Galileo project - Knowledge

1509: 3996: 3261: 3273: 1422: 2619:) and a pointing error caused by the scan platform on the spacecraft not being able to change direction and speed as quickly as expected (which prevented laser detection on all frames with less than 400 ms exposure times) contributed to a reduction in the number of successful detections of the laser transmission to 48 of the total 159 frames taken. Nonetheless, the experiment was considered a resounding success and the data acquired were used to design laser downlinks to send large volumes of data very quickly from spacecraft to Earth. The scheme was studied in 2004 for a data link to a future Mars-orbiting spacecraft. On December 5, 2023, NASA's 15488: 4398: 2638: 4041: 3516: 4386: 2467: 4256: 4474: 4133: 1355: 3431: 1732: 3443: 15476: 2485: 1898: 2881:

plenty of small craters—over 600 of them ranging in size from 100 to 500 meters (330 to 1,640 ft)—it lacks large ones, hinting at a relatively recent origin, although it is possible that some of the depressions were eroded craters. Several relatively flat planar areas were found, suggesting that Gaspra was formed from another body by a collision. Measurements of the solar wind in the vicinity of the asteroid showed it changing direction a few hundred kilometers from Gaspra, which hinted that Gaspra might have a magnetic field, but this was not certain.

4216: 12444: 12882: 2215:, the spacecraft's velocity relative to Earth could be computed by measuring the change in carrier frequency of the spacecraft's transmission compared to the nominal frequency. Doppler data collected by the DSN allowed JPL to verify that the gravity-assist maneuver had been successful, and the spacecraft had obtained the expected 2.2 km/s (1.4 mi/s) increase in speed. Unfortunately, three hours into the flyby, the tracking station at Goldstone had to be shut down due to high winds, and Doppler data was lost. 4292: 4207:. Images of the Arbela Sulcus taken on G28 made Ganymede look more like Europa, but tidal flexing could not provide sufficient heat to keep water in liquid form on Ganymede, although it may have made a contribution. One possibility was radioactivity, which might provide sufficient heat for liquid water to exist 50 to 200 kilometers (31 to 124 mi) below the surface. Another possibility was volcanism. Slushy water or ice reaching the surface would quickly freeze over, creating areas of a relatively smooth surface. 3950: 50: 3229:. On October 11, it was stuck in rewind mode for 15 hours before engineers learned what had happened and were able to send commands to shut it off. Although the recorder itself was still in working order, the malfunction had possibly damaged a length of tape at the end of the reel. This section of tape was declared "off limits" to any future data recording, and was covered with 25 more turns of tape to secure the section and reduce any further stresses, which could tear it. Because it happened only weeks before 15470: 2323:

higher than predicted, and the time of the closest approach was within a second of the prediction. It was the first time that a deep space probe had returned to Earth from interplanetary space. A second flyby of Earth was at 304 km (189 mi) at 15:09:25 UTC on December 8, 1992. This time the spacecraft passed within a kilometer of its aiming point over the South Atlantic. This was so accurate that a scheduled course correction was cancelled, thereby saving 5 kilograms (11 lb) of propellant.

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then tried swinging LGA-2 (which faced in the opposite direction to the HGA and LGA-1) 145 degrees to a hard stop, thereby shaking the spacecraft. This was done six times with no effect. Finally, they tried shaking the antenna by pulsing the DDA motors at 1.25 and 1.875 Hertz. This increased the torque by up to 40 percent. The motors were pulsed 13,000 times over a three-week period in December 1992 and January 1993, but only managed to move the ballscrew by one and a half revolutions beyond the stall point.

3416: 2219: 2080:/IUS combination fell free from the orbiter at 27,000 meters (90,000 ft), the RTGs would fall to Earth without melting, and drop into the Atlantic Ocean about 240 kilometers (150 mi) from the Florida coast. On the other hand, if the orbiter broke up at an altitude of 98,700 meters (323,800 ft) it would be traveling at 2,425 meters per second (7,957 ft/s) and the RTG cases and GPHS modules would melt before falling into the Atlantic 640 kilometers (400 mi) off the Florida coast. 2332: 1441:

lower thrust. This reduced the chance of damage to the payload. Thirdly, unlike solid-fuel rockets which burned to completion once ignited, a Centaur could be switched off and on again. This gave it flexibility, which increased the chances of a successful mission, and permitted options like asteroid flybys. Centaur was proven and reliable, whereas the IUS had not yet flown. The only concern was about safety; solid-fuel rockets were considered safer than liquid-fuel ones, especially ones containing

2449: 3336: 12876: 3289: 4595:" sessions, where current was passed through the LEDs for hours at a time to heat them to a point where some of the crystalline lattice defects would be shifted back into place, thus increasing the LED's light output. After about 100 hours of annealing and playback cycles, the recorder was able to operate for up to an hour at a time. After many subsequent playback and cooling cycles, the complete transmission back to Earth of all recorded Amalthea flyby data was successful. 3764:

continuously at slow speeds, and it was believed that it could handle this. This was a crushing blow to scientists, some of whom had waited years for the opportunity. No other Io encounters were scheduled during the prime mission because it was feared that the high radiation levels close to Jupiter would damage the spacecraft. However, valuable information was still obtained; Doppler data used to measure Io's gravitational field revealed that Io had a core of molten

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carrier spacecraft to be built for the probe to take it to Jupiter, and was estimated to cost an additional $ 50 million (equivalent to $ 169 million in 2023), but NASA hoped to be able to recoup some of this through competitive bidding. The problem was that while the atmospheric probe was light enough to launch with the two-stage IUS, the Jupiter orbiter was too heavy to do so, even with a gravity assist from Mars, so the three-stage IUS was still required.

717: 18421: 3008: 2107: 2698: 4192: 3747: 12888: 2917: 20382: 2842: 4604: 20370: 18433: 15482: 2133:. The spacecraft was delivered to the Kennedy Space Center by a high-speed truck convoy that departed JPL in the middle of the night. There were fears that the trucks might be hijacked by anti-nuclear activists or terrorists after the plutonium, so the route was kept secret from the drivers beforehand, and they drove through the night and the following day and only stopped for food and fuel. 2872:, at a distance of 1,604 km (997 mi) at 22:37 UTC on October 29, 1991 at a relative speed of about 8 kilometers per second (5.0 mi/s). Fifty-seven images of Gaspra were taken with the SSI, covering about 80 percent of the asteroid. Without the HGA, the bit rate was only about 40 bit/s, so an image took up to 60 hours to transmit back to Earth. The 3507:), with abundances up to three times that found in the Sun. For Jupiter to trap these gases, it would have had to be much colder than today, around −240 °C (−400.0 °F), which suggested that either Jupiter had once been much further from the Sun, or that the interstellar debris that the Solar system had formed from was much colder than had been thought. 10641:; Taylor, F. W.; Drossart, P.; Kamp, L. W.; Pollack, J. B.; Lellouch, E.; Collard, A. D.; Calcutt, S. B.; Grinspoon, D.; Weissman, P. R.; Smythe, W. D.; Ocampo, A. C.; Danielson, G. E.; Fanale, F. P.; Johnson, T. V.; Kieffer, H. H.; Matson, D.L.; McCord, T. B.; Soderblom, L. A. (September 27, 1991). "Galileo Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Measurements at Venus". 3319:

the mission. At 19:54 it made its closest approach to Jupiter. The orbiter's electronics had been heavily shielded against radiation, but the radiation surpassed expectations, and nearly exceeded the spacecraft's design limits. One of the navigational systems failed, but the backup took over. Most robotic spacecraft respond to failures by entering

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interior. The parachute reduced the probe's speed to 430 kilometers per hour (270 mph). The signal from the probe was no longer detected by the orbiter after 61.4 minutes, at an elevation of 180 kilometers (112 mi) below the cloud tops and a pressure of 23.0 bars (22.7 atm). It was believed that the probe continued to fall at

4183:, more than strong enough to create a separate magnetosphere within that of Jupiter. This was the first time that a magnetic field had ever been detected on a moon contained within the magnetosphere of its host planet. This discovery led naturally to questions about its origin. The evidence pointed to an iron or iron sulfide core and 3867: 3739:

frictional forces are sufficient to melt rock, creating volcanoes and lava flows. Although only a third of the size of Earth, Io generates twice as much heat. While geological events occur on Earth over periods of thousands or even millions of years, cataclysmic events are common on Io. Visible changes occurred between orbits of

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gravitational field. On E11 from November 2 to 9, 1997, data was collected on the magnetosphere. Due to the problems with the HGA, only about two percent of the anticipated number of images of Europa were obtained by the primary mission. On the GEM, the first eight orbits (E12 through E19) were all dedicated to Europa, and

4033:(−260 °F), any water breaching the surface ice would instantly freeze over. Heat required to keep water in a liquid state could not come from the Sun, which at that distance had only 4 percent of the intensity it had on Earth, but ice is a good insulator, and the heat could be provided by the tidal flexing. 4252:, iron and iron sulfide rock and 40 percent water ice. This was overturned by further radio Doppler observations on C9 and C10, which indicated that rock had settled towards the core, and therefore that Callisto indeed has a differentiated internal structure, although not as much so as the other Galilean moons. 4433:

star scanner was a small optical telescope that provided an absolute attitude reference, but it made several scientific discoveries serendipitously. In the prime mission, it was found that the star scanner was able to detect high-energy particles as a noise signal. This data was eventually calibrated

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to the Jovian equator, and therefore in the orbital plane of the four Galilean moons. To transfer orbit while conserving propellant, two slingshot maneuvers were performed. On G1, the gravity of Ganymede was used to slow the spacecraft's orbital period from 210 to 72 days to allow for more encounters

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argued that, assuming a 20-kilometer (12 mi) crater occurs in Europa once every million years, and given only about twenty have been spotted on Europa, the implication is that the surface must only be about 10 million years old. With more data on hand, in 2003 a team led by Kevin Zahle at NASA's

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Although the smallest of the four Galilean moons, with a radius of 1,565 kilometers (972 mi), Europa is the sixth-largest moon in the solar system. Observations from Earth indicated that it was covered in ice. Like Io, Europa is tidally locked with Jupiter. It is in orbital resonance with Io and

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The probe detected less lightning, less water, but stronger winds than expected. Scientists had expected to find wind speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour (220 mph), but winds of up to 530 kilometers per hour (330 mph) were detected. The implication was that the winds are not produced by

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Instead of burning up in Jupiter's atmosphere as expected, the first of the 21 comet fragments struck the planet at around 320,000 kilometers per hour (200,000 mph) and exploded with a fireball 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) high, easily discernible to Earth-based telescopes even though it was

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tape recorder was used to store the images, but tape space was also required for the primary Jupiter mission. A technique was developed whereby only image fragments of two or three lines out of every 330 were initially sent. A determination could then be made as to whether the image was of 243 Ida or

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The imagery revealed a cratered and irregular body, measuring about 19 by 12 by 11 kilometers (11.8 by 7.5 by 6.8 mi). Its shape was not remarkable for an asteroid of its size. Measurements were taken using the NIMS to indicate the asteroid's composition and physical properties. While Gaspra has

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disaster, JPL had conducted shock tests on the RTGs that indicated that they could withstand a pressure of 14,000 kilopascals (2,000 psi) without a failure, which would have been sufficient to withstand an explosion on the launch pad. The possibility of adding additional shielding was considered

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disaster; NASA management also considered the money and manpower required to get the Space Shuttle flying again, and decided that there were insufficient resources to resolve lingering issues with Shuttle-Centaur as well. The changes to the Space Shuttle proved more extensive than anticipated, and in

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mission. In plotting a course to Jupiter, the engineers wanted to avoid asteroids. Little was known about them at the time, and it was suspected that they could be surrounded by dust particles. Flying through a dust cloud could damage the spacecraft's optics and possibly other parts of the spacecraft

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from cancellation. JPL had considerable experience with autonomous spacecraft that could make their own decisions. This was a necessity for deep space probes, since a signal from Earth takes from 35 to 52 minutes to reach Jupiter, depending on the relative position of the planets in their orbits. The

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Europa Mission (GEM), which ran until December 31, 1999. By the time GEM ended, most of the spacecraft was operating well beyond its original design specifications, having absorbed three times the radiation exposure that it had been built to withstand. Many of the instruments were no longer operating

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produced a paper concerning contamination of the red planet. In order that scientists could determine whether native life forms existed before the planet became contaminated by micro-organisms from Earth, they proposed that space missions should aim at a 99.9 percent chance that contamination should

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stopped collecting data, shut down all of its instruments, and went into safe mode, apparently as a result of exposure to Jupiter's intense radiation environment. Though most of the Amalthea data was already written to tape, it was found that the recorder refused to respond to commands telling it to

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magnetometer indicated that Callisto had no magnetic field of its own, and therefore lacked an iron core like Ganymede's, but that it did have an induced field from Jupiter's magnetosphere. Because ice is too poor a conductor to generate this effect, it pointed to the possibility that Callisto, like

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Europa Mission (GEM), which ran until December 31, 1999. This was a low-cost mission, with a budget of $ 30 million (equivalent to $ 53 million in 2023). The reason for calling it as the "Europa" mission rather than the "Extended" mission was political; although it was wasteful to scrap a spacecraft

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On December 7, 1995, the orbiter arrived in the Jovian system. That day it made a 32,500-kilometer (20,200 mi) flyby of Europa at 11:09 UTC, and then an 890-kilometer (550 mi) flyby of Io at 15:46 UTC, using Io's gravity to reduce its speed, and thereby conserve propellant for use later in

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observed an impact in ultraviolet light, the fireballs lasted for about ten seconds, but in the infrared they persisted for 90 seconds or more. When a fragment hit the planet, it increased Jupiter's overall brightness by about 20 percent. The NIMS observed one fragment create a fireball 7 kilometers

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used to clean parts after soldering. It had been absorbed, and was then released in a vacuum environment. It mixed with debris generated as the brushes wore down, and caused intermittent problems with electrical signal transmission. Problems were also detected in the performance of memory devices in

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were only a few kilometers in diameter and promised little scientific value when observed from a safe distance, but 29 Amphitrite was one of the largest, and a flyby at even 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi) could have great value. The flyby would delay the spacecraft's arrival in Jupiter orbit from

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approved funding for the Jupiter Orbiter Probe on July 19, 1977, and JOP officially commenced on October 1, 1977, the start of the fiscal year. Project manager Casani solicited suggestions for a more inspirational name for the project from people associated with it. The most votes went to "Galileo",

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connecting rotor and stator sections of the orbiter. These current leakages triggered a reset of the onboard computer and caused it to go into safe mode. The resets occurred when the spacecraft was either close to Jupiter or in the region of space magnetically downstream of Jupiter. A change to the

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visited Callisto on orbits C3, C9 and C100 during the prime mission, and then on C20, C21, C22 and C23 during the GEM. When the cameras observed Callisto close up, there was a puzzling absence of small craters. The surface features appeared to have been eroded, indicating that they had been subject

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Callisto is the outermost of the Galilean moons, and the most pockmarked, indeed the most of any body in the Solar system. So many craters must have taken billions of years to accumulate, which gave scientists the idea that its surface was as much as four billion years old, and provided a record of

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approached Io on I24 at 11:09 UTC on October 11, 1999, it entered safe mode. Apparently, high-energy electrons had altered a bit on a memory chip. When it entered safe mode, the spacecraft turned off all non-essential functions. Normally it took seven to ten days to diagnose and recover from a safe

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The atmosphere was more turbulent than expected. Wind speeds in the outermost layers were 290 to 360 kilometers per hour (180 to 220 mph), in agreement with previous measurements from afar, but those wind speeds increased dramatically at pressure levels of 1–4 bars, then remaining consistently

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heat shield lost more than half of its mass, 80 kilograms (180 lb), during the descent. As the probe passed through Jupiter's cloud tops, it started transmitting data to the orbiter, 215,000 kilometers (134,000 mi) above. The data was not immediately relayed to Earth, but a single bit was

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ice particles at a pressure of 1.5 to 2 bars; and one of water vapor at 4 to 5 bars. The atmosphere through which the probe descended was much denser and hotter than expected. Jupiter was also found to have only half the amount of helium expected and the data did not support the three-layered cloud

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orbiter's magnetometers reported that the spacecraft had encountered the bow shock of Jupiter's magnetosphere on November 16, 1995, when it was 15 million kilometers (9.3 million miles) from Jupiter. The bow shock moved to and fro in response to solar wind gusts, and was therefore crossed

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on these trips. The use of land transport was partly to save costs—air transport would have cost an additional $ 65,000 (equivalent to $ 139,000 in 2023) or so per trip—but also to reduce the amount of handling required in loading and unloading the aircraft, which was considered a major risk of

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team tried was to rotate the spacecraft away from the Sun and back again on the assumption that the problem was with friction holding the pins in their sockets. If so, then heating and cooling the ribs might cause them to pop out of their sockets. This was done seven times, but with no result. They

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Belton, Michael J. S.; Gierasch, Peter J.; Smith, Michael D.; Helfenstein, Paul; Schinder, PaulJ.; Pollack, James B.; Rages, Kathy A.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Klaasen, Kenneth P.; Veverka, Joseph; Anger, Clifford D.; Carr, Michael H.; Chapman, Clark R.; Davies, Merton E.; Fanale, Fraser P.; Greeley,

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returned to Europa on E6 in January 1997, this time at a height of 586 kilometers (364 mi), to analyze oval-shaped features in the infrared and ultraviolet spectra. Occultations by Europa, Io and Jupiter provided data on the atmospheric profiles of them, and measurements were made of Europa's

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reset, a computer hardware error resulting in a safe mode event. A software patch implemented after the Europa encounter on orbit E19 guarded against this when the spacecraft was within 15 Jupiter radii of the planet, but this time it occurred at 29 Jupiter radii. The safe mode event also caused a

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with Jupiter, so just as the Earth's Moon always has the same side facing Earth, Io always has the same side facing Jupiter. It has a faster orbit though, with a rotation period of 1.769 days. As a result, the rotational and tidal forces on Io are 220 times as great as those on Earth's moon. These

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and its wobble increased, indicative of an asymmetric unfolding. Only 15 ribs had popped out, leaving the antenna looking like a lop-sided, half-open umbrella. It was not possible to re-fold the antenna and try the opening sequence again; although the motors were capable of running in reverse, the

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had not been designed with Venus in mind. Nonetheless, there were useful observations that it could make, as it carried some instruments that had never flown on spacecraft to Venus, such as the near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS). Telescopic observations of Venus had revealed that there were

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launch system with its Centaur G Prime upper stage. This was retained as a backup for a time, but in November 1988 the USAF informed NASA that it could not provide a Titan IV in time for the May 1991 launch opportunity, owing to the backlog of high priority Department of Defense missions. However,

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The reason no one had considered the VEEGA trajectory before was that the second encounter with Earth would not give the spacecraft any extra energy. Diehl realised that this was not necessary; the second encounter would merely change its direction to put it on a course for Jupiter. In addition to

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on two separate missions, launching the orbiter in February 1984 with the probe following a month later. The orbiter would be in orbit around Jupiter when the probe arrived, allowing the orbiter to perform its role as a relay. This configuration required a second Space Shuttle mission and a second

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A final discovery occurred during the last two orbits of the mission. When the spacecraft passed the orbit of Amalthea, the star scanner detected unexpected flashes of light that were reflections from seven to nine moonlets. None of the individual moonlets was reliably sighted twice, so no orbits

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had to fly within 300 kilometers (190 mi) of Amalthea, but not so close as to crash into it. This was complicated by its irregular 146-by-262-kilometer (91 by 163 mi) potato-like shape. It was tidally locked, pointing its long axis towards Jupiter. A successful flyby meant knowing which

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400 to 1,300 kilometers (250 to 810 mi) below the surface, encased in ice. Margaret Kivelson, the scientist in charge of the magnetometer experiment, contended that the induced magnetic field required an iron core, and speculated that an electrically conductive layer was required, possibly a

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of Europa by measuring the degree to which the radio beam was diffracted by charged particles. This indicated the presence of water ions, which were most likely water molecules that had been dislodged from the surface ice and then ionized by the Sun or the Jovian magnetosphere. The presence of an

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in the Venusian atmosphere did not block, making them transparent on these wavelengths. This permitted the NIMS to both view the clouds and obtain maps of the equatorial- and mid-latitudes of the night side of Venus with three to six times the resolution of Earth-based telescopes. The ultraviolet

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to a vented one, so the pressure inside the probe would be the same as that outside. and extend its lifetime in Jupiter's atmosphere, but this added 100 kilograms (220 lb) to its weight. Another 165 kilograms (364 lb) was added in structural changes to improve reliability. This required

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maneuvers around planets to garner additional speed. Most engineers regarded this solution as inelegant and planetary scientists at JPL disliked it because it meant that the mission would take months or even years longer to reach Jupiter. Longer travel times meant that the spacecraft's components

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provided the first views of Jupiter's north pole and new insights into Jupiter's aurorae, magnetic field, and atmosphere. Information gathered about Jovian lightning prompted revision of earlier theories, and analysis of the frequency of interplanetary dust impacts (primarily on the backs of the

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Centaur provided many advantages over the IUS. The main one was that it was far more powerful. The probe and orbiter could be recombined, and the probe could be delivered directly to Jupiter in two years' flight time. The second was that, despite this, it was gentler than the IUS, because it had

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flew past Io, but in the interest of protecting the tape recorder, O'Neil decided to forego collecting images. To use the SSI camera meant operating the tape recorder at high speed, with sudden stops and starts, whereas the fields and particles instruments only required the tape recorder to run

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were more intense. The dust particles were 5 to 10 nm in size, about the same as those in cigarette smoke, and had speeds ranging from 140,000 to 720,000 kilometers per hour (90,000 to 450,000 mph) depending on their size. The existence of the dust storms had come as a complete surprise to

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made two course corrections on April 9 to 12 and May 11 to 12, 1990, to alter its velocity by 35 meters per second (110 ft/s). The spacecraft flew by Earth twice; the first time at a range of 960 km (600 mi) at 20:34:34 UTC on December 8, 1990. This was 8 km (5 mi)

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on March 26, 1996, the main engine was fired again to increase the orbit from four times the radius of Jupiter to ten times. By this time the orbiter had received half the radiation allowed for in the mission plan, and the higher orbit was to conserve the instruments for as long as possible by

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in 2000, and did so again on subsequent close approaches to Jupiter. The quartz crystal used as the frequency reference for the radio suffered permanent frequency shifts with each Jupiter approach. A spin detector failed, and the spacecraft gyro output was biased by the radiation environment.

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below the ice crust. Further evidence was provided by the magnetometer, which reported that the magnetic field was induced by Jupiter. This could be explained by the existence of a spherical shell of conductive material like salt water. Since the surface temperature on Europa was −162 °C

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The IUS was constructed in a modular fashion, with two stages, a large one with 9,700 kilograms (21,400 lb) of propellant, and a smaller one with 2,700 kilograms (6,000 lb). This was sufficient for most satellites. It could also be configured with two large stages to launch multiple

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that prioritized the interests of the life forms over those of scientists. Given the (admittedly slim) prospect of life on Europa, scientists Richard Greenberg and Randall Tufts proposed that a new standard be set of no greater chance of contamination than that which might occur naturally by

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out of safe mode during I24. Fortunately, the spacecraft had not shut down as much as it had on I24, and the team at JPL were able to bring it back online. During I24 they had done so with two hours to spare; this time, they had just three minutes. Nonetheless, the flyby was successful, with

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fifty-three seconds later than anticipated, resulting in a small loss of upper-atmospheric readings. This was attributed to wiring problems with an accelerometer that determined when to begin the parachute deployment sequence. The probe then dropped its heat shield, which fell into Jupiter's

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per second, whereas LGA-1 was only intended to transmit at about 8 to 16 bits per second. LGA-1 transmitted with a power of about 15 to 20 watts, which by the time it reached Earth and had been collected by one of the large aperture 70-meter DSN antennas, had a total power of about

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problem arose, in which reads from one memory location disturbed the contents of adjacent locations. This was found to have been caused by the changes made to make the components less sensitive to electromagnetic radiation. Each component had to be removed, retested, and replaced. All of the

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NASA concluded that the chance of a disaster was 1 in 2,500, although anti-nuclear groups thought it might be as high as 1 in 430. NASA assessed the risk to an individual at 1 in 100 million, about two orders of magnitude less than the danger of being killed by lightning. The prospect of an

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The rated power level (RPL) is the power at which an engine can be normally operated. In the case of the Space Shuttle, the specification called for 27,000 seconds operation at 100 percent of the RPL, or 14,000 seconds at 109 percent of the RPL, which was designated full power level (FPL).

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By late 1980, the price tag for the IUS had risen to $ 506 million (equivalent to $ 1.714 billion in 2023). The USAF could absorb this cost overrun on the development of the two-stage IUS (and indeed anticipated that it might cost far more), but NASA was faced with a quote of $ 179 million

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Routine maintenance of the tape recorder involved winding the tape halfway down its length and back again to prevent it sticking. In November 2002, after the completion of the mission's only encounter with Jupiter's moon Amalthea, problems with playback of the tape recorder again plagued

2156:, there was no evidence of the plaintiffs' claim that NASA had acted improperly in compiling the mission's environmental assessment. On October 16, eight protesters were arrested for trespassing at the Kennedy Space Center; three were jailed and the remaining five released. Federal judge 4410: 3796:

Project team at JPL had nineteen hours before the encounter with Io. After a frantic effort, they managed to diagnose a problem that had never been seen before, and restore the spacecraft systems with just two hours to spare. Not all of the planned activities could be carried out, but

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The discovery of Io's iron core raised the possibility that it had a magnetic field. The I24, I25 and I27 encounters had involved passes over Io's equator, which made it difficult to determine whether Io had its own magnetic field or one induced by Jupiter. Accordingly, on orbit I31,

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portion of the probe's orbit using the low-gain antenna. At the same time, measurements were made of Jupiter's magnetosphere and transmitted back to Earth. The reduction in available bandwidth reduced the total amount of data transmitted throughout the mission, but William J. O'Neil,

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reached its greatest orbital distance from Jupiter for the entire mission since orbital insertion, 26 million km (16 million mi), before plunging back towards the gas giant for its final impact. At the completion of J35, its final orbit around the Jovian system,

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heat generated by sunlight (as Jupiter gets less sunlight than Earth) or the condensation of water vapor (the main causes on Earth), but are due to an internal heat source. It was already well known that the atmosphere of Jupiter was mainly composed of hydrogen, but the clouds of

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Anderson, J. D.; Johnson, Torrence V.; Schubert, Gerald; Asmar, Sami; Jacobson, Robert A.; Johnston, Douglas; Lau, Eunice L.; Lewis, George; Moore, William B.; Moore, William B.; Thomas, Peter C.; Weinwurm, Gudrun (May 27, 2005). "Amalthea's Density Is Less than That of Water".

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The launch was twice delayed; first by a faulty main engine controller that forced a postponement to October 17, and then by inclement weather, which necessitated a postponement to the following day, but this was not a concern since the launch window extended until November 21.

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flew past Ida at a range of 2,410 km (1,500 mi). High-resolution images were taken to create a color mosaic of one side of the asteroid, with the highest resolution image taken at a range of 10,500 mi (16,900 km). Measurements were taken using SSI and NIMS.

3889:, a period when the Sun blocked the line of sight between Earth and Jupiter. As a consequence, three quarters of the observations had to be taken over a period of three hours. NIMS images revealed fourteen active volcanoes in a region thought to contain just four. Images of 1390:, tentatively scheduled for sometime between January 2 and 12, 1982, this being the launch window when Earth, Mars and Jupiter were aligned to permit Mars to be used for the gravity-assist maneuver. By 1980, delays in the Space Shuttle program pushed the launch date for 3961:

Ganymede, with its 85-hour orbit being twice that of Io, but half that of Ganymede. Conjunctions with Io always occur on the opposite side of Jupiter to those with Ganymede. Europa is therefore subject to tidal effects. There is no evidence of volcanism like on Io, but

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could be distributed electronically instead of on paper was regarded as ridiculous by geologists, on the grounds that storage would be prohibitively expensive; some of them thought that taking measurements on a computer involved putting a wooden ruler up to the screen.

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for an atmospheric probe did not yet exist, and indeed facilities to test one under the conditions found on Jupiter would not be available until 1980. There was also concern about the effects of radiation on spacecraft components, which would be better understood after

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probe separated from the orbiter at 03:07 UTC on July 13, 1995, five months before its rendezvous with the planet on December 7. At this point, the spacecraft was 83 million kilometers (52 million miles) from Jupiter, but 664 million kilometers

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was never able to replicate the problem on Earth, and it was assumed to be the combination of loss of lubricant during transportation, vibration during launch by the IUS, and a prolonged period of time in the vacuum of space where bare metal touching could undergo

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orbiter's next task was to slow down in order to avoid heading off into the outer solar system. A burn sequence commencing at 00:27 UTC on December 8 and lasting 49 minutes reduced the spacecraft's speed by 600 meters per second (2,000 ft/s) and it entered a

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Images of Europa also showed few impact craters. It seemed unlikely that it had escaped the meteor and comet impacts that scarred Ganymede and Callisto, so this indicated Europa has an active geology that renews the surface and obliterates craters. Astronomer

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Williams, D. J.; McEntire, R. W.; Krimigis, S. M.; Roelof, E. C.; Jaskulek, S.; Jaskulek, S.; Wilken, B.; Stüdeman, W.; Armstrong, T. P.; Fritz, T. A.; Lanzerotti, L. J.; Roederer, J.G. (September 27, 1991). "Energetic Particles at Venus: Galileo Results".

3174: mi) from Jupiter that took several months to traverse. Normally the spacecraft's dust detector picked up a dust particle every three days; now it detected up to 20,000 particles a day. Interplanetary dust storms had previously been encountered by the 3902:

loss of tape playback time, but the project managers decide to carry over some Io data into orbit G28, and play it back then. This limited the amount of tape space available for that Ganymede encounter, but the Io data was considered to be more valuable.

1248:, which was expected to make expendable rockets obsolete. In late 1975, NASA decreed that all future planetary missions would be launched by the Space Shuttle. The JOP would be the first to do so. The Space Shuttle was supposed to have the services of a 1878:." The cost of keeping it ready to fly in space was reckoned at $ 40 to $ 50 million per year (equivalent to $ 94 to $ 118 million in 2023), and the estimated cost of the whole project had blown out to $ 1.4 billion (equivalent to $ 3 billion in 2023). 4488:

mission, in addition to the incidents expanded upon below. Despite having exceeded its radiation design limit by at least a factor of three, the spacecraft survived all these anomalies. Work-arounds were found eventually for all of these problems, and

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imagery, provided new information about a region that still held some scientific mysteries. The infrared spectromer surveyed the surface minerals and revealed that the region was more minerallogically diverse than expected. There was evidence that the

3872: 3871: 3868: 1956:

Initially it was thought that the VEEGA trajectory demanded a November launch, but D'Amario and Byrnes calculated that a mid-course correction between Venus and Earth would permit an October launch as well. Taking such a roundabout route meant that

1627:. At launch, the orbiter and probe together had a mass of 2,562 kg (5,648 lb) and stood 6.15 m (20.2 ft) tall. There were twelve experiments on the orbiter and seven on the atmospheric probe. The orbiter was powered by a pair of 4356:

flew by Amalthea on November 5, 2002, during its 34th orbit, allowing a measurement of the moon's mass as it passed within 160 km (99 mi) of its surface. The results startled the scientific team; they revealed that Amalthea had a mass of

3641:. The orbits were designed for close-up flybys of Jupiter's largest moons. A naming scheme was devised for the orbits: a code with the first letter of the moon being encountered on that orbit (or "J" if none was encountered) plus the orbit number. 3469:

were much thinner than expected, and clouds of water vapor were not detected. This was the first observation of ammonia clouds in another planet's atmosphere. The atmosphere creates ammonia-ice particles from material coming up from lower depths.

2822:

science goals could still be met. The decision to use magnetic tape for storage was a conservative one, taken in the late 1970s when the use of tape was common. Conservatism was not restricted to engineers; a 1980 suggestion that the results of

2729:

damage. The spacecraft was also subjected to severe vibration in a vacuum environment by the IUS. Experiments on Earth with the test HGA showed that having a set of stuck ribs all on one side reduced the DDA torque produced by up to 40 percent.

4048:

There was acrimonious debate among scientists over the thickness of the ice crust, and those who presented results indicating that it might be thinner than the 20 to 30 kilometers (12 to 19 mi) proposed by the accredited scientists on the

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structure theory: only one significant cloud layer was measured by the probe, at a pressure of around 1.55 bars (155 kPa) but with many indications of smaller areas of increased particle densities along the whole length of its trajectory.

4077:, discovered the first active extraterrestrial volcano on Io. The Imaging Team controlled the manner in which discoveries were presented to the scientific community and the public through press conferences, conference papers and publications. 4021:, argued that, on the contrary, Europa's surface age was closer to a billion years. He compared the craters on Ganymede with those on Earth's moon, and concluded that the satellites of Jupiter were not subject to the same amount of cratering. 3873: 2004:

launch. RTGs were necessary for deep space probes because they had to fly distances from the Sun that made the use of solar energy impractical. They had been used for years in planetary exploration without mishap: the Department of Defense's

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August 29 to December 10, 1988, and the expenditure of propellant would reduce the number of orbits of Jupiter from eleven to ten. This was expected to add $ 20 to $ 25 million (equivalent to $ 50 to $ 62 million in 2023) to the cost of the

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ribs; when the driver motor started and put pressure on the ribs, they were supposed to pop out of the cup their tips were held in, and the antenna would unfold like an umbrella. When it reached the fully deployed configuration, redundant

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spacecraft components and spare parts received a minimum of 2,000 hours of testing. The spacecraft was expected to last for at least five years—long enough to reach Jupiter and perform its mission. On December 19, 1985, it departed JPL in

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would age and possibly fail, and the onboard power supply and propellant would be depleted. Some of the gravity assist options also involved flying closer to the Sun, which would induce thermal stresses that also might cause failures.

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project was able to secure 80 hours of Canberra's 70-meter dish time between 7 and 14 November 1991, but most of images taken, including low-resolution images of more of the surface, were not transmitted to Earth until November 1992.

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and Earth was close to the Sun, so there was only time to send one mosaic before it was blocked by the Sun on September 29, 1993; the rest of the mosaics were transmitted in February and March, after Earth had come around the Sun.

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Millennium Mission (GMM) was authorized. This was intended to run until March 2001, but it was subsequently extended until January 2003. GMM included return visits to Europa, Io, Ganymede and Callisto, and for the first time to

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was three times that of the Sun, raising the possibility that they had been acquired from other bodies in the Solar system, but the low abundance of water cast doubt on theories that Earth's water had been acquired from comets.

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causes the bow shock to occur at around 65,000 kilometers (40,000 mi) from its center, but Venus's weak magnetic field causes it to occur nearly on the surface, so the solar wind interacts with the atmosphere. A search for

2248:(bit/s) compared to the 134,000 bit/s expected from the HGA. As the spacecraft moved further from Earth, reception necessitated the use of the DSN's 70-meter dishes, to the detriment of other users, who had lower priority than 3972:

conducted a 34,800-kilometer (21,600 mi) "nontargeted" encounter of Europa—meaning a secondary flyby at a distance of up to 100,000 kilometers (62,000 mi)—on November 6, 1996. During E4 from December 15 to 22, 1996,

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The smaller GEM team did not have the resources to deal with problems, but when they arose it was able to temporarily recall former team members for intensive efforts to solve them. The spacecraft performed several flybys of

4202:

returned to Ganymede on orbits G7 and G9 in April and May 1997, and on G28 and G29 in May and December 2000 on the GMM. Images of the surface revealed two types of terrain: highly cratered dark regions and grooved terrain

3696:

in between 1995 and 2002, three times the radiation exposure that it had been built to withstand. Many of the instruments were no longer operating at peak performance, but were still functional, so a second extension, the

2943:

When astronomer Ann Harch examined the images on February 17, 1994, she found that Ida had a small moon measuring around 1.6 kilometers (0.99 mi) in diameter, which appeared in 47 images. A competition was held among

1406:(equivalent to $ 606 million in 2023) for the development of the three-stage version, which was $ 100 million (equivalent to $ 339 million in 2023) more than it had budgeted for. At a press conference on January 15, 1981, 17151: 4178:

Although the primary purpose of G1 and G2 was navigational, the opportunity to make some observations was not missed. The plasma-wave experiment and the magnetometer detected a magnetic field with a strength of about 750

5663: 3910:

passed within 200 kilometers (120 mi) of the surface of the north pole of Io, and on orbit I32 it flew 181 kilometers (112 mi) over the south pole. After examining the magnetometer results, planetary scientist

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continued to return scientific data until it was deorbited in 2003, performing one last scientific experiment: a measurement of Amalthea's mass as the spacecraft swung by it. This was tricky to arrange; to be useful,

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Sarid, Alyssa Rose; Greenberg, Richard; Hoppa, Gregory V.; Hurford, Terry A.; Geissler, Paul (2002). "Polar Wander and Surface Convergence of Europa's Ice Shell: Evidence from a Survey of Strike-Slip Displacement".

3220:

high-gain antenna meant that data storage to the tape recorder for later compression and playback was crucial in order to obtain any substantial information from the flybys of Jupiter and its moons. The four-track,

3658:

that was still functional and capable of performing a continuing mission, Congress took a dim view of requests for more money for projects that had already been fully funded. This was avoided through rebranding.

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was still 238 million kilometers (148 million miles) away, Jupiter was 66 pixels wide in its camera, and it was perfectly positioned to observe this event. Terrestrial telescopes had to wait to see the

2907:

spontaneously abandoned the observation configuration and resumed its cruise configuration. Engineers were able to correct the problem and have the instruments ready by 16:52:04 UTC on August 28, 1993, when

1885:

Mission Design Manager and Navigation Team Chief, Robert Mitchell, assembled a team that consisted of Dennis Byrnes, Louis D'Amario, Roger Diehl and himself, to see if they could find a trajectory that would get

2737:

in case of damage. The flight-ready HGA was never given a thermal evaluation test, and was unfurled only a half dozen or so times before the mission. Testing might not have revealed the problem in any case; the

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from Earth. Therefore, a plan was formulated to send the probe directly into Jupiter, in an intentional crash to eliminate the possibility of an impact with Jupiter's moons, particularly Europa, and prevent a

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spacecraft, which was launched on August 5, 2011, and entered Jovian orbit on July 4, 2016. Although intended for a two year mission, it is still active in 2024 and expected to continue until September 2025.

2732:

The antenna lubricants were applied only once, nearly a decade before launch. Furthermore, the HGA was not subjected to the usual rigorous testing, because there was no backup unit that could be installed in

1834:

disaster handed down its report on June 6, 1986. It was critical of NASA's safety protocols and risk management. In particular, it noted the hazards of a Centaur-G stage. On June 19, 1986, NASA Administrator

2979:

to be discovered. Moons of asteroids had been assumed to be rare, but the discovery of Dactyl hinted that they might in fact be quite common. From subsequent analysis of this data, Dactyl appeared to be an

4561:

After weeks of troubleshooting of an identical flight spare of the recorder on the ground, it was determined that the cause of the malfunction was a reduction of light output in three infrared Optek OP133

3490:

There was far less lightning activity than expected, only about a tenth of the level of activity on Earth, but this was consistent with the lack of water vapor. More surprising was the high abundance of

2773:

s Command and Data Subsystem (CDS) memory. This represented 192 kilobytes of the 384 kilobyte CDS storage, and had been added late, out of concern that the 6504 Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (

2927:

Transmission was still limited to the 40 bit/s data rate available during the Gaspra flyby. At that rate, it took thirty hours to send each of the five frames. In September, the line of sight between

6527: 2422:

of methane (a gas which must be replenished by volcanic or biological activity) in the atmosphere; and modulated narrowband radio wave transmissions uncharacteristic of any known natural source.

3832:

Mission Control Center when, with the encounter with Io just four hours away, the spacecraft again entered safe mode. This time the problem was traced to a software patch implemented to bring

2042:

disaster, while it did not involve nuclear fuel, raised public awareness about spacecraft failures. No RTGs had ever done a non-orbital swing past the Earth at close range and high speed, as

1890:

to Jupiter using only a two-stage IUS. Roger Diehl came up with the idea of using a series of gravity assists to provide the additional velocity required to reach Jupiter. This would require

10970:

Fieseler, P. D.; Adams, O. W.; Vandermey, N.; Theilig, E. E.; Schimmels, K. A.; Lewis, G. D.; Ardalan, S. M.; Alexander, C. J. (2004). "The Galileo star scanner observations at Amalthea".

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missions, NASA's Scientific Advisory Group for Outer Solar System Missions considered the requirements for Jupiter orbiters and atmospheric probes. It noted that the technology to build a

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displacement defects, which greatly decreased their effective light output and caused the drive motor's electronics to falsely believe the motor encoder wheel was incorrectly positioned.

2800:

signal, data throughput was increased to a maximum of 160 bits per second. By further using data compression, the effective bandwidth could be raised to 1,000 bits per second.

1154:

s flyby in December 1973 indicated that the effects were not as severe as had been feared. NASA management designated JPL as the lead center for the Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP) Project.

5492: 2145: 17776: 3844:

NIMS and SSI camera capturing an erupting volcano that generated a 32 kilometers (20 mi) long plume of lava that was sufficiently large and hot to have also been detected by the

3621:

orbiter thus became the first artificial satellite of Jupiter. Most of its initial orbit was occupied transmitting the data from the probe back to Earth. When the orbiter reached its

2358:

when it passed through the magnetic tail on Earth's dark side at a distance of 56,000 kilometers (35,000 mi) from the planet. The magnetosphere was quite active at the time, and

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out of the more intense regions of radiation. On G2, the gravity assist was employed to put it into a coplanar orbit to permit subsequent encounters with Io, Europa and Callisto.

3718:(equivalent to $ 1416 million in 2023) was spent on spacecraft development. Another $ 110 million (equivalent to $ 175 million in 2023) was contributed by international agencies. 15876: 5655: 4639:

spacecraft that had landed on the Moon three years before, and it was found that microbes were still viable even after three years in that harsh climate. An alternative was the

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projects, became the first project manager. The JOP would be the fifth spacecraft to visit Jupiter, but the first to orbit it, and the probe the first to enter its atmosphere.

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showed that in the four and half months between I24 and I27, some 10,000 square kilometers (3,900 sq mi) had been covered in fresh lava. A series of observations of

5072: 2414:

had indeed found what are now referred to as the "Sagan criteria for life". These included strong absorption of light at the red end of the visible spectrum (especially over

6695: 2418:) by chlorophyll in photosynthesizing plants; absorption bands of molecular oxygen as a result of plant activity; infrared bands caused by the approximately 1 micromole per 2306:, which noted nine bursts likely to have been caused by lightning, but efforts to capture an image of lightning with the solid-state imaging system (SSI) were unsuccessful. 8194: 6567: 4698:

Io was confirmed to have extensive volcanic activity that is 100 times greater than that found on Earth. The heat and frequency of eruptions are reminiscent of early Earth.

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mission. As it happened, they gave no trouble, but the CDS memory could store up to 31 minutes of data from the Radio Relay Hardware (RRH) channels. To conserve bandwidth,

2758:

was significantly less than that of the HGA would have been, as the HGA transmitted over a half-angle of one-sixth of a degree. The HGA was to have transmitted at 134

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transmitted from the orbiter as a notification that the signal from the probe was being received and recorded, which would then take days to be transmitted using the LGA.

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50,000 kilometers (31,000 mi) above Jupiter's cloud tops. It had been predicted that the probe would pass through three layers of clouds; an upper one consisting of

2608:

560 nm centered green filter produced images of Earth clearly showing the laser pulses even at distances of up to 6 million km (3.7 million mi).

1712:

project was that the May launch date could not be met because the Space Shuttles were grounded while the cause of the disaster was investigated. When they did fly again,

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spacecraft that was considered by the NASA–ESA Outer Planets Study Team in 1983 for a mission to Saturn, but it was passed over in favor of a newer design, which became

2724:

during the three cross-country journeys by truck between California and Florida for the spacecraft. The failed ribs were those closest to the flat-bed trailers carrying

8532: 8505: 7917: 7606: 7016: 4881:

was assessed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. As of 2024, this mission remains a concept, although some funds were released for instrument development and maturation.

4248:

Data accumulated on C3 indicated that Callisto had a homogeneous composition, with heavy and light elements intermixed. This was estimated to be composed of 60 percent

3869: 17157: 8143: 6222: 4680:

impacted Jupiter in darkness just south of the equator on September 21, 2003, at 18:57 UTC. Its impact speed was approximately 48.26 km/s (29.99 mi/s).

1335:

additional fuel in the IUS, but the three-stage IUS was itself overweight with respect to its design specifications, by about 3,200 kilograms (7,000 lb). Lifting

5728: 2084:

inadvertent re-entry into the atmosphere during the VEEGA maneuvers was reckoned at less than 1 in 2 million, but an accident might have released a maximum of 11,568

1445:. NASA engineers estimated that additional safety features might take up to five years to develop and cost up to $ 100 million (equivalent to $ 339 million in 2023). 10477: 6377: 6324: 3080:

on the night side of the planet. The impact left a series of dark scars on the planet, some two or three times as large as the Earth, that persisted for weeks. When

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made the first observation of ammonia clouds in another planet's atmosphere. The atmosphere creates ammonia ice particles from material coming up from lower depths.

4523:

while within about 700,000 km (430,000 mi) of Jupiter. The SSI camera began producing totally white images when the spacecraft was hit by the exceptional

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During the second Earth flyby, another experiment was performed. Optical communications in space were assessed by detecting light pulses from powerful lasers with

9311: 8106: 19655: 15412: 10561:

Belton, Michael J.S.; Chapman, Clark R.; Klaasen, Kenneth P.; Harch, Ann P.; Thomas, Peter C.; Veverka, Joseph; McEwen, Alfred S.; Pappalardo, Robert T. (1996).

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ruled on October 21 that the launch was in the public interest, as canceling it would cost the public $ 164 million and increased knowledge of the Solar system.

9365: 3392:(2,240 m/s). The rapid flight through the atmosphere produced a plasma with a temperature of about 14,000 °C (25,200 °F), and the probe's carbon 1541:

as well. To be safe, JPL wanted to avoid asteroids by at least 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi). Most of the asteroids in the vicinity of the flight path like

15407: 9629: 8824: 8782: 4241:

flyby of Callisto on C3 marked the first time that the Deep Space Network operated a link between its antennae in Canberra and Goldstone that allowed them to

2601:. The Starfire range site used a similar setup with a larger 1.5 m (4.9 ft) transmitting telescope. Long-exposure (~0.1 to 0.8 s) images using 10734:

Chapman, Clark R.; Veverka, J.; Thomas, P. C.; Klaasen, K. (April 27, 1995). "Discovery and Physical Properties of Dactyl, a Satellite of Asteroid 243 Ida".

6638: 4245:, thereby enabling a higher bit rate. With the assistance of the antenna at Parkes, this raised the effective bandwidth to as much as 1,000 bits per second. 3999:

This false color image on the left shows a region of Europa's crust made up of blocks which are thought to have broken apart and "rafted" into new positions.

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Because Venus was much closer to the Sun than the spacecraft had been designed to operate, great care was taken to avoid thermal damage. In particular, the

18989: 11950:

Swift, G. M.; Levanas, G. C.; Ratliff, J. M.; Johnston, A. H. (December 2003). "In-Flight Annealing of Displacement Damage in GaAs LEDs: A Galileo Story".

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were determined. It is believed that they were most likely debris ejected from Amalthea that formed a tenuous, and perhaps temporary, ring around Jupiter.

2984:, and spectrally different from 243 Ida, although Ida is also an S-type asteroid. It was hypothesized that both may have been produced by the breakup of a 11878: 8926: 6673: 6607: 6251: 2049:

VEEGA trajectory required it to do. This created the possibility of a mission failure in which Galileo struck Earth's atmosphere and dispersed plutonium.

941:

mission was terminated by sending it into Jupiter's atmosphere at a speed of over 48 kilometers per second (30 mi/s) to eliminate the possibility of

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system, and the Hubble Space Telescope. By April 1986, it was expected that the Space Shuttles would not fly again before July 1987 at the earliest, and

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passed 198 kilometers (123 mi) over the surface of Io. At this time, the spacecraft was nearly at the maximum distance from Earth, and there was a

3085:(4.3 mi) in diameter that burned with a temperature of 8,000 K (7,730 °C; 13,940 °F), which was hotter than the surface of the Sun. 2240:(HGA) was not deployed, but was kept folded up like an umbrella and pointed away from the Sun to keep it shaded and cool. This meant that the two small 1700:

mission. A failure of the solid rocket booster 73 seconds into flight tore the spacecraft apart, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. The

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for the development of a three-stage IUS. A two-stage IUS was not powerful enough to launch a payload to Jupiter without resorting to using a series of

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After the primary mission concluded on December 7, 1997, most of the mission staff departed, including O'Neil, but about a fifth of them remained. The

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hinted that they originated somewhere in the Jovian system, it was a mystery how they had been created and how they had escaped from Jupiter's strong

2404:

remote sensing instruments during the mission's first Earth flyby in December 1990. After data acquisition and processing, Sagan published a paper in

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of up to 100 meters (330 ft) per day was the most likely culprit. But not all scientists were convinced; Michael Carr, a planetologist from the

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on board. Angus McRonald, a JPL engineer, concluded that what would happen would depend on the altitude at which the Space Shuttle broke up. If the

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made its closest encounter with Callisto on C30, when it made a 138-kilometer (86 mi) pass over the surface, during which it photographed the

1565:

and brushes used to transmit electrical signals around the spacecraft, and they were returned to be refabricated. The problem was traced back to a

1223:. The attitude control system allowed the spacecraft to take high-resolution images, but the functionality came at the cost of increased weight: a 4069:

data, most which was performed by their research students. The scientific community did not want a repetition of the 1979 Morabito incident, when

2681:, investigators determined that the electric motors had stalled at 56 seconds. The spacecraft's spin rate had decreased due to an increase in its 20130: 19834: 19514: 17290: 13368: 7047: 2803:

The data collected on Jupiter and its moons were stored in the spacecraft's onboard tape recorder, and transmitted back to Earth during the long

2394: 11999: 9273: 7286: 7268: 5323: 4037:

also yielded evidence that the crust of Europa had slipped over time, moving south on the hemisphere facing Jupiter, and north on the far side.

960:, with more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. Consideration of sending a probe to Jupiter began as early as 1959, when the 19540: 9672: 2793:

algorithm. Using compression, the arraying of several Deep Space Network antennas, and sensitivity upgrades to the receivers used to listen to

58:

at Io with Jupiter in the background. The high-gain antenna is fully deployed in this illustration but in reality the antenna failed to extend.

9870: 4326:. Two years of Jupiter's intense radiation took its toll on the spacecraft's systems, and its fuel supply was running low in the early 2000s. 2674:

would shut down the motors. Otherwise they would run for eight minutes before being automatically shut down to prevent them from overheating.

1019:, which was launched in April 1973, and passed within 34,000 kilometers (21,000 mi) of Jupiter in December 1974, before heading on to an 20036: 19938: 19933: 19897: 19882: 19855: 19812: 19807: 19777: 19762: 19752: 19748: 19744: 19740: 19736: 19732: 19685: 19670: 19630: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19581: 19566: 19535: 19525: 19503: 19489: 19473: 19469: 19465: 19447: 19442: 19432: 19404: 19399: 19389: 19384: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19338: 19334: 19330: 19325: 19315: 19289: 19268: 19258: 19243: 19233: 19228: 19224: 19220: 19216: 19212: 19208: 19187: 19177: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19153: 19149: 18371: 18296: 17783: 16128: 15379: 15321: 9006: 4540:

software was made in April 1999 that allowed the onboard computer to detect these resets and autonomously recover, so as to avoid safe mode.

4151:. It is the largest of the moons in the Solar system that are characterized by large amounts of water ice, which also includes Saturn's moon 4024:

Evidence of surface renewal hinted at the possibility of a viscous layer below the surface of warm ice or liquid water. NIMS observations by

3756:

on Io, showing changes in hot spots between 1999 and 2000. Infrared imaging shows a hot lava flow more than 60 kilometres (37 mi) long.

961: 17127: 9832: 9559: 5038:(Report). The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. pp. 265–281. TDA Progress Report 42-109. 2180:

spacecraft adopted its configuration for solo flight, and separated from the IUS at 01:06:53 UTC on October 19. The launch was perfect, and

19710: 19298: 17040: 15301: 13706: 13398: 12348: 10015: 8044: 5269: 3148:, was confident that the LGAs could be used as relays. The burn lasted for five minutes and eight seconds, and changed the velocity of the 5774: 3692:

By the time GEM ended, most of the spacecraft was operating well beyond its original design specifications, having absorbed more than 600

3116:

orbiter was still on a collision course with Jupiter. Previously, course corrections had been made using the twelve 10-newton (2.2 lb

2686:

antenna was not designed for this, and human assistance was required when it was done on Earth to ensure that the wire mesh did not snag.

19043: 18077: 18053: 17079: 15900: 12591: 11420:; Khurana, K. K.; Russell, C. T.; Walker, R. J. (December 12, 1996). "Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft". 10107: 7851: 6469: 6280: 5829: 1942: 1654:

detector for measurements of lightning activity and Jupiter's radiation belt. There were magnetometer sensors, a plasma-wave detector, a

1508: 1272:

satellites. A configuration with three stages, two large and one small, would be enough for a planetary mission, so NASA contracted with

10931:

Fieseler, P. D.; Ardalan, S. M.; Frederickson, A. R. (December 2002). "The Radiation Effects on Galileo Spacecraft Systems at Jupiter".

5039: 3674:. On each one the spacecraft collected only two days' worth of data instead of the seven it had collected during the prime mission. The 1961:

would require sixty months to reach Jupiter instead of just thirty, but it would get there. Consideration was given to using the USAF's

19786: 19651: 17999: 17412: 15932: 14170: 12788: 9793: 4625: 2750:

The two LGAs were capable of transmitting information back to Earth, but since it transmitted its signal over a cone with a 120-degree

2466: 1983: 11075:

Graps, A.; Grün, E.; Svedhem, H.; Krüger, H.; Horányi, M.; Heck, A.; Lammers, S. (2000). "Io as a source of the Jovian dust streams".

7520: 4837:(JUICE). This was launched from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana on April 14, 2023, and is expected to reach Jupiter in July 2031. 3241:

observations during the orbit insertion phase in order to focus on recording data sent from the atmospheric probe during its descent.

1933:

would arrive at Jupiter when it was at the maximum range from Earth, and maximum range meant minimum signal strength. It would have a

1839:

canceled the Shuttle-Centaur project. This was only partly due to the NASA management's increased aversion to risk in the wake of the

19983: 19887: 18087: 18006: 14907: 14901: 14895: 13604: 8953: 8014: 4689:

The composition of Jupiter differs from that of the Sun, indicating that Jupiter has evolved since the formation of the Solar System.

3112:, took 37 minutes to reach JPL. A tiny frequency change in the radio signal indicated that the separation had been accomplished. The 2964:

the asteroid was named for. Craters on Dactyl were named after individual dactyloi. Regions on 243 Ida were named after cities where

2539:

had been volcanically active earlier than originally thought, and the spectrometer clearly distinguished different lava flows on the

1938: 10235: 5124: 20419: 19871: 19767: 19722: 19705: 19701: 19645: 19641: 19594: 19590: 19530: 19460: 19456: 19437: 19363: 18082: 13383: 13353: 11287: 9918: 5064: 3995: 2201: 1946: 1387: 19954:

are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

9980: 8190: 6950: 6084:"NASA's Galileo mission clears hurdles for Jupiter voyage. In flying past Venus, probe could learn much about 'greenhouse effect'" 3430: 3132:

main engine which had been covered by the probe until then. At 07:38 UTC on July 27, it was fired for the first time to place the

2903:. A slight trajectory correction was made to enable this on August 26, 1993. With four hours to go before the encounter with Ida, 2346:

passed by Earth's day side. The solar wind travels at 200 to 800 kilometers per second (120 to 500 mi/s) and is deflected by

1941:

in Australia, with its two 34-meter and one 70-meter antennae. A northerly declination could have been supported by two sites, at

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was launched in March 1972 and passed within 200,000 kilometers (120,000 mi) of Jupiter in December 1973. It was followed by

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s closest approach to Venus came at 05:58:48 UTC on February 10, 1990, at a range of 16,106 km (10,008 mi). Due to the

9388: 9067: 5567: 5186: 3409:, as the temperature increased to 1,700 °C (3,090 °F) and the pressure to 5,100 bars (5,000 atm), destroying it. 3180:

probe, which had passed by Jupiter three years before on its mission to study the Sun's polar regions, but those encountered by

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The largest of the Galilean moons with a radius of 2,620 kilometers (1,630 mi), Ganymede is larger than Earth's moon, the

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to fly past Venus, and then past Earth twice. This was referred to as the Venus-Earth-Earth Gravity Assist (VEEGA) trajectory.

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missions would fly past planets close enough to collect scientific data and could visit multiple planets on a single mission;

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magnetic data provided evidence that Europa, Ganymede and Callisto have a liquid salt water layer under the visible surface.

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Observations by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995 reported that Europa had a thin oxygen atmosphere. This was confirmed by

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on December 8, 1992, at an altitude of 110,000 kilometers (68,000 mi). The north pole had been photographed before, by

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spacecraft, which were launched on 5 September and 20 August 1977 respectively, and reached Jupiter in March and July 1979.

18366: 18173: 17696: 14997: 14703: 11952: 11325:

Johnson, Torrence V.; Yeates, Clayne M.; Young, Richard; Dunne, James (September 27, 1991). "The Galileo Venus Encounter".

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The most severe effects of the radiation were current leakages somewhere in the spacecraft's power bus, most likely across

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Jupiter's rings. Enhanced top image shows the halo of ring particles suspended by Jupiter's powerful electromagnetic field.

3856:. While such events were more common and spectacular on Io than on Earth, it was extremely fortuitous to have captured it; 1675: 12286: 8603: 7171: 6359: 6306: 3347:

The descent probe awoke in response to an alarm at 16:00 UTC and began powering up its instruments. It passed through the

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It was estimated that the JOP would cost $ 634 million (equivalent to $ 2.147 billion in 2023), and it had to compete for

934:

Millennium Mission (GMM) was authorized. On September 20, 2003, after 14 years in space and 8 years in the Jovian system,

17949: 17923: 17879: 16968: 13875: 13682: 13540: 10494:

Ronald; Greenberg, Richard; Head, James W. III; Morrison, David; Neukum, Gerhard; Pilcher, Carl B. (September 27, 1991).

10471: 10290:

Anderson, J. D.; Sjogren, W. L.; Schubert, G. (May 3, 1996). "Galileo Gravity Results and the Internal Structure of Io".

9068:"New Discoveries From Galileo – Big Icy Moon of Jupiter Found to Have a 'Voice' After All; Europa Flyby Next for Galileo" 8397: 7816: 1717: 815:, and became the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. The spacecraft then launched the first probe to directly measure its 7894: 7239: 4948: 2342:

The Earth encounters provided an opportunity for a series of experiments. A study of Earth's bow shock was conducted as

19949:

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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Complex plasma interactions in Io's atmosphere create immense electrical currents which couple to Jupiter's atmosphere.

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systems, and so these flybys were saved for the extended mission when loss of the spacecraft would be more acceptable.

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upper stage because "no other alternative upper stage is available on a reasonable schedule or with comparable costs."

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upper stage, but Titan was retired afterwards. In the late 1970s, NASA was focused on the development of the reusable

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Zahnle, Kevin; Schenk, Paul; Levison, Harold; Dones, Luke (June 2003). "Cratering rates in the outer Solar System".

10709:

The Hubble Wars: Astrophysics Meets Astropolitics in the Two-Billion Dollar Struggle over the Hubble Space Telescope

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final return to Io on orbit I33 was marred by another safe mode incident, and much of the hoped-for data was lost.

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prime mission was a two-year study of the Jovian system, but on March 26, 1993, while it was en route, astronomers

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USAF was interested in providing this capability for its satellites, so that they would be able to determine their

722: 12301: 10912: 9762: 6884: 6634: 4453:. At one point, this star dimmed for 8 hours below the star scanner's detection threshold. Subsequent analysis of 1966:

the USAF supplied IUS-19, which had originally been earmarked for a Department of Defense mission, for use by the

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passed close by Jupiter in 2007 for a gravity assist en route to Pluto, and it too collected data on the planet.

4739:. The outermost ring is actually two rings, one embedded with the other. There is probably a separate ring along 3915:, announced that Io had no intrinsic magnetic field, which meant that its molten iron core did not have the same 2666: 2612: 1449: 13151: 8922: 7040:"Pew! Pew! Pew! NASA's 1st successful two-way laser experiment is a giant leap for moon and Mars communications" 6982: 4720:

Evidence exists that Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto all have a thin atmospheric layer known as a "surface-bound

4373:

10 cu mi), it therefore had a density of 857 ± 99 kilograms per cubic meter, less than that of water.

4028:

indicated that the surface of Europa appeared to contain magnesium- and sodium-based salts. A likely source was

3233:

entered orbit around Jupiter, the anomaly prompted engineers to sacrifice data acquisition of almost all of the

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Connerney, John; et al. (June 2018). "Prevalent lightning sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter's poles".

7717: 6669: 6589: 6255: 4644: 4062: 2006: 1434: 1318: 24: 17097: 9525: 8163:"Jupiter Retains Atmosphere of Mystery; Surprise Galileo Data Could Force New Theories of Planetary Formation" 6050: 4283:

and Bran craters. This was used for slingshot maneuvers to set up the final encounters with Io on I31 and I32.

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approached to within 201 kilometers (125 mi) on November 26, 1999, on orbit I25, was very unhealthy for

3633:, each orbit lasting about two months. The differing distances from Jupiter afforded by these orbits allowed 3260: 3067:. Calculations indicated that it would crash into the planet sometime between July 16 and 24, 1994. Although 2141: 12026: 11660:

Ragent, B; Colburn, DS; Avrin, P; Rages, KA (1996). "Results of the Galileo probe nephelometer experiment".

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A second discovery occurred in 2000. The star scanner was observing a set of stars that included the second

3129: 1620: 192: 20414: 20092: 19071: 18931: 18615: 18518: 18022: 17891: 17145: 17115: 16229: 16178: 16114: 15365: 15331: 15291: 15114: 15073: 14845: 13816: 13747: 13613: 13471: 8635: 8447: 5451: 4861:

being approved in 2015. This mission is planned to launch in October 2024 and reach Jupiter in April 2030.

4659: 942: 10129:

Ludwinski, Jan M.; Guman, Mark D.; Johannesen, Jennie R.; Mitchell, Robert T.; Staehle, Robert L. (1998).

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discovered fragments of a comet orbiting Jupiter, the remains of a comet that had passed within Jupiter's

2968:, the discover of 243 Ida, made his observations, while ridges on 243 Ida were named in honor of deceased 20229: 18590: 18376: 18323: 18286: 18245: 18139: 17844: 17824: 17739: 17563: 17302: 17248: 17026: 16992: 16496: 16362: 16306: 15603: 15311: 15240: 15173: 14648: 13461: 12334: 9414: 4736: 4621: 1517: 1340: 10051: 9847: 8558: 7996: 7335: 4065:. Scientists who planned imaging sequences had the exclusive right to the initial interpretation of the 2940:

of empty space. Ultimately, only about 16 percent of the SSI data recorded could be sent back to Earth.

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Venus had been the focus of many automated flybys, probes, balloons and landers, most recently the 1989

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data and work by amateur and professional astronomers showed that Delta Velorum is the brightest known

4442:) electrons that were trapped in the Jovian magnetic belts, and released to the Planetary Data System. 4323: 3916: 3136:

orbiter on course to enter orbit around Jupiter, whence it would act as a communications relay for the

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rate fell to 40 bit/s within a few days of the Venus flyby, and by March it was down to just 10 bit/s.

1667: 1636: 1308:, the first person to view Jupiter through a telescope, and the discoverer of what is now known as the 848: 9269: 7039: 2586: 18963: 18874: 18553: 18480: 18216: 18134: 18129: 17803: 17258: 17216: 16376: 16239: 15937: 15593: 15195: 14967: 14673: 13979: 13834: 13545: 12797: 12774: 12638: 10020: 7290: 7272: 4333:

cameras were deactivated on January 17, 2002, after they had sustained irreparable radiation damage.

2786: 2616: 2347: 2294: 1348: 965: 187: 15487: 14991: 12320: 11990: 9668: 4397: 4306:

main mission was to explore the Galilean moons, it also captured images of four of the inner moons,

3897:(EUV) had to be cancelled due to yet another safe-mode event. Radiation exposure caused a transient 2661:

was ordered to unfurl it. This was done using two small dual drive actuator (DDA) motors to drive a

2569:

Optical Experiment or GOPEX, used two separate sites to beam laser pulses to the spacecraft, one at

2148:

on technical grounds rather than the merits of the case, but in a concurring opinion, Chief Justice

1330:

To enhance reliability and reduce costs, the project engineers decided to switch from a pressurized

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Orbiter missions would place a spacecraft in orbit around a planet for prolonged and detailed study;

20409: 20404: 19969: 19053: 18880: 18678: 18329: 18253: 17527: 17103: 17007: 16696: 16266: 15972: 15732: 15529: 15276: 13590: 13085: 12701: 12601: 11748:; Thompson, W. R.; Carlson, R.; Gurnett, D.; Hord, C. (1993). "A Search for Life on Earth from the 9866: 3356: 2790: 1691: 1642:

Probe instruments included sensors for measuring atmospheric temperature and pressure. There was a

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back to 1984. While a Mars slingshot was still possible in 1984, it would no longer be sufficient.

107: 97: 15357: 12201:

Young, Richard E. (September 25, 1998). "The Galileo Probe Mission to Jupiter: Science Overview".

10133:. 49th International Astronomical Congress. September 28 – October 2, 1998. Melbourne, Australia. 9002: 3977:

flew within 692 kilometers (430 mi) of Europa, but data transmission was hindered by a Solar

2665:, and was expected to take 165 seconds, or 330 seconds if one actuator failed. The antenna had 18 2281:

Another set of observations was conducted using Galileo's energetic-particles detector (EPD) when

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A typical effect of the radiation was that several of the science instruments suffered increased

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The safe-mode incidents on I24 and I25 left some gaps in the data, which I27 targeted. This time

3515: 1926: 1875: 1624: 1322:

television show. In February 1978, Casani officially announced the choice of the name "Galileo".

1257: 1216: 1192: 202: 15255: 8036: 6437: 6174: 5273: 2763:

10 watts. The change to mission plan required a series of software changes to be uploaded.

1925:

increasing the flight time, the VEEGA trajectory had another drawback from the point of view of

1292:. A successful lobbying campaign secured funding for both JOP and Hubble over the objections of 20107: 18806: 18750: 18603: 18579: 18548: 18401: 18344: 17866: 17849: 17795: 17758: 17558: 17532: 17487: 17243: 16960: 16833: 16657: 16065: 15048: 14512: 13403: 13393: 12691: 12596: 12585: 12357: 11720:

Report to the President by the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident

9721:

Greenberg, Richard; Tufts, B. Randall (July–August 2001). "Macroscope: Infecting Other World".

5778: 4711:

Ganymede possesses its own, substantial magnetic field – the first satellite known to have one.

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on Earth's dark side over a thousand times the radius of the planet. Observations were made by

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supplied the propulsion module, and Ames managed the atmospheric probe, which was built by the

1600: 1462: 1377: 1300: 1289: 1240: 791: 324: 15151: 14150: 11036:

Granahan, James C. (2011). "Spatially Resolved Spectral Observations of Asteroid 951 Gaspra".

10103: 7843: 6476: 6449: 6284: 5844: 4897:

Although Voyager 2 was launched before Voyager 1, the latter reached Jupiter and Saturn first.

3726:

The innermost of the four Galilean moons, Io is roughly the same size as Earth's moon, with a

2385:

was able to detect them in December, an indication of possible damage to Earth's ozone layer.

1619:

JPL built the Galileo spacecraft and managed the Galileo program for NASA, but West Germany's

875: 20328: 19426: 18891: 18755: 18436: 18349: 18339: 18281: 18151: 18146: 17987: 17652: 17614: 17583: 17492: 17391: 17373: 17273: 16955: 16674: 16370: 16274: 15947: 15763: 15618: 15121: 15063: 14985: 14583: 14573: 14421: 13699: 13655: 13573:

Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

13555: 13530: 13509: 13358: 13265: 12916: 12910: 12823: 12696: 12633: 10857: 10855:

D'Amario, Louis A.; Bright, Larry E.; Wolf, Aron A. (May 1992). "Galileo Trajectory Design".

10638: 9464: 4668: 4520: 4446: 3422: 3372: 3364: 3202: 2755: 2739: 2264: 1986:, concerned over what they perceived as an unacceptable risk to the public's safety from the 1486: 1474: 1344: 358: 10606:

Bowles, Mark (2002). "Eclipsed By Tragedy: The Fated Mating of the Shuttle and Centaur". In

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was never rendered entirely non-functional by Jupiter's radiation. The radiation limits for

4385: 2629:

spacecraft used infrared lasers for two-way communication between Earth and the spacecraft.

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but rejected, mainly because it would add an unacceptable amount of extra weight. After the

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Jupiter's uniquely harsh radiation environment caused over 20 anomalies over the course of

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during the arrival sequence due to the great distance and consequent long turnaround time.

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wavelength of 532 nm, with a repetition rate of 15 to 30 Hertz and a pulse power

2153: 2072:

disaster, NASA commissioned a study on the possible effects if such an event occurred with

1917: 1671: 1655: 1614: 1580: 1576: 1363: 1293: 1265: 1008: 774: 525: 344: 334: 20: 11859:. The NASA History Series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. 9828: 8010: 3033:-second intervals from a distance of 238 million kilometers (148 million miles) 2543:. Areas where titanium-rich material had been blasted from vents, like the one sampled by 8: 20374: 20312: 20304: 20241: 20214: 20114: 20084: 20021: 19263: 19134: 19123: 19119: 18819: 18664: 18502: 18495: 18266: 18232: 17763: 17744: 17333: 17121: 16836: 16795: 16760: 16548: 16457: 15942: 15888: 15882: 15862: 15842: 15716: 15566: 15556: 15509: 15456: 15168: 15145: 15107: 14678: 14232: 14011: 13029: 12675: 12628: 12425: 11581: 9853: 8167: 6700: 6522: 5497: 5120: 4872: 4785: 4769: 4465:. It has a primary period of 45 days and the dimming is just visible with the naked eye. 4167: 3894: 3857: 3825: 3198: 2953: 2625: 2498: 2050: 1354: 1313: 1227:

weighed 722 kilograms (1,592 lb) compared to just 146 kilograms (322 lb) for a

988: 741: 28: 15475: 14145: 12255: 12216: 12153: 12097: 12064: 11965: 11916: 11823: 11767: 11675: 11435: 11340: 11270: 11090: 11051: 10985: 10946: 10870: 10815: 10749: 10656: 10580: 10513: 10436: 10369: 10305: 9922: 9223: 6425: 4322:. Such images were only possible from a spacecraft; to Earth-based telescopes they were 4132: 2381:

in the upper atmosphere. Normally the clouds are only seen in September or October, but

1414:, announced that NASA was withdrawing support for the three-stage IUS, and going with a 20386: 20344: 20236: 20068: 19087: 18063: 17641: 17548: 17522: 17462: 17446: 17422: 16920: 16163: 16002: 15982: 15836: 15442: 15053: 14979: 14949: 14517: 14070: 13757: 13550: 13476: 12840: 12745: 12663: 12189: 12173: 12117: 11938: 11795: 11703: 11455: 11376: 11360: 11209: 11179: 11011:

Space Exploration: Cost, Schedule, and Performance of NASA's Galileo Mission to Jupiter

10890: 10843: 10769: 10692: 10676: 10549: 10533: 10458: 10405: 10389: 10341: 10325: 9970: 9744: 9723: 9243: 9174: 6957: 6217: 6046: 5777:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 17, 1985. 1062. Archived from 5328: 5319: 4524: 4242: 2593:(FWHM) in the tens of megawatts range, which was coupled to a 0.6 m (2.0 ft) 2430: 2370: 2278:

spectrometer (UVS) was also deployed to observe the Venusian clouds and their motions.

2244:

low-gain antennae (LGAs) had to be used instead. They had a maximum bandwidth of 1,200

2137: 1950: 1864: 1566: 1411: 12263: 9231: 9214:

Johnson, Torrence V. (February 2000). "The Galileo Mission to Jupiter and Its Moons".

9044: 5898: 5607: 4999: 4473: 2092:). This could result in up to 9 fatalities from cancer per 10 million exposed people. 1937:

of 23 degrees south instead of 18 degrees north, so the tracking station would be the

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When the exploration of Mars was being considered in the early 1960s, Carl Sagan and

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The increase in weight had implications. The Voyager spacecraft had been launched by

984: 781: 11707: 11397:. The 28th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium. Cleveland, Ohio: NASA. pp. 359–377. 11380: 10847: 10696: 10553: 10345: 10175: 10161: 6407: 20296: 20198: 20156: 20138: 20076: 19182: 18937: 18898: 18260: 17901: 17512: 17363: 17091: 17070: 16778: 16023: 15178: 15157: 14973: 14653: 14140: 13675: 13302: 13188: 12881: 12740: 12706: 12443: 12259: 12242: 12220: 12157: 12101: 12068: 12051: 11969: 11942: 11920: 11903: 11827: 11810: 11799: 11771: 11754: 11679: 11591: 11472: 11459: 11439: 11422: 11344: 11149: 11094: 11077: 11055: 11038: 10989: 10972: 10950: 10874: 10819: 10802: 10773: 10753: 10736: 10660: 10607: 10584: 10567: 10517: 10462: 10440: 10423: 10373: 10309: 10260: 10134: 9728: 9227: 9158: 6745: 6364: 5572: 4855:, but it was canceled in 2002. A lower-cost version was then studied, which led to 4571: 4532: 4458: 4204: 4184: 4148: 4084:

in six experiments on orbits E4 and E6 during occultations when Europa was between

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volcano, and it was hoped that the plume could be sampled. This time, Tvashtar was

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next approached Io on I25 at 03:40 UTC on November 26, 1999, JPL were eating their

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Adverse weather conditions, restrictions placed on laser transmissions by the U.S.

2540: 2514: 2476: 2406: 2363: 1651: 1570:

an electromagnetic radiation environment. The components were replaced, but then a

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ionosphere was sufficient to deduce the existence of a thin atmosphere on Europa.

2720:

between the tips of the ribs and the cup were eroded. They were then worn down by

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was successfully deployed at 00:15 UTC on October 19. Following the IUS burn, the

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mission, wrote that "there is nothing absurd about either side of this argument."

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software was implemented. Image compression used an integer approximation of the

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Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. indicates mission failures.

15704: 15699: 15694: 11310:. Vol. II: Technical Description. Forest Lake, Minnesota: Specialty Press. 11010: 10201: 9468: 9209: 9207: 9043:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. October 7, 1996. Archived from 9021: 7695: 6083: 4821:

passed between Earth and the asteroid belt, indicated that this dust comes from

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sites as they rotated into view because it would occur on Jupiter's night side.

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released by industrial processes. The water vapor in the clouds breaks down the

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was America's worst space disaster up to that time. The immediate impact on the

19:

This article is about the Jupiter probe project. For the spacecraft itself, see

20168: 20026: 20011: 18953: 18920: 18908: 18851: 18811: 18396: 18276: 18033: 17719: 17517: 17507: 17353: 17348: 17206: 16660: 16516: 15997: 15711: 15644: 15598: 13752: 13670: 13640: 13409: 12766: 12648: 12613: 12523: 10787:. The 1993 Space and Earth Science Data Compression Workshop. NASA. 19930015365 7470: 7186: 4857: 4852: 4783:

passed by Jupiter in 1992 on its mission to study the Sun's polar regions, and

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NASA engineers were able to recover the damaged tape-recorder electronics, and

4116:. The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an 3814: 3743:. The colorful surface is a mixture of red, white and yellow sulfur compounds. 3614: 3352: 3279: 3109: 2985: 2890: 2454: 2274: 2212: 1555: 1513: 1498: 1490: 1466: 1452:(OMB) was planning major cuts to NASA's budget, and was considering cancelling 1309: 1277: 1155: 1064: 895: 801: 13466: 10823: 10782: 7756: 7754: 4833:

The European Space Agency is planning to return to the Jovian system with the

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Imaging Team faced intimidation, scorn, and reduced career opportunities. The

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Cook, Jia-Rui; Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Neal-Jones, Nancy (September 18, 2013).

6603: 6594: 6563: 6554: 6373: 6320: 6311: 6208: 5581: 4751: 4450: 4156: 4113: 4014: 4005: 3860: 3802: 3735: 3663: 3638: 3610: 3238: 3052: 2976: 2965: 2949: 2853: 2351: 2149: 1906: 1632: 1533: 1372: 1331: 1245: 1220: 915: 879: 836: 832: 786: 587: 573: 551: 319: 49: 18449: 16806: 16106: 15689: 12875: 11973: 11637: 11559: 11283: 10954: 10784:

Proposed data compression schemes for the Galileo S-band contingency mission

10629: 10377: 10016:"Serendipitous Juno Detections Shatter Ideas About Origin of Zodiacal Light" 7416: 7414: 7389: 7387: 4750:

spacecraft identified the global structure and dynamics of a giant planet's

4295:

Artist's concept of Galileo passing near Jupiter's small inner moon Amalthea

4040: 3323:

and awaiting further instructions from Earth, but this was not possible for

3108: mi) from Earth, and telemetry from the spacecraft, transmitted at the 2218: 1299:, the chairman of the Independent Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee. The 20180: 19928: 19839: 19675: 18693: 18686: 18271: 17838: 16884: 16766: 16607: 16522: 16446: 16422: 16288: 16249: 16219: 16206: 16201: 15977: 15957: 15952: 15813: 15541: 15514: 15429: 15392: 14932: 14926: 14825: 14491: 14486: 14411: 14381: 14244: 14239: 14223: 14034: 14029: 14024: 13870: 13865: 13762: 13514: 12432: 12185: 12129: 12073: 12046: 11831: 11791: 11372: 11114: 10839: 10688: 10614:. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 415–442. 10589: 10562: 10545: 10401: 9255: 9153: 7751: 4791: 4643:, a philosophy of non-interference with alien life forms enunciated by the 4435: 4319: 4307: 4291: 4180: 4152: 4141: 4101: 3949: 3769: 3753: 3380: 3073: 2948:

project members to select a name for the moon, which was ultimately dubbed

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project manager from 1992 to 1997, expressed confidence that 70 percent of

2744: 2582: 2331: 2157: 2085: 2031: 1571: 1546: 1261: 1212: 1191:, which gave a 360-degree view of the surroundings, and did not require an 957: 930:

at peak performance, but were still functional, so a second extension, the

911: 883: 766: 15058: 11699: 11583: 10337: 10077: 9892: 8344: 8342: 8124: 7970: 6800: 6798: 6785: 6783: 5869: 20122: 20051: 19877: 19757: 19494: 19320: 19238: 19203: 17233: 17109: 16851: 16818: 16356: 16138: 15225: 14961: 14817: 14785: 14335: 14060: 14055: 12847: 11016:(Report). Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. GAO/NSIAD-88-138FS. 10563:"Galileo's Encounter with 243 Ida: An Overview of the Imaging Experiment" 9944: 9732: 7411: 7399: 7384: 5033:

Galileo Early Cruise, Including Venus, First Earth, and Gaspra Encounters

4728: 3978: 3890: 3727: 3060: 3056: 2671: 2490: 2419: 2184:

was soon headed towards Venus at over 14,000 km/h (9,000 mph).

1949:. The Canberra antennae were supplemented by the 64-meter antenna at the 1934: 1659: 1542: 1285: 1135: 907: 11998:. DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series. Washington, DC: NASA. 11624: 9748: 9556:"Galileo Mystery Solved: The Star, Not The Instrument, Was On The Blink" 9247: 9151:

Cowen, Ron (March 3, 2001). "Images Suggest Icy Eruptions on Ganymede".

8755: 8289: 6455: 6443: 6431: 6186: 6180: 3474:

high at around 610 kilometers per hour (170 m/s). The abundance of

716: 19716: 19576: 17964: 17666: 17659: 17174: 16534: 16452: 15768: 15436: 15210: 14809: 14793: 14770: 14668: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14376: 14371: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 13789: 13238: 13233: 12986: 12388: 12381: 12295: 12177: 12121: 11745: 11364: 11239: 10903: 10878: 10680: 10537: 10495: 10393: 10329: 9766: 9178: 9070:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 96-255. Archived from 8339: 6880: 6795: 6780: 6247: 5904:(Press Kit). NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. December 1995. 4708:

support the theory that liquid oceans exist under Europa's icy surface.

4636: 4508: 4502: 4089: 3783:

flew past Io on orbits I24 and I25, and it would revisit Io during the

3746: 2865: 2845: 2751: 2578: 2519: 2415: 2290: 2053: 2035: 1805: 1235: 1200: 1003: 997: 828: 816: 467: 124: 12224: 11516: 10138: 5725:"Seeing in the Dark. Astronomy Topics. Light as a Cosmic Time Machine" 5094: 4088:

and the Earth. This allowed Canberra and Goldstone to investigate the

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Some observations of Europa were made during orbits G1 and G2. On C3,

3164:

orbiter encountered a severe dust storm 63 million kilometers (39

2027:

load of plutonium. By 1989, plutonium had been used in 22 spacecraft.

1339:

and the three-stage IUS required a special lightweight version of the

18645: 18638: 18566: 18381: 18354: 18202: 18114: 17974: 17943: 17936: 17733: 17631: 17385: 16845: 16730: 16481: 16474: 16428: 16329: 16323: 15807: 15801: 15758: 15684: 15588: 15250: 15100: 14955: 14869: 14801: 14683: 14597: 14507: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14444: 14437: 14430: 14363: 14356: 14349: 14019: 14004: 13972: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13944: 13937: 13735: 13730: 13431: 13426: 13228: 13223: 13213: 13193: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13036: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12981: 12966: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12887: 12711: 12658: 12643: 12531: 12409: 12402: 11925: 11898: 11775: 11627:

Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Galileo Mission (Tier 2)

11471:. 1994 IEEE Aerospace Applications Conference. Vail, Colorado: IEEE. 11443: 11098: 10757: 10157: 9854:

National Research Council & European Space Science Committee 1998

9494: 7847: 7668: 7583: 7043: 6986: 6827: 6825: 4732: 4721: 4632: 4553:. About 10 minutes after the closest approach of the Amalthea flyby, 3849: 3675: 3671: 3492: 3401: 3315:

was 9 million kilometers (5.6 million miles) from Jupiter.

3288: 3234: 2721: 2717: 2662: 2544: 2299: 2286: 2256: 2089: 1987: 1663: 1562: 1249: 1207:

jet thrusters. Attitude was determined with reference to the Sun and

1035: 1029: 914:

on the four small inner moons. The extent and structure of Jupiter's

899: 867: 859: 736: 11582:

National Research Council; European Space Science Committee (1998).

9162: 8450:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. December 17, 1999. 8193:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 17, 1999. 7334:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 24, 2011 . Archived from 4159:. Ganymede has three times as much water for its mass as Earth has. 3526:

trajectory around Jupiter from August 1, 1995, to September 30, 2003

1561:

During testing, contamination was discovered in the system of metal

1554:

project. The 29 Amphitrite flyby was approved by NASA Administrator

20330:

Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love

20046: 19680: 18846: 18529: 18508: 16651: 16191: 15753: 15672: 15561: 15387: 15245: 15220: 15215: 14688: 14320: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 13997: 13907: 13794: 13378: 13277: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 12976: 12960: 12921: 9533: 9506: 9272:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 4, 1996. 8623: 8621: 8191:"Galileo Probe Results Suggest Jupiter Had an Ancient, Chilly Past" 7720:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. October 26, 1995. 6837: 6810: 6749: 4825:, rather than from comets or asteroids, as was previously thought. 4663: 4255: 4249: 4191: 4117: 3475: 3379:

yet attempted by any spacecraft; the probe had to withstand a peak

3222: 3007: 2513:

second gravity-assist flyby of Earth, the spacecraft flew over the

2253: 1962: 1697: 1628: 1592: 1312:

in 1610. It was noted at the time that the name was also that of a

1204: 824: 19961: 11874: 11595: 10445: 10418: 6822: 6203: 6201: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5365: 5363: 3335: 2697: 2172:

on October 18, and went into a 343-kilometer (213 mi) orbit.

2106: 1629:

general-purpose heat source radioisotope thermoelectric generators

1477:. It was also interested in the manner in which JPL was designing 19294: 18968: 18745: 18535: 17896: 17886: 17789: 17228: 16925: 16908: 16774: 16737: 16279: 16254: 16084: 15894: 15608: 15524: 15190: 15068: 14889: 14883: 14877: 14608: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14155: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 13849: 13325: 12653: 12361: 5568:"What Shuttle Should Have Been: The October 1977 Flight Manifest" 4579: 3693: 3630: 3622: 3547: 3500: 3462: 3360: 2920: 2900: 2759: 2754:, allowing it to communicate even when not pointed at Earth, its 2374: 1819: 1763: 1584: 1208: 953: 855: 840: 784:

probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989, by

758: 540: 514: 491: 79: 11469:

Performing the Galileo mission using the S-band low-gain antenna

10799: 10128: 10001: 8618: 7013:"NASA's Deep Space Optical Comm Demo Sends, Receives First Data" 4925:

Earth's magnetic field varies from 22,000 to 67,000 nanoteslas.

4566:(LEDs) located in the drive electronics of the recorder's motor 3363:-ice particles at a pressure of 0.5 to 0.6 bar; a middle one of 1635:

that generated 570 Watts at launch. The atmospheric probe had a

19918: 19913: 19866: 19829: 19818: 19665: 19636: 19520: 19421: 19379: 19309: 19304: 19248: 18863: 17930: 17861: 17358: 17223: 16743: 16629: 16624: 16244: 16224: 16210: 16186: 15987: 15576: 15571: 15481: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14693: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14405: 14249: 14183: 14178: 14160: 13891: 13844: 13839: 13811: 13723: 13492: 13172: 13167: 13146: 13141: 13042: 13016: 13011: 12971: 12311: 10417:

Atkinson, David H.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Seiff, Alvin (1997).

9310:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. May 23, 1997. 8529:"Jupiter's Io Generates Power and Noise, But No Magnetic Field" 7460: 7458: 6914: 6470:"Four New Shuttle Crews Named (STS-32, STS-33, STS-34, STS-35)" 6198: 6000: 5935: 5375: 5360: 5288: 4628:

in 1964, and was subsequently applied to all planetary probes.

4575: 4096:

On December 11, 2013, NASA reported, based on results from the

3853: 3483: 3479: 3226: 2241: 2234: 2122: 2111: 2101: 1647: 1273: 1024: 797: 330: 11853:

Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016

9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 8973: 8971: 8892: 8890: 8709: 8707: 8694: 8692: 8502:"Spacecraft to Fly Over Source of Recent Polar Eruption on Io" 8483: 8481: 8400:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. May 3, 1996. 8267: 8265: 8214: 8212: 7771: 7769: 7741: 7739: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7130: 7128: 5031:

Beyer, P. E.; O'Connor, R. C.; Mudgway, D. J. (May 15, 1992).

4603: 1855:

Without Centaur, it looked like there was no means of getting

757:

was an American robotic space program that studied the planet

18704: 17954: 17727: 17691: 17686: 17477: 16707: 16685: 16301: 16043: 15534: 15396: 14663: 14075: 14065: 12801: 11590:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. pp. 42–100. 10612:

To Reach the High Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles

8983: 8875: 8851: 8277: 7603:"Critical Engine Firing Successful for Jupiter-Bound Galileo" 7269:"Advanced Systems Program and the Galileo Mission to Jupiter" 6904: 6902: 6133: 6111: 6109: 4462: 4439: 4271:

Europa and Ganymede, might have a subsurface ocean of brine.

4144: 4121: 4029: 3787:

Millennium Mission (GMM) on orbits I27, I31, I32 and I33. As

3504: 3496: 2961: 2841: 2804: 2531: 2378: 2197: 1791: 1777: 1532:

In December 1984, Casani proposed adding a flyby of asteroid

812: 808: 461:

960 kilometers (600 mi) and 303 kilometers (188 mi)

439: 411: 15344:

Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in

11416: 9027: 8604:"Farewell, Io; Galileo Paying Last Visit to a Restless Moon" 7823: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7426: 5809: 5693: 5005:(Press Kit). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. December 1995. 4512:, since much of the design work was underway before the two 4188:

brine ocean 200 kilometers (120 mi) below the surface.

1650:-abundance detector to study atmospheric composition, and a 19028: 18740: 17049: 16973: 14851: 14325: 13694: 13635: 13617: 12082:

Waldrop, M. Mitchell (September 10, 1982). "Centaur Wars".

12044: 11949: 10930: 10733: 10025: 9975: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9705: 9693: 9671:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 2002-213. 9616: 9604: 9592: 9185: 9132: 9120: 9078: 8968: 8887: 8863: 8839: 8797: 8743: 8731: 8704: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8504:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 2001-161. 8478: 8466: 8428: 8416: 8398:"NASA's Galileo Finds Giant Iron Core in Jupiter's Moon Io" 8366: 8354: 8301: 8295: 8262: 8250: 8209: 8059: 7766: 7736: 7656: 7621: 7559: 7535: 7497: 7479: 7420: 7405: 7393: 7365: 7353: 7206: 7204: 7152: 7125: 7101: 7074: 7062: 6162: 5631: 5629: 5537: 5535: 5252: 5250: 4822: 4789:

coasted by the planet in 2000 and 2001 en route to Saturn.

3877:

Io in sped-up motion; a rotation actually takes 1.769 days

3765: 2774: 2536: 1674:

for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis, and an

1211:, which were monitored with two primary and four secondary 921:

The primary mission concluded on December 7, 1997, but the

800:

mission, and arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after

90: 12045:

Veverka, J.; Belton, M.; Klaasen, K.; Chapman, C. (1994).

10911:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA. SP-4230. 10154:"NASA Kills Europa Orbiter; Revamps Planetary Exploration" 7945: 7943: 7485: 7091: 7089: 6899: 6849: 6106: 5976: 2916: 2653:

headed beyond Earth, it was no longer risky to employ the

1997:

s GPHS-RTG modules, sought a court injunction prohibiting

1175:

spacecraft for the Jupiter orbiter like the ones used for

972:

Deep space flights would fly through interplanetary space;

13497: 9066:

Isbell, Douglas; Murrill, Mary Beth (December 12, 1996).

8719: 7571: 7438: 7329:"Galileo's Telecom Using The Low-Gain Spacecraft Antenna" 7263: 7261: 7216: 6926: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6152: 6150: 6148: 5964: 5547: 3801:

obtained a series of high-resolution color images of the

3311:

multiple times between 16 and 26 November, by which time

3282:

at 757 nm, 415 nm, 732 nm, and 886 nm

2169: 1485:, as this could be used to harden satellites against the 1188: 991:

missions would explore a planet's atmosphere and surface.

308: 19117: 12239: 11989:

Taylor, Jim; Cheung, Kar-Ming; Seo, Dongae (July 2002).

11625:

Office of Space Science and Applications (May 1, 1989).

11244:

Bold They Rise: The Space Shuttle Early Years, 1972–1986

10419:"Deep Winds on Jupiter as Measured by the Galileo Probe" 9808: 9389:"Galileo Succeeds in its Closest Flyby of a Jovian Moon" 8902: 8823:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 97-66. 8761: 7793: 7201: 6983:"NASA To Test Laser Communications With Mars Spacecraft" 5954: 5952: 5950: 5923: 5797: 5785: 5755: 5705: 5683: 5681: 5626: 5532: 5469: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5300: 5247: 5235: 5057: 5030: 4409: 3400:

The atmospheric probe deployed its 2.5-meter (8.2-foot)

2860:

performed the first asteroid encounter by a spacecraft.

2778: 1742:

trajectory from October 19, 1989, to September 30, 2003

149:

Jupiter orbit: 7 years, 9 months, 13 days

17018: 15413:

List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces

11659: 11324: 10473:

STS 30, 34 And 44 – A Rebirth Of The Planetary Missions

10289: 9869:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. 9648: 9574: 9482: 9335:"Galileo Mission Finds Strange Interior of Jovian Moon" 9308:"Galileo Returns New Insights into Callisto and Europa" 9288: 8776: 8653: 8378: 8348: 7940: 7866: 7781: 7760: 7644:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 95-147 7309: 7297: 7140: 7113: 7086: 6804: 6789: 6511: 6509: 5743: 5522: 5520: 5493:"More Hurdles Rise In Galileo Project To probe Jupiter" 5163: 5151: 4949:"The Final Day on Galileo – Sunday, September 21, 2003" 3926:

sped through an area that had been in the plume of the

2789:, while other data were compressed with variant of the 2708:

Investigators concluded that during the 4.5 years that

2397:, devised a set of experiments in the late 1980s using 2326: 2136:

Last-minute efforts by three environmental groups (the

2129:, scheduled for October 12, 1989, in the Space Shuttle 15408:

List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft

11124:

Europa - The Ocean Moon: Search for an Alien Biosphere

11074: 10905:

Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket

10854: 10416: 9632:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1999. Archived from 8130: 7674: 7589: 7547: 7258: 6861: 6768: 6720: 6145: 6121: 6024: 5348: 5223: 5139: 2530:

cameras, with their 1.1 kilometers (0.68 mi) per

2222:

Violet light image of Venus taken in February 1990 by

2140:, the Florida Coalition for Peace and Justice and the 1579:, on the first leg of its journey, a road trip to the 20358: 11272:

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1979-1984: A Chronology

6494: 6339: 6012: 5988: 5947: 5678: 5427: 5415: 5398: 3965:

revealed that the surface ice was covered in cracks.

3266:

True and false color images of Jupiter's cloud layers

11538:

Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep Space Network

11154:

Jupiter Odyssey: The Story of NASA's Galileo Mission

9438: 9436: 8821:"New Images Hint at Wet and Wild History For Europa" 8779:"Long-stressed Europa Likely Off-kilter at One Time" 6506: 5517: 4434:

to show the particles were predominantly >2

3637:

to sample different parts of the planet's extensive

3629:

The spacecraft traveled around Jupiter in elongated

3294:

Jovian lightning amidst clouds lit by Io's moonlight

2747:. Whatever the cause, the HGA was rendered useless. 2704:

with its high gain antenna open in the VPF on Earth

2388: 2200:

on February 9 was in view of the DSN's Canberra and

1473:, and could take independent evasive action against 13612: 11246:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 8814: 8812: 8634:. Teachlink @ Utah State University. Archived from 4662:prior to launch and could conceivably have carried 3775:Another opportunity to observe Io arose during the 3653:orbiter commenced an extended mission known as the 3152:orbiter by 61.9 meters per second (203 ft/s). 2766:Image data collected was buffered and collected in 1252:to launch payloads requiring something more than a 925:orbiter commenced an extended mission known as the 16:

American space program to study Jupiter (1989–2003)

12356: 9444: 7965:Isbell, Douglas; Morse, David (January 22, 1996). 7289:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from 5324:"Test Rocket for Planetary Exploration Rolled Out" 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4346:direction the asteroid was pointed in relation to 3730:of 1,821.3 kilometers (1,131.7 mi). It is in 3448:Jupiter's clouds - expected and actual results of 2899:performed close observations of another asteroid, 11544:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA. 11507:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA. 11214:Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics 11186:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 11156:. London: Springer Science & Business Media. 10178:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 9433: 8950:"Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa" 8925:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 8781:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 8531:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 7605:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 7233: 7231: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4477:Jupiter's inner magnetosphere and radiation belts 3124:orbiter could now fire its 400-newton (90 lb 2410:in 1993 detailing the results of the experiment. 2395:life on Earth could be easily detected from space 1347:stripped of all non-essential equipment, and the 163:4,631,778,000 km (2.88 billion mi) 152:Final: 13 years, 11 months, 3 days 146:Planned: 8 years, 1 month, 19 days 20396: 12796: 11391:The Galileo High Gain Antenna Deployment Anomaly 10234:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 9095: 9093: 8809: 7969:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 7694:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 7271:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 7185:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 6956:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 6283:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 3120:) thrusters, but with the probe on its way, the 2777:) memory devices might not be reliable during a 2273:certain parts of the infrared spectrum that the 1187:was stabilized by spinning the spacecraft at 60 1011:given responsibility for planning the missions. 20131:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 12047:"Galileo's Encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview" 11988: 10969: 10781:Cheung, Kar-Ming; Tong, Kevin (April 1, 1993). 10470:Bangsund, Ed; Knutson, Robert (April 1, 1988). 10469: 10352: 9512: 9500: 9102:"Solar System's Moon Likely Has a Hidden Ocean" 8606:(Press release). NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory 7844:"Probing Planets: Can You Get There From Here?" 7718:"Galileo on Track After Tape Recorder Recovery" 6192: 6139: 5656:"NASA Weighs Deferring 1982 Mission to Jupiter" 4943: 4941: 4916:A 12-Volt car battery has about 600 Watt-Hours. 4013:arrived at a figure of 30 to 70 million years. 2009:8/9 had 7 percent more plutonium on board than 1848:could not be launched before October 1989. The 882:, and there were indications of similar liquid- 12136: 11725:(Report). Washington, DC: NASA. Archived from 11269:Janson, Bette R.; Ritchie, Eleanor H. (1990). 11216:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 10636: 10227:Tan-Wang, Grace; Sell, Steve (June 26, 2019). 10202:"Mission Updates | NASA's Europa Clipper" 9727:. Vol. 89, no. 4. pp. 296–299. 9720: 9716: 9714: 9362:"Jupiter's Moon Callisto May Hide Salty Ocean" 8941: 8772: 8770: 7228: 6843: 6816: 6551:"Protest groups move to halt space mission..." 4963: 4731:is formed by dust kicked up as interplanetary 4468: 3714:(equivalent to $ 2 billion in 2023). Of this, 3421:Artist's impression of the probe's entry into 2393:Carl Sagan, pondering the question of whether 19977: 19103: 18479: 18465: 17034: 16136: 16122: 15373: 15322:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings 13598: 12782: 12342: 12025:(Report). NASA History Office. Archived from 12020:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience 11308:Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon – 1972–2013 11268: 10496:"Images from Galileo of the Venus Cloud Deck" 10492: 9455:. Vol. 31, no. 10. pp. 36–41. 9218:. Vol. 282, no. 2. pp. 40–49. 9090: 9065: 8819:Savage, Donald; Platt, Jane (April 9, 1997). 7805: 6831: 6475:(Press release). NASA. 88-049. Archived from 6456:Office of Space Science and Applications 1989 6444:Office of Space Science and Applications 1989 6432:Office of Space Science and Applications 1989 6181:Office of Space Science and Applications 1989 5843:(Press release). NASA. 85-022. Archived from 5699: 5610:. John H. Evans Library Digital Collections. 5065:"Welcome to the Galileo Orbiter Archive Page" 4828: 4805:The next mission to orbit Jupiter was NASA's 4598: 3992:paid it a final visit on E26 during the GMM. 3144:probe's project manager, Marcie Smith at the 2550: 2152:wrote that while the legal challenge was not 1465:using onboard systems rather than relying on 1264:Interim Upper Stage (IUS), later renamed the 962:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 15302:List of species that have landed on the Moon 11806: 11744: 11588:U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science 11208: 11178: 10901: 10560: 10226: 10054:. European Space Agency. September 1, 2019. 9867:"New Horizons: The Path to Pluto and Beyond" 9415:"30 Years Ago: Galileo off to Orbit Jupiter" 8869: 7841: 7829: 7503: 7491: 7464: 6920: 6696:"Galileo Travels 292,500 Miles Toward Venus" 6213:"Groups Protest Use of Plutonium on Galileo" 6168: 6051:"Stalwart Galileo Is Vaporized Near Jupiter" 6041: 6039: 6006: 5941: 5893: 5891: 5646: 5644: 5392: 5369: 5294: 5209:"Voyager 2 Launched Before Voyager 1 - NASA" 4938: 4631:The danger was highlighted in 1969 when the 2632: 1728:could not be launched before December 1987. 1288:1978 funding with the Space Shuttle and the 819:. Despite suffering major antenna problems, 9919:"NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Launch Schedule" 9711: 9003:"An Overview of the Earth's Magnetic Field" 8818: 8767: 8448:"Galileo Sees Dazzling Lava Fountain on Io" 8094: 8013:. Galileo – NASA Solar System Exploration. 7993:"The Galileo Probe Mission Events Timeline" 7964: 7924:. NASA Ames Research Center. Archived from 7893:. NASA Ames Research Center. Archived from 7642:"Galileo Flying Through Intense Dust Storm" 7287:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – PDMP Details" 5650: 5487: 4500:computers were based on data returned from 1489:of nuclear explosions. On February 6, 1981 1358:In the Vertical Processing Facility (VPF), 769:bodies. Named after the Italian astronomer 19984: 19970: 19110: 19096: 18472: 18458: 17413:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 17041: 17027: 16129: 16115: 15380: 15366: 13605: 13591: 12789: 12775: 12349: 12335: 11184:Development of the Space Shuttle 1972–1981 10780: 9157:. Vol. 159, no. 9. p. 133. 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 7237: 7222: 6881:"Collaborative Study of Earth's Bow Shock" 6406:(Report). NASA. JPL D-4896. Archived from 6358:Portree, David S. F. (December 18, 2012). 4626:International Council of Scientific Unions 4620:not occur. This figure was adopted by the 3436:Timeline of the probe's atmospheric entry 3351:and encountered a previously undiscovered 3225:digital tape recorder was manufactured by 2202:Madrid Deep Space Communications Complexes 2144:) to halt the launch were rejected by the 1481:to withstand the intense radiation of the 1268:(with the same acronym), for the purpose. 1199:had an attitude control system with three 1027:. They were followed by the more advanced 898:and the spacecraft found new evidence for 561:December 7, 1995, 22:04 UTC SCET 535:December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC SCET 48: 18307:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 15897:(multiple flybys and sample return, 2026) 15810:(multiple flybys and sample return, 2025) 12072: 11924: 11897:Stevenson, David J. (December 12, 1996). 11896: 11238: 11121: 10588: 10444: 10013: 9790:"Galileo spacecraft crashes into Jupiter" 9617:Fieseler, Ardalan & Frederickson 2002 9605:Fieseler, Ardalan & Frederickson 2002 9593:Fieseler, Ardalan & Frederickson 2002 8989: 8896: 8881: 8857: 8725: 8698: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8296:Fieseler, Ardalan & Frederickson 2002 8283: 7915: 7884: 7359: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6401:Galileo: Uncontrolled STS Orbiter Reentry 6045: 6036: 5888: 5815: 5641: 4543: 2996: 2654: 1939:Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex 1716:would have to compete with high-priority 11584:"Case Studies of U.S.-European Missions" 11035: 10703: 10229:"Europa Lander Mission Concept Overview" 8923:"Galileo finds Europa has an Atmosphere" 8908: 7432: 6548: 6398: 6242: 6240: 5024: 4602: 4574:LEDs had been particularly sensitive to 4472: 4290: 4254: 4214: 4190: 4131: 4039: 3994: 3981:that blocked transmission for ten days. 3948: 3865: 3745: 3514: 3334: 3208: 3006: 2915: 2840: 2696: 2636: 2330: 2217: 2188:returned to Earth safely on October 23. 2105: 1896: 1730: 1507: 1501:, the director of the OMB, arguing that 1420: 1353: 31:. For astronomy education resource, see 18392:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 12081: 12017: 12005:from the original on September 20, 2020 11534: 11493: 11387: 11305: 11148: 10918:from the original on September 29, 2006 10902:Dawson, Virginia; Bowles, Mark (2004). 9666: 9654: 9580: 9526:"Science with The Galileo Star Scanner" 9488: 9442: 9294: 9213: 9198: 9138: 9126: 9099: 9084: 9041:"Galileo Makes Discoveries at Ganymede" 8977: 8845: 8803: 8749: 8737: 8713: 8601: 8526: 8499: 8487: 8472: 8434: 8422: 8384: 8372: 8360: 8307: 8271: 8256: 8218: 8144:"Galileo Probe Mission Science Summary" 8071: 8065: 7960: 7958: 7949: 7885:Magalhães, Julio (September 17, 1997). 7872: 7787: 7775: 7745: 7662: 7639: 7627: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7541: 7449: 7378: 7315: 7303: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7080: 7068: 6975: 6932: 6908: 6867: 6855: 6774: 6756:from the original on September 28, 2023 6731: 6500: 6360:"If Galileo Had Fallen to Earth (1988)" 6357: 6345: 6156: 6127: 6115: 6030: 6018: 5994: 5982: 5958: 5929: 5827: 5803: 5791: 5761: 5749: 5711: 5687: 5635: 5566:Portree, David S. F. (March 24, 2012). 5565: 5553: 5541: 5481: 5475: 5438: 5421: 5354: 5318: 5306: 5256: 5241: 5229: 5169: 5157: 5145: 4136:Ganymede, photographed on June 26, 1996 3189:encountered them. While data from both 2289:caused by Venus's interaction with the 1448:In February 1981, JPL learned that the 968:(JPL) developed four mission concepts: 902:around Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. 20397: 17180:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 15297:List of artificial objects on the Moon 12756:Colonization of the outer Solar System 11714: 11467:Marr, James C. (February 5–12, 1994). 11404:from the original on November 21, 2020 11008: 10605: 10151: 9873:from the original on December 24, 2020 9829:"Galileo – 10 Key Science Discoveries" 9395:from the original on December 26, 2020 9276:from the original on November 30, 2021 9270:"Galileo makes close pass by Callisto" 9009:from the original on September 7, 2023 8948:Cook, Jia-Rui c. (December 11, 2013). 8929:from the original on November 30, 2021 8785:from the original on February 19, 2021 8454:from the original on November 30, 2021 8197:from the original on November 30, 2021 8160: 8017:from the original on February 19, 2018 7854:from the original on February 12, 2009 7724:from the original on November 30, 2021 6938: 6887:from the original on November 16, 2020 6743: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6622: 6515: 6275: 6273: 6252:"Galileo: To Launch or not to Launch?" 6225:from the original on February 12, 2021 6081: 5970: 5911:from the original on November 16, 2001 5870:"How Many Watt Hours in a Car Battery" 5614:from the original on November 30, 2021 5526: 5409: 5087: 5012:from the original on November 16, 2001 4635:astronauts returned components of the 4365:10 lb), and with a volume of 2.43 4166:entered Jovian orbit, it did so at an 2895:Following the second Earth encounter, 2831: 2338:image of Earth, taken in December 1990 2030:Activists remembered the crash of the 854:Jupiter's atmospheric composition and 357:December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC 238:Orbiter: 1,880 kg (4,140 lb) 221:Orbiter: 2,220 kg (4,890 lb) 20101:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina 19965: 19091: 18610:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer 18453: 17970:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 17022: 16110: 15361: 13586: 12770: 12592:Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace 12330: 12200: 11612:from the original on November 7, 2018 11569:from the original on February 1, 2021 11497:Mission to Jupiter: A History of the 10110:from the original on October 12, 2022 9796:from the original on December 5, 2020 9368:from the original on December 6, 2020 9341:from the original on October 17, 2020 9314:from the original on January 25, 2021 9150: 9108:from the original on October 18, 2020 8920: 8535:from the original on February 1, 2021 8404:from the original on February 1, 2021 8349:Anderson, Sjogren & Schubert 1996 8112:from the original on October 23, 2020 8047:from the original on January 27, 2023 7916:Magalhães, Julio (December 6, 1996). 7815:. NASA. June 14, 1996. Archived from 7799: 7609:from the original on February 1, 2021 7238:Sarkissian, John M. (November 1997). 7037: 6993:from the original on November 8, 2021 6641:from the original on October 11, 2006 6399:McRonald, Angus D. (April 15, 1988). 6380:from the original on October 27, 2020 6327:from the original on October 28, 2020 6246: 6237: 6207: 6094:from the original on December 7, 2021 6082:Spotts, Peter N. (December 3, 1987). 5731:from the original on October 26, 2020 5189:from the original on October 28, 2020 5183:"NSSDCA: Voyager Project Information" 5096:Mission to Jupiter: a History of the 5045:from the original on January 25, 2021 4758: 4227:meteor activity in the Solar system. 2884: 2440: 2429:experiments were thus the first ever 2373:, which were thought to be caused by 2125:was the mission designated to launch 2038:satellite in Canada in 1978, and the 1007:, were approved in 1969, with NASA's 945:the moons with terrestrial bacteria. 906:also discovered that Jupiter's faint 453:December 8, 1990 and December 8, 1992 27:. For the project to study UFOs, see 23:. For the navigation satellites, see 18432: 14998:International Lunar Research Station 11953:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 11466: 11293:from the original on January 8, 2021 10934:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 10058:from the original on October 2, 2023 9787: 9421:from the original on August 31, 2020 8947: 8232:"Solar System Exploration – Galileo" 8131:Atkinson, Ingersoll & Seiff 1997 7955: 7842:Chu-Thielbar, Lisa (July 19, 2007). 7210: 6708:from the original on August 28, 2017 6530:from the original on August 27, 2017 6467: 6307:"Plutonium gets a lift from Galileo" 5666:from the original on August 27, 2017 5336:from the original on August 10, 2020 4591:flight team then began a series of " 3644: 3330: 2991: 2327:Earth's bow shock and the solar wind 1852:spacecraft was shipped back to JPL. 1469:, which were not "hardened" against 870:with Jupiter's atmosphere. The data 218:Total: 2,560 kg (5,640 lb) 19991: 15816:(multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028) 13541:List of artificial objects on Venus 11884:from the original on April 24, 2019 11647:from the original on April 11, 2023 11388:Johnson, Michael R. (May 1, 1994). 10267:from the original on March 18, 2021 10182:from the original on March 23, 2021 10032:from the original on March 18, 2021 10014:Shekhtman, Lonnie (March 9, 2021). 9675:from the original on April 28, 2024 9669:"Galileo Millennium Mission Status" 9386: 8508:from the original on April 28, 2024 7038:Jones, Andrew (December 20, 2023). 6653: 6468:Carr, Jeffrey (November 10, 1988). 6270: 5588:from the original on March 17, 2014 5127:from the original on March 24, 2018 5075:from the original on April 11, 2023 3604:With the probe data collected, the 3088: 2923:, with its moon Dactyl to the right 2573:in California and the other at the 2309: 1973: 1505:was vital to the nation's defense. 1256:, but this was never approved. The 13: 18622:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer 17086:National Aeronautics and Space Act 13712:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program 12308:by NASA's Solar System Exploration 12292:by NASA's Solar System Exploration 11023:from the original on June 12, 2024 10480:from the original on June 23, 2021 10476:. The Space Congress Proceedings. 10263:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 10208:from the original on April 3, 2024 10152:Berger, Brian (February 4, 2002). 10084:from the original on April 3, 2024 10052:"JUICE's primary target: Ganymede" 9951:from the original on April 3, 2024 9899:from the original on March 1, 2018 9895:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 9835:from the original on July 19, 2009 9788:Bond, Peter (September 21, 2003). 9667:Webster, Guy (November 25, 2002). 9562:from the original on April 7, 2024 9100:Webster, Guy (December 16, 2000). 8952:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 8827:from the original on April 2, 2024 8527:Webster, Guy (December 10, 2001). 8327:from the original on July 19, 2009 8161:Sawyer, Kathy (January 23, 1996). 8100:"Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" 7523:from the original on April 3, 2024 7246:from the original on June 18, 2021 7050:from the original on April 2, 2024 7019:from the original on April 2, 2024 6676:from the original on July 17, 2017 6516:Sawyer, Kathy (October 17, 1989). 5876:from the original on April 9, 2024 4951:. Spaceref.com. September 19, 2003 4525:Bastille Day coronal mass ejection 4259:The internal structure of Callisto 4195:The internal structure of Ganymede 2369:The NIMS was employed to look for 2191: 1844:April 1987, JPL was informed that 1681: 1668:near-infrared mapping spectrometer 894:. Ganymede was shown to possess a 858:clouds were recorded, as were the 642:Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer 255:Orbiter: 118 kg (260 lb) 14: 20431: 19012:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher 18959:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 18040:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 17594:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 17003:List of extraterrestrial orbiters 12280: 10131:The Europa Orbiter Mission Design 9983:from the original on May 19, 2021 9359: 9332: 9232:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-40 8956:from the original on May 28, 2019 8602:Webster, Guy (January 15, 2002). 8581:"Eruption at Tvashtar Catena, Io" 8555:"Dashing through the Snows of Io" 7640:Isbel, Douglas; Wilson, James H. 6744:Bettex, Morgan (August 3, 2010). 6610:from the original on May 14, 2024 6570:from the original on May 14, 2024 6549:Gavaghan, Helen (March 3, 1990). 6063:from the original on May 19, 2024 5505:from the original on May 23, 2021 5123:. NASA Solar System Exploration. 4840: 4683: 3706:. The total cost of the original 3626:limiting the radiation exposure. 2956:, mythical beings which lived on 2621:Deep Space Optical Communications 2581:. The Table Mountain site used a 2389:Remote detection of life on Earth 2302:on Venus was conducted using the 1722:tracking and data relay satellite 433:16,000 kilometers (9,900 mi) 20380: 20368: 20037:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment 19077:Space Flight Operations Facility 18869:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 18431: 18420: 18419: 18335:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 18093:Space Flight Operations Facility 17279:Operations and Checkout Building 16896:Double Asteroid Redirection Test 15486: 15480: 15474: 15468: 15317:Moon landing conspiracy theories 12886: 12880: 12874: 12624:Innovative Interstellar Explorer 12442: 12018:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988). 10253: 10220: 10194: 10176:"Missions | Europa Clipper" 10168: 10145: 10122: 10096: 10070: 10044: 10007: 9963: 9937: 9911: 9885: 9859: 9781: 9755: 9660: 9622: 9548: 9518: 9407: 9380: 9353: 9326: 9300: 9262: 9144: 9059: 9033: 8995: 8914: 8595: 8573: 8547: 8520: 8493: 8440: 8390: 8313: 8224: 8183: 8154: 8136: 8029: 8003: 7985: 7909: 7878: 7835: 7710: 7680: 7633: 7595: 7590:D'Amario, Bright & Wolf 1992 7509: 7321: 7279: 7164: 7031: 7005: 5608:"STS Flight Assignment Baseline" 4919: 4864: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4232:to active geological processes. 4073:, an engineer at JPL working on 3863:estimated the odds at 1 in 500. 3846:NASA Infrared Telescope Facility 3441: 3429: 3414: 3287: 3271: 3259: 3251:Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft) 2483: 2465: 2447: 2229:solid state imaging (SSI) system 1662:and Jovian dust detector, and a 1520:pose in front of a model of the 1362:is prepared for mating with the 723:Large Strategic Science Missions 715: 509:2,400 kilometers (1,500 mi) 241:Probe: 340 kg (750 lb) 224:Probe: 340 kg (750 lb) 20420:Missions to main-belt asteroids 18926:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 17554:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 15584:International Cometary Explorer 15034:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission 12204:Journal of Geophysical Research 10637:Carlson, R. W.; Baines, K. H.; 9532:. July 19, 2008. Archived from 8500:Webster, Guy (August 1, 2001). 7967:"Galileo Probe Science Results" 6873: 6746:"Explained: The Doppler Effect" 6737: 6688: 6582: 6542: 6461: 6392: 6351: 6299: 6075: 5862: 5828:Nesbitt, Steve (May 31, 1985). 5821: 5767: 5717: 5600: 5559: 5444: 5312: 5262: 5201: 5175: 4910: 4900: 4891: 4851:concluded, NASA considered the 4704:Several lines of evidence from 4422: 3355:ten times as strong as Earth's 2645:with antenna not fully deployed 2613:Space Defense Operations Center 2168:finally lifted off at 16:53:40 2007:Lincoln Experimental Satellites 1495:President pro tem of the Senate 1450:Office of Management and Budget 780:consisted of an orbiter and an 15903:(spacecraft refueling concept) 12607:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter 7813:"Galileo Probe Mission Events" 5270:"NASA's 50 Year Men and Women" 5113: 4063:Kitt Peak National Observatory 3919:properties as that of Earth. 3734:with Ganymede and Europa, and 3155: 2960:, the geographical feature on 2852:Two months after entering the 2597:telescope for transmission to 1456:. The USAF intervened to save 1435:San Diego Air and Space Museum 1325: 1171:Ames and JPL decided to use a 1128:Following the approval of the 485:1,601 kilometers (995 mi) 258:Probe: 30 kg (66 lb) 109: 25:Galileo (satellite navigation) 1: 19006:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 13536:Observations and explorations 13437:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe 12264:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00048-4 12162:10.1126/science.253.5027.1525 12106:10.1126/science.217.4564.1012 11349:10.1126/science.253.5027.1516 11009:Finley, Harry R. (May 1988). 10665:10.1126/science.253.5027.1541 10610:; Jenkins, Dennis R. (eds.). 10522:10.1126/science.253.5027.1531 10282: 9005:. British Geological Survey. 8921:Platt, Jane (July 18, 1997). 8629:"Europa – Jupiter's Icy Moon" 8041:NASA Solar System Exploration 6140:Taylor, Cheung & Seo 2002 5830:"NASA Names Flight Crews for 4611:entering Jupiter's atmosphere 3792:mode incident; this time the 2836: 2366:caused by lightning strikes. 2362:detected magnetic storms and 2142:Foundation on Economic Trends 1904:is prepared for release from 1608: 1260:(USAF) instead developed the 1123: 1117:August 2003 – September 2003 1069:October 1977 – February 1988 956:is the largest planet in the 948: 886:layers under the surfaces of 381:Controlled entry into Jupiter 20093:Letter to Benedetto Castelli 19072:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking 18932:Wide Field Infrared Explorer 18616:Soil Moisture Active Passive 18519:Atmospheric infrared sounder 18372:Space program on U.S. stamps 18297:Gemini and Apollo medallions 18247:Solar System Family Portrait 18023:Joint Polar Satellite System 17892:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 17146:Vision for Space Exploration 17116:Space Exploration Initiative 16230:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 15859:(multiple flybys, 2026–2029) 15332:List of crewed lunar landers 15292:List of missions to the Moon 15115:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander 15074:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope 14846:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost 14161:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna) 13817:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 13472:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar 11684:10.1126/science.272.5263.854 11632:(Report). Washington: NASA. 11535:Mudgway, Douglas J. (2001). 11060:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.02.018 10994:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.012 10711:. New York: Harper Collins. 10314:10.1126/science.272.5262.709 9765:. NASA. 2010. Archived from 5775:"Asteroid 29 Flyby Approved" 4932: 4516:arrived at Jupiter in 1979. 3455:s atmospheric probe mission 3339:Inner descent module of the 2565:CCD. The experiment, dubbed 2146:District of Columbia Circuit 2056:, a strong supporter of the 1874:s only trip would be to the 1147:had conducted their flybys. 876:the theory of a liquid ocean 674:Energetic Particles Detector 389:September 21, 2003, 18:57:18 7: 18591:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 18367:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 18324:We choose to go to the Moon 18287:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 17845:International Space Station 17825:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 17564:Great Observatories program 17408:International Space Station 17386:Roscosmos State Corporation 17303:Science Mission Directorate 17249:Manned Space Flight Network 16993:List of Solar System probes 15174:International Lunar Network 12317:by Arizona State University 11899:"When Galileo met Ganymede" 11306:Jenkins, Dennis R. (2016). 11126:. Berlin: Springer-Praxis. 11122:Greenberg, Richard (2005). 7891:Probe Heat Shield Ablation" 7240:"The Parkes Galileo Tracks" 6637:. NASA. February 18, 2010. 6193:Bangsund & Knutson 1988 5110:, NASA SP 2007–4231, p. 188 4622:Committee on Space Research 4469:Radiation-related anomalies 4461:, brighter at maximum than 4286: 4243:operate as a gigantic array 4210: 4127: 4100:mission, the detection of " 3817:volcanic eruption centers. 3779:Europa Mission (GEM), when 3678:environment near Io, which 3059:and had been torn apart by 3011:Four images of Jupiter and 2712:spent in storage after the 2020:each carried 80 percent of 1341:Space Shuttle external tank 1215:sensors. There was also an 1109:January 2001 – August 2003 1085:March 1990 – December 1997 1077:February 1988 – March 1990 1042: 851:'s collision with Jupiter. 831:, and discovered the first 765:, as well as several other 658:Photopolarimeter-Radiometer 10: 20436: 20266:Galileo National Telescope 19049:Table Mountain Observatory 18184:NASA cameras on spacecraft 17995:James Webb Space Telescope 17907:Solar Dynamics Observatory 17128:U.S. National Space Policy 15885:(nuclear impactor concept) 13152:Pioneer Venus Small Probes 12861:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 12505:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 11992:Galileo Telecommunications 9630:"Instrument Host Overview" 9417:. NASA. October 17, 2019. 7242:. Trinity College Dublin. 6951:"GOPEX SPIE 1993 (Edited)" 6670:"PDS: Mission Information" 6635:"Mission Archives: STS-34" 5106:February 14, 2017, at the 4835:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 4829:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 4599:End of mission and deorbit 4219:Callisto, photographed by 3510: 3371:The descent probe entered 3301: 3248: 3244: 3130:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm 3015:in visible light taken by 3000: 2888: 2591:full width at half maximum 2571:Table Mountain Observatory 2433:in the newborn science of 2099: 1621:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm 1612: 1591:mission was scheduled for 1349:Space Shuttle main engines 1093:December 1997 – June 1998 729:Planetary Science Division 299:October 18, 1989, 16:53:40 193:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm 18: 20281: 20190: 20149: 20060: 19999: 19947: 19906: 19848: 19800: 19694: 19623: 19554: 19482: 19413: 19372: 19282: 19196: 19142: 19062: 19021: 18998: 18977: 18964:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 18946: 18875:Solar Mesosphere Explorer 18657: 18554:Large Binocular Telescope 18487: 18481:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 18415: 18315: 18192: 18107: 18052: 18015: 17814: 17624: 17611: 17541: 17455: 17445: 17400: 17326: 17315: 17259:Vehicle Assembly Building 17167: 17066: 17056: 16988: 16874: 16640: 16506: 16495: 16466: 16413: 16348: 16265: 16177: 16156: 16145: 16093: 16056:Small Solar System bodies 16034:Colonization of asteroids 16011: 15938:Asteroid Redirect Mission 15918: 15829: 15781: 15746: 15725: 15665: 15632: 15502: 15495: 15466: 15421: 15403: 15340: 15269: 15135: 15092: 15026: 15017: 14942: 14917: 14868: 14836: 14760: 14751: 14582: 14500: 14420: 14334: 14222: 14169: 13989: 13980:List of Apollo astronauts 13929: 13920: 13900: 13884: 13858: 13782: 13773: 13624: 13569: 13523: 13485: 13449: 13419: 13346: 13339: 13312: 13287: 13258: 13251: 13181: 13160: 13094: 13058: 12952: 12902: 12895: 12872: 12833: 12815: 12808: 12751:Missions to outer planets 12684: 12639:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter 12575: 12542: 12515: 12496: 12477: 12451: 12440: 12368: 12304:November 3, 2004, at the 11515:. SP-4231. Archived from 11494:Meltzer, Michael (2007). 11242:; Smith, Heather (2014). 10824:10.1038/s41586-018-0156-5 10021:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6590:"Green Light for Galileo" 6088:Christian Science Monitor 5899:"Galileo Jupiter Arrival" 5700:Janson & Ritchie 1990 5121:"In Depth | Jupiter" 5000:"Galileo Jupiter Arrival" 4108:), often associated with 4044:Plate tectonics on Europa 3944: 2787:discrete cosine transform 2633:High-gain antenna problem 2314: 2095: 1639:rated at 730 Watt-hours. 1101:June 1998 – January 2001 995:Two missions to Jupiter, 966:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 878:under the icy surface of 714: 702: 694: 686: 678: 670: 662: 654: 646: 638: 630: 623: 619: 615: 565: 557: 547: 539: 531: 521: 513: 505: 497: 489: 481: 473: 465: 457: 449: 437: 429: 421: 409: 405: 401: 385: 377: 372: 368: 364: 353: 340: 314: 295: 290: 286: 282: 265: 248: 231: 211: 188:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 180: 175: 171: 167: 159: 139: 119: 106: 96: 86: 75: 71: 63: 47: 20230:Galileo's objective lens 19054:Solar System Ambassadors 18881:Spaceborne Imaging Radar 18330:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 18254:The Day the Earth Smiled 17589:Solar Terrestrial Probes 17048: 17008:List of space telescopes 15277:Colonization of the Moon 13086:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 12702:Magnetosphere of Jupiter 12602:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter 12211:(El0): 22, 775–22, 790. 11477:10.1109/AERO.1994.291197 11278:. Washington, DC: NASA. 8037:"In Depth Galileo Probe" 6169:Dawson & Bowles 2004 6007:Dawson & Bowles 2004 5942:Dawson & Bowles 2004 5457:. United States Congress 5295:Dawson & Bowles 2004 4884: 4735:smash into the planet's 4369:10 cubic kilometers (5.8 4057:Imaging Team was led by 3357:Van Allen radiation belt 2657:, so on April 11, 1991, 2499:compositional variations 1859:to Jupiter. For a time, 1676:ultraviolet spectrometer 1483:magnetosphere of Jupiter 650:Ultraviolet Spectrometer 20261:Galileo Galilei Airport 20032:Galilean transformation 20007:Observational astronomy 19039:NASA Deep Space Network 18887:Spitzer Space Telescope 18807:Mars Exploration Rovers 18598:Mars Science Laboratory 18525:Deep Space Atomic Clock 18387:Other primates in space 18099:Deep Space Atomic Clock 17919:Mars Science Laboratory 17707:Spitzer Space Telescope 17296:Lunar Sample Laboratory 17239:Launch Services Program 15845:(flyby of Pallas, 2022) 15804:(multiple flybys, 2025) 15327:Apollo 11 anniversaries 15164:European Lunar Explorer 14387:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2) 13457:European Venus Explorer 12315:Satellite Image Mosaics 11974:10.1109/TNS.2003.821374 11210:Heppenheimer, Thomas A. 10955:10.1109/TNS.2002.805386 10378:10.1126/science.1110422 9391:(Press release). NASA. 9364:(Press release). NASA. 9337:(Press release). NASA. 9104:(Press release). NASA. 8583:. The Planetary Society 7015:(Press release). NASA. 4798: 4263:Observations made with 3953:Europa photographed by 2848:(enhanced colorization) 2677:Through telemetry from 1927:NASA Deep Space Network 1876:Smithsonian Institution 1867:noted, "it looked like 1625:Hughes Aircraft Company 1595:on May 20, 1986, using 1397:NASA decided to launch 1258:United States Air Force 1217:inertial reference unit 1193:attitude control system 666:Dust Detector Subsystem 203:Hughes Aircraft Company 20108:Discourse on the Tides 18604:Microwave limb sounder 18402:National Astronaut Day 18345:The Astronaut Monument 18167:Space Shuttle missions 17867:Mars Exploration Rover 17850:Hubble Space Telescope 17759:Kepler space telescope 17559:Earth Observing System 17533:Mars Exploration Rover 17244:Mercury Control Center 16066:Trans-Neptunian object 14513:Emirates Lunar Mission 12692:Exploration of Jupiter 12597:Jupiter Europa Orbiter 12074:10.1006/icar.1994.1002 11832:10.1006/icar.2002.6873 10590:10.1006/icar.1996.0032 9921:. NASA. Archived from 9893:"Missions | Juno" 8557:. NASA. Archived from 8321:"Galileo: Quick Facts" 8234:. NASA. Archived from 8146:. NASA. Archived from 7995:. NASA. Archived from 7223:Cheung & Tong 1993 6518:"Galileo Launch Nears" 6458:, pp. 2–21, 4–18. 6049:(September 22, 2003). 5654:(September 19, 1979). 5452:"Congressional Record" 5272:. NASA. Archived from 4737:four small inner moons 4612: 4544:Tape recorder problems 4478: 4324:merely specks of light 4296: 4260: 4223: 4196: 4137: 4112:, on the icy crust of 4045: 4000: 3957: 3878: 3757: 3601: 3344: 3203:electromagnetic fields 3065:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 3034: 3013:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 3003:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 2997:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 2924: 2849: 2705: 2646: 2575:Starfire Optical Range 2501:of the Moon's surface 2348:Earth's magnetic field 2339: 2295:Earth's magnetic field 2230: 2119: 1978:As the launch date of 1921: 1823: 1637:lithium–sulfur battery 1631:(GPHS-RTGs) fueled by 1529: 1475:anti-satellite weapons 1437: 1367: 1301:United States Congress 1290:Hubble Space Telescope 910:consists of dust from 849:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 19022:Related organizations 18350:Lunar sample displays 18340:Space Mirror Memorial 18282:Voyager Golden Record 18174:United States rockets 17366: (with the 17274:Launch Control Center 16956:Peregrine Mission One 16500:(by termination date) 16275:Emirates Mars Mission 16150:(deep space missions) 15122:Lunar Orbital Station 14574:Peregrine Mission One 13266:Venus Orbiter Mission 12917:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 12697:Atmosphere of Jupiter 12634:Jovian Europa Orbiter 10858:Space Science Reviews 10002:Connerney et al. 2018 9763:"Galileo Legacy Site" 9708:, pp. 1993–1997. 9696:, pp. 1991–1993. 9619:, pp. 2744–2746. 9607:, pp. 2743–2744. 9595:, pp. 2748–2751. 9503:, pp. 1291–1293. 9478:– via ProQuest. 8150:on February 21, 2006. 7897:on September 29, 2006 6989:. November 15, 2004. 6846:, pp. 1525–1528. 6834:, pp. 1531–1536. 6819:, pp. 1541–1544. 5816:Hitt & Smith 2014 4671:. On April 14, 2003, 4669:forward contamination 4606: 4578:-irradiation-induced 4564:light-emitting diodes 4476: 4294: 4258: 4218: 4194: 4155:, and Neptune's moon 4135: 4043: 3998: 3952: 3876: 3749: 3721: 3518: 3365:ammonium hydrosulfide 3338: 3209:Tape recorder anomaly 3010: 2975:Dactyl was the first 2919: 2844: 2740:Lewis Research Center 2700: 2640: 2547:, showed up clearly. 2334: 2221: 2109: 1900: 1734: 1718:Department of Defense 1686:On January 28, 1986, 1666:counter. There was a 1558:on December 6, 1984. 1511: 1487:electromagnetic pulse 1424: 1370:Plans called for the 1357: 1345:Space Shuttle orbiter 1158:, who had headed the 706:Plasma Wave Subsystem 393:2003-09-21UTC18:57:19 303:1989-10-18UTC16:53:40 275:Probe: 730 watt-hours 176:Spacecraft properties 67:Jupiter Orbiter Probe 20272:Astronomers Monument 20225:Galileo's telescopes 20163:Michelagnolo Galilei 20017:Galileo's escapement 19126:Orbital launches in 19067:JPL Science Division 18801:Mars Global Surveyor 18769:Mars Climate Orbiter 17368:Soviet space program 17286:Johnson Space Center 17254:Kennedy Space Center 17217:spinoff technologies 16998:List of lunar probes 16585:Mars Global Surveyor 16497:Completed after 2000 15287:List of lunar probes 15282:Google Lunar X Prize 15231:Project Harvest Moon 14344:Lunar Roving Vehicle 13824:(relay satellite at 13450:Cancelled / concepts 12032:on February 12, 2024 11732:on December 29, 2016 9925:on February 18, 2011 9733:10.1511/2001.28.3356 9513:Fieseler et al. 2004 9501:Anderson et al. 2005 9443:Carroll, M. (2003). 9028:Kivelson et al. 1996 7692:FAQ – Tape Recorder" 7341:on November 24, 2011 6598:. October 21, 1989. 6413:on November 11, 2022 6211:(October 10, 1989). 6195:, p. 10-12. 5071:. October 18, 1989. 5069:PDS Atmospheres Node 4019:US Geological Survey 4011:Ames Research Center 3913:Margaret G. Kivelson 3423:Jupiter's atmosphere 3373:Jupiter's atmosphere 3160:In August 1995, the 3146:Ames Research Center 3045:Carolyn S. Shoemaker 2952:after the legendary 2689:The first thing the 2595:Cassegrain reflector 2304:plasma-wave detector 1920:(white) is attached. 1918:Inertial Upper Stage 1672:multispectral images 1656:high-energy particle 1615:Galileo (spacecraft) 1581:Kennedy Space Center 1577:Pasadena, California 1497:, wrote directly to 1364:Inertial Upper Stage 1266:Inertial Upper Stage 1203:and two sets of six 1009:Ames Research Center 874:collected supported 548:Spacecraft component 522:Spacecraft component 54:Artist's concept of 21:Galileo (spacecraft) 20415:Missions to Jupiter 20242:Galileo thermometer 20115:Discourse on Comets 20085:Letters on Sunspots 20022:Galilean invariance 18377:Apollo 17 Moon mice 18233:Pillars of Creation 18140:Space Shuttle crews 17618:(human and robotic) 17612:Individual featured 17195:Ranks and positions 16147:Active space probes 15901:World Is Not Enough 15389:Spacecraft missions 15312:Apollo 17 Moon mice 15241:Resource Prospector 15169:First Lunar Outpost 15152:Baden-Württemberg 1 15108:Boeing Lunar Lander 14233:Apollo Lunar Module 14047:(propulsion module) 14012:Apollo Lunar Module 13614:Spacecraft missions 12798:Spacecraft missions 12676:Tsiolkovsky mission 12629:Io Volcano Observer 12358:Spacecraft missions 12321:Galileo image album 12256:2003Icar..163..263Z 12217:1998JGR...10322775Y 12154:1991Sci...253.1525W 12148:(5027): 1525–1528. 12098:1982Sci...217.1012W 12092:(4564): 1012–1014. 12065:1994Icar..107....2V 11966:2003ITNS...50.1991S 11917:1996Natur.384..511S 11824:2002Icar..158...24S 11768:1993Natur.365..715S 11676:1996Sci...272..854R 11522:on January 12, 2024 11436:1996Natur.384..537K 11341:1991Sci...253.1516J 11335:(5027): 1516–1518. 11180:Heppenheimer, T. A. 11152:(October 1, 2000). 11091:2000Natur.405...48G 11052:2011Icar..213..265G 10986:2004Icar..169..390F 10947:2002ITNS...49.2739F 10871:1992SSRv...60...23D 10816:2018Natur.558...87B 10750:1995Natur.374..783C 10657:1991Sci...253.1541C 10651:(5027): 1541–1548. 10581:1996Icar..120....1B 10514:1991Sci...253.1531B 10508:(5027): 1531–1536. 10437:1997Natur.388..649A 10370:2005Sci...308.1291A 10364:(5726): 1291–1293. 10306:1996Sci...272..709A 10241:on January 31, 2021 9792:. Spaceflight Now. 9515:, pp. 399–400. 9224:2000SciAm.282b..40J 9216:Scientific American 9201:, pp. 273–277. 9141:, pp. 271–273. 9129:, pp. 268–270. 9087:, pp. 270–272. 9047:on December 2, 2022 9030:, pp. 537–541. 8992:, pp. 511–512. 8980:, pp. 267–268. 8884:, pp. 313–321. 8860:, pp. 173–178. 8848:, pp. 261–263. 8806:, pp. 260–261. 8752:, pp. 260–216. 8740:, pp. 256–259. 8716:, pp. 254–256. 8641:on February 4, 2021 8561:on December 7, 2022 8490:, pp. 251–253. 8475:, pp. 249–250. 8437:, pp. 246–248. 8425:, pp. 240–241. 8375:, pp. 245–246. 8363:, pp. 242–244. 8310:, pp. 237–238. 8286:, pp. 337–338. 8274:, pp. 234–237. 8259:, pp. 232–233. 8221:, pp. 208–209. 8168:The Washington Post 8133:, pp. 649–650. 8068:, pp. 204–205. 7819:on January 2, 2007. 7778:, pp. 202–204. 7763:, pp. 854–856. 7748:, pp. 201–202. 7665:, pp. 195–196. 7630:, pp. 194–195. 7568:, pp. 190–191. 7544:, pp. 188–189. 7482:, pp. 783–785. 7480:Chapman et al. 1995 7435:, pp. 265–272. 7421:Veverka et al. 1994 7406:Veverka et al. 1994 7394:Veverka et al. 1994 7381:, pp. 161–164. 7213:, pp. 150–157. 7161:, pp. 182–183. 7137:, pp. 177–178. 7110:, pp. 173–174. 7083:, pp. 171–172. 7071:, pp. 362–366. 6923:, pp. 715–721. 6911:, pp. 158–159. 6858:, pp. 154–157. 6844:Williams et al 1991 6817:Carlson et al. 1991 6805:Johnson et al. 1991 6790:Johnson et al. 1991 6701:The Washington Post 6523:The Washington Post 6446:, p. 2-24. 6281:"What's in an RTG?" 6258:on January 26, 2021 6250:(October 9, 1989). 6183:, p. 2-19. 6118:, pp. 293–294. 6047:McFarling, Usha Lee 6009:, pp. 216–218. 5985:, pp. 176–177. 5973:, pp. 160–162. 5944:, pp. 206–207. 5850:on November 1, 2022 5818:, pp. 282–285. 5781:on October 6, 2008. 5660:The Washington Post 5498:The Washington Post 5491:(August 11, 1979). 5395:, pp. 368–370. 5372:, pp. 330–335. 5322:(October 3, 1973). 5320:Wilford, John Noble 5297:, pp. 190–191. 4403:Inner moon Amalthea 4168:orbital inclination 3895:extreme ultraviolet 3858:planetary scientist 3826:Thanksgiving dinner 3227:Odetics Corporation 3049:Eugene M. Shoemaker 2832:Asteroid encounters 2431:scientific controls 2196:The encounter with 2051:Planetary scientist 2034:'s nuclear-powered 1984:anti-nuclear groups 1433:upper stage in the 1052: 823:achieved the first 583: / 44: 29:The Galileo Project 20282:In popular culture 20237:Tribune of Galileo 20069:De motu antiquiora 18179:NASA cancellations 18074:Deep Space Network 18064:Near Earth Network 17549:Living With a Star 17523:Project Prometheus 17503:Planetary Observer 16921:Hakuto-R Mission 1 16467:Interstellar space 16164:Parker Solar Probe 15911:(flyby, 2030–2042) 15908:Interstellar Probe 14980:Cislunar Explorers 13551:Manned Venus flyby 12841:Parker Solar Probe 12746:Deep Space Network 12565:Interstellar Probe 12478:Atmospheric probes 11716:Rogers, William P. 10879:10.1007/BF00216849 9769:on August 19, 2012 9724:American Scientist 9446:"The Long Goodbye" 8762:Zahnle et al. 2003 8238:on October 6, 2012 7999:on April 24, 1999. 7928:on January 1, 2007 7761:Ragent et al. 1996 6832:Belton et al. 1991 6218:The New York Times 5329:The New York Times 4817:solar panels), as 4763:There was a spare 4759:Follow-on missions 4613: 4479: 4361:10 kilograms (4.59 4297: 4261: 4224: 4197: 4138: 4102:clay-like minerals 4046: 4001: 3958: 3879: 3758: 3710:mission was about 3602: 3345: 3035: 2925: 2885:243 Ida and Dactyl 2850: 2706: 2647: 2623:experiment on the 2554:Optical Experiment 2441:Lunar observations 2371:mesospheric clouds 2340: 2285:moved through the 2231: 2138:Christic Institute 2120: 1951:Parkes Observatory 1922: 1865:Usha Lee McFarling 1824: 1696:lifted off on the 1567:chlorofluorocarbon 1530: 1438: 1412:NASA Administrator 1368: 1047: 634:Solid-State Imager 610:at entry interface 272:Orbiter: 570 watts 160:Distance travelled 40: 20356: 20355: 20210:Galileo's paradox 20205:Villa Il Gioiello 20000:Scientific career 19959: 19958: 19085: 19084: 19044:Goldstone Complex 18999:Canceled missions 18978:Proposed missions 18795:Mars Polar Lander 18447: 18446: 18360:stolen or missing 18157:uncrewed missions 18135:Apollo astronauts 18130:Gemini astronauts 18048: 18047: 17832:2001 Mars Odyssey 17607: 17606: 17483:Mars Surveyor '98 17441: 17440: 17384: (with 17317:Human spaceflight 17311: 17310: 17269:Launch Complex 48 17264:Launch Complex 39 17016: 17015: 16984: 16983: 16491: 16490: 16296:2001 Mars Odyssey 16104: 16103: 16061:Near-Earth object 15891:(multiple flybys) 15820:Comet Interceptor 15777: 15776: 15453:(multiple flybys) 15433:(multiple flybys) 15355: 15354: 15201:Lunar Mission One 15158:#dearMoon project 15131: 15130: 15013: 15012: 14858:Lunar Trailblazer 14747: 14746: 14189:Moon Impact Probe 13916: 13915: 13580: 13579: 13486:Program overviews 13445: 13444: 13340:Proposed missions 13335: 13334: 13320:Venus Life Finder 13247: 13246: 12870: 12869: 12764: 12763: 12543:Proposed missions 12225:10.1029/98JE01051 11911:(6609): 511–512. 11866:978-1-62683-042-4 11762:(6448): 715–721. 11670:(5263): 854–856. 11605:978-0-309-05984-8 11551:978-0-16-066599-8 11430:(6609): 537–541. 11317:978-1-58007-249-6 11253:978-0-8032-2648-7 11223:978-0-16-083155-3 11193:978-1-288-34009-5 11163:978-1-85233-301-0 10744:(6525): 783–785. 10705:Chaisson, Eric J. 10608:Launius, Roger D. 10431:(6643): 649–650. 10300:(5262): 709–712. 10004:, pp. 87–90. 9971:"Overview | Juno" 9706:Swift et al. 2003 9694:Swift et al. 2003 9636:on March 15, 2016 8899:, pp. 31–32. 8870:Sarid et al. 2002 8701:, pp. 12–14. 8686:, pp. 49–51. 8674:, pp. 51–52. 7973:on April 24, 2022 7922:Probe Spacecraft" 7830:Heppenheimer 2009 7802:, p. 22,776. 7675:Graps et al. 2000 7580:, pp. 82–83. 7504:Belton et al 1996 7492:Belton et al 1996 7465:Belton et al 1996 7452:, pp. 72–77. 7362:, pp. 40–41. 7293:on April 4, 2009. 7275:on June 14, 2011. 6935:, pp. 65–67. 6921:Sagan et al. 1993 6482:on August 2, 2022 6315:. June 10, 1989. 6287:on April 11, 2010 6209:Broad, William J. 6056:Los Angeles Times 5932:, pp. 72–77. 5806:, pp. 68–69. 5794:, pp. 66–67. 5764:, pp. 50–51. 5714:, pp. 49–50. 5638:, pp. 46–47. 5556:, p. II-158. 5544:, pp. 41–43. 5478:, pp. 33–36. 5393:Heppenheimer 2002 5370:Heppenheimer 2002 5309:, pp. 30–32. 5276:on March 19, 2010 5259:, pp. 32–33. 5244:, pp. 29–30. 5172:, pp. 28–29. 5160:, pp. 21–22. 5093:Michael Meltzer, 4743:'s orbit as well. 4649:television series 4110:organic materials 4104:" (specifically, 4071:Linda A. Morabito 4059:Michael J. Belton 3887:solar conjunction 3874: 3732:orbital resonance 3645:Mission extension 3617:of 198 days. The 3407:terminal velocity 3377:atmospheric entry 3331:Atmospheric probe 2992:Voyage to Jupiter 2683:moment of inertia 2587:frequency-doubled 2238:high gain antenna 1863:science reporter 1861:Los Angeles Times 1837:James C. Fletcher 1828:Rogers Commission 1644:mass spectrometer 1332:atmospheric probe 1121: 1120: 1114:Claudia Alexander 1051:Project managers 985:Atmospheric entry 918:was also mapped. 782:atmospheric entry 750: 749: 731: 710: 709: 682:Heavy Ion Counter 611: 558:Atmospheric entry 543:atmospheric probe 532:Orbital insertion 425:February 10, 1990 20427: 20385: 20384: 20383: 20373: 20372: 20371: 20364: 20322:Starry Messenger 20298:Lamp At Midnight 20199:And yet it moves 20157:Vincenzo Galilei 20139:Two New Sciences 20077:Sidereus Nuncius 19986: 19979: 19972: 19963: 19962: 19499:DFS Kopernikus 1 19183:Intelsat VA F-15 19131: 19130: 19129: 19112: 19105: 19098: 19089: 19088: 18947:Planned missions 18938:Lunar Flashlight 18549:Keck observatory 18488:Current missions 18474: 18467: 18460: 18451: 18450: 18435: 18434: 18423: 18422: 18261:Fallen Astronaut 17902:Van Allen Probes 17622: 17621: 17528:Mars Exploration 17453: 17452: 17324: 17323: 17092:Space Task Group 17064: 17063: 17043: 17036: 17029: 17020: 17019: 16504: 16503: 16154: 16153: 16131: 16124: 16117: 16108: 16107: 16024:Asteroid capture 15791:(orbiter, 2024) 15695:Rover-1A / HIBOU 15500: 15499: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15382: 15375: 15368: 15359: 15358: 15024: 15023: 14974:Lunar Pathfinder 14758: 14757: 14654:Lunar Flashlight 14141:Lunar Prospector 13927: 13926: 13808:(service module) 13780: 13779: 13607: 13600: 13593: 13584: 13583: 13546:List of missions 13462:Inspiration Mars 13344: 13343: 13256: 13255: 13252:Planned missions 13189:Tyazhely Sputnik 12900: 12899: 12890: 12884: 12878: 12813: 12812: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12768: 12767: 12741:Rings of Jupiter 12707:Moons of Jupiter 12516:Planned missions 12446: 12351: 12344: 12337: 12328: 12327: 12323:by Kevin M. Gill 12275: 12236: 12197: 12133: 12078: 12076: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12031: 12024: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12004: 11997: 11985: 11960:(6): 1991–1997. 11946: 11928: 11926:10.1038/384511a0 11893: 11891: 11889: 11883: 11858: 11848:Siddiqi, Asif A. 11843: 11803: 11776:10.1038/365715a0 11741: 11739: 11737: 11731: 11724: 11718:(June 6, 1986). 11711: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11646: 11631: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11568: 11543: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11521: 11506: 11490: 11463: 11444:10.1038/384537a0 11413: 11411: 11409: 11403: 11396: 11384: 11321: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11292: 11277: 11265: 11235: 11205: 11175: 11145: 11118: 11099:10.1038/35011008 11071: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11022: 11015: 11005: 10966: 10941:(6): 2739–2758. 10927: 10925: 10923: 10917: 10910: 10898: 10851: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10777: 10758:10.1038/374783a0 10730: 10700: 10633: 10602: 10592: 10557: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10466: 10448: 10413: 10349: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10164:on May 24, 2009. 10160:. Archived from 10149: 10143: 10142: 10141:. IAF 98-Q.2.02. 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9825: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9718: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9558:. ScienceDaily. 9552: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9536:on July 19, 2008 9522: 9516: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9448: 9440: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9211: 9202: 9196: 9183: 9182: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9097: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9074:on June 2, 2010. 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8816: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8774: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8702: 8696: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7962: 7953: 7947: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7764: 7758: 7749: 7743: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7698:on April 3, 2009 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7468: 7462: 7453: 7447: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7382: 7376: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7340: 7333: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7265: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7235: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7182: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6963:on July 21, 2011 6962: 6955: 6947: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6793: 6787: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6631: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6513: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6254:. Archived from 6244: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6205: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6043: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5648: 5639: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5396: 5390: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148:, pp. 9–10. 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5117: 5111: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4945: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4875:, simply called 4624:(COSPAR) of the 4607:Illustration of 4590: 4572:gallium arsenide 4558:play back data. 4499: 4487: 4459:eclipsing binary 4432: 4415:Inner moon Thebe 4412: 4400: 4388: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4332: 4305: 4269: 4240: 3940: 3928:Tvashtar Paterae 3875: 3843: 3717: 3713: 3712:US$ 1.39 billion 3688: 3600: 3595: 3586: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3545: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3467:ammonium sulfide 3454: 3445: 3433: 3418: 3349:rings of Jupiter 3291: 3275: 3263: 3219: 3185:scientists when 3170: 3169: 3104: 3103: 3089:Probe deployment 3042: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3024: 2938: 2821: 2814: 2799: 2791:Lempel–Ziv–Welch 2783:data-compression 2780: 2772: 2656: 2641:Illustration of 2607: 2564: 2541:Mare Serenitatis 2529: 2515:lunar north pole 2512: 2487: 2477:lunar north pole 2469: 2451: 2437:remote sensing. 2428: 2403: 2310:Earth encounters 2275:greenhouse gases 2268:spacecraft, and 2228: 2210: 2048: 2026: 2003: 1996: 1974:Nuclear concerns 1909: 1873: 1822: 1817: 1808: 1803: 1794: 1789: 1780: 1775: 1766: 1761: 1752: 1747: 1741: 1689: 1678:to study gases. 1598: 1408:Robert A. Frosch 1375: 1297:William Proxmire 1153: 1053: 1046: 940: 866:interactions on 789: 727: 719: 698:Plasma Subsystem 626: 621: 620: 609: 607: 606: 604: 603: 602: 600: 595: 594: 589: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 498:Closest approach 477:October 29, 1991 474:Closest approach 450:Closest approach 445: 444:(gravity assist) 422:Closest approach 417: 416:(gravity assist) 396: 394: 322: 306: 304: 291:Start of mission 198:General Electric 140:Mission duration 135: 132: 130: 128: 126: 111: 52: 45: 39: 20435: 20434: 20430: 20429: 20428: 20426: 20425: 20424: 20410:Galileo program 20405:Galileo Galilei 20395: 20394: 20391: 20381: 20379: 20369: 20367: 20359: 20357: 20352: 20346:Galileo's Dream 20338:Galileo Galilei 20290:Life of Galileo 20277: 20249:Galileo project 20186: 20145: 20056: 20042:Phases of Venus 19995: 19993:Galileo Galilei 19990: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19943: 19902: 19893:Molniya-3 No.46 19844: 19840:Intelsat VI F-2 19796: 19792:Gorizont No.31L 19773:Molniya-1 No.69 19728:Resurs-F1 No.48 19690: 19619: 19587:Resurs-F1 No.47 19572:Gorizont No.27L 19562:Nadezhda No.403 19550: 19546:Resurs-F1 No.46 19509:Molniya-3 No.45 19478: 19453:Resurs-F1 No.45 19409: 19368: 19278: 19254:Molniya-1 No.84 19192: 19173:Gorizont No.29L 19138: 19137: 19127: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19116: 19086: 19081: 19058: 19017: 18994: 18973: 18942: 18789:Mars Pathfinder 18666:Cassini-Huygens 18653: 18633:Voyager program 18483: 18478: 18448: 18443: 18411: 18311: 18302:Mission patches 18277:Pioneer plaques 18240:Mystic Mountain 18217:Family Portrait 18210:The Blue Marble 18194: 18188: 18162:Apollo missions 18103: 18055: 18044: 18011: 17816: 17810: 17647:Mercury-Atlas 6 17617: 17613: 17603: 17537: 17473:Mariner Mark II 17437: 17418:Commercial Crew 17396: 17319: 17307: 17291:Mission Control 17190:Astronaut Corps 17185:Chief Scientist 17163: 17068: 17052: 17047: 17017: 17012: 16980: 16870: 16790:LISA Pathfinder 16636: 16499: 16487: 16462: 16409: 16344: 16261: 16173: 16149: 16141: 16135: 16105: 16100: 16089: 16029:Asteroid mining 16007: 15920: 15914: 15879:(sample return) 15873:(orbiter, 2025) 15839:(orbiter, 2021) 15825: 15773: 15742: 15721: 15661: 15628: 15510:Cassini–Huygens 15491: 15485: 15479: 15473: 15464: 15417: 15399: 15386: 15356: 15351: 15336: 15307:Lunar resources 15265: 15137: 15127: 15088: 15019: 15009: 14938: 14913: 14864: 14832: 14753: 14743: 14578: 14570:(Chandrayaan-2) 14501:Failed landings 14496: 14416: 14392:(Chandrayaan-3) 14330: 14317:(Chandrayaan-3) 14218: 14165: 14116:Lunar Orbiter 1 13985: 13930:Crewed landings 13922: 13912: 13896: 13880: 13854: 13829: 13775: 13769: 13661:Lunar Precursor 13628: 13620: 13611: 13581: 13576: 13565: 13519: 13481: 13441: 13415: 13331: 13308: 13283: 13243: 13182:Failed launches 13177: 13156: 13090: 13054: 13030:Cassini–Huygens 12948: 12891: 12885: 12879: 12866: 12829: 12809:Active missions 12804: 12795: 12765: 12760: 12680: 12577: 12571: 12538: 12511: 12492: 12473: 12447: 12438: 12426:Cassini–Huygens 12397:Voyager program 12376:Pioneer program 12364: 12355: 12306:Wayback Machine 12283: 12278: 12035: 12033: 12029: 12022: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11867: 11856: 11846: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11722: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11629: 11615: 11613: 11606: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11552: 11541: 11525: 11523: 11519: 11504: 11487: 11418:Kivelson, M. G. 11407: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11318: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11275: 11254: 11224: 11194: 11164: 11134: 11085:(6782): 48–50. 11026: 11024: 11020: 11013: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10908: 10810:(7708): 87–90. 10790: 10788: 10719: 10622: 10483: 10481: 10285: 10280: 10270: 10268: 10261:"Europa Lander" 10259: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10200: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10150: 10146: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10102: 10101: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10035: 10033: 10012: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9986: 9984: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9917: 9916: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9891: 9890: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9865: 9864: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9838: 9836: 9827: 9826: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9719: 9712: 9704: 9700: 9692: 9688: 9678: 9676: 9665: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9539: 9537: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9511: 9507: 9499: 9495: 9487: 9483: 9473: 9471: 9441: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9385: 9381: 9371: 9369: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9279: 9277: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9212: 9205: 9197: 9186: 9163:10.2307/3981750 9149: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9109: 9098: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9064: 9060: 9050: 9048: 9039: 9038: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9010: 9001: 9000: 8996: 8988: 8984: 8976: 8969: 8959: 8957: 8946: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8895: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8828: 8817: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8509: 8498: 8494: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8347: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8210: 8200: 8198: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8174: 8172: 8159: 8155: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7963: 7956: 7948: 7941: 7931: 7929: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7857: 7855: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7752: 7744: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7471: 7467:, pp. 2–3. 7463: 7456: 7448: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7267: 7266: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7209: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7189:on May 28, 2010 7180: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6807:, p. 1517. 6803: 6796: 6792:, p. 1516. 6788: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6514: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6434:, p. 2-23. 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6245: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5872:. Large Power. 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5752:, p. 1013. 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5652:O'Toole, Thomas 5649: 5642: 5634: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5489:O'Toole, Thomas 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5399: 5391: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5108:Wayback Machine 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4869: 4845: 4831: 4803: 4786:Cassini–Huygens 4777:was operating, 4770:Cassini–Huygens 4761: 4686: 4641:Prime Directive 4601: 4588: 4546: 4497: 4485: 4471: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4330: 4303: 4289: 4267: 4238: 4213: 4130: 4106:phyllosilicates 3947: 3938: 3866: 3841: 3724: 3716:US$ 892 million 3715: 3711: 3686: 3647: 3593: 3592: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3567: 3557: 3556: 3543: 3542: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3437: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3390: 3333: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3217: 3213:The failure of 3211: 3167: 3165: 3158: 3127: 3119: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3063:. It was named 3040: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2994: 2982:S-type asteroid 2936: 2893: 2887: 2870:S-type asteroid 2839: 2834: 2819: 2812: 2797: 2770: 2635: 2605: 2585:operating at a 2562: 2556: 2527: 2510: 2502: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2435:astrobiological 2426: 2401: 2391: 2329: 2317: 2312: 2252:. Even so, the 2246:bits per second 2226: 2208: 2194: 2192:Venus encounter 2104: 2098: 2046: 2024: 2001: 1994: 1976: 1905: 1871: 1815: 1814: 1801: 1800: 1787: 1786: 1773: 1772: 1759: 1758: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1687: 1684: 1682:Reconsideration 1617: 1611: 1596: 1522:Shuttle-Centaur 1518:David M. Walker 1471:nuclear weapons 1467:ground stations 1443:liquid hydrogen 1431:Centaur G Prime 1416:Centaur G Prime 1371: 1328: 1306:Galileo Galilei 1254:low Earth orbit 1238:rockets with a 1195:. By contrast, 1151: 1126: 1045: 976:Planetary flyby 951: 938: 785: 771:Galileo Galilei 746: 745: 742:Cassini–Huygens 739: 732: 726: 624: 608: 598: 596: 592: 590: 588:6.083°N 4.067°W 586: 585: 582: 577: 574: 572: 570: 569: 501:August 28, 1993 443: 415: 392: 390: 354:Entered service 329: 318: 302: 300: 278: 261: 244: 227: 207: 155: 123: 59: 36: 33:Project Galileo 17: 12: 11: 5: 20433: 20423: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20390: 20389: 20377: 20354: 20353: 20351: 20350: 20342: 20334: 20326: 20318: 20310: 20302: 20294: 20285: 20283: 20279: 20278: 20276: 20275: 20268: 20263: 20258: 20257: 20256: 20245: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20233: 20232: 20227: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20194: 20192: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20184: 20178: 20172: 20169:Vincenzo Gamba 20166: 20160: 20153: 20151: 20147: 20146: 20144: 20143: 20135: 20127: 20119: 20111: 20104: 20097: 20089: 20081: 20073: 20064: 20062: 20058: 20057: 20055: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20027:Galilean moons 20024: 20019: 20014: 20012:Galileo affair 20009: 20003: 20001: 19997: 19996: 19989: 19988: 19981: 19974: 19966: 19957: 19956: 19952:Crewed flights 19948: 19945: 19944: 19942: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19910: 19908: 19904: 19903: 19901: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19875: 19863: 19858: 19852: 19850: 19846: 19845: 19843: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19827: 19815: 19810: 19804: 19802: 19798: 19797: 19795: 19794: 19789: 19783:Interkosmos 24 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19713: 19708: 19698: 19696: 19692: 19691: 19689: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19661:Resurs-F2 No.4 19658: 19649: 19633: 19627: 19625: 19621: 19620: 19618: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19558: 19556: 19552: 19551: 19549: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19511: 19506: 19501: 19492: 19486: 19484: 19480: 19479: 19477: 19476: 19463: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19417: 19415: 19411: 19410: 19408: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19387: 19382: 19376: 19374: 19370: 19369: 19367: 19366: 19361: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19301: 19292: 19286: 19284: 19280: 19279: 19277: 19276: 19274:Meteor-2 No.22 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19206: 19200: 19198: 19194: 19193: 19191: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19146: 19144: 19140: 19139: 19133: 19118: 19115: 19114: 19107: 19100: 19092: 19083: 19082: 19080: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19063: 19060: 19059: 19057: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19025: 19023: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19015: 19009: 19002: 19000: 18996: 18995: 18993: 18992: 18987: 18981: 18979: 18975: 18974: 18972: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18954:Europa Clipper 18950: 18948: 18944: 18943: 18941: 18940: 18935: 18929: 18923: 18918: 18911: 18909:TOPEX/Poseidon 18906: 18901: 18896: 18889: 18884: 18878: 18872: 18866: 18861: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18832: 18827: 18826: 18825: 18817: 18804: 18797: 18792: 18785: 18778: 18772: 18765: 18760: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18721: 18720: 18719: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18690: 18683: 18676: 18669: 18661: 18659: 18655: 18654: 18652: 18651: 18650: 18649: 18642: 18630: 18625: 18619: 18613: 18607: 18601: 18595: 18587: 18586: 18585: 18577: 18564: 18557: 18551: 18546: 18539: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18499: 18491: 18489: 18485: 18484: 18477: 18476: 18469: 18462: 18454: 18445: 18444: 18442: 18441: 18429: 18416: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18397:Astronauts Day 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18363: 18362: 18357: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18319: 18317: 18313: 18312: 18310: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18257: 18250: 18243: 18236: 18229: 18228: 18227: 18213: 18206: 18198: 18196: 18190: 18189: 18187: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18170: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18149: 18144: 18143: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18111: 18109: 18105: 18104: 18102: 18101: 18096: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18071: 18066: 18060: 18058: 18056:and navigation 18054:Communications 18050: 18049: 18046: 18045: 18043: 18042: 18037: 18034:Europa Clipper 18030: 18025: 18019: 18017: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18009: 18004: 18003: 18002: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17985: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17940: 17933: 17928: 17927: 17926: 17916: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17883: 17882: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17835: 17828: 17820: 17818: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17808: 17807: 17806: 17793: 17786: 17781: 17780: 17779: 17774: 17761: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17737: 17730: 17725: 17717: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17683: 17682: 17670: 17663: 17656: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17628: 17626: 17619: 17609: 17608: 17605: 17604: 17602: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17545: 17543: 17539: 17538: 17536: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17488:New Millennium 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17459: 17457: 17450: 17443: 17442: 17439: 17438: 17436: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17404: 17402: 17398: 17397: 17395: 17394: 17389: 17376: 17371: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17330: 17328: 17321: 17313: 17312: 17309: 17308: 17306: 17305: 17300: 17299: 17298: 17293: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17220: 17219: 17209: 17204: 17203: 17202: 17197: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17171: 17169: 17165: 17164: 17162: 17161: 17155: 17149: 17143: 17137: 17131: 17125: 17119: 17113: 17107: 17101: 17095: 17089: 17083: 17076: 17074: 17061: 17054: 17053: 17046: 17045: 17038: 17031: 17023: 17014: 17013: 17011: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16982: 16981: 16979: 16978: 16977: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16958: 16950: 16949: 16948: 16940: 16928: 16923: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16906: 16899: 16889: 16888: 16887: 16878: 16876: 16872: 16871: 16869: 16868: 16867: 16866: 16854: 16849: 16842: 16831: 16823: 16822: 16821: 16816: 16809: 16801: 16800: 16799: 16792: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16772: 16764: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16741: 16734: 16724: 16723: 16722: 16717: 16710: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16690: 16689: 16688: 16680: 16679: 16678: 16668: 16667: 16666: 16655: 16644: 16642: 16638: 16637: 16635: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16610: 16602: 16601: 16600: 16590: 16589: 16588: 16578: 16577: 16576: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16528: 16527: 16526: 16519: 16517:NEAR Shoemaker 16510: 16508: 16501: 16493: 16492: 16489: 16488: 16486: 16485: 16478: 16470: 16468: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16443: 16436: 16425: 16419: 16417: 16411: 16410: 16408: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16395: 16394: 16393: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16367: 16366: 16365: 16352: 16350: 16346: 16345: 16343: 16342: 16341: 16340: 16327: 16320: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16292: 16285: 16277: 16271: 16269: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16259: 16258: 16257: 16247: 16245:Tiandu 1 and 2 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16183: 16181: 16175: 16174: 16172: 16171: 16166: 16160: 16158: 16151: 16143: 16142: 16134: 16133: 16126: 16119: 16111: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16094: 16091: 16090: 16088: 16087: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16074: 16073: 16063: 16053: 16052: 16051: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16015: 16013: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16005: 16000: 15998:New Horizons 2 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15924: 15922: 15916: 15915: 15913: 15912: 15904: 15898: 15892: 15886: 15880: 15874: 15866: 15860: 15854: 15853:(flybys, 2024) 15846: 15840: 15833: 15831: 15827: 15826: 15824: 15823: 15817: 15811: 15805: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15785: 15783: 15779: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15750: 15748: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15740: 15735: 15729: 15727: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15712:NEAR Shoemaker 15709: 15708: 15707: 15702: 15700:Rover-1B / OWL 15697: 15692: 15682: 15681: 15680: 15669: 15667: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15659: 15658: 15657: 15647: 15645:NEAR Shoemaker 15642: 15636: 15634: 15630: 15629: 15627: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15599:NEAR Shoemaker 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15580: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15506: 15504: 15497: 15493: 15492: 15467: 15465: 15463: 15462: 15454: 15446: 15440: 15434: 15425: 15423: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15415: 15410: 15404: 15401: 15400: 15385: 15384: 15377: 15370: 15362: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15349: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15273: 15271: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15206:Lunar Observer 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15154: 15149: 15141: 15139: 15133: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15125: 15118: 15111: 15104: 15096: 15094: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15030: 15028: 15021: 15015: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15008: 15007: 15001: 14995: 14989: 14983: 14977: 14971: 14965: 14959: 14953: 14946: 14944: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14930: 14923: 14921: 14915: 14914: 14912: 14911: 14905: 14899: 14893: 14887: 14881: 14874: 14872: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14860: 14849: 14842: 14840: 14834: 14833: 14831: 14830: 14822: 14814: 14806: 14798: 14790: 14782: 14775: 14766: 14764: 14755: 14749: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14594: 14588: 14586: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14497: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14462: 14455: 14448: 14441: 14434: 14426: 14424: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14414: 14409: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14368: 14367: 14360: 14353: 14340: 14338: 14332: 14331: 14329: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14228: 14226: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14175: 14173: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14016: 14015: 14001: 13993: 13991: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13983: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13933: 13931: 13924: 13918: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13911: 13910: 13904: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13862: 13860: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13792: 13786: 13784: 13777: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13740: 13739: 13738: 13728: 13727: 13726: 13716: 13715: 13714: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13632: 13630: 13622: 13621: 13610: 13609: 13602: 13595: 13587: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13527: 13525: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13501: 13500: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13453: 13451: 13447: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13423: 13421: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13413: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13350: 13348: 13347:Venus missions 13341: 13337: 13336: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13329: 13323: 13316: 13314: 13313:Descent probes 13310: 13309: 13307: 13306: 13300: 13291: 13289: 13285: 13284: 13282: 13281: 13275: 13269: 13262: 13260: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13185: 13183: 13179: 13178: 13176: 13175: 13170: 13164: 13162: 13161:Balloon probes 13158: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13062: 13060: 13059:Descent probes 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12946: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12906: 12904: 12897: 12893: 12892: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12844: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12827: 12819: 12817: 12810: 12806: 12805: 12794: 12793: 12786: 12779: 12771: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12688: 12686: 12685:Related topics 12682: 12681: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12649:New Horizons 2 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12614:Europa Orbiter 12611: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12589: 12581: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12569: 12561: 12555: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12528: 12524:Europa Clipper 12519: 12517: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12509: 12508:(JUICE) (2023) 12500: 12498: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12463: 12455: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12406: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12385: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12365: 12354: 12353: 12346: 12339: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12318: 12309: 12293: 12282: 12281:External links 12279: 12277: 12276: 12250:(2): 263–289. 12237: 12198: 12144:. New Series. 12134: 12088:. New Series. 12079: 12042: 12015: 11986: 11947: 11894: 11865: 11844: 11804: 11742: 11712: 11657: 11622: 11604: 11579: 11550: 11532: 11491: 11485: 11464: 11414: 11385: 11331:. New Series. 11322: 11316: 11303: 11266: 11252: 11236: 11222: 11206: 11192: 11176: 11162: 11150:Harland, David 11146: 11132: 11119: 11072: 11046:(1): 265–272. 11033: 11006: 10980:(2): 390–401. 10967: 10928: 10899: 10865:(1–4): 23–78. 10852: 10797: 10778: 10731: 10717: 10701: 10647:. New Series. 10634: 10620: 10603: 10558: 10504:. New Series. 10490: 10467: 10414: 10360:. New Series. 10350: 10296:. New Series. 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10252: 10219: 10193: 10167: 10144: 10121: 10095: 10069: 10043: 10006: 9994: 9962: 9936: 9910: 9884: 9858: 9846: 9807: 9780: 9754: 9710: 9698: 9686: 9659: 9657:, p. 226. 9647: 9621: 9609: 9597: 9585: 9583:, p. 200. 9573: 9547: 9530:Mindspring.com 9517: 9505: 9493: 9491:, p. 280. 9481: 9432: 9406: 9387:Webster, Guy. 9379: 9352: 9325: 9299: 9297:, p. 172. 9287: 9261: 9203: 9184: 9143: 9131: 9119: 9089: 9077: 9058: 9032: 9020: 8994: 8990:Stevenson 1996 8982: 8967: 8940: 8913: 8911:, p. 102. 8901: 8897:Greenberg 2005 8886: 8882:Greenberg 2005 8874: 8862: 8858:Greenberg 2005 8850: 8838: 8808: 8796: 8766: 8764:, p. 277. 8754: 8742: 8730: 8728:, p. 160. 8726:Greenberg 2005 8718: 8703: 8699:Greenberg 2005 8688: 8684:Greenberg 2005 8676: 8672:Greenberg 2005 8664: 8660:Greenberg 2005 8652: 8617: 8594: 8572: 8546: 8519: 8492: 8477: 8465: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8389: 8387:, p. 231. 8377: 8365: 8353: 8351:, p. 709. 8338: 8312: 8300: 8288: 8284:Greenberg 2005 8276: 8261: 8249: 8223: 8208: 8182: 8171:. p. A.03 8153: 8135: 8123: 8070: 8058: 8028: 8002: 7984: 7954: 7952:, p. 105. 7939: 7908: 7877: 7875:, p. 118. 7865: 7834: 7832:, p. 257. 7822: 7804: 7792: 7790:, p. 212. 7780: 7765: 7750: 7735: 7709: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7632: 7620: 7594: 7582: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7534: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7469: 7454: 7437: 7425: 7410: 7398: 7383: 7364: 7360:Greenberg 2005 7352: 7320: 7318:, p. 312. 7308: 7306:, p. 201. 7296: 7278: 7257: 7227: 7215: 7200: 7163: 7151: 7149:, p. 183. 7139: 7124: 7122:, p. 181. 7112: 7100: 7098:, p. 372. 7085: 7073: 7061: 7030: 7004: 6974: 6937: 6925: 6913: 6898: 6872: 6870:, p. 164. 6860: 6848: 6836: 6821: 6809: 6794: 6779: 6777:, p. 152. 6767: 6736: 6734:, p. 306. 6719: 6687: 6652: 6621: 6581: 6541: 6505: 6493: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6391: 6350: 6338: 6298: 6269: 6236: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6171:, p. 215. 6161: 6159:, p. 157. 6144: 6132: 6130:, p. 301. 6120: 6105: 6074: 6035: 6033:, p. 177. 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5887: 5861: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5716: 5704: 5702:, p. 250. 5692: 5677: 5640: 5625: 5599: 5558: 5546: 5531: 5516: 5480: 5468: 5443: 5426: 5414: 5412:, p. 420. 5397: 5374: 5359: 5357:, p. 294. 5347: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5261: 5246: 5234: 5232:, p. 265. 5222: 5200: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5112: 5086: 5056: 5023: 4962: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4899: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4868: 4863: 4858:Europa Clipper 4853:Europa Orbiter 4844: 4842:Europa Clipper 4839: 4830: 4827: 4802: 4797: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4744: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4685: 4684:Major findings 4682: 4617:Sidney Coleman 4600: 4597: 4580:atomic lattice 4545: 4542: 4470: 4467: 4424: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4350:at all times. 4288: 4285: 4212: 4209: 4147:or the planet 4129: 4126: 3946: 3943: 3736:tidally locked 3723: 3720: 3646: 3643: 3615:orbital period 3512: 3509: 3458: 3457: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3388: 3353:radiation belt 3332: 3329: 3303: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3285: 3280:Great Red Spot 3277: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3243: 3210: 3207: 3157: 3154: 3125: 3117: 3110:speed of light 3090: 3087: 3001:Main article: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2972:team members. 2889:Main article: 2886: 2883: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2716:disaster, the 2667:graphite-epoxy 2634: 2631: 2555: 2549: 2504: 2503: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2455:Mare Orientale 2453: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2390: 2387: 2328: 2325: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2213:Doppler effect 2193: 2190: 2100:Main article: 2097: 2094: 2088:(428,000 2013:, and the two 1975: 1972: 1720:launches, the 1702:Space Shuttle 1683: 1680: 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1556:James M. Beggs 1514:John M. Fabian 1499:David Stockman 1491:Strom Thurmond 1388:STS-23 mission 1327: 1324: 1310:Galilean moons 1278:gravity-assist 1179:rather than a 1156:John R. Casani 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106:Eilene Theilig 1103: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074:Dick Spehalski 1071: 1070: 1067: 1065:John R. Casani 1061: 1060: 1057: 1044: 1041: 993: 992: 982: 979: 973: 950: 947: 896:magnetic field 802:gravity assist 748: 747: 740: 734: 733: 720: 712: 711: 708: 707: 704: 700: 699: 696: 692: 691: 688: 684: 683: 680: 676: 675: 672: 668: 667: 664: 660: 659: 656: 652: 651: 648: 644: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 628: 627: 617: 616: 613: 612: 567: 563: 562: 559: 555: 554: 549: 545: 544: 537: 536: 533: 529: 528: 523: 519: 518: 511: 510: 507: 503: 502: 499: 495: 494: 487: 486: 483: 479: 478: 475: 471: 470: 463: 462: 459: 455: 454: 451: 447: 446: 435: 434: 431: 427: 426: 423: 419: 418: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 387: 383: 382: 379: 375: 374: 373:End of mission 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 355: 351: 350: 342: 338: 337: 316: 312: 311: 297: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 277: 276: 273: 269: 267: 263: 262: 260: 259: 256: 252: 250: 246: 245: 243: 242: 239: 235: 233: 229: 228: 226: 225: 222: 219: 215: 213: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 184: 182: 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 150: 147: 143: 141: 137: 136: 121: 117: 116: 113: 104: 103: 100: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 77: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 53: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20432: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20402: 20400: 20393: 20388: 20378: 20376: 20366: 20365: 20362: 20349: 20347: 20343: 20341: 20339: 20335: 20333: 20331: 20327: 20325: 20323: 20319: 20317: 20315: 20311: 20309: 20307: 20303: 20301: 20299: 20295: 20293: 20291: 20287: 20286: 20284: 20280: 20274: 20273: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20255: 20252: 20251: 20250: 20247: 20246: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20222: 20221: 20220:Museo Galileo 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20200: 20196: 20195: 20193: 20189: 20182: 20179: 20176: 20175:Maria Celeste 20173: 20170: 20167: 20164: 20161: 20158: 20155: 20154: 20152: 20148: 20141: 20140: 20136: 20133: 20132: 20128: 20125: 20124: 20120: 20117: 20116: 20112: 20109: 20105: 20102: 20098: 20095: 20094: 20090: 20087: 20086: 20082: 20079: 20078: 20074: 20071: 20070: 20066: 20065: 20063: 20059: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20004: 20002: 19998: 19994: 19987: 19982: 19980: 19975: 19973: 19968: 19967: 19964: 19953: 19946: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19905: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19873: 19869: 19868: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19851: 19847: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19835:Meteor-3 No.4 19833: 19831: 19828: 19825: 19821: 19820: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19805: 19803: 19799: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19750: 19746: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19718: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19703: 19700: 19699: 19697: 19693: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19653: 19650: 19647: 19643: 19639: 19638: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19628: 19626: 19622: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19592: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19559: 19557: 19553: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19516: 19515:Okean-O1 No.4 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19487: 19485: 19481: 19475: 19471: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19458: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19428: 19424: 19423: 19419: 19418: 19416: 19412: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19377: 19375: 19371: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19356: 19352: 19348: 19344: 19340: 19336: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19311: 19307: 19306: 19302: 19300: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19287: 19285: 19281: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19214: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19201: 19199: 19195: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19155: 19151: 19148: 19147: 19145: 19141: 19136: 19132: 19121: 19113: 19108: 19106: 19101: 19099: 19094: 19093: 19090: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19064: 19061: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19026: 19024: 19020: 19013: 19010: 19007: 19004: 19003: 19001: 18997: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18985:Europa Lander 18983: 18982: 18980: 18976: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18951: 18949: 18945: 18939: 18936: 18933: 18930: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18916: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18894: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18882: 18879: 18876: 18873: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18859: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18837: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18824: 18822: 18818: 18816: 18814: 18810: 18809: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18802: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18790: 18786: 18784: 18783: 18782:Mars Observer 18779: 18776: 18775:Mars Cube One 18773: 18771: 18770: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18758: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18726: 18722: 18718: 18715: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18695: 18691: 18689: 18688: 18684: 18682: 18681: 18677: 18675: 18674: 18670: 18668: 18667: 18663: 18662: 18660: 18658:Past missions 18656: 18648: 18647: 18643: 18641: 18640: 18636: 18635: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18623: 18620: 18617: 18614: 18611: 18608: 18605: 18602: 18599: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18588: 18584: 18582: 18578: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18569: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18562: 18558: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18544: 18540: 18538: 18537: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18504: 18500: 18498: 18497: 18493: 18492: 18490: 18486: 18482: 18475: 18470: 18468: 18463: 18461: 18456: 18455: 18452: 18440: 18439: 18430: 18428: 18427: 18418: 18417: 18414: 18408: 18407:Nikon NASA F4 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18352: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18325: 18321: 18320: 18318: 18314: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18292:NASA insignia 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18272:Lunar plaques 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18262: 18258: 18256: 18255: 18251: 18249: 18248: 18244: 18242: 18241: 18237: 18235: 18234: 18230: 18226: 18225: 18224:Pale Blue Dot 18221: 18220: 18219: 18218: 18214: 18212: 18211: 18207: 18205: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18197: 18191: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18152:NASA missions 18150: 18148: 18147:NASA aircraft 18145: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18117: 18116: 18113: 18112: 18110: 18106: 18100: 18097: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18069:Space Network 18067: 18065: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18057: 18051: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18035: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18020: 18018: 18014: 18008: 18005: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17993: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17982: 17978: 17977: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17945: 17941: 17939: 17938: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17925: 17922: 17921: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17914: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17876: 17874: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17857: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17840: 17836: 17834: 17833: 17829: 17827: 17826: 17822: 17821: 17819: 17813: 17805: 17802: 17801: 17800: 17798: 17794: 17792: 17791: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17754: 17750: 17748: 17747: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17735: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17722: 17718: 17716: 17714: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17702:Space Shuttle 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17681: 17678: 17677: 17676: 17675: 17671: 17669: 17668: 17664: 17662: 17661: 17657: 17655: 17654: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17627: 17623: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17584:New Frontiers 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17546: 17544: 17540: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17493:Lunar Orbiter 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17458: 17454: 17451: 17448: 17444: 17434: 17433:Lunar Gateway 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17403: 17399: 17393: 17392:Constellation 17390: 17387: 17383: 17382: 17377: 17375: 17374:Space Shuttle 17372: 17369: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17339: 17335: 17332: 17331: 17329: 17325: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17304: 17301: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17287: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17256: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17218: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17212:NASA research 17210: 17208: 17205: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17192: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17166: 17159: 17156: 17153: 17150: 17147: 17144: 17141: 17138: 17135: 17132: 17129: 17126: 17123: 17120: 17117: 17114: 17111: 17108: 17105: 17102: 17099: 17096: 17093: 17090: 17087: 17084: 17081: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17065: 17062: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17044: 17039: 17037: 17032: 17030: 17025: 17024: 17021: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16987: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16963: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16947: 16945: 16941: 16939: 16937: 16932: 16931:Chandrayaan-3 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16912: 16911: 16907: 16905: 16904: 16900: 16898: 16897: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16879: 16877: 16873: 16865: 16863: 16858: 16857:Chandrayaan-2 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16847: 16843: 16841: 16839: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16814: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16798: 16797: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16781: 16780: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16769: 16765: 16763: 16762: 16757: 16756: 16752: 16751: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16739: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16728: 16727: 16725: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16715: 16714:Venus Express 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16699: 16698: 16694: 16693: 16691: 16687: 16684: 16683: 16681: 16677: 16676: 16672: 16671: 16669: 16665: 16663: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16649: 16648: 16646: 16645: 16643: 16639: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16620:Chandrayaan-1 16618: 16616: 16615: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16603: 16599: 16598: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16587: 16586: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16575: 16574: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16563: 16562: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16551: 16550: 16546: 16544: 16543: 16539: 16537: 16536: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16525: 16524: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16505: 16502: 16498: 16494: 16484: 16483: 16479: 16477: 16476: 16472: 16471: 16469: 16465: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16444: 16442: 16441: 16437: 16435: 16431: 16430: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16416: 16415:Minor planets 16412: 16403: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16396: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16368: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16349:Other planets 16347: 16339: 16337: 16333: 16332: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16325: 16321: 16319: 16317: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16297: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16256: 16253: 16252: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16197:Chandrayaan-2 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16184: 16182: 16180: 16176: 16170: 16169:Solar Orbiter 16167: 16165: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16155: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16137:21st-century 16132: 16127: 16125: 16120: 16118: 16113: 16112: 16109: 16096: 16095: 16092: 16086: 16083: 16079: 16076: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16058: 16057: 16054: 16050: 16047: 16046: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16019:Asteroid belt 16017: 16016: 16014: 16010: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15921:not developed 15919:Cancelled or 15917: 15910: 15909: 15905: 15902: 15899: 15896: 15893: 15890: 15887: 15884: 15881: 15878: 15875: 15872: 15871: 15867: 15864: 15861: 15858: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15841: 15838: 15835: 15834: 15832: 15828: 15822:(flyby, 2029) 15821: 15818: 15815: 15812: 15809: 15806: 15803: 15800: 15796: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15784: 15780: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15747:Sample return 15745: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15728: 15724: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15683: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15671: 15670: 15668: 15664: 15656: 15653: 15652: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15552:Halley Armada 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15501: 15498: 15494: 15489: 15483: 15477: 15471: 15460: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15451: 15447: 15444: 15441: 15438: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15420: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15402: 15398: 15394: 15393:minor planets 15390: 15383: 15378: 15376: 15371: 15369: 15364: 15363: 15360: 15347: 15343: 15342: 15339: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15274: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15186: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15159: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15147: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15134: 15124: 15123: 15119: 15117: 15116: 15112: 15110: 15109: 15105: 15103: 15102: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15091: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15031: 15029: 15025: 15022: 15016: 15005: 15002: 14999: 14996: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14984: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14972: 14969: 14966: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14941: 14934: 14931: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14900: 14897: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14882: 14879: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14871: 14867: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14835: 14828: 14827: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14807: 14804: 14803: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14783: 14781: 14780: 14779:Lunar Gateway 14776: 14773: 14772: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14763: 14759: 14756: 14750: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14659:Lunar IceCube 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14585: 14581: 14575: 14572: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14503: 14499: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14467: 14463: 14461: 14460: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14435: 14433: 14432: 14428: 14427: 14425: 14423: 14422:Sample return 14419: 14413: 14410: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14365: 14361: 14359: 14358: 14354: 14352: 14351: 14347: 14346: 14345: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14337: 14333: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14230: 14229: 14227: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14045:Chandrayaan-3 14043: 14041: 14040:Chandrayaan-1 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13988: 13981: 13977: 13975: 13974: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13956: 13954: 13953: 13949: 13947: 13946: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13919: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13899: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13883: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13830: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13801: 13800:Chandrayaan-2 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13785: 13781: 13778: 13772: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13732: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13720: 13717: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13708: 13705: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13656:Lunar Orbiter 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13608: 13603: 13601: 13596: 13594: 13589: 13588: 13585: 13572: 13571: 13568: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13510:Pioneer Venus 13508: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13484: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13448: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13311: 13304: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13286: 13279: 13276: 13273: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13257: 13254: 13250: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13180: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13159: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13093: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13050: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13034: 13032: 13031: 13027: 13025: 13024: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12962: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12943:Venus Express 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12912: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12898: 12896:Past missions 12894: 12889: 12883: 12877: 12862: 12859: 12856: 12855:Solar Orbiter 12853: 12850: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12826: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12792: 12787: 12785: 12780: 12778: 12773: 12772: 12769: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12671: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12574: 12567: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12558:Europa Lander 12556: 12553: 12552: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12534: 12533: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12514: 12507: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12487: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12450: 12445: 12435: 12434: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12423: 12421: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12411: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12395: 12391: 12390: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12352: 12347: 12345: 12340: 12338: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12322: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12284: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12244: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12142: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12086: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12028: 12021: 12016: 12001: 11994: 11993: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11812: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11752:Spacecraft". 11751: 11747: 11743: 11728: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11664: 11658: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11628: 11623: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11597: 11596:10.17226/5981 11593: 11589: 11585: 11580: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11547: 11540: 11539: 11533: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11503: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11488: 11486:0-7803-1831-5 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11415: 11400: 11393: 11392: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11329: 11323: 11319: 11313: 11309: 11304: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11274: 11273: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11133:3-540-22450-5 11129: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11040: 11034: 11019: 11012: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10974: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10935: 10929: 10914: 10907: 10906: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10798: 10786: 10785: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10738: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10718:0-06-017114-6 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10639:Encrenaz, Th. 10635: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10621:0-8131-2245-7 10617: 10613: 10609: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10491: 10479: 10475: 10474: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10447: 10446:10.1038/41718 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10358: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10197: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10148: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9998: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9966: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9856:, p. 61. 9855: 9850: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9725: 9717: 9715: 9707: 9702: 9695: 9690: 9674: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9651: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9582: 9577: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9514: 9509: 9502: 9497: 9490: 9485: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9447: 9439: 9437: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9367: 9363: 9360:Pratt, Jane. 9356: 9340: 9336: 9333:Pratt, Jane. 9329: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9296: 9291: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9208: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9147: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9123: 9107: 9103: 9096: 9094: 9086: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9029: 9024: 9008: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8986: 8979: 8974: 8972: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8909:Chaisson 1994 8905: 8898: 8893: 8891: 8883: 8878: 8872:, p. 24. 8871: 8866: 8859: 8854: 8847: 8842: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8800: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8771: 8763: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8700: 8695: 8693: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8637: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8605: 8598: 8582: 8576: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8482: 8474: 8469: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8436: 8431: 8424: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8357: 8350: 8345: 8343: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8285: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8258: 8253: 8237: 8233: 8227: 8220: 8215: 8213: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8108: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8067: 8062: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8016: 8012: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7959: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7927: 7923: 7921: 7912: 7896: 7892: 7890: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7691: 7683: 7677:, p. 49. 7676: 7671: 7664: 7659: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7592:, p. 24. 7591: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7556:, p. 80. 7555: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7506:, p. 10. 7505: 7500: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7474: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7451: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7434: 7433:Granahan 2011 7429: 7422: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7361: 7356: 7337: 7330: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7232: 7225:, p. 99. 7224: 7219: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7148: 7143: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7018: 7014: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6959: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6818: 6813: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6776: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6595:New Scientist 6591: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6555:New Scientist 6552: 6545: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6510: 6503:, p. 69. 6502: 6497: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6348:, p. 77. 6347: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6312:New Scientist 6308: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6142:, p. 23. 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6021:, p. 93. 6020: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5997:, p. 79. 5996: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5961:, p. 78. 5960: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5943: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5690:, p. 43. 5689: 5684: 5682: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5529:, p. 23. 5528: 5523: 5521: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5453: 5447: 5441:, p. 38. 5440: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5424:, p. 82. 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5210: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5008: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4922: 4913: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4878:Europa Lander 4874: 4867: 4866:Europa Lander 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4753: 4752:magnetosphere 4749: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4658:had not been 4657: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451:Delta Velorum 4448: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4378: 4374: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4222: 4217: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4015:Tidal flexing 4012: 4007: 4006:Clark Chapman 3997: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3951: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3864: 3862: 3861:Alfred McEwen 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803:Pillan Patera 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3639:magnetosphere 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611:parking orbit 3607: 3599: 3590: 3585: 3576: 3565: 3554: 3549: 3540: 3535: 3522: 3519:Animation of 3517: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3262: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3199:gravitational 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3096: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053:David H. Levy 3050: 3046: 3039: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2989: 2988:parent body. 2987: 2983: 2978: 2977:asteroid moon 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966:Johann Palisa 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854:asteroid belt 2847: 2843: 2829: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2672:microswitches 2668: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2526: 2523:in 1973, but 2522: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:magnetic tail 2350:, creating a 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2321: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150:Patricia Wald 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1907:Space Shuttle 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1765: 1756: 1751: 1738: 1735:Animation of 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1688:Space Shuttle 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633:plutonium-238 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1597:Space Shuttle 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1534:29 Amphitrite 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1373:Space Shuttle 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:Space Shuttle 1243: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:accelerometer 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 990: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 970: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 946: 944: 943:contaminating 937: 933: 928: 924: 919: 917: 916:magnetosphere 913: 912:impact events 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833:asteroid moon 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 803: 799: 795: 794: 788: 787:Space Shuttle 783: 779: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755: 744: → 743: 738: 735:← 730: 725: 724: 718: 713: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 622: 618: 614: 605: 599:Galileo Probe 593:6.083; -4.067 568: 564: 560: 556: 553: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 527: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 413: 408: 404: 400: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 367: 363: 360: 356: 352: 349: 346: 343: 339: 336: 332: 328: 327: 321: 320:Space Shuttle 317: 313: 310: 298: 294: 289: 285: 281: 274: 271: 270: 268: 264: 257: 254: 253: 251: 247: 240: 237: 236: 234: 230: 223: 220: 217: 216: 214: 210: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 183: 179: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 151: 148: 145: 144: 142: 138: 134: 122: 118: 114: 112: 105: 101: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 20392: 20375:Solar System 20348:(2009 novel) 20345: 20340:(2002 opera) 20337: 20329: 20321: 20313: 20305: 20297: 20289: 20270: 20248: 20181:Marina Gamba 20137: 20129: 20121: 20113: 20091: 20083: 20075: 20067: 19951: 19929:Progress M-2 19924:Gran' No.36L 19865: 19817: 19715: 19681:Marco Polo 1 19676:Progress M-1 19635: 19541:Globus No.11 19513: 19420: 19395:Gran' No.33L 19303: 18914: 18892: 18857: 18835: 18820: 18812: 18799: 18787: 18780: 18767: 18756: 18724: 18710: 18709: 18694:Deep Space 2 18692: 18687:Deep Space 1 18685: 18679: 18672: 18665: 18644: 18637: 18589: 18580: 18573:Perseverance 18572: 18561:Mars Odyssey 18559: 18542: 18534: 18501: 18494: 18437: 18425: 18259: 18252: 18246: 18238: 18231: 18222: 18215: 18208: 18201: 18032: 17981:Perseverance 17980: 17942: 17935: 17912: 17872: 17855: 17839:New Horizons 17837: 17830: 17823: 17796: 17788: 17764: 17752: 17745: 17732: 17720: 17712: 17673: 17672: 17665: 17658: 17651: 17380: 17364:Apollo–Soyuz 16961: 16943: 16935: 16909: 16902: 16895: 16861: 16844: 16837: 16811: 16794: 16779:Schiaparelli 16777: 16767: 16759: 16753: 16736: 16729: 16720:Chang'e 5-T1 16712: 16695: 16673: 16661: 16650: 16612: 16595: 16583: 16571: 16559: 16547: 16540: 16533: 16523:Deep Space 1 16521: 16480: 16473: 16447:New Horizons 16445: 16438: 16427: 16397: 16383: 16369: 16355: 16336:Perseverance 16335: 16322: 16315: 16294: 16289:Mars Express 16287: 16211: 16139:space probes 16071:Colonization 15978:Hayabusa Mk2 15958:Comet Hopper 15953:Clementine 2 15906: 15868: 15848: 15814:MBR Explorer 15546: 15542:Deep Space 1 15457: 15449: 15430:New Horizons 15428: 15345: 15196:Lunar Lander 15183: 15156: 15144: 15120: 15113: 15106: 15099: 15000:(late 2020s) 14826:Artemis VIII 14824: 14816: 14808: 14800: 14792: 14784: 14777: 14769: 14613: 14604:Chang'e 5-T1 14596: 14464: 14457: 14450: 14443: 14436: 14429: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14231: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13971: 13964: 13957: 13950: 13943: 13936: 13806:Chang'e 5-T1 13719:South Korean 13556:Terraforming 13531:Colonization 13408: 13303:MBR Explorer 13294: 13047: 13035: 13028: 13022: 13021: 12959: 12941: 12909: 12846: 12822: 12668: 12584: 12563: 12549: 12530: 12522: 12503: 12485: 12466: 12459: 12458: 12433:New Horizons 12431: 12424: 12418: 12408: 12401: 12387: 12380: 12312: 12296: 12290:mission site 12287: 12247: 12241: 12208: 12202: 12145: 12139: 12089: 12083: 12056: 12050: 12034:. 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Retrieved 4921: 4912: 4902: 4893: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4856: 4848: 4847:Even before 4846: 4841: 4832: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4792:New Horizons 4790: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4762: 4747: 4714: 4705: 4692: 4677: 4672: 4655: 4654: 4652:meteorites. 4646: 4630: 4614: 4608: 4585: 4584: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4537:spin bearing 4530: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4480: 4454: 4444: 4427: 4426: 4423:Star scanner 4375: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4300: 4298: 4272: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4199: 4198: 4177: 4172: 4171:and to take 4163: 4161: 4142:dwarf planet 4139: 4097: 4095: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4066: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4002: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3935: 3923: 3921: 3907: 3904: 3882: 3880: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3819: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3770:iron sulfide 3760: 3759: 3740: 3725: 3707: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3628: 3618: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3574: 3571: Europa 3563: 3552: 3538: 3533: 3520: 3489: 3472: 3459: 3449: 3399: 3385: 3383:of 228 3381:deceleration 3370: 3346: 3340: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3230: 3214: 3212: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3113: 3105: 3094: 3092: 3081: 3078: 3074:impact event 3068: 3061:tidal forces 3037: 3036: 3016: 2974: 2969: 2945: 2942: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2894: 2879: 2873: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2824: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2767: 2765: 2749: 2745:cold welding 2734: 2731: 2725: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2690: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2642: 2624: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2583:Nd:YAG laser 2566: 2559: 2557: 2551: 2524: 2518: 2507: 2506:En route to 2505: 2494: 2475:shot of the 2472: 2459:Earth's Moon 2423: 2411: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2382: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2343: 2341: 2335: 2319: 2318: 2282: 2280: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2249: 2232: 2223: 2205: 2195: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2162: 2158:Oliver Gasch 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2082: 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55: 41: 37: 20387:Spaceflight 20332:(1999 book) 20324:(1996 book) 20316:(1975 film) 20308:(1968 film) 20300:(1947 play) 20292:(1943 play) 20123:The Assayer 20072:(1589–1592) 20052:Thermoscope 19939:Kosmos 2054 19934:Kosmos 2053 19898:Kosmos 2052 19883:Kosmos 2051 19878:Kosmos 2050 19856:Kosmos 2049 19813:Kosmos 2048 19808:Kosmos 2047 19778:Kosmos 2046 19763:Kosmos 2045 19758:Kosmos 2044 19753:Kosmos 2043 19749:Kosmos 2042 19745:Kosmos 2041 19741:Kosmos 2040 19737:Kosmos 2039 19733:Kosmos 2038 19686:Kosmos 2037 19671:Kosmos 2036 19631:Kosmos 2035 19615:Kosmos 2034 19610:Kosmos 2033 19605:Kosmos 2032 19600:Kosmos 2031 19582:Kosmos 2030 19567:Kosmos 2029 19536:Kosmos 2028 19526:Kosmos 2027 19504:Kosmos 2026 19495:Superbird-A 19490:Kosmos 2025 19474:Kosmos 2024 19470:Kosmos 2023 19466:Kosmos 2022 19448:Kosmos 2021 19443:Kosmos 2020 19433:Kosmos 2019 19405:Foton No.5L 19400:Kosmos 2018 19390:Kosmos 2017 19385:Kosmos 2016 19359:Kosmos 2015 19355:Kosmos 2014 19351:Kosmos 2013 19347:Kosmos 2012 19343:Kosmos 2011 19339:Kosmos 2010 19335:Kosmos 2009 19331:Kosmos 2008 19326:Kosmos 2007 19321:Progress 41 19316:Kosmos 2006 19290:Kosmos 2005 19269:Kosmos 2004 19259:Kosmos 2003 19244:Kosmos 2002 19239:Kosmos 2001 19234:Kosmos 2000 19229:Kosmos 1999 19225:Kosmos 1998 19221:Kosmos 1997 19217:Kosmos 1996 19213:Kosmos 1995 19209:Kosmos 1994 19204:Progress 40 19188:Kosmos 1993 19178:Kosmos 1992 19168:Kosmos 1991 19163:Kosmos 1990 19158:Kosmos 1989 19154:Kosmos 1988 19150:Kosmos 1987 18821:Opportunity 18680:Deep Impact 18267:Deep fields 18195:and artwork 18193:NASA images 17765:Opportunity 17234:NASA Social 17060:and history 16852:Longjiang-2 16838:Opportunity 16819:Longjiang-1 16697:Deep Impact 16357:BepiColombo 16049:Exploration 15973:Don Quijote 15733:Deep Impact 15530:Deep Impact 15437:OSIRIS-APEX 15226:OrbitBeyond 15136:Cancelled / 15004:Argonaut M1 14962:Beresheet 2 14950:Hakuto-R M2 14818:Artemis VII 14786:Artemis III 14624:Longjiang-1 14518:Hakuto-R M1 14081:Longjiang-2 14056:Explorer 35 13700:Chandrayaan 13626:Exploration 13328:(2031–2032) 12848:BepiColombo 12717:Exploration 12299:legacy site 12059:(1): 2–17. 12036:October 29, 11888:October 29, 11877:. SP-4041. 11736:October 18, 11651:November 4, 11573:November 5, 11562:. SP-4227. 11526:January 19, 11297:October 11, 11286:. SP-4025. 11240:Hitt, David 10575:(1): 1–19. 10484:November 6, 10245:December 5, 10186:December 5, 9903:December 6, 9877:December 6, 9800:December 5, 9540:December 8, 9425:December 6, 9399:December 6, 9372:December 6, 9345:December 6, 9318:December 6, 9280:January 19, 9112:December 5, 9051:December 5, 8960:January 19, 8933:January 19, 8789:December 4, 8645:December 3, 8610:January 19, 8458:January 19, 8408:January 19, 8331:January 19, 8201:January 19, 8116:October 29, 7728:January 19, 7613:January 19, 7345:January 29, 7250:January 19, 6997:January 19, 6712:November 5, 6680:November 9, 6534:November 5, 6486:November 5, 6417:November 4, 6384:November 4, 6331:November 4, 6262:November 4, 6248:Sagan, Carl 6229:November 4, 6098:November 7, 5971:Rogers 1986 5854:October 17, 5735:October 12, 5670:October 11, 5618:October 31, 5592:October 30, 5527:Finley 1988 5509:October 11, 5410:Bowles 2002 5280:October 28, 5193:October 27, 5131:October 27, 4729:ring system 4570:wheel. The 4438:(0.32 3979:occultation 3891:Loki Patera 3728:mean radius 3493:noble gases 3343:entry probe 3156:Dust storms 3140:probe. The 3057:Roche limit 2491:False-color 2063:Before the 1935:declination 1543:1219 Britta 1512:Astronauts 1326:Preparation 1286:fiscal year 1136:heat shield 1082:Bill O'Neil 908:ring system 843:. In 1994, 625:Instruments 591: / 566:Impact site 341:Launch site 296:Launch date 212:Launch mass 125:solarsystem 20399:Categories 20254:spacecraft 20183:(mistress) 20177:(daughter) 19717:Soyuz TM-8 19711:Himawari 4 19577:Olympus F1 19299:Meteosat 4 18717:spacecraft 18583:helicopter 18355:Moon rocks 18115:Astronauts 18108:NASA lists 17965:OSIRIS-REx 17799:helicopter 17667:Pioneer 11 17660:Pioneer 10 17463:Hitchhiker 17338:suborbital 17175:Space Race 16964:helicopter 16903:Mangalyaan 16535:Pioneer 10 16453:OSIRIS-REx 16434:MINERVA-II 15993:Marco Polo 15769:OSIRIS-REx 15520:Clementine 15443:Hayabusa2♯ 15236:Prospector 15211:Lunokhod 3 15084:Moon Diver 15079:McCandless 14992:MoonRanger 14810:Artemis VI 14794:Artemis IV 14771:Artemis II 14669:Mariner 10 14558:Surveyor 2 14553:OMOTENASHI 14372:Lunokhod 1 14290:Surveyor 1 14051:Clementine 13219:3MV-1 No.2 13209:2MV-2 No.1 13204:2MV-1 No.2 13199:2MV-1 No.1 12863:(en route) 12857:(en route) 12851:(en route) 12843:(en route) 12576:Cancelled, 12382:Pioneer 10 11875:2017059404 11234:. SP-4232. 11204:. SP-4221. 10922:October 1, 10283:References 10139:2014/20516 10062:August 28, 8011:"In Depth" 7800:Young 1998 6645:January 7, 5340:October 8, 4955:August 11, 4733:meteoroids 4727:Jupiter's 4660:sterilized 4637:Surveyor 3 4509:Pioneer 11 4503:Pioneer 10 4181:nanoteslas 4090:ionosphere 3917:convective 3811:Prometheus 3278:Jupiter's 3249:See also: 2866:951 Gaspra 2846:951 Gaspra 2837:951 Gaspra 2752:half-angle 2718:lubricants 2714:Challenger 2579:New Mexico 2520:Mariner 10 2493:mosaic by 2416:continents 2291:solar wind 2110:Launch of 2070:Challenger 2065:Challenger 2054:Carl Sagan 2040:Challenger 2036:Kosmos 954 2018:spacecraft 1841:Challenger 1832:Challenger 1806:951 Gaspra 1704:Challenger 1693:Challenger 1609:Spacecraft 1563:slip rings 1382:to launch 1314:spacecraft 1236:Titan IIIE 1201:gyroscopes 1149:Pioneer 10 1145:Pioneer 11 1141:Pioneer 10 1124:Initiation 1017:Pioneer 11 1013:Pioneer 10 1004:Pioneer 11 998:Pioneer 10 949:Background 900:exospheres 829:951 Gaspra 827:flyby, of 817:atmosphere 778:spacecraft 597: ( 468:951 Gaspra 386:Decay date 20165:(brother) 19695:September 19656:Hipparcos 18700:Explorers 18646:Voyager 2 18639:Voyager 1 18581:Ingenuity 18567:Mars 2020 18382:Moon tree 18203:Earthrise 18078:Goldstone 17975:Mars 2020 17944:Voyager 2 17937:Voyager 1 17873:Curiosity 17817:operating 17815:Currently 17797:Ingenuity 17734:MESSENGER 17713:Sojourner 17642:Mercury 3 17632:Apollo 11 17579:Discovery 17569:Explorers 17158:Augustine 17122:Augustine 16962:Ingenuity 16885:Chang'e 5 16846:Beresheet 16731:MESSENGER 16608:Chang'e 1 16482:Voyager 2 16475:Voyager 1 16429:Hayabusa2 16423:Chang'e 2 16330:Mars 2020 16324:Tianwen-1 16316:Curiosity 16250:Chang'e 6 16240:Queqiao 2 16220:Chang'e 5 16207:Chang'e 4 16202:Chang'e 3 15857:Centaurus 15808:Tianwen-2 15759:Hayabusa2 15726:Impactors 15685:Hayabusa2 15604:Pioneer 7 15594:NEA Scout 15589:LICIACube 15515:Chang'e 2 15461:(orbiter) 15439:(orbiter) 15251:Ukrselena 15101:DSE-Alpha 15059:Garatéa-L 15049:Blue Moon 15044:Artemis-7 14968:ispace M3 14933:Chang'e 8 14927:Chang'e 7 14870:Luna-Glob 14802:Artemis V 14684:Pioneer 4 14674:NEA Scout 14649:LunaH-Map 14598:Apollo 13 14508:Beresheet 14487:Chang'e 5 14431:Apollo 11 14350:Apollo 15 14240:Chang'e 5 14171:Impactors 14025:Chang'e 1 14020:Artemis I 13938:Apollo 11 13866:Chang'e 3 13822:Queqiao 1 13736:Luna-Glob 13432:Laplace-P 13427:Mercury-P 13296:Dragonfly 13224:Kosmos 27 13214:Kosmos 21 13194:Mariner 1 13037:MESSENGER 12992:Venera 11 12982:Mariner 5 12967:Mariner 2 12659:Pioneer H 12644:Laplace-P 12532:Tianwen-4 12403:Voyager 1 12272:0019-1035 12233:0148-0227 12170:0036-8075 12114:0036-8075 11982:0018-9499 11935:0028-0836 11840:0019-1035 11784:0028-0836 11746:Sagan, C. 11692:0036-8075 11513:124150579 11452:0028-0836 11357:0036-8075 11262:931460081 11232:931724068 11202:931719124 11172:488948903 11142:488990934 11107:0028-0836 11068:0019-1035 11002:0019-1035 10963:0018-9499 10895:122388506 10887:0038-6308 10832:0028-0836 10791:April 15, 10766:0028-0836 10727:879045001 10673:0036-8075 10599:0019-1035 10530:0036-8075 10455:0028-0836 10386:0036-8075 10322:0036-8075 10158:Space.com 10036:March 19, 9773:April 24, 9741:0003-0996 9679:April 27, 9469:215919054 9461:0091-6358 9452:Astronomy 9240:0036-8733 9171:0036-8423 9013:April 16, 8512:April 16, 8242:April 24, 7848:Space.com 7648:April 15, 7517:"243 Ida" 7211:Marr 1994 7183:Antennas" 7044:Space.com 6987:Space.com 6760:April 15, 6604:0262-4079 6564:0262-4079 6374:1059-1028 6321:0262-4079 5880:April 13, 5838:Missions" 5582:1059-1028 5079:April 11, 4933:Citations 4722:exosphere 4647:Star Trek 4645:original 4633:Apollo 12 4593:annealing 4447:magnitude 4299:Although 4075:Voyager 1 4061:from the 3850:Mauna Kea 3676:radiation 3402:parachute 3321:safe mode 2958:Mount Ida 2756:bandwidth 2722:vibration 2663:worm gear 2545:Apollo 17 2364:whistlers 2300:lightning 2287:bow shock 2257:telemetry 2154:frivolous 1988:plutonium 1970:mission. 1943:Goldstone 1830:into the 1664:heavy ion 1425:Model of 1319:Star Trek 1250:space tug 1036:Voyager 2 1030:Voyager 1 1021:encounter 884:saltwater 860:volcanism 847:observed 839:, around 763:its moons 737:Voyager 1 490:Flyby of 466:Flyby of 438:Flyby of 410:Flyby of 102:1989-084B 98:COSPAR ID 20159:(father) 20110:" (1616) 20103:" (1615) 20047:Celatone 19907:December 19849:November 19787:Magion 2 19652:TV-SAT 2 19427:Magellan 19197:February 18899:Surveyor 18893:Stardust 18847:QuikSCAT 18757:Magellan 18736:Herschel 18530:GRACE-FO 18509:ACRIMSAT 18426:Category 18088:Canberra 18000:timeline 17988:timeline 17924:timeline 17880:timeline 17777:observed 17772:timeline 17740:Aquarius 17680:timeline 17653:Magellan 17615:missions 17513:Surveyor 17449:programs 17379:Shuttle– 17320:programs 17152:Aldridge 17071:creation 16675:Stardust 16652:Hayabusa 16371:Akatsuki 16192:CAPSTONE 15948:Castalia 15830:Proposed 15802:DESTINY+ 15764:Stardust 15754:Hayabusa 15673:Hayabusa 15655:Timeline 15633:Orbiters 15619:Stardust 15562:Sakigake 15445:(lander) 15246:SELENE-2 15221:MoonRise 15216:MoonLITE 15138:concepts 15064:ISOCHRON 15020:missions 15018:Proposed 14754:missions 14689:Ranger 5 14321:EagleCam 14194:Ranger 4 13998:Apollo 8 13990:Orbiters 13923:missions 13908:ArgoMoon 13840:Tiandu-1 13795:CAPSTONE 13783:Orbiters 13776:missions 13758:Lunokhod 13707:Japanese 13676:Surveyor 13636:American 13629:programs 13467:TMK-Mavr 13379:Venera-D 13278:EnVision 13259:Orbiters 13102:Venera 7 13066:Venera 3 12977:Venera 2 12961:Venera 1 12922:Venera 9 12911:Magellan 12903:Orbiters 12824:Akatsuki 12816:Orbiters 12734:Callisto 12729:Ganymede 12578:concepts 12497:En route 12470:(active) 12452:Orbiters 12302:Archived 12186:17784094 12130:17839320 12000:Archived 11879:Archived 11850:(2018). 11792:11536539 11708:25094019 11642:Archived 11638:24780391 11610:Archived 11564:Archived 11560:44573331 11399:Archived 11381:37156782 11373:17784091 11288:Archived 11284:21925765 11212:(2009). 11182:(2002). 11115:10811212 11027:April 9, 11018:Archived 10913:Archived 10848:46952214 10840:29875484 10707:(1994). 10697:29201369 10689:17784099 10630:49873630 10554:30085773 10546:17784096 10478:Archived 10402:15919987 10346:24373080 10271:April 4, 10265:Archived 10212:April 3, 10206:Archived 10204:. NASA. 10180:Archived 10114:April 3, 10108:Archived 10088:April 3, 10082:Archived 10080:. NASA. 10056:Archived 10030:Archived 9981:Archived 9955:April 3, 9949:Archived 9947:. NASA. 9897:Archived 9871:Archived 9833:Archived 9831:. NASA. 9794:Archived 9749:27857494 9673:Archived 9566:April 7, 9560:Archived 9465:ProQuest 9419:Archived 9393:Archived 9366:Archived 9339:Archived 9312:Archived 9274:Archived 9256:10710785 9248:26058599 9106:Archived 9007:Archived 8954:Archived 8927:Archived 8831:April 2, 8825:Archived 8783:Archived 8533:Archived 8506:Archived 8452:Archived 8402:Archived 8325:Archived 8323:. NASA. 8195:Archived 8107:Archived 8045:Archived 8021:March 6, 8015:Archived 7977:March 4, 7858:July 27, 7852:Archived 7722:Archived 7607:Archived 7527:April 3, 7521:Archived 7519:. NASA. 7244:Archived 7054:April 2, 7048:Archived 7023:April 2, 7017:Archived 6991:Archived 6885:Archived 6883:. NASA. 6754:Archived 6750:MIT News 6706:Archived 6674:Archived 6672:. NASA. 6639:Archived 6608:Archived 6568:Archived 6528:Archived 6378:Archived 6325:Archived 6223:Archived 6092:Archived 6061:Archived 5906:Archived 5874:Archived 5729:Archived 5664:Archived 5612:Archived 5586:Archived 5503:Archived 5461:July 11, 5334:Archived 5215:April 7, 5187:Archived 5185:. NASA. 5125:Archived 5104:Archived 5073:Archived 5040:Archived 5007:Archived 4773:. While 4741:Amalthea 4664:bacteria 4514:Voyagers 4316:Amalthea 4312:Adrastea 4287:Amalthea 4281:Valhalla 4250:silicate 4211:Callisto 4128:Ganymede 4118:asteroid 3751:Tvashtar 3704:Amalthea 3694:kilorads 3668:Callisto 3631:ellipses 3613:with an 3598:Callisto 3584:Ganymede 3560: Io 3476:nitrogen 3394:phenolic 3223:megabyte 2805:apoapsis 2760:kilobits 2497:showing 2265:Magellan 2254:downlink 2186:Atlantis 2166:Atlantis 2131:Atlantis 2118:on board 1982:neared, 1963:Titan IV 1913:Atlantis 1706:disaster 1698:STS-51-L 1652:whistler 1602:Atlantis 1593:STS-61-G 1463:attitude 1379:Columbia 1366:booster. 1205:nitrogen 1043:Planning 892:Callisto 888:Ganymede 825:asteroid 793:Atlantis 506:Distance 482:Distance 458:Distance 430:Distance 378:Disposal 326:Atlantis 232:Dry mass 131:/galileo 87:Operator 20361:Portals 20314:Galileo 20306:Galileo 20191:Related 19888:Kvant 2 19824:Galileo 19801:October 19295:JCSAT-1 19264:Akebono 19143:January 19034:Caltech 19014:(MAX-C) 18990:FINESSE 18969:SPHEREx 18915:Ulysses 18858:Rosetta 18842:Pioneer 18836:Phoenix 18777:(MarCO) 18763:Mariner 18746:Jason-1 18725:Genesis 18711:Galileo 18536:InSight 18438:Commons 18316:Related 18125:by year 18120:by name 17897:GOES 15 17887:GOES 14 17804:flights 17790:InSight 17746:Cassini 17674:Galileo 17599:SIMPLEx 17574:Voyager 17542:Current 17498:Pioneer 17468:Mariner 17447:Robotic 17428:Artemis 17401:Current 17344:Mercury 17336: ( 17229:NASA TV 17168:General 17067:History 16944:Zhurong 16936:Pragyan 16926:Luna 25 16910:InSight 16862:Pragyan 16796:Cassini 16775:ExoMars 16755:Rosetta 16738:PROCYON 16614:Ulysses 16597:Phoenix 16573:Huygens 16561:Genesis 16542:Galileo 16404:Jupiter 16391:Jupiter 16363:Mercury 16280:ExoMars 16255:ICUBE-Q 16235:Queqiao 16187:ARTEMIS 16012:Related 15895:OKEANOS 15877:CORSAIR 15870:Chimera 15850:Shensuo 15782:Planned 15705:Rover-2 15678:MINERVA 15666:Landers 15650:Rosetta 15624:Ulysses 15614:Rosetta 15609:PROCYON 15547:Galileo 15525:CONTOUR 15346:italics 15270:Related 15191:Lunar-A 15069:LunaNet 15027:Robotic 14994:(2020s) 14988:(2020s) 14982:(2020s) 14956:DESTINY 14910:(2030s) 14908:Luna 31 14904:(2030s) 14902:Luna 30 14898:(2030s) 14896:Luna 29 14890:Luna 28 14884:Luna 27 14878:Luna 26 14854:(2025) 14762:Artemis 14752:Planned 14614:Galileo 14609:Geotail 14472:Luna 16 14412:Jinchan 14224:Landers 14156:SMART-1 14086:Luna 10 13859:Landers 13850:ICUBE-Q 13802:Orbiter 13790:ARTEMIS 13731:Russian 13688:Chang'e 13683:Chinese 13666:Pioneer 13646:Artemis 13616:to the 13524:Related 13505:Mariner 13326:DAVINCI 13272:VERITAS 13095:Landers 13049:Shin-en 13023:Galileo 12670:Trident 12654:OKEANOS 12554:(2020s) 12551:Shensuo 12486:Galileo 12460:Galileo 12419:Ulysses 12362:Jupiter 12313:Galileo 12297:Galileo 12288:Galileo 12252:Bibcode 12213:Bibcode 12178:2884988 12150:Bibcode 12141:Science 12122:1689106 12094:Bibcode 12085:Science 12061:Bibcode 11962:Bibcode 11943:4286285 11913:Bibcode 11820:Bibcode 11800:4269717 11764:Bibcode 11750:Galileo 11700:8629019 11672:Bibcode 11663:Science 11501:Project 11499:Galileo 11460:4246607 11432:Bibcode 11365:2884985 11337:Bibcode 11328:Science 11087:Bibcode 11048:Bibcode 10982:Bibcode 10943:Bibcode 10867:Bibcode 10812:Bibcode 10774:4319450 10746:Bibcode 10681:2884993 10653:Bibcode 10644:Science 10577:Bibcode 10538:2884990 10510:Bibcode 10501:Science 10463:4419557 10433:Bibcode 10394:3841558 10366:Bibcode 10357:Science 10338:8662566 10330:2889442 10302:Bibcode 10293:Science 10106:. ESA. 10104:"Juice" 10078:"JUICE" 9987:May 19, 9474:May 23, 9220:Bibcode 9179:3981750 8587:May 30, 8175:May 23, 8051:July 3, 7920:Galileo 7889:Galileo 7702:May 15, 7690:Galileo 7193:May 15, 7178:Galileo 7174:Galileo 6967:May 15, 6614:May 14, 6574:May 14, 6291:May 15, 6067:May 19, 5836:Galileo 5832:Ulysses 5727:. PBS. 5100:Project 5098:Galileo 4849:Galileo 4780:Ulysses 4775:Galileo 4765:Galileo 4748:Galileo 4715:Galileo 4706:Galileo 4693:Galileo 4678:Galileo 4673:Galileo 4656:Galileo 4609:Galileo 4586:Galileo 4568:encoder 4555:Galileo 4551:Galileo 4533:brushes 4495:Galileo 4491:Galileo 4483:Galileo 4455:Galileo 4428:Galileo 4354:Galileo 4348:Galileo 4343:Galileo 4338:Galileo 4328:Galileo 4301:Galileo 4273:Galileo 4265:Galileo 4236:Galileo 4229:Galileo 4221:Galileo 4200:Galileo 4173:Galileo 4164:Galileo 4149:Mercury 4098:Galileo 4086:Galileo 4082:Galileo 4067:Galileo 4055:Galileo 4051:Galileo 4035:Galileo 4026:Galileo 3990:Galileo 3985:Galileo 3975:Galileo 3970:Galileo 3963:Galileo 3955:Galileo 3936:Galileo 3924:Galileo 3922:On I31 3908:Galileo 3883:Galileo 3839:Galileo 3834:Galileo 3830:Galileo 3828:at the 3822:Galileo 3799:Galileo 3794:Galileo 3789:Galileo 3785:Galileo 3781:Galileo 3777:Galileo 3761:Galileo 3741:Galileo 3708:Galileo 3699:Galileo 3684:Galileo 3680:Galileo 3655:Galileo 3651:Galileo 3635:Galileo 3623:apojove 3619:Galileo 3606:Galileo 3548:Jupiter 3534:Galileo 3521:Galileo 3511:Orbiter 3501:krypton 3463:ammonia 3450:Galileo 3361:ammonia 3341:Galileo 3325:Galileo 3313:Galileo 3308:Galileo 3302:Arrival 3245:Jupiter 3231:Galileo 3215:Galileo 3195:Galileo 3191:Ulysses 3187:Ulysses 3182:Galileo 3177:Ulysses 3162:Galileo 3150:Galileo 3142:Galileo 3138:Galileo 3134:Galileo 3122:Galileo 3114:Galileo 3095:Galileo 3082:Galileo 3069:Galileo 3038:Galileo 3028:⁄ 3017:Galileo 2986:Koronis 2970:Galileo 2954:Dactyls 2946:Galileo 2934:Galileo 2929:Galileo 2921:243 Ida 2910:Galileo 2905:Galileo 2901:243 Ida 2897:Galileo 2891:243 Ida 2874:Galileo 2864:passed 2862:Galileo 2858:Galileo 2825:Galileo 2817:Galileo 2810:Galileo 2795:Galileo 2768:Galileo 2735:Galileo 2726:Galileo 2710:Galileo 2702:Galileo 2691:Galileo 2679:Galileo 2659:Galileo 2651:Galileo 2643:Galileo 2603:Galileo 2599:Galileo 2567:Galileo 2560:Galileo 2552:Galileo 2525:Galileo 2508:Galileo 2495:Galileo 2473:Galileo 2424:Galileo 2412:Galileo 2399:Galileo 2383:Galileo 2375:methane 2360:Galileo 2356:Galileo 2344:Galileo 2336:Galileo 2320:Galileo 2283:Galileo 2270:Galileo 2250:Galileo 2224:Galileo 2206:Galileo 2182:Galileo 2178:Galileo 2174:Galileo 2127:Galileo 2116:Galileo 2078:Galileo 2074:Galileo 2058:Galileo 2044:Galileo 2022:Galileo 2016:Voyager 2011:Galileo 1999:Galileo 1992:Galileo 1980:Galileo 1968:Galileo 1959:Galileo 1931:Galileo 1929:(DSN): 1902:Galileo 1892:Galileo 1888:Galileo 1883:Galileo 1869:Galileo 1857:Galileo 1850:Galileo 1846:Galileo 1820:243 Ida 1764:Jupiter 1762: 1750:Galileo 1737:Galileo 1726:Galileo 1714:Galileo 1710:Galileo 1589:Galileo 1585:Florida 1552:Galileo 1538:Galileo 1536:to the 1526:Galileo 1503:Galileo 1479:Galileo 1458:Galileo 1454:Galileo 1429:atop a 1427:Galileo 1399:Galileo 1392:Galileo 1386:on the 1384:Galileo 1360:Galileo 1337:Galileo 1316:in the 1294:Senator 1241:Centaur 1229:Pioneer 1225:Mariner 1219:and an 1209:Canopus 1197:Mariner 1185:Pioneer 1181:Pioneer 1177:Voyager 1173:Mariner 1166:Voyager 1161:Mariner 1131:Voyager 1056:Manager 1049:Galileo 964:(NASA) 954:Jupiter 936:Galileo 932:Galileo 927:Galileo 923:Galileo 904:Galileo 872:Galileo 856:ammonia 845:Galileo 841:243 Ida 821:Galileo 796:on the 776:Galileo 759:Jupiter 754:Galileo 578:04°04′W 575:06°05′N 541:Jupiter 526:Orbiter 517:orbiter 515:Jupiter 492:243 Ida 391: ( 345:Kennedy 301: ( 120:Website 108:SATCAT 82:orbiter 80:Jupiter 56:Galileo 42:Galileo 20215:Sector 20150:Family 20142:(1638) 20134:(1632) 20126:(1623) 20118:(1619) 20096:(1613) 20088:(1613) 20080:(1610) 19919:USA-49 19914:Granat 19872:USA-48 19867:STS-33 19830:USA-47 19819:STS-34 19768:USA-46 19723:USA-45 19706:USA-44 19702:USA-43 19666:USA-42 19646:USA-41 19642:USA-40 19637:STS-28 19624:August 19595:Pion 4 19591:Pion 3 19531:USA-39 19521:USA-38 19461:Pion 2 19457:Pion 1 19438:USA-37 19422:STS-30 19380:Tele-X 19364:USA-36 19310:TDRS-4 19305:STS-29 19249:USA-35 19135:1990 → 19120:← 1988 18934:(WIRE) 18928:(WFPC) 18921:Viking 18871:(SRTM) 18864:Seasat 18852:Ranger 18813:Spirit 18751:Kepler 18618:(SMAP) 18612:(MISR) 18521:(AIRS) 18503:Psyche 18496:Euclid 18083:Madrid 18016:Future 17931:NuSTAR 17862:THEMIS 17784:RHESSI 17721:Spirit 17518:Viking 17508:Ranger 17359:Skylab 17354:Apollo 17349:Gemini 17207:Budget 17160:(2009) 17154:(2004) 17148:(2004) 17142:(2003) 17136:(2002) 17134:CFUSAI 17130:(1996) 17124:(1990) 17118:(1989) 17112:(1987) 17106:(1986) 17104:Rogers 17100:(1986) 17094:(1958) 17088:(1958) 17082:(1915) 17058:Policy 16807:MASCOT 16761:Philae 16744:IKAROS 16662:Spirit 16630:LCROSS 16625:SELENE 16549:Nozomi 16458:Psyche 16225:Danuri 16212:Yutu-2 16078:Trojan 15988:MAOSEP 15963:CONDOR 15943:CAESAR 15889:MANTIS 15883:HAMMER 15865:(2029) 15863:Ramses 15843:Athena 15717:Philae 15690:MASCOT 15577:Vega 2 15572:Vega 1 15567:Suisei 15557:Giotto 15503:Flybys 15458:Psyche 15422:Active 15397:comets 15146:Altair 15093:Crewed 15006:(2031) 14976:(2026) 14970:(2026) 14964:(2025) 14958:(2025) 14952:(2024) 14943:Others 14935:(2028) 14929:(2026) 14892:(2030) 14886:(2028) 14880:(2027) 14848:(2024) 14829:(2033) 14821:(2032) 14813:(2031) 14805:(2030) 14797:(2028) 14789:(2026) 14774:(2025) 14739:PAS-22 14714:Zond 3 14694:STEREO 14679:Nozomi 14629:Luna 1 14584:Flybys 14568:Vikram 14523:Luna 5 14406:Sora-Q 14336:Rovers 14315:Vikram 14250:Luna 9 14184:Luna 2 14179:LCROSS 13901:Flybys 13892:Yutu-2 13885:Rovers 13812:Danuri 13774:Active 13748:Crewed 13743:Soviet 13724:Danuri 13695:Indian 13671:Ranger 13641:Apollo 13493:Venera 13420:Flybys 13410:Zephyr 13389:VISAGE 13322:(2025) 13305:(2028) 13299:(2028) 13288:Flybys 13280:(2031) 13274:(2031) 13268:(2028) 13168:Vega 1 13142:Vega 1 13043:IKAROS 13012:Vega 1 12972:Zond 1 12953:Flybys 12834:Flybys 12724:Europa 12568:(2036) 12560:(2025) 12535:(2029) 12527:(2024) 12369:Flybys 12270: 12243:Icarus 12231: 12192: 12184: 12176: 12168: 12128: 12120: 12112: 12052:Icarus 11980: 11941: 11933: 11904:Nature 11873: 11863: 11838: 11811:Icarus 11798: 11790: 11782: 11755:Nature 11706: 11698: 11690: 11636: 11602: 11558: 11548: 11511: 11483: 11458: 11450: 11423:Nature 11379: 11371: 11363: 11355: 11314: 11282: 11260: 11250: 11230: 11220: 11200: 11190: 11170: 11160: 11140: 11130: 11113: 11105: 11078:Nature 11066: 11039:Icarus 11000: 10973:Icarus 10961: 10893: 10885: 10846: 10838: 10830: 10803:Nature 10772: 10764: 10737:Nature 10725: 10715: 10695: 10687: 10679: 10671: 10628: 10618: 10597: 10568:Icarus 10552: 10544: 10536: 10528: 10461: 10453: 10424:Nature 10410:924257 10408: 10400: 10392: 10384: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10320: 9945:"Juno" 9747: 9739: 9467: 9459: 9254: 9246: 9238: 9177: 9169: 7181:'s 7176:FAQ – 6602: 6562: 6372: 6319: 5580: 5211:. NASA 4873:lander 4589:'s 4576:proton 4498:'s 4486:'s 4431:'s 4331:'s 4318:, and 4304:'s 4277:Asgard 4268:'s 4239:'s 4205:sulcus 4185:mantle 4157:Triton 4114:Europa 3945:Europa 3939:'s 3854:Hawaii 3842:'s 3813:, and 3807:Zamama 3805:, and 3754:Catena 3687:'s 3664:Europa 3596: 3594: 3589:· 3587: 3582: 3580: 3575:· 3573: 3569: 3564:· 3562: 3558: 3553:· 3551: 3546: 3544: 3539:· 3537: 3532: 3530: 3524:'s 3484:sulfur 3480:carbon 3239:Europa 3218:'s 3041:'s 2950:Dactyl 2937:'s 2820:'s 2813:'s 2798:'s 2626:Psyche 2617:SPADOC 2606:'s 2563:'s 2528:'s 2511:'s 2427:'s 2407:Nature 2402:'s 2315:Flybys 2242:S-band 2235:X-band 2227:'s 2123:STS-34 2112:STS-34 2102:STS-34 2096:Launch 2086:curies 2047:'s 2025:'s 2002:'s 1947:Madrid 1916:. The 1818: 1816: 1811:· 1809: 1804: 1802: 1797:· 1795: 1790: 1788: 1783:· 1781: 1776: 1774: 1769:· 1767: 1760: 1755:· 1753: 1748: 1746: 1740:'s 1660:cosmic 1648:helium 1646:and a 1587:. The 1493:, the 1410:, the 1343:, the 1304:after 1274:Boeing 1025:Saturn 989:lander 939:'s 880:Europa 864:plasma 837:Dactyl 805:flybys 798:STS-34 773:, the 442: 414: 348:LC-39B 331:STS-34 315:Rocket 307: 20171:(son) 20061:Works 19373:April 19283:March 19008:(AFL) 18904:SVLBI 18883:(SIR) 18877:(SME) 18830:NSCAT 18823:rover 18815:rover 18731:GRACE 18705:GALEX 18624:(TES) 18606:(MLS) 18600:(MSL) 18594:(MRO) 18575:rover 18556:(LBT) 18514:ASTER 18028:NISAR 17983:rover 17955:MAVEN 17875:rover 17856:Swift 17767:rover 17728:LADEE 17723:rover 17715:rover 17692:GRAIL 17687:GALEX 17478:MESUR 17423:Orion 17224:NASA+ 17200:Chief 17098:Paine 16952:2024 16946:rover 16938:rover 16917:2023 16891:2022 16881:2020 16875:2020s 16864:rover 16840:rover 16829:MarCO 16825:2019 16803:2018 16786:2017 16770:rover 16750:2016 16726:2015 16708:LADEE 16704:2014 16692:2013 16686:GRAIL 16682:2012 16670:2011 16664:rover 16647:2010 16641:2010s 16604:2009 16592:2008 16580:2006 16568:2005 16556:2004 16530:2003 16513:2001 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