at between 44 and 42 000 BP, and the proto-Aurignacian phase at 41-38 000 BP.
343:
Uluzzian is only present in the A3 layer, and the faunal assemblage is dominated by two species: red deer at 29.5% and ibex at 20.3%.
1450:
1118:"Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ky B.P., Italy"
1187:"From feathers to food: Reconstructing the complete exploitation of avifaunal resources by Neanderthals at Fumane cave, unit A9"
1062:"A retouched bone shaft from the Late Mousterian at Fumane cave (Italy). Technological, experimental and micro-wear analysis"
803:
1445:
307:
219:. Five herbivore teeth were used in this combined dating, returning a date between 38+/-6 thousand and 49+/-6 thousand
1185:
Fiore, Ivana; Gala, Monica; Romandini, Matteo; Cocca, Enzo; Tagliacozzo, Antonio; Peresani, Marco (9 November 2016).
824:"Fifty thousand years of flint knapping and tool shaping across the Mousterian and Uluzzian sequence of Fumane cave"
216:
231:
was used on charred wood and charcoal samples, returning a set of dates for the
Uluzzian and the Mousterian.
506:
Higham, Thomas; Brock, Fiona; Peresani, Marco; Broglio, Alberto; Wood, Rachel; Douka, Katerina (June 2009).
430:
1286:
1186:
869:
823:
1460:
993:
Peresani, Marco; Vanhaeren, Marian; Quaggiotto, Ermanno; Queffelec, Alain; d’Errico, Francesco (2013).
212:
1061:
1116:
Peresani, Marco; Fiore, Ivana; Gala, Monica; Romandini, Matteo; Tagliacozzo, Antonio (8 March 2011).
224:
1332:
562:"Combining ZooMS and zooarchaeology to study Late Pleistocene hominin behaviour at Fumane (Italy)"
383:
usually implies a lack of raw lithic material, which wasn't the case for the Fumane Neanderthals.
1475:
1470:
232:
1232:
440:
1379:"A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia"
435:
196:. Additionally, the cave has some of the oldest cave art that has been discovered in Europe.
690:"Protoaurignacian Core Reduction Procedures: Blade and Bladelet Technologies at Fumane Cave"
1465:
1198:
1132:
1073:
1006:
940:
835:
747:
642:
576:
522:
473:
925:
8:
1455:
1117:
561:
352:
337:
300:
200:
119:
1202:
1136:
1077:
1010:
944:
839:
751:
646:
580:
526:
477:
1411:
1378:
1260:
1155:
1042:
1029:
994:
963:
770:
735:
709:
665:
630:
599:
508:"Problems with radiocarbon dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Italy"
366:. As their aptitude for symbolic behavior is often disputed, the find of a fragmentary
248:
228:
60:
796:
Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology
1416:
1398:
1352:
1306:
1252:
1160:
1034:
968:
899:
799:
775:
713:
689:
670:
604:
461:
1264:
534:
1406:
1390:
1344:
1298:
1244:
1206:
1150:
1140:
1089:
1081:
1024:
1014:
958:
948:
889:
881:
843:
765:
755:
701:
660:
650:
594:
584:
530:
481:
165:
1331:
Moorrees, Coenraad F. A.; Fanning, Elizabeth A.; Hunt Jr., Edward E. (June 1963).
1046:
705:
1302:
1248:
1210:
1019:
885:
847:
760:
655:
418:
173:
1394:
1085:
589:
401:
371:
220:
485:
1434:
1402:
1348:
1145:
953:
319:
finds. 43% at D3 layer, 35.5% at D6 layer, 43.9% at A1 layer, with 18.4% of
1420:
1356:
1310:
1256:
1164:
1038:
972:
926:"Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?"
903:
779:
674:
608:
405:
363:
268:
260:
115:
995:"An Ochered Fossil Marine Shell From the Mousterian of Fumane Cave, Italy"
1094:
894:
868:
Peresani, Marco; Cristiani, Emanuela; Romandini, Matteo (February 2016).
292:
272:
264:
244:
193:
97:
1060:
Romandini, Matteo; Cristiani, Emanuela; Peresani, Marco (January 2015).
1287:"Middle Paleolithic and Uluzzian human remains from Fumane Cave, Italy"
333:
256:
185:
105:
278:
223:. One flint fragment, and the sediment around it, were dated through
87:
35:
992:
387:
380:
376:
320:
315:
The proto-Aurignacian and Aurignacian assemblage were dominated by
296:
252:
189:
101:
559:
459:
181:
177:
734:
Falcucci, Armando; Conard, Nicholas J.; Peresani, Marco (2017).
386:
The Moustarian faunal assemblage is almost evenly split between
323:
finds, and 49.5% at A2-A2R layer, with 18.8% of red deer finds.
1333:"Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children"
356:
153:
50:
792:
628:
367:
243:
Three cultures could be differentiated across eleven layers:
180:
period. The cave contains rich evidence of three prehistoric
64:
1284:
316:
1115:
1059:
867:
505:
1330:
1184:
362:
The Mousterian is a culture exclusively connected with
733:
688:
Peresani, Marco; Falcucci, Armando (February 2018).
247:, including Proto-aurignacian, which are the oldest
176:cave in the Fumane Valley, which was formed in the
311:Retouched proto-Aurignacian bladelets from Fumane
1432:
687:
817:
815:
555:
553:
551:
304:consistent across its geographic distribution.
1233:"Paintings in Italian Cave May Be Oldest Yet"
227:, giving an age of 50 thousand +/- 8 000 BP.
812:
548:
404:, which would make them contemporary to the
1376:
211:The Uluzzian layer was dated with both the
34:
1410:
1337:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1154:
1144:
1093:
1028:
1018:
962:
952:
893:
769:
759:
664:
654:
598:
588:
1377:Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021).
821:
306:
277:
1441:19th-century archaeological discoveries
923:
1433:
1230:
275:were found across the various layers.
251:cultures in Europe. The transitional
1370:
13:
924:Mellars, Paul (23 November 2010).
822:Peresani, Marco (9 January 2012).
282:The excavation site of Fumane cave
14:
1487:
466:Journal of Archaeological Science
394:
411:
1324:
1278:
1231:Balter, Michael (20 Oct 2000).
1224:
1178:
1109:
1053:
986:
917:
535:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.018
400:dated to between 32 and 36 500
238:
1451:Archaeological sites in Veneto
1383:Nature Ecology & Evolution
861:
786:
727:
681:
622:
499:
453:
286:
217:electron spin resonance dating
1:
706:10.1080/01977261.2018.1439681
446:
346:
255:, and the middle Paleolithic
1303:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.001
1249:10.1126/science.290.5491.419
1211:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.142
1020:10.1371/journal.pone.0068572
886:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.012
848:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.006
761:10.1371/journal.pone.0189241
656:10.1371/journal.pone.0207773
431:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
259:cultures are connected with
154:http://grottadifumane.eu/en/
16:Archaeological site in Italy
7:
424:
326:
40:Entrance to the Fumane cave
10:
1492:
1446:Prehistoric sites in Italy
1395:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x
1291:Journal of Human Evolution
1086:10.1016/j.crpv.2014.08.001
874:Journal of Human Evolution
590:10.1038/s41598-019-48706-z
515:Quaternary Science Reviews
332:were the most represented
291:Early stage and exhausted
486:10.1016/J.JAS.2008.06.013
206:
149:
141:
130:
125:
111:
93:
83:
78:
70:
56:
45:
33:
24:
1191:Quaternary International
828:Quaternary International
1349:10.1002/ajpa.1330210212
1146:10.1073/pnas.1016212108
954:10.1073/pnas.1014588107
798:. Dordrecht: Springer.
1066:Comptes Rendus Palevol
441:List of caves in Italy
312:
283:
213:uranium–thorium dating
436:List of Stone Age art
310:
281:
131:Excavation dates
521:(13–14): 1257–1267.
112:Associated with
1203:2016QuInt.421..134F
1137:2011PNAS..108.3888P
1078:2015CRPal..14...63R
1011:2013PLoSO...868572P
945:2010PNAS..10720147M
939:(47): 20147–20148.
840:2012QuInt.247..125P
752:2017PLoSO..1289241F
647:2018PLoSO..1307773C
581:2019NatSR...912350S
527:2009QSRv...28.1257H
478:2008JArSc..35.2986P
353:Levallois technique
338:Levallois technique
201:archaeological site
120:Early modern humans
21:
569:Scientific Reports
313:
284:
249:early modern human
229:Radiocarbon dating
225:thermoluminescence
142:Public access
61:Province of Verona
19:
1461:Neanderthal sites
1243:(5491): 419–421.
1131:(10): 3888–3893.
805:978-94-007-6765-2
694:Lithic Technology
472:(11): 2986–2996.
263:. A total of 451
159:
158:
134:1964, 1982, 1988-
49:Near the town of
1483:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1374:
1368:
1367:
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1328:
1322:
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1282:
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1228:
1222:
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1113:
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1102:
1097:
1057:
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1032:
1022:
990:
984:
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979:
966:
956:
930:
921:
915:
914:
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910:
897:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
819:
810:
809:
790:
784:
783:
773:
763:
746:(12): e0189241.
731:
725:
724:
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720:
685:
679:
678:
668:
658:
626:
620:
619:
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615:
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592:
566:
557:
546:
545:
543:
541:
512:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
457:
233:Calibrated dates
170:Grotta di Fumane
38:
27:Grotta di Fumane
22:
18:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1058:
1054:
991:
987:
977:
975:
928:
922:
918:
908:
906:
866:
862:
852:
850:
820:
813:
806:
791:
787:
732:
728:
718:
716:
686:
682:
627:
623:
613:
611:
564:
558:
549:
539:
537:
510:
504:
500:
490:
488:
458:
454:
449:
427:
419:deciduous teeth
414:
397:
349:
329:
289:
241:
209:
41:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1476:Cave paintings
1473:
1471:Caves of Italy
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1389:(6): 820–825.
1369:
1343:(2): 205–213.
1323:
1277:
1223:
1177:
1108:
1052:
985:
916:
860:
811:
804:
785:
726:
700:(2): 125–140.
680:
621:
547:
498:
451:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
426:
423:
413:
410:
396:
395:Cave paintings
393:
372:Aspa marginata
348:
345:
328:
325:
288:
285:
240:
237:
208:
205:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
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138:
132:
128:
127:
123:
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113:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
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1449:
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1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
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1400:
1396:
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1380:
1373:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1095:11392/2212612
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:(7): e68572.
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
974:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
920:
905:
901:
896:
895:11392/2335175
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
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797:
789:
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772:
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749:
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429:
428:
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412:Human remains
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199:Although the
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66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
28:
23:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1340:
1336:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1294:
1290:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1240:
1236:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1194:
1190:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1128:
1124:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1072:(1): 63–72.
1069:
1065:
1055:
1002:
998:
988:
976:. Retrieved
936:
932:
919:
907:. Retrieved
877:
873:
863:
851:. Retrieved
831:
827:
795:
788:
743:
739:
729:
717:. Retrieved
697:
693:
683:
638:
634:
624:
612:. Retrieved
572:
568:
538:. Retrieved
518:
514:
501:
489:. Retrieved
469:
465:
455:
415:
406:Chauvet Cave
398:
385:
364:Neanderthals
361:
350:
342:
330:
314:
290:
261:Neanderthals
242:
239:Stratigraphy
210:
198:
169:
161:
160:
135:
116:Neanderthals
26:
1466:Aurignacian
1197:: 134–153.
834:: 125–150.
641:(12): 129.
408:paintings.
336:, with the
287:Aurignacian
273:stone tools
245:Aurignacian
194:Aurignacian
162:Fumane Cave
98:Aurignacian
20:Fumane Cave
1456:Mousterian
1435:Categories
1362:29 January
1316:29 January
1270:24 January
1216:29 January
1170:27 January
1101:27 January
978:24 January
909:27 January
853:25 January
719:24 January
614:24 January
540:24 January
491:24 January
447:References
347:Mousterian
334:stone tool
299:to obtain
257:Mousterian
186:Mousterian
184:cultures:
126:Site notes
106:Mousterian
1403:2397-334X
1297:: 61–68.
880:: 36–56.
714:135014755
271:and 1527
267:, 16 373
88:Sandstone
1421:33828249
1357:14110696
1311:24666601
1265:36611961
1257:17844275
1165:21368129
1039:23874677
999:PLOS ONE
973:21078972
904:26852812
780:29216284
740:PLOS ONE
675:30540784
635:PLOS ONE
609:31451791
575:(1): 3.
425:See also
388:roe deer
381:knapping
377:hematite
370:fossile
327:Uluzzian
321:red deer
297:knapping
253:Uluzzian
215:and the
190:Uluzzian
174:dolomite
102:Uluzzian
94:Cultures
84:Material
46:Location
1412:8175239
1237:Science
1199:Bibcode
1156:3054018
1133:Bibcode
1074:Bibcode
1030:3707824
1007:Bibcode
964:2996706
941:Bibcode
836:Bibcode
771:5720803
748:Bibcode
666:6291187
643:Bibcode
600:6710433
577:Bibcode
523:Bibcode
474:Bibcode
368:ochered
182:hominid
178:Neogene
172:) is a
166:Italian
150:Website
136:present
79:History
1419:
1409:
1401:
1355:
1309:
1263:
1255:
1163:
1153:
1047:559046
1045:
1037:
1027:
971:
961:
902:
802:
778:
768:
712:
673:
663:
607:
597:
357:patina
301:blades
269:flakes
207:Dating
57:Region
51:Fumane
1261:S2CID
1121:(PDF)
1043:S2CID
929:(PDF)
710:S2CID
565:(PDF)
511:(PDF)
293:cores
265:cores
65:Italy
1417:PMID
1399:ISSN
1364:2021
1353:PMID
1318:2021
1307:PMID
1272:2021
1253:PMID
1218:2021
1172:2021
1161:PMID
1125:PNAS
1103:2021
1035:PMID
980:2021
969:PMID
933:PNAS
911:2021
900:PMID
855:2021
800:ISBN
776:PMID
721:2021
671:PMID
616:2021
605:PMID
542:2021
493:2021
351:The
317:ibex
192:and
71:Area
1407:PMC
1391:doi
1345:doi
1299:doi
1245:doi
1241:290
1207:doi
1195:421
1151:PMC
1141:doi
1129:108
1090:hdl
1082:doi
1025:PMC
1015:doi
959:PMC
949:doi
937:107
890:hdl
882:doi
844:doi
832:247
766:PMC
756:doi
702:doi
661:PMC
651:doi
639:247
595:PMC
585:doi
531:doi
482:doi
145:Yes
74:60m
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