40:
64:
52:
20:
977:
32:
5077:
4668:
4679:
5087:
943:
2077:
2064:
2054:
516:
536:
679:
332:. The archaeological record shows a dramatic increase in the patronage of Buddhist sites sometime in the 3rd century, with many more images and shrines being added during this period. Most of the extant architecture dates from this period and includes sites such as Taxila and the large monastic institutions like Takht-i-Bahi, Sahri-Bahlol, Jamal Garhi, Ranigat, and Thareli.
1012:
581:
Phase IV (ca. 5th century to 8th century CE), a poorly understood phase, during which patronage declined and sculptures were moved and reused in the
Peshawar basin. Patronage endured in the Swat valley however, and many rock cut Buddha figures were created. Likewise, in Afghanistan, many sculptures
577:
Phase III (early 3rd century CE to late 5th century CE), a period of great prosperity, the phase I and II sites are enlarged and modified. A focus on devotional images of
Buddhas and Bodhisattvas and the shrines to house them can also be seen, and towards the end of this period, monumental imagery
543:
Because the region was at a cultural crossroads, the art of the GandhÄran
Buddhists was a fusion of Greco-Roman, Iranian and Indian styles. Initially, Buddhist art was aniconic, but Greco-Roman influences led to the emergence of anthropomorphic depictions of the Buddha in the 1st century CE. The
304:(30ā375 CE) also patronized the Buddhist religion of GandhÄra, supporting monasteries and stupa building. It is not until the 1st and 2nd centuries CE that a significant number of Buddhist centers were founded in GandhÄra. A typical Buddhist center included monasteries adjacent to a central
660:. The earliest of these translations show evidence of having been translated from the GÄndhÄrÄ« language. The Lokakį¹£ema corpus emphasizes ascetic practices and forest dwelling, and absorption in states of meditative concentration. Some scholars also trace the MahÄyÄna
1644:
Fussman, Gerard. "Upaya-kausalya: L'implantation du bouddhisme au
Gandhara," in Fukui Fumimasa and G. Fussman (eds.), Bouddhisme et cultures locales:.Quelques cas de reciproques adaptations, Paris 1994: Ecole Francaise d 'Extreme-Orient: 17-51, p.
401:
After the fall of the
Kushanas, small kingdoms ruled the area, most friendly to Buddhism, who continued to promote Buddhist stupas and monasteries. Buddhism began to weaken in the region after the second half of the fifth century when the
285:(ca. 155ā130), were seen as promoters of Buddhism in Buddhist sources. The Greek artistic culture strongly influenced the art of GandhÄran Buddhism, which saw the first representations of anthropomorphic Buddhas, with
5042:
5052:
440:. They are believed to have been carved sometime between the 3rd to 6th centuries CE. Bamiyan seems to have continued to be a strong Buddhist site in the 7th century. The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim
595:
are the oldest
Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered (circa 1st century CE). The material is scattered throughout several collections around the world, and is very fragmentary. Most are in the
496:(602 ā 664) passed through Gandhara and found numerous functioning monasteries. He was followed by Ou K'ong who visited in 753 AD. A Buddhist monk was present in Baramulla in 13th century.
5011:
1389:
394:'s visit to the region, he reported that most monks were practicing non-Mahayana forms of Buddhism. However there is also plenty of textual and artistic evidence for the existence of
706:) through the pass. This was the main route through which Buddhism spread to Central Asia and to China. Greater GandhÄra's Buddhist culture thus extended into the cities of Northern
203:. This region exerted cultural and linguistic influence on what has been called "Greater GandhÄra" which encompasses the surrounding areas eastwards across the Indus River (such as
4801:
5047:
5006:
686:
Due to GandhÄra's position on the Silk Road, GandhÄran
Buddhism has a strong influence on the Buddhism of Central Asia and East Asia. During the Greek and Kushan eras, the
5016:
4791:
4751:
814:. Xuanzang notes during his travels to the region (629-645) that he found many Buddhists which were inclined towards Tantric practices. The presence of Tantric
574:, relic shrines and monasteries. Narrative reliefs on the biography of the Buddha are central to this phase, which include anthropomorphic images of the Buddha.
570:
Phase II (ca. middle to late 1st century CE to early 3rd century CE) - Characterized by the expansions of
Butkara I and Dharmarajika complex by the addition of
5001:
4836:
4786:
2818:
5062:
4981:
4941:
4796:
4821:
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2208:
308:
containing relics of the Buddha, which was the central focus of lay and monastic veneration and donations in the forms of sculptural images. Under
277:
at Taxila. The archaeological and epigraphic evidence points to the first monasteries and stupas dating from the end of the third century BCE. The
1342:
1320:
765:. The region was briefly ruled by the Kushans under Kanishka, and this allowed Buddhist missionaries easy access to the towns of the Tarim Basin.
3737:
414:
and
Gandhara, many monasteries were deserted. However, Buddhism continued to thrive in areas outside the GandhÄran core of Peshawar, like in the
818:
Buddhism in the region during the 7th and 8th centuries has been confirmed by recent archaeological finds which includes rock cut sculptures of
3961:
504:
335:
The Kushan support of
Buddhism and their establishment of secure trade routes from GandhÄra to Asia allowed Buddhism to continue its spread to
406:
invaded GandhÄra. After the collapse of Hephthalite rule in the 6th century, Buddhist sites show considerable decline. When the Chinese monk
1658:, with contributions by Raymond Allchin and Mark Barnard. Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: The British Library, 1999. pg 181
503:
caused further damage to the Buddhist culture in GandhÄra, and Buddhism eventually ceased to exist from the region by approximately 1200 CE
2178:
1987:
1412:
444:
visited the site in 630 CE, and described Bamiyan as a Buddhist center with "scores of monasteries, and thousands of monks who study the
2286:
436:
was one of the main cities of Buddhist activity in the region as shown by the remains of the monumental Buddha sculptures known as the
2021:
1960:
Samad, Rafi-us, The Grandeur of Gandhara. The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, p. 224-232
2043:
991:(4th century), Vasubandhu is considered one of the most influential thinkers in the Gandharan Buddhist philosophical tradition. In
603:
script, on either birchbark manuscripts or palm leaf. GandhÄran manuscripts have been found for all major Buddhist genres including
1978:
Samad, Rafi-us, The Grandeur of Gandhara. The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, p. 234
1969:
Samad, Rafi-us, The Grandeur of Gandhara. The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, p. 233
1951:
Samad, Rafi-us, The Grandeur of Gandhara. The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, p. 224
5111:
4991:
4553:
4005:
2011:
1988:
Luca Maria Olivieri, Guru Padmasambhava in Context: Archaeological and Historical Evidence from Swat/Uddiyana (c. 8th century CE)
1530:
1734:
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2188:
1503:
1476:
1449:
1422:
1314:
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2371:
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1795:
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328:. During this time, sculptures and narrative reliefs were used to embellish Buddhist structures, focusing on the life of
4445:
3995:
2090:
1209:
905:
355:, as shown by the abundance of Maitreya images found in GandhÄra. Other major sites from the Kushan period include the
242:
script later used by GandhÄran Buddhists. These edicts confirm the existence of Buddhism in GandhÄra during his reign.
1106:(6th century), translated 39 scriptures in 192 fascicles during the period 561 to 592 into Chinese during the rule of
2291:
1774:
1383:
4538:
5116:
4223:
3968:
451:
Another important GandhÄran site in which Buddhism remained strong during the 7th century was the northern city of
1227:
Salomon, Richard, The Buddhist Literature of Ancient GandhÄra, An introduction with Selected Translations. p. xvii
4615:
4605:
2434:
548:. Many examples of GandhÄran Buddhist sculpture have been found, showing the influence of Greco-Roman sculpture.
133:. Buddhist GandhÄra was also influential as the gateway through which Buddhism spread to Central Asia and China.
4560:
4213:
4015:
3906:
3851:
2424:
1847:
1787:
273:
According to Xuanzang, there were six great stupas founded by Ashoka in GandhÄra, the largest of which is the
5126:
4530:
4228:
3911:
2203:
2036:
4113:
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3658:
839:
1867:
Salomon, Richard, The Buddhist Literature of Ancient GandhÄra, An introduction with Selected Translations.
1004:
578:
appears (some more than 11m high). Stupas became embellished with rows of Buddhas and Bodhisattva statues.
4911:
3804:
3713:
3183:
2828:
2341:
2236:
1676:
Salomon, Richard, The Buddhist Literature of Ancient GandhÄra, An introduction with Selected Translations
1113:
3348:
1858:
Kurt A. Behrendt, The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik BRILL, 2004, p. 7-11
1204:
592:
289:
styles that can be seen in the drapery and hair style. Successive conquerors of the region included the
114:
5121:
4653:
4133:
3609:
3095:
2218:
2051:
1350:
1304:
1189:
3543:
1812:"Gandhara | Essay | the Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
1703:
Kurt A. Behrendt, The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik BRILL, 2004, p. 10
1626:
Kurt A. Behrendt, The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik BRILL, 2004, p. 14
1586:
Kurt A. Behrendt, The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik BRILL, 2004, p. 13
4543:
4356:
4346:
4218:
3201:
2781:
2542:
2517:
1082:
769:
653:
500:
2567:
1767:"Patronage, Devotion and Politics: A Buddhological Study of the Patola Sahi Dynasty's Visual Record"
633:
596:
235:
118:
93:
from the 3rd century BCE to approximately 1200 CE. Ancient GandhÄra corresponds to modern day north
39:
4961:
4926:
4881:
4733:
4709:
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4000:
3814:
3792:
3785:
3688:
3221:
2841:
2657:
2602:
2223:
2029:
1007:("Commentary on the Treasury of the Abhidharma") is widely used in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism.
657:
645:
125:
was also home to a unique Buddhist artistic and architectural culture which blended elements from
4851:
4846:
4741:
4585:
4565:
3896:
3876:
3633:
3363:
2607:
1886:
1286:
366:
Kharosthi inscriptions indicate the existence of the following Buddhist schools in GandhÄra: the
1721:
World Heritage Nomination, Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley,
555:
Phase I (ca. 200 BCE - middle 1st century CE), characterized by sacred structures in and around
4971:
4946:
4861:
4841:
4761:
4595:
4435:
4103:
4073:
3846:
3797:
3638:
3586:
3581:
3343:
3164:
3061:
2813:
2808:
2557:
789:
247:
146:
2925:
5057:
4936:
4931:
4811:
4600:
4570:
4151:
4083:
3916:
3831:
3826:
3750:
3745:
3663:
2193:
1493:
1466:
1254:
921:
3216:
4951:
4906:
4886:
4876:
4776:
4623:
4590:
4575:
4093:
3990:
3936:
3821:
3760:
3728:
3723:
3708:
3693:
3683:
3648:
3561:
3253:
3176:
2479:
2419:
2168:
2135:
2085:
1685:
Kurt Behrendt, Pia Brancaccio, Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, 2006 p. 152
1667:
Kurt Behrendt, Pia Brancaccio, Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, 2006 p. 151
768:
Important Buddhist figures from Greater GandhÄra who acted as translators in China include
638:
4463:
3078:
2947:
2873:
2749:
2487:
1635:
Kurt Behrendt, Pia Brancaccio, Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, 2006 p. 17
1276:
Kurt Behrendt, Pia Brancaccio, Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, 2006 p. 10
1241:
Kurt Behrendt, Pia Brancaccio, Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, 2006 p. 11
8:
5031:
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4118:
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4045:
3928:
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3780:
3770:
3698:
3625:
3056:
2913:
2694:
2672:
2624:
2444:
2244:
2100:
2080:
1541:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 49-51
1518:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 49-50
936:
857:
745:
GandhÄran missionaries were influential in bringing Buddhist culture to China during the
662:
90:
2404:
2331:
1722:
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4956:
4921:
4856:
4826:
4771:
4766:
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4128:
4078:
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3643:
3448:
3149:
3073:
2951:
2893:
2734:
2634:
2562:
2537:
2183:
2113:
1184:
1023:
929:
925:
468:
437:
309:
286:
274:
63:
56:
44:
24:
4292:
1712:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 61
1694:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 60
1614:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 57
1577:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 58
1568:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 56
1559:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 55
1550:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 52
371:
5131:
5086:
4916:
4896:
4831:
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4262:
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2006:
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1811:
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1600:
1499:
1472:
1445:
1418:
1379:
1310:
1194:
1039:
992:
459:
which was visited by Chinese pilgrims to study Buddhism. The region was ruled by the
3615:
2409:
2309:
648:
were brought from the GandhÄra region to China as early as AD 147, with the work of
4901:
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4816:
4725:
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4272:
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4123:
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2326:
2198:
1166:
1093:
1076:
811:
628:
3398:
1051:
445:
390:
school who were a major Buddhist school in the region. During the Chinese pilgrim
4683:
4628:
4580:
4508:
4378:
4176:
4156:
4098:
4010:
3673:
3571:
3418:
3154:
3137:
3122:
3100:
2652:
2522:
2356:
2336:
1826:"History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04, the Age of Imperial Kanauj"
1766:
1439:
1373:
1103:
965:
819:
102:
98:
3428:
2582:
2572:
682:
Vairochana statue from Pakistan (possibly Gilgit region), 9thāearly 10th century
471:. The city later came under the rule of the Tibetan empire until the late 800s.
4638:
4341:
4191:
3973:
3553:
3533:
3453:
3142:
3132:
3066:
2903:
2389:
2252:
2016:
1746:
1656:
Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from GandhÄra: The British Library KharosthÄ« Fragments
1179:
1068:
528:
524:
329:
312:(128ā151), Buddhist stupas and monasteries were built in the GandhÄran city of
294:
290:
180:
969:
869:
5105:
5080:
4408:
4257:
3566:
3468:
3326:
3127:
3105:
3041:
2712:
2507:
2502:
2394:
2063:
1876:
Andrew Glass, Mark Allon. Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras, page 5; page 15.
1199:
1127:
1000:
667:
649:
620:
545:
460:
387:
367:
356:
352:
301:
176:
2866:
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141:
Buddhism first took root in Gandhara 2,300 years ago under the Mauryan king
55:
Kushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under
4498:
4483:
4453:
4403:
4393:
4235:
4030:
3523:
3358:
3236:
3024:
3019:
2846:
2717:
2592:
2053:
1145:
1121:
723:
564:
475:
383:
379:
340:
263:
171:. In the view of Buddhist sources, GandhÄra was one of the great regions (
130:
68:
51:
3281:
3266:
3226:
2923:
2587:
2163:
1798:
881:
19:
5090:
4468:
4297:
3438:
3423:
3206:
3014:
2942:
2722:
2552:
2454:
2301:
2173:
2001:
1107:
1097:
976:
955:
803:
777:
750:
746:
739:
707:
687:
604:
483:
482:) around the middle of the fifth century. They were then replaced by the
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403:
267:
208:
200:
196:
156:
150:
106:
4458:
2918:
122:
86:
35:
Topographic map of the region showing major GandhÄran and Bactrian sites
4413:
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4247:
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3978:
3592:
3576:
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2957:
2888:
2759:
2642:
2612:
2547:
2497:
2155:
2145:
2118:
1058:
school, the oldest Buddhist school in Tibet known as "the ancient one".
1038:(4th century), he was "one of the most important spiritual figures" of
988:
785:
735:
731:
715:
624:
608:
479:
282:
278:
259:
251:
216:
126:
3433:
2429:
1165:(4th century), one of the earliest missionaries to spread Buddhism to
234:(ca. 268ā233 BCE) erected edicts in the region, some of which use the
31:
4388:
4361:
3528:
3403:
3115:
3031:
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2798:
2771:
2764:
2727:
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2276:
1162:
1043:
996:
942:
897:
893:
823:
815:
795:
773:
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Early Mahayana Buddhist triad. From left to right, a Kushan devotee,
456:
375:
344:
281:
Kingdoms later controlled the area, and some of their kings, such as
243:
239:
224:
110:
4161:
2997:
2851:
2617:
2399:
2268:
2260:
856:
Gandharan Buddhist monks directly or indirectly developed important
386:. Richard Salomon has attributed most of the GandhÄran texts to the
324:, Kanishka's successor, was attached to a large monastic complex at
145:
who sent missionaries to the Kashmira-Gandhara region following the
59:(dotted line), which saw the height of GandhÄran Buddhist expansion.
4694:
4678:
4518:
4473:
4418:
4383:
4287:
3946:
3513:
3508:
3458:
3393:
3311:
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2803:
2791:
2702:
2361:
2058:
1754:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1086:
1072:
1019:
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933:
901:
889:
845:
807:
781:
754:
691:
600:
520:
493:
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441:
407:
395:
348:
321:
313:
192:
188:
168:
160:
94:
76:
3503:
3493:
3478:
3301:
3171:
2439:
877:
749:(202 BCEā220 CE), through contacts at the towns and cities of the
567:
complex. This phase pre-dates the popularization of Buddha images.
4423:
4366:
4351:
3498:
3488:
3463:
3338:
3333:
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3159:
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2739:
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1055:
861:
695:
616:
560:
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360:
336:
325:
220:
212:
164:
121:
the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered (1st century CE).
3110:
2878:
2002:
Asia Society, the Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan, Art of Gandhara
844:
This is the list of important Gandharan monks from modern day's
515:
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4166:
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2744:
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2128:
2123:
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1141:
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1035:
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827:
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719:
711:
612:
556:
535:
464:
452:
411:
391:
255:
231:
204:
184:
142:
72:
1495:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From ÅÄkyamuni to Early MahÄyÄna
551:
GandhÄran architecture can be divided into four major phases:
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1149:
1027:
1011:
980:
917:
913:
909:
885:
873:
865:
699:
678:
571:
305:
27:, an example of late GandhÄran Buddhist monumental sculpture.
1617:
474:
The religion started its decline after being invaded by the
4513:
3306:
2972:
2469:
1887:"The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (T. 361)"
1526:
1524:
727:
1794:. Centre national de la recherche scientifique (27): 5ā9.
1751:
The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account
1531:
Neelis, Jason, Buddhism in GandhÄra, Oxford Bibliographies
4171:
2707:
1468:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
1054:(8th century), he is considered the Second Buddha by the
690:
was an important trade route and a key highway connected
89:
which was a major center of Buddhism in the northwestern
1521:
851:
2017:
Head of a Buddha, Gandharan style, Harvard Art Museums
1838:
BUDDHISM IN KASHMIR, Nalinaksha Dutta, 1985, pp 54-55.
1723:
https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/208rev.pdf
1610:
1608:
1272:
1270:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1287:"The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue"
1309:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 59ā62.
1927:Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Biographical Notes.
1605:
1267:
1255:"UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"
1230:
656:who translated important Mahayana sutras like the
983:wood statue of Gandharan monk Asaį¹
ga from 1208 CE
320:), the capital of the Kushan empire. The name of
5103:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1378:. Princeton University Press. pp. 424ā425.
810:) were also influential on the establishment of
798:Buddhists from the Greater GandhÄran regions of
531:, and a Buddhist monk. 2ndā3rd century, Gandhara
1437:
183:(ca. 300ā185 BCE), its capital was the city of
1116:(9th century), translated important Sanskrit
939:and traditions from Gandhara are as follows;
467:in the 600s and 700s, which were adherents of
163:in India, was assigned by Ashoka to preach in
4710:
2037:
1940:MahÄyÄna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
1914:MahÄyÄna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
1589:
968:(3rd century), KumÄralÄta was the founder of
582:were built, including the Buddhas of Bamiyan.
544:height of this artistic style was during the
2819:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
1371:
637:: Khargaviį¹£aį¹a-sutra) and a parallel to the
246:inscriptions have been found as far West as
2012:Buddhism in GandhÄra, oxford Bibliographies
1417:. Princeton University Press. p. 490.
848:region of Pakistan in chronological order;
4717:
4703:
2044:
2030:
1471:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 66.
1411:Buswell Jr, Robert (2014). "MadhyÄntika".
1410:
1365:
833:
85:refers to the Buddhist culture of ancient
1431:
1404:
1306:Pakistan: A Primary Source Cultural Guide
490:although Buddhism continued to flourish.
187:. The center of ancient GandhÄra was the
1498:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 87.
1491:
1010:
975:
941:
677:
534:
514:
62:
50:
38:
30:
18:
4006:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1372:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald (2014).
1085:(2nd century), he translated important
1071:(2nd century), he translated important
510:
5104:
4209:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1737:, Pacific World, 3rd series 4, 109-110
1601:Behrent, Kurt. Gandhara, metmuseum.org
1464:
1302:
1249:
1247:
4698:
2025:
16:Buddhist religion of ancient Gandhara
4724:
1788:"A Tibetan Toponym from Afghanistan"
1441:Sculptures of Kashmir, 600-1200 A.D.
1392:from the original on 15 January 2023
1375:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1323:from the original on 15 January 2023
852:Founders of various Buddhist schools
806:(which is possibly the widely cited
47:and ruins of surrounding monasteries
1244:
351:was particularly strong during the
262:(Anzhina-Tepe) and as far south as
13:
3996:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1210:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
950:, of Gandharan monk Padmasambhava.
666:to the GandhÄra region during the
658:Aį¹£į¹asÄhasrikÄ PrajƱÄpÄramitÄ SÅ«tra
627:texts has been found, such as the
14:
5143:
1995:
586:
5085:
5076:
5075:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4224:Thai temple art and architecture
3969:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2209:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2075:
2062:
2052:
1444:Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 7.
1414:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1134:monk and prolific translator of
1120:into Chinese during the rule of
1003:, he is the 21st Patriarch. His
860:and traditions of Buddhism like
623:texts. Material which parallels
563:and the earliest remains of the
71:, a major Buddhist monastery in
2076:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1906:
1893:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1828:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 2009.
1818:
1804:
1780:
1759:
1740:
1727:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1648:
1638:
1629:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1512:
1485:
1458:
5112:Ancient history of Afghanistan
5043:British Indian Ocean Territory
4214:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4016:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3096:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2287:Places where the Buddha stayed
1335:
1296:
1279:
1221:
1062:
995:, he is considered the Second
946:Wall painting at Paro Bridge,
539:Evolution of the Butkara stupa
347:. The cult of the Bodhisattva
211:and Upper Indus, west towards
1:
4229:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1848:Gandhara, bundeskunsthalle.de
1465:KumÄra, Braja BihÄrÄ« (2007).
1303:Rengel, Marian (2003-12-15).
1293:. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
962:(Great Perfection) tradition.
113:. The region has yielded the
3986:Buddhism and the Roman world
3962:Decline of Buddhism in India
3957:History of Buddhism in India
2057: Topics in
1901:India in Early Central Asia.
840:list of people from Gandhara
673:
195:which extends westward into
7:
3184:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2924:
1899:Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath.
1786:Mock, John (October 2013).
1173:
920:and thus deeply influenced
888:, as well as traditions of
663:Longer SukhÄvatÄ«vyÅ«ha SÅ«tra
136:
67:Conjectural restoration of
10:
5148:
4134:The unanswerable questions
1765:Twist, Rebecca L. (2007).
1190:Greco-Buddhist monasticism
1022:philosopher Vasubandhu as
958:(1st century), founder of
837:
159:, a monk from the city of
5071:
5030:
4990:
4732:
4662:
4614:
4529:
4444:
4219:Buddhist temples in Korea
4142:
4044:
3927:
3624:
3552:
3379:
3252:
3192:
2827:
2782:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2693:
2685:Three planes of existence
2633:
2478:
2370:
2300:
2292:Buddha in world religions
2154:
2099:
2071:
1792:Revue dāEtudes TibĆ©taines
1769:. Ohio State University.
1156:
1130:(11th century), he was a
501:Muslim invasions of India
129:, Hellenistic, Roman and
4792:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4001:Persecution of Buddhists
3222:Four stages of awakening
2603:Three marks of existence
2189:Physical characteristics
1492:Hirakawa, Akira (1993).
1438:Bansi Lal Malla (1990).
1215:
1205:GandhÄran Buddhist texts
1042:and the "founder of the
593:GandhÄran Buddhist texts
115:GandhÄran Buddhist texts
5117:Buddhism in Afghanistan
5053:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3364:Ten principal disciples
2247:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1801:. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
1777:. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
834:List of Gandharan monks
250:along the Kabul river,
4074:Buddhism and democracy
3587:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3582:Chinese Buddhist canon
2814:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2809:Early Buddhist schools
1733:Yamada, Meiji (2002).
1343:"Buddhism In Pakistan"
1031:
984:
951:
932:. Founders of various
904:were instrumental in
683:
540:
532:
505:due to various factors
404:Hephthalite White Huns
191:basin in northwestern
147:Third Buddhist council
79:
60:
48:
36:
28:
4084:Eight Consciousnesses
2194:Life of Buddha in art
1753:E. Stanford, London,
1096:, during the rule of
1014:
979:
945:
922:East Asian philosophy
681:
538:
518:
207:), north towards the
66:
54:
42:
34:
22:
5127:Buddhism in Pakistan
4967:United Arab Emirates
4561:East Asian religions
3991:Buddhism in the West
3562:Early Buddhist texts
3177:Four Right Exertions
2643:Ten spiritual realms
2136:Noble Eightfold Path
2007:Gandhara, Met Museum
1285:Lancaster, Lewis R.
1005:AbhidharmakoÅakÄrikÄ
639:Anattalakkhana Sutta
511:Art and architecture
461:Patola Shahi dynasty
455:, a key city on the
343:and China along the
4994:limited recognition
4684:Religion portal
4431:Temple of the Tooth
4310:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3349:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
2842:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
2625:Two truths doctrine
2445:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2245:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1735:Buddhism of Bamiyan
972:school of Buddhism.
619:, Commentaries and
230:The Indian emperor
91:Indian subcontinent
4606:Western philosophy
4204:Dzong architecture
4026:Vipassana movement
4021:Buddhist modernism
3449:Emperor Wen of Sui
3217:PratyekabuddhayÄna
3150:Threefold Training
2952:Vipassana movement
2668:Hungry Ghost realm
2488:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
2435:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
2184:Great Renunciation
2179:Eight Great Events
2061:
1925:Nakamura, Hajime.
1353:on 20 January 2015
1185:Greco-Buddhist art
1032:
985:
952:
906:spreading Buddhism
753:located in modern
734:and south eastern
684:
541:
533:
469:Vajrayana Buddhism
463:of the Kingdom of
438:Buddhas of Bamiyan
410:(602ā664) visited
310:Kanishka the Great
287:Greco-Buddhist art
275:Dharmarajika Stupa
83:GandhÄran Buddhism
80:
61:
57:Kanishka the Great
49:
45:Dharmarajika Stupa
37:
29:
25:Buddhas of Bamiyan
5122:Buddhism in India
5099:
5098:
5036:other territories
4726:Buddhism in Asia
4692:
4691:
4330:Om mani padme hum
4036:Women in Buddhism
3952:Buddhist councils
3822:Western countries
3610:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
3371:Shaolin Monastery
2948:Samatha-vipassanÄ
2558:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
2362:Metteyya/Maitreya
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2109:Four Noble Truths
1654:Richard Salomon.
1505:978-81-208-0955-0
1478:978-81-8069-457-8
1451:978-0-8364-2521-5
1424:978-0-691-15786-3
1316:978-0-8239-4001-1
1195:Buddhas of Bamyan
1040:Mahayana Buddhism
698:(and the city of
597:GÄndhÄrÄ« language
236:GÄndhÄrÄ« language
225:Oxus river valley
153:(modern India).
5139:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5048:Christmas Island
4734:Sovereign states
4719:
4712:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4682:
4681:
4670:
4669:
4509:Sacred languages
4357:Maya Devi Temple
4320:Mahabodhi Temple
4124:Secular Buddhism
4089:Engaged Buddhism
2929:
2777:Tibetan Buddhism
2728:Vietnamese Thiį»n
2327:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2022:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1938:Williams, Paul.
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1912:Williams, Paul.
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1349:. Archived from
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1300:
1294:
1291:www.acmuller.net
1283:
1277:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1228:
1225:
1167:Korean Peninsula
826:and a Vajrayana
812:Tibetan Buddhism
646:Pure Land sūtras
629:Rhinoceros Sutra
119:GÄndhÄrÄ« Prakrit
5147:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5067:
5035:
5026:
5007:Northern Cyprus
4993:
4986:
4728:
4723:
4693:
4688:
4676:
4658:
4610:
4525:
4440:
4177:Ordination hall
4138:
4040:
4011:Buddhist crisis
3923:
3620:
3572:Mahayana sutras
3548:
3544:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
3375:
3248:
3188:
3138:Bodhisattva vow
2823:
2689:
2629:
2588:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
2523:Five hindrances
2474:
2366:
2296:
2150:
2095:
2067:
2050:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1785:
1781:
1764:
1760:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1585:
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1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1347:pakteahouse.net
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1176:
1159:
1065:
854:
842:
836:
820:Avalokiteshvara
788:(561ā592), and
676:
589:
513:
215:and across the
139:
103:Potohar plateau
99:Peshawar valley
17:
12:
11:
5:
5145:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
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4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
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4333:
4332:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4241:Greco-Buddhist
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:Burmese pagoda
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
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4116:
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4050:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3974:Greco-Buddhism
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:United Kingdom
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Czech Republic
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3789:
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3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
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3731:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3616:Abhidharmadīpa
3613:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:B. R. Ambedkar
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Songtsen Gampo
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
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3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Eight precepts
3130:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2904:Five Strengths
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Mental factors
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:MahamoggallÄna
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2310:AvalokiteÅvara
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1996:External links
1994:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1840:
1831:
1817:
1803:
1779:
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1747:Frederick Drew
1739:
1726:
1714:
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1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
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1217:
1214:
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1212:
1207:
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1197:
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1187:
1182:
1180:Greco-Buddhism
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1125:
1111:
1101:
1080:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1048:
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1024:Chan patriarch
1009:
1008:
974:
973:
963:
853:
850:
838:Main article:
835:
832:
675:
672:
588:
587:Buddhist texts
585:
584:
583:
579:
575:
568:
529:Avalokitesvara
512:
509:
330:Gautama Buddha
295:Indo-Parthians
291:Indo-Scythians
181:Mauryan empire
138:
135:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5144:
5133:
5130:
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5049:
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5044:
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5038:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:South Ossetia
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4983:
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4908:
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4885:
4883:
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4800:
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4778:
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4773:
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4755:
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4708:
4706:
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4700:
4697:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
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4562:
4559:
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4528:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
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4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4446:Miscellaneous
4443:
4437:
4436:Vegetarianism
4434:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Buddha in art
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
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3955:
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3943:
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3938:
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3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3918:
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3913:
3912:United States
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Padmasambhava
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3381:Major figures
3378:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3327:Western tulku
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Five precepts
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Dhamma vicaya
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Enlightenment
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Dhamma theory
2506:
2504:
2503:Buddha-nature
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Samantabhadra
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1800:
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1775:9783639151718
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1200:Kushan Empire
1198:
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1052:PadmasambhÄva
1050:
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1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:illustration.
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1002:
1001:Chan Buddhism
998:
994:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
971:
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669:
668:Kushan Empire
665:
664:
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546:Kushan Empire
537:
530:
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517:
508:
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502:
497:
495:
491:
489:
486:who followed
485:
481:
477:
472:
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466:
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458:
454:
449:
447:
446:LokottaravÄda
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
398:in GandhÄra.
397:
393:
389:
388:Dharmaguptaka
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Dharmaguptaka
364:
362:
358:
357:Butkara Stupa
354:
353:Kushan empire
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
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307:
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302:Kushan Empire
298:
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198:
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186:
182:
178:
177:ancient India
174:
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158:
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134:
132:
128:
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97:, mainly the
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
65:
58:
53:
46:
41:
33:
26:
21:
5032:Dependencies
4962:Turkmenistan
4927:Saudi Arabia
4624:Bodhisattvas
4544:Christianity
4539:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
4404:Dharmachakra
4394:Prayer wheel
4384:Prayer beads
4152:Architecture
4031:969 Movement
3815:Saudi Arabia
3793:Central Asia
3786:South Africa
3608:
3591:
3524:Panchen Lama
3429:BuddhapÄlita
3025:Satipatthana
3020:Mindful Yoga
2933:Recollection
2847:Brahmavihara
2718:Japanese Zen
2713:Chinese Chan
2673:Animal realm
2480:Key concepts
2302:Bodhisattvas
2114:Three Jewels
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1942:2008. p. 239
1939:
1934:
1929:1999. p. 205
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1843:
1834:
1820:
1806:
1791:
1782:
1761:
1755:OCLC 1581591
1750:
1742:
1729:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1631:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1514:
1494:
1487:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1433:
1413:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1374:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1346:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1305:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1258:. Retrieved
1223:
1146:Song dynasty
1122:Tang dynasty
993:JÅdo ShinshÅ«
855:
843:
794:
767:
744:
724:Turkmenistan
703:
685:
661:
643:
632:
605:prose sutras
590:
565:Dharmarajika
550:
542:
498:
492:
484:Hindu Shahis
476:Hephthalites
473:
450:
428:
400:
384:Mahasamghika
380:Sarvastivada
365:
341:Central Asia
334:
317:
299:
272:
264:Mohenjo-Daro
229:
179:. Under the
172:
155:
140:
131:Parthian art
82:
81:
69:Takht-i-Bahi
5091:Asia portal
4992:States with
4912:Philippines
4852:South Korea
4847:North Korea
4742:Afghanistan
4469:Dharma talk
4298:Asalha Puja
4094:Eschatology
3897:Switzerland
3877:New Zealand
3805:Middle East
3714:Philippines
3634:Afghanistan
3439:Bodhidharma
3424:Buddhaghosa
3344:Householder
3254:Monasticism
3207:Bodhisattva
3062:Prostration
3015:Mindfulness
2943:Anapanasati
2926:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
2723:Korean Seon
2663:Asura realm
2658:Human realm
2598:Ten Fetters
2553:Parinirvana
2455:Uppalavanna
2420:MahÄkaccana
2405:MahÄkassapa
2337:Kį¹£itigarbha
2332:ÄkÄÅagarbha
2229:SuddhodÄna
2174:Four sights
2101:Foundations
1916:2008. p. 30
1903:1996. p. 15
1396:21 November
1144:during the
1108:Sui dynasty
1098:Han dynasty
1075:texts into
1063:Translators
970:SautrÄntika
956:Garab Dorje
884:schools of
870:SautrÄntika
804:Swat Valley
784:(220ā252),
780:(265ā313),
778:Dharmarakį¹£a
751:Tarim Basin
747:Han-dynasty
740:Chui Valley
708:Afghanistan
688:Khyber Pass
430:Afghanistan
424:Afghanistan
416:Swat Valley
268:Baluchistan
209:Swat Valley
201:Kabul River
197:Afghanistan
173:mahjanapada
157:Majjhantika
151:Pataliputra
117:written in
107:Afghanistan
105:as well as
5106:Categories
4972:Uzbekistan
4947:Tajikistan
4862:Kyrgyzstan
4842:Kazakhstan
4762:Bangladesh
4752:Azerbaijan
4586:Psychology
4566:Gnosticism
4554:Comparison
4549:Influences
4531:Comparison
4414:Bhavacakra
4372:Kushinagar
4347:Pilgrimage
4293:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
4248:Bodhi Tree
4064:Buddhology
4054:Abhidharma
4046:Philosophy
3979:Menander I
3847:Costa Rica
3798:Uzbekistan
3639:Bangladesh
3593:Dhammapada
3577:Pali Canon
3539:Ajahn Chah
3519:Dalai Lama
3419:KumÄrajÄ«va
3414:Vasubandhu
3389:The Buddha
3297:Zen master
3232:Sakadagami
3212:Buddhahood
3143:Pratimokį¹£a
2958:Shikantaza
2914:Meditation
2889:Deity yoga
2760:Madhyamaka
2653:Deva realm
2548:Mindstream
2498:Bodhicitta
2410:Aį¹
gulimÄla
2277:Devadatta
2253:YaÅodharÄ
2156:The Buddha
2146:Middle Way
1357:20 January
1260:2008-09-04
1104:JƱÄnagupta
989:Vasubandhu
966:KumÄralÄta
902:Gandharans
872:school of
864:school of
792:(c. 810).
786:JƱÄnagupta
757:, such as
736:Kyrgyzstan
732:Tajikistan
716:Uzbekistan
625:Pali Canon
609:Abhidharma
607:, poetry,
480:White Huns
372:MahÄ«ÅÄsaka
318:Purusapura
283:Menander I
279:Indo-Greek
260:Tajikistan
252:Uzbekistan
217:Hindu Kush
199:along the
5058:Hong Kong
5012:Palestine
4937:Sri Lanka
4932:Singapore
4812:Indonesia
4654:Festivals
4634:Buddhists
4596:Theosophy
4399:Symbolism
4389:Hama yumi
4362:Bodh Gaya
4129:Socialism
4104:Evolution
4079:Economics
3917:Venezuela
3832:Australia
3827:Argentina
3751:Sri Lanka
3746:Singapore
3664:Indonesia
3626:Countries
3567:Tripiį¹aka
3529:Ajahn Mun
3404:Nagarjuna
3399:AÅvaghoį¹£a
3282:AnagÄrika
3277:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
3272:ÅrÄmaį¹era
3267:Bhikkhunī
3227:SotÄpanna
3116:Passaddhi
3057:Offerings
3032:Nekkhamma
2909:Iddhipada
2829:Practices
2799:Theravada
2772:Vajrayana
2765:Yogachara
2735:Pure Land
2648:Six Paths
2635:Cosmology
2415:Anuruddha
2390:SÄriputta
2380:Kaundinya
2372:Disciples
2347:VajrapÄį¹i
2199:Footprint
2164:TathÄgata
1799:1768-2959
1163:Marananta
1124:of China.
1110:of China.
1100:of China.
1083:Lokakį¹£ema
1044:Yogachara
1018:monk and
1016:Gandharan
997:Patriarch
898:East Asia
894:Yogachara
882:Kusha-shū
824:Vajrapani
816:Vajrayana
796:Vajrayana
774:An Shigao
770:Lokakį¹£ema
714:), South
674:Influence
654:Lokakį¹£ema
644:MahÄyÄna
561:Butkara I
457:Silk Road
376:Kasyapiya
345:Silk Road
244:Kharosthi
240:Kharosthi
111:Jalalabad
5132:Gandhara
5081:Category
5002:Abkhazia
4952:Thailand
4907:Pakistan
4887:Mongolia
4882:Maldives
4877:Malaysia
4777:Cambodia
4672:Category
4601:Violence
4571:Hinduism
4519:Sanskrit
4474:Hinayana
4459:AmitÄbha
4419:Swastika
4288:Uposatha
4278:Holidays
4263:Calendar
4109:Humanism
3947:Kanishka
3937:Timeline
3761:Thailand
3729:Kalmykia
3724:Buryatia
3709:Pakistan
3694:Mongolia
3689:Maldives
3684:Malaysia
3649:Cambodia
3514:Shamarpa
3509:Nichiren
3459:Xuanzang
3394:Nagasena
3312:Rinpoche
3042:PÄramitÄ
2884:Devotion
2804:Navayana
2792:Dzogchen
2755:Nichiren
2703:Mahayana
2695:Branches
2573:Saį¹
khÄra
2322:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
2279:(cousin)
2271:(cousin)
2239:(mother)
2231:(father)
2219:Miracles
2169:Birthday
2086:Glossary
2059:Buddhism
1390:Archived
1327:4 August
1321:Archived
1174:See also
1139:Buddhist
1136:Sanskrit
1132:Buddhist
1128:DÄnapÄla
1087:Sanskrit
1073:Buddhist
1046:school".
1020:Yogacara
981:Japanese
960:Dzogchen
934:buddhist
890:Dzogchen
846:Gandhara
830:figure.
808:OįøįøiyÄna
802:and the
782:Zhi Qian
755:Xinjiang
738:(in the
692:Peshawar
634:GÄndhÄrÄ«
621:MahÄyÄna
601:Karosthi
599:and the
521:Maitreya
494:Xuanzang
488:Hinduism
478:(a.k.a.
442:Xuanzang
408:Xuanzang
396:Mahayana
382:and the
349:Maitreya
322:Huvishka
314:Peshawar
293:and the
238:and the
223:and the
193:Pakistan
189:Peshawar
169:Gandhara
161:Varanasi
137:Overview
123:GandhÄra
95:Pakistan
87:GandhÄra
77:Pakistan
4977:Vietnam
4892:Myanmar
4872:Lebanon
4802:Georgia
4757:Bahrain
4747:Armenia
4649:Temples
4629:Buddhas
4591:Science
4581:Judaism
4576:Jainism
4494:Lineage
4454:AbhijƱÄ
4424:Thangka
4367:Sarnath
4352:Lumbini
4273:Funeral
4268:Cuisine
4144:Culture
4119:Reality
4069:Creator
4059:Atomism
3929:History
3902:Ukraine
3862:Germany
3781:Senegal
3771:Vietnam
3699:Myanmar
3499:Shinran
3489:Karmapa
3464:Shandao
3434:DignÄga
3359:ÅrÄvaka
3339:Donchee
3334:Kappiya
3292:Sayadaw
3262:Bhikkhu
3237:AnÄgÄmi
3194:Nirvana
3160:Samadhi
3047:Paritta
2988:Tonglen
2983:Mandala
2938:Smarana
2919:Mantras
2867:Upekkha
2837:Bhavana
2787:Shingon
2740:Tiantai
2593:TathÄtÄ
2583:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
2578:Skandha
2568:Saį¹sÄra
2563:Rebirth
2538:Kleshas
2528:Indriya
2430:Subhūti
2315:Guanyin
2269:Änanda
2261:RÄhula
2141:Nirvana
2081:Outline
1790:(PDF).
1749:(1875)
1094:Chinese
1077:Chinese
1069:Zhi Yao
1056:Nyingma
1028:Chinese
937:schools
930:culture
928:, and
926:history
862:Nyingma
858:schools
696:Bactria
617:Avadana
434:Bamiyan
420:Kashmir
361:Barikot
337:Bactria
326:Mathura
221:Bactria
213:Bamiyan
165:Kashmir
5022:Taiwan
4957:Turkey
4922:Russia
4857:Kuwait
4837:Jordan
4827:Israel
4787:Cyprus
4772:Brunei
4767:Bhutan
4644:Sutras
4639:Suttas
4504:Siddhi
4489:Koliya
4464:BrahmÄ
4379:Poetry
4325:Mantra
4315:Kasaya
4187:Pagoda
4167:Kyaung
4162:VihÄra
4157:Temple
4099:Ethics
3942:Ashoka
3892:Sweden
3887:Poland
3882:Norway
3872:Mexico
3857:France
3842:Canada
3837:Brazil
3776:Africa
3756:Taiwan
3719:Russia
3644:Bhutan
3604:Vinaya
3484:Naropa
3474:Saraha
3409:Asanga
3165:PrajƱÄ
3074:Refuge
3037:Nianfo
2998:Tertƶn
2993:Tantra
2978:Ganana
2968:Tukdam
2894:DhyÄna
2862:Mudita
2857:Karuį¹Ä
2750:Risshū
2745:Huayan
2678:Naraka
2618:AnattÄ
2613:Dukkha
2608:Anicca
2513:Dharma
2465:Channa
2400:Änanda
2385:Assaji
2352:Skanda
2255:(wife)
2224:Family
2204:Relics
2129:Sangha
2124:Dharma
2119:Buddha
1773:
1502:
1475:
1448:
1421:
1382:
1313:
1157:Others
1142:sutras
1118:sutras
1114:PrajƱÄ
1090:sutras
1036:Asaį¹
ga
948:Bhutan
828:siddha
800:Gilgit
790:PrajƱÄ
763:Turpan
759:Khotan
726:(e.g.
720:Termez
718:(e.g.
712:Kunduz
710:(e.g.
704:Bactra
650:Kushan
613:Vinaya
572:stupas
557:Sirkap
525:Buddha
523:, the
465:Gilgit
453:Gilgit
422:, and
412:Taxila
392:Faxian
378:, the
374:, the
370:, the
316:(Skt.
258:) and
256:Termez
248:Wardak
232:Ashoka
205:Taxila
185:Taxila
143:Ashoka
127:Indian
73:Mardan
5063:Macau
4982:Yemen
4942:Syria
4917:Qatar
4897:Nepal
4832:Japan
4807:India
4797:Egypt
4782:China
4616:Lists
4484:Kalpa
4479:Iddhi
4342:Music
4337:Mudra
4303:Vassa
4283:Vesak
4253:Budai
4199:Candi
4182:Stupa
4114:Logic
3867:Italy
3766:Tibet
3704:Nepal
3674:Korea
3669:Japan
3659:India
3654:China
3599:Sutra
3554:Texts
3504:DÅgen
3494:HÅnen
3479:AtiÅa
3444:Zhiyi
3354:Achar
3322:Tulku
3317:Geshe
3302:RÅshi
3287:Ajahn
3242:Arhat
3202:Bodhi
3172:VÄ«rya
3089:Sacca
3084:Satya
3079:SÄdhu
3067:Music
3010:Merit
3003:Terma
2963:Zazen
2899:Faith
2852:MettÄ
2533:Karma
2493:Bardo
2460:Asita
2450:Khema
2440:UpÄli
2425:Nanda
2263:(son)
2237:MÄyÄ
2214:Films
2091:Index
1645:20-1.
1216:Notes
1150:China
1092:into
1026:in a
999:; in
918:Japan
914:Korea
910:China
886:Japan
880:and
878:HossÅ
874:China
866:Tibet
702:, or
700:Balkh
694:with
652:monk
306:stupa
219:into
175:) of
4902:Oman
4867:Laos
4822:Iraq
4817:Iran
4514:PÄįø·i
4499:MÄra
4409:Flag
3810:Iran
3734:Tuva
3679:Laos
3307:Lama
3155:ÅÄ«la
3123:ÅÄ«la
3111:PÄ«ti
3101:Sati
3052:Puja
2973:Koan
2879:DÄna
2470:Yasa
2357:TÄrÄ
1796:ISSN
1771:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1398:2021
1380:ISBN
1359:2015
1329:2022
1311:ISBN
916:and
892:and
761:and
728:Merv
591:The
499:The
359:and
300:The
266:and
167:and
101:and
43:The
23:The
5034:and
4236:Art
4172:Wat
2708:Zen
1148:in
924:,
908:to
896:in
742:).
722:),
448:".
432:'s
149:in
109:'s
5108::
3738:ru
1619:^
1607:^
1591:^
1523:^
1388:.
1345:.
1319:.
1289:.
1269:^
1246:^
1232:^
912:,
900:.
876:,
868:,
822:,
776:,
772:,
730:)
670:.
641:.
615:,
611:,
559:,
527:,
507:.
426:.
418:,
363:.
339:,
297:.
270:.
227:.
75:,
4718:e
4711:t
4704:v
3740:)
3736:(
2954:)
2950:(
2045:e
2038:t
2031:v
1889:.
1814:.
1508:.
1481:.
1454:.
1427:.
1400:.
1361:.
1331:.
1263:.
1169:.
1152:.
1079:.
631:(
254:(
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