1127:
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905:'s vision of Eurasia was strongly confirmed: "Geopolitically, America is an island off the shores of the large landmass of Eurasia, whose resources and population far exceed those of the United States. The domination by a single power of either of Eurasia's two principal spheres—Europe and Asia—remains a good definition of strategic danger for America. Cold War or no Cold War. For such a grouping would have the capacity to outstrip America economically and, in the end, militarily. That danger would have to be resisted even if the dominant power was apparently benevolent, for if its intentions ever changed, America would find itself with a grossly diminished capacity for effective resistance and a growing inability to shape events." The main interest of the American leaders is maintaining the balance of power in Eurasia.
928:"Europe and Asia are politically and economically powerful…. It follows that… American foreign policy must…employ its influence in Eurasia in a manner that creates a stable continental equilibrium, with the United States as the political arbiter.… Eurasia is thus the chessboard on which the struggle for global primacy continues to be played, and that struggle involves geo- strategy – the strategic management of geopolitical interests…. But in the meantime it is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus also of challenging America… For America the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia…and America's global primacy is directly dependent on how long and how effectively its preponderance on the Eurasian continent is sustained."
899:
obliged to involve itself under circumstances which would be far less favorable to both sides of the
Atlantic. That is even more true today. Germany has become so strong that existing European institutions cannot strike a balance between Germany and its European partners all by themselves. Nor can Europe, even with the assistance of Germany, manage Russia" all by itself. Thus Kissinger believed that no country's interests would ever be served if Germany and Russia were to ever form a partnership in which each country would consider itself the principal partner. They would raise fears of condominium. Without America, Britain and France cannot cope with Germany and Russia; and "without Europe, America could turn … into an island off the shores of Eurasia."
994:) in world conflict. He saw navy as a basis of Colombian era empire (roughly from 1492 to the 19th century), and predicted the 20th century to be domain of land power. The Heartland theory hypothesized a huge empire being brought into existence in the Heartland—which would not need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to remain coherent. The basic notions of Mackinder's doctrine involve considering the geography of the Earth as being divided into two sections: the
1162:, contributed to 'Geopolitik' by the expansion on the biological conception of geography, without a static conception of borders. Positing that states are organic and growing, with borders representing only a temporary stop in their movement, he held that the expanse of a state's borders is a reflection of the health of the nation—meaning that static countries are in decline. Ratzel published several papers, among which was the essay "Lebensraum" (1901) concerning
4788:
1792:
553:
1322:
1500:: Each group or individuals is the product of an education and is characterized by specific representations of the world or others groups or individuals. Thus, basic societal beliefs are grounded in their ethnicity or specific location. The study of representation is a common point with the more contemporary critical geopolitics. Both are connected with the work of Henri Lefebvre (La production de l'espace, first published in 1974)
1483:(Geography first use is war) in 1976. This book—which is very famous in France—symbolizes the birth of this new school of geopolitics (if not so far the first French school of geopolitics as Ancel was very isolated in the 1930s–40s). Initially linked with communist party evolved to a less liberal approach. At the end of the 1980s he founded the Institut Français de Géopolitique (French Institute for Geopolitics) that publishes the
1112:
earliest scientific forums of the planet – the Royal
Geographic Society in London" Haushofer adopted both Mackinder's Heartland thesis and his view of the Russian-German alliance – powers that Mackinder saw as the major contenders for control of Eurasia in the twentieth century. Following Mackinder he suggested an alliance with the Soviet Union and, advancing a step beyond Mackinder, added Japan to his design of the
1406:, is the author of a book considered a reference in modern geography (Nouvelle Géographie universelle). Alike Ratzel, he considers geography through a global vision. However, in complete opposition to Ratzel's vision, Reclus considers geography not to be unchanging; it is supposed to evolve commensurately to the development of human society. His marginal political views resulted in his rejection by academia.
921:
The book states its purpose: "The formulation of a comprehensive and integrated
Eurasian geostrategy is therefore the purpose of this book." Although the power configuration underwent a revolutionary change, Brzezinski confirmed three years later, Eurasia was still a mega-continent. Like Spykman, Brzezinski acknowledges that: "Cumulatively, Eurasia's power vastly overshadows America's."
1491:), this school does focus on spatial dimension of geopolitics affairs on different levels of analysis. This approach emphasizes the importance of multi-level (or multi-scales) analysis and maps at the opposite of critical geopolitics which avoid such tools. Lacoste proposed that every conflict (both local or global) can be considered from a perspective grounded in three assumptions:
1806:
959:
1255:
human qualities, in the form of a hypothesized 'racial character,' to the factor of greatest significance in the constitution of human society. These differences led after 1933 to friction and ultimately to open denunciation of geopolitics by Nazi ideologues. Nevertheless, German
Geopolitik was discredited by its (mis)use in Nazi expansionist policy of
1529:: border shared by two neighbouring states (for instance US territory has two terrestrial dyades : one with Canada and one with Mexico). The main book of this searcher "Fronts et frontières" (Fronts and borders) first published in 1991, without equivalent remains untranslated in English. Michel Foucher is an expert of the
1092:) to conquer ports in the Rimland must be prevented. Spykman modified Mackinder's formula on the relationship between the Heartland and the Rimland (or the inner crescent), claiming that "Who controls the rimland rules Eurasia. Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world." This theory can be traced in the origins of
1559:
The geopolitical stance adopted by Russia has traditionally been informed by a
Eurasian perspective, and Russia's location provides a degree of continuity between the Tsarist and Soviet geostrategic stance and the position of Russia in the international order. In the 1990s, a senior researcher at the
1111:
a "genius' scientific tractate." He commented on it: "Never have I seen anything greater than those few pages of geopolitical masterwork." Mackinder located his Pivot, in the words of
Haushofer, on "one of the first solid, geopolitically and geographically irreproachable maps, presented to one of the
920:
and, after three more years, The
Geostrategic Triad: Living with China, Europe, and Russia. The Grand Chessboard described the American triumph in the Cold War in terms of control over Eurasia: for the first time ever, a "non-Eurasian" power had emerged as a key arbiter of "Eurasian" power relations.
1288:
such as political geography. However, this negative association is not as strong in disciplines such as history or political science, which make use of geopolitical concepts. Classical geopolitics forms an important element of analysis for military history as well as for sub-disciplines of political
1383:
and reject the idea of a fixed geography. French geography is focused on the evolution of polymorphic territories being the result of mankind's actions. It also relies on the consideration of long time periods through a refusal to take specific events into account. This method has been theorized by
981:
of world powers. Those scholars who look to MacKinder through critical lenses accept him as an organic strategist who tried to build a foreign policy vision for
Britain with his Eurocentric analysis of historical geography. His formulation of the Heartland Theory was set out in his article entitled
908:
Having converted from an ideologist into a geopolitician, Kissinger retrospectively interpreted the Cold War in geopolitical terms—an approach which was not characteristic of his works during the Cold War. Now, however, he focused on the beginning of the Cold War: "The objective of moral opposition
898:
After Russia, the second geopolitical threat which remained was
Germany and, as Mackinder had feared ninety years ago, its partnership with Russia. During the Cold War, Kissinger argues, both sides of the Atlantic recognized that, "unless America is organically involved in Europe, it would later be
842:
faced a threat from German (Teuton), Russian (Slav), and
Japanese expansionism: The "fatal" relationship of Russia, Japan, and Germany "has now assumed through the urgency of natural forces a coalition directed against the survival of Saxon supremacy." It is "a dreadful Dreibund". Lea believed that
750:
According to Christopher Gogwilt and other researchers, the term is currently being used to describe a broad spectrum of concepts, in a general sense used as "a synonym for international political relations", but more specifically "to imply the global structure of such relations"; this usage builds
1699:
believes that China's role is more like Britain's than Russia's in the New Great Game, where Russia plays the role that the Russian Empire originally did. Chen stated, "Regardless of the prospect, China through the BRI is deep in playing a 'New Great Game' in Central Asia that differs considerably
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ideology, is based on loose justifications. This has been observed in particular by critics of contemporary academic geography, and proponents of a "neo"-classical geopolitics in particular. These include Haverluk et al., who argue that the stigmatization of geopolitics in academia is unhelpful as
1254:
and geographic determinism, and held that human society was determined by external influences—in the face of which qualities held innately by individuals or groups were of reduced or no significance. National Socialism rejected in principle both materialism and determinism and also elevated innate
894:
Kissinger argued against the belief that with the dissolution of the USSR, hostile intentions had come to an end and traditional foreign policy considerations no longer applied. "They would argue … that Russia, regardless of who governs it, sits astride the territory which Halford Mackinder called
1687:
has been advertised as a "political organization of a new type" claimed to transcend geopolitics. Political scientist Pak Nung Wong says that a major form of geopolitics between the US and China includes cybersecurity competition, policy regulations regarding technology standards and social media
1245:
has been challenged, given that Haushofer failed to incorporate the Nazis' racial ideology into his work. Popular views of the role of geopolitics in the Nazi Third Reich suggest a fundamental significance on the part of the geo-politicians in the ideological orientation of the Nazi state. Bassin
1029:
Mackinder posited that the industrial centers of the Periphery were necessarily located in widely separated locations. The World Island could send its navy to destroy each one of them in turn, and could locate its own industries in a region further inland than the Periphery (so they would have a
818:
Mahan distinguished a key region of the world in the Eurasian context, namely, the Central Zone of Asia lying between 30° and 40° north and stretching from Asia Minor to Japan. In this zone independent countries still survived – Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, China, and Japan. Mahan regarded those
1249:
Despite the numerous similarities and affinities between the two doctrines, geopolitics was always held suspect by the National Socialist ideologists. This was understandable, for the underlying philosophical orientation of geopolitics did not comply with that of National Socialism. Geopolitics
1283:
Negative associations with the term "geopolitics" and its practical application stemming from its association with World War II and pre-World War II German scholars and students of geopolitics are largely specific to the field of academic geography, and especially sub-disciplines of
1401:
outlined the view that man and societies are influenced by climate. He believed that hotter climates create hot-tempered people and colder climates aloof people, whereas the mild climate of France is ideal for political systems. Considered one of the founders of French geopolitics,
783:(1840–1914) was a frequent commentator on world naval strategic and diplomatic affairs. Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea—and particularly with its commercial use in peace and its control in war. Mahan's theoretical framework came from
1122:
wrote: "Right now with hundreds of thousands of US troops in the Eurasian rimlands and with administration constantly explaining why it has to stay the course, it looks as if Washington is taking seriously Mackinder's injunction to ensure control of the geographical pivot of
1297:, in which Chapman makes note that academic and professional International Relations journals are more amenable to the study and analysis of Geopolitics, and in particular Classical geopolitics, than contemporary academic journals in the field of political geography.
1177:
The geopolitical theory of Ratzel has been criticized as being too sweeping, and his interpretation of human history and geography being too simple and mechanistic. Critically, he also underestimated the importance of social organization in the development of power.
1308:) as a tool of imperialism or associated with Nazism, but rather viewed as a valid and consistent manner of assessing major international geopolitical circumstances and events, not necessarily related to armed conflict or military operations.
1026:. Not only was the Periphery noticeably smaller than the World Island, it necessarily required much sea transport to function at the technological level of the World Island—which contained sufficient natural resources for a developed economy.
1126:
1065:. His work was based on assumptions similar to Mackinder's, including the unity of world politics and the world sea. He extends this to include the unity of the air. Spykman adopts Mackinder's divisions of the world, renaming some:
895:
the geopolitical heartland, and it is the heir to one of the most potent imperial traditions." Therefore, the United States must "maintain the global balance of power vis-à-vis the country with a long history of expansionism."
1087:
Under Spykman's theory, a Rimland separates the Heartland from ports that are usable throughout the year (that is, not frozen up during winter). Spykman suggested this required that attempts by Heartland nations (particularly
843:
while Japan moved against Far East and Russia against India, the Germans would strike at England, the center of the British Empire. He thought the Anglo-Saxons faced certain disaster from their militant opponents.
1516:
Connected with this stream, and former member of Hérodote editorial board, the French geographer Michel Foucher developed a long term analysis of international borders. He coined various neologism among them:
735:. Topics of geopolitics include relations between the interests of international political actors focused within an area, a space, or a geographical element, relations which create a geopolitical system.
823:. Mahan was impressed by Russia's transcontinental size and strategically favorable position for southward expansion. Therefore, he found it necessary for the Anglo-Saxon "sea power" to resist Russia.
819:
countries, located between Britain and Russia, as if between "Scylla and Charybdis". Of the two monsters – Britain and Russia – it was the latter that Mahan considered more threatening to the fate of
1174:
Alfred Thayer Mahan, Ratzel wrote of aspirations for German naval reach, agreeing that sea power was self-sustaining, as the profit from trade would pay for the merchant marine, unlike land power.
3333:
887:
1453:
whom he had met in Germany). Braudel's method was to analyse the interdependence between individuals and their environment. Vidalian geopolitics is based on varied forms of cartography and on
791:, canals, and coaling stations), as well as quantifiable levels of fighting power in a fleet, were conducive to control over the sea. He proposed six conditions required for a nation to have
1459:(founded on a societal approach of geography—i.e. on the principle of spaces polymorphic faces depending from many factors among them mankind, culture, and ideas) as opposed to determinism.
4765:
530:
1587:), which analyzes the international and domestic situations and develops geopolitical doctrine. Earlier, he headed the Main Directorate for International Military Cooperation of the
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in 1904. Mackinder's doctrine of geopolitics involved concepts diametrically opposed to the notion of Alfred Thayer Mahan about the significance of navies (he coined the term
3563:
3182:
4275:
581:
924:
In classical Spykman terms, Brzezinski formulated his geostrategic "chessboard" doctrine of Eurasia, which aims to prevent the unification of this mega-continent.
4558:
909:
to Communism had merged with the geopolitical task of containing Soviet expansion." Nixon, he added, was a geopolitical rather than an ideological cold warrior.
317:
3731:
Spang, Christian W. (2013). Karl Haushofer und Japan. Die Rezeption seiner geopolitischen Theorien in der deutschen und japanischen Politik. Munich: Iudicium.
1738:
1054:
Who rules Central and Eastern Europe commands the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island. Who rules the World-Island commands the World.
2150:
1616:
of the Russian military. Its publication in 1997 was well received in Russia and powerful Russian political figures subsequently took an interest in Dugin.
1743:
1695:
is a shift to geoeconomic compared to geopolitical competition. The interest in oil and gas includes pipelines that transmit energy to China's east coast.
1561:
1050:. The Heartland contained the grain reserves of Ukraine, and many other natural resources. Mackinder's notion of geopolitics was summed up when he said:
3325:
1971:. Devetak, Richard, George, Jim, 1946-, Percy, Sarah V. (Sarah Virginia), 1977- (Third ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2017-09-11. p. 816.
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1424:(1879–1936) is considered to be the first theoretician of geopolitics in France, and gave a notable series of lectures at the European Center of the
851:
2627:
GoGwilt, Christopher Lloyd (1998). "The Geopolitical Image: Imperialism, Anarchism, and the Hypothesis of Culture in the Formation of Geopolitics".
4455:
4161:
1612:
in 1997, which has had a large influence within the Russian military, police, and foreign policy elites and it has been used as a textbook in the
212:
1080:(analogous to Mackinder's "inner or marginal crescent" also an intermediate region, lying between the Heartland and the marginal sea powers); and
946:(1854–1910) is considered to be the first having coined the term in English as early as 1902 and later published in England in 1904 in his book
3724:
2526:
2000:
1588:
3304:
4268:
1506:
Conducting an historical analysis confronting "long periods" and short periods as the prominent French historian Fernand Braudel suggested.
574:
4490:
4389:
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Dodds, Klaus; Sidaway, James D (December 2004). "Halford Mackinder and the 'geographical pivot of history': a centennial retrospective".
247:
144:
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geopolitics as a field of positivist inquiry maintains potential in researching and resolving topical, often politicized issues such as
3757:
1701:
1425:
977:
initially received little attention outside the world of geography, but some thinkers have claimed that it subsequently influenced the
4520:
3813:
860:
277:
4536:
4292:
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1700:
from its historical precedent about 150 years ago when Britain and Russia jostled with each other on the Eurasian steppes." In the
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42:
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revue. While rejecting the generalizations and broad abstractions employed by the German and Anglo-American traditions (and the
4348:
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1704:, Paul Stronski and Nicole Ng wrote in 2018 that China has not fundamentally challenged any Russian interests in Central Asia.
102:
1540:, this journal created in 2007 became the most prominent French journal of political geography and Geopolitics with Hérodote.
4541:
3786:
3736:
3676:
3628:
3497:
3470:
3277:
3155:
3022:
2989:
2888:
2792:
2679:
2603:
2502:
2460:
2401:
2325:
2292:
1976:
300:
3326:"China's one belt, one road initiative set to transform economy by connecting with trading partners along ancient Silk Road"
4510:
4399:
4310:
4181:
4171:
1718:
1660:
267:
154:
62:
1300:
In disciplines outside geography, geopolitics is not negatively viewed (as it often is among academic geographers such as
4475:
4318:
4166:
4019:
4009:
3073:
1641:
879:. Both continued their influence on geopolitics after the end of the Cold War, writing books on the subject in the 1990s—
232:
69:
2815:
Karl Haushofer, "The Continental Bloc: Mittel Europa – Eurasia – Japan," 1941, (tr. Usachev I. G., Mysl', Moscow, 2004).
3936:
3926:
1604:, a Russian political analyst who has developed a close relationship with Russia's Academy of the General Staff wrote
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4186:
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3609:
3443:
3130:
2075:
2050:
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More or less connected with this school, Stéphane Rosière can be quoted as the editor in Chief of the online journal
1361:
1262:
The resultant negative association, particularly in U.S. academic circles, between classical geopolitics and Nazi or
983:
974:
137:
3746:
1579:(retired), a Russian geopolitics specialist of the early 21st century, headed the Academy of Geopolitical Problems (
4772:
3779:
1030:
longer struggle reaching them, and would face a well-stocked industrial bastion). Mackinder called this region the
692:
to understand, explain, and predict international political behavior through geographical variables. These include
537:
4470:
4366:
4227:
4086:
872:
227:
119:
4284:
4148:
3903:
3711:
Karl Hausofer Re-examined: Geopolitics As a Factor within Japanese-German Rapprochement in the Inter-War Years?
2912:
Bassin, Mark (April 1987). "Race contra space: the conflict between German geopolitik and national socialism".
1893:
1613:
1607:
1432:
in 1936. Like Reclus, Ancel rejects German determinist views on geopolitics (including Haushofer's doctrines).
1343:
33:
1777:
1733:
1108:
17:
871:, argued to continue the United States' geopolitical focus on Eurasia and, particularly Russia, despite the
4821:
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3848:
1339:
221:
2285:
The fiction of geopolitics: afterimages of geopolitics, from Wilkie Collins to Alfred Hitchcock, 1860–1940
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839:
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4237:
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3823:
2004:
1913:
1889:
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on French geopolitics, the latter were for a long time banished from academic works. In the mid-1970s,
1035:
966:. He later revised it to mark Northern Eurasia as a pivot while keeping area marked above as Heartland.
962:
Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland concept showing the situation of the "pivot area" established in the
881:
242:
2287:. Stanford, Calif.; Cambridge: Stanford University Press; Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36.
739:
deconstructs classical geopolitical theories, by showing their political or ideological functions for
4445:
3564:"Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic"
202:
3713:. Japanese-German Relations, 1895–1945: War, Diplomacy and Public Opinion. London. pp. 139–157.
3123:
The United States, the Soviet Union and the Geopolitical Implications of the Origins of the Cold War
2223:
O'Sullivan, Meghan; Overland, Indra; Sandalow, David (2017). "The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy".
1655:
effort to take a larger role in global affairs, and undermine what the Communist Party perceives as
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1723:
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728:
169:
89:
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4024:
3802:
3208:
2115:
Okur, Mehmet Akif (2014-12-16). "Classical Texts Of The Geopolitics And The "Heart Of Eurasia"".
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49:
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1159:
764:
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598:
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2738:
2144:
2023:"Future Petroleum Geopolitics: Consequences of Climate Policy and Unconventional Oil and Gas"
1855:
1845:
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84:
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4460:
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4116:
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1442:, and downplayed the importance of specific events. This method was inspired by the French
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340:
335:
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research was also adopted in the field of geopolitical thought where it now plays a role.
1096:, a U.S. policy on preventing the spread of Soviet influence after World War II (see also
8:
4615:
4589:
4126:
4121:
3984:
2349:
Deudney, Daniel (March 2000). "Geopolitics as Theory:: Historical Security Materialism".
1923:
1903:
1875:
1752:
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1568:, Vadim Tsymbursky (1957–2009), coined the term "island-Russia" and developed the "Great
1268:
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378:
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1246:(1987) reveals that these popular views are in important ways misleading and incorrect.
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3718:
3643:
3544:
3096:
2960:
2941:"The Three Critical Flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics"
2858:
2703:
Sloan, Geoffrey (1999). "Sir Halford J. Mackinder: The Heartland theory then and now".
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1994:
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China's Policy towards the South China Sea: When Geopolitics Meets the Law of the Sea
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1982:
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The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II. Vol. 1 Vol. 1
1438:'s broad view used insights from other social sciences, employed the concept of the
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4635:
4515:
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4440:
4328:
4242:
4111:
4034:
3526:
3515:"Re-centering Central Asia: China's "New Great Game" in the old Eurasian Heartland"
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2952:
2921:
2842:
2712:
2636:
2358:
2236:
2228:
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1230:, and organic borders. States have, Haushofer argued, an undeniable right to seek
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In 2004, at the centenary of The Geographical Pivot of History, famous Historian
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The Offshore Islands & Continents (Mackinder's "outer or insular crescent").
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Kissinger, Henry, (1994). Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 703-732
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Navy Basic Military Requirements (Navedtra 14325) – Nonresident Training Course
2190:
2165:
1943:
1933:
1696:
1629:
1576:
1293:. This difference in disciplinary perspectives is addressed by Bert Chapman in
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1207:
1195:
1152:
1104:
978:
689:
656:
483:
443:
428:
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3165:
3058:
3032:
2999:
2898:
2854:
2802:
2724:
2689:
2648:
2613:
2548:
Kissinger, Henry, (1994). Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 821-2
2512:
2495:
The Grand Chessboard : American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives
2470:
2411:
2370:
2335:
2250:
2209:
2136:
1986:
1820:
1530:
1421:
1194:
and Ratzel were picked up and extended by a number of German authors such as
1019:
752:
688:
At the level of international relations, geopolitics is a method of studying
682:
498:
478:
433:
418:
403:
345:
3744:"Main Theoretical Currents in Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century"
3489:
Techno-Geopolitics: US-China Tech War and the Practice of Digital Statecraft
2302:
2128:
2085:
4730:
4645:
4546:
4480:
4131:
4051:
4004:
2575:
Kissinger, Henry, (1994). Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 804
2566:
Kissinger, Henry, (1994). Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 810
2557:
Kissinger, Henry, (1994). Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 813
2539:
Kissinger, Henry, (1994). Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 814
1948:
1835:
1472:
1256:
1219:
1163:
1119:
1047:
995:
820:
740:
693:
493:
408:
305:
237:
4769:
3771:
3405:"AIIB Vs. NDB: Can New Players Change the Rules of Development Financing?"
2640:
2098:
Vladimir Toncea, 2006, "Geopolitical evolution of borders in Danube Basin"
1235:
802:
Serviceable coastlines, abundant natural resources, and favorable climate;
534:
4745:
4620:
4424:
4096:
4076:
3989:
3974:
3889:
3743:
2939:
Haverluk, Terrence W.; Beauchemin, Kevin M.; Mueller, Brandon A. (2014).
2241:
2232:
2200:
2042:
1908:
1885:
1860:
1830:
1825:
1757:
1652:
1548:
1479:
who was directly inspired by Ancel, Braudel and Vidal de la Blache—wrote
1398:
1305:
1263:
1187:
1171:
1093:
788:
508:
383:
179:
4787:
3704:. The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace. London: Belhaven Press.
3381:"What Does China's Belt and Road Initiative Mean for US Grand Strategy?"
1791:
1688:
platforms, and traditional and non-traditional forms of espionage.
1484:
552:
4750:
4705:
4625:
4101:
3700:
O'Loughlin, John; Heske, Henning (1991). Kliot, N; Waterman, S (eds.).
1938:
1880:
1840:
1668:
1544:
1476:
1443:
1417:
1380:
1346: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1242:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1131:
943:
918:
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives
888:
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives
705:
701:
678:
513:
468:
388:
4207:
3962:
3296:"China-Taiwan geopolitical rivalry fuels tensions in Pacific Islands"
2441:, (Washington and London: Kennikat Press, 1920, p 25–27, 167–8, 172).
1636:. Another geopolitical issue is PRC's claims over the territories of
1166:. Ratzel created a foundation for the German variant of geopolitics,
1011:
831:
792:
640:
628:
611:
3758:
Spazi e poteri. Geografia politica, geografia economica, geopolitica
2940:
2166:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"
1462:
1449:(who in turn was influenced by German thought, particularly that of
1321:
655:
and relations between them, it may also focus on two other kinds of
4014:
3952:
3931:
1409:
1181:
1061:
was both a follower and critic of geostrategists Alfred Mahan, and
1007:
891:. The Anglo-American classical geopolitical theories were revived.
876:
811:
Society with an aptitude for the sea and commercial enterprise; and
661:
644:
1259:
and has never achieved standing comparable to the pre-war period.
846:
814:
Government with the influence and inclination to dominate the sea.
3148:Геополитика третьей волны: трансформация мира в эпоху Постмодерна
1680:
1608:
The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
1512:: Conducting a cartographic survey through a multi-scale mapping.
1435:
1223:
1156:
1077:
1039:
1023:
999:
987:
697:
652:
3709:
Spang, Christian W. (2006). Spang, C. W.; Wippich, R.H. (eds.).
4106:
3994:
3408:
2439:
The Problem of Asia and the Effects upon International Politics
2426:
The Problem of Asia and the Effects upon International Politics
1637:
1414:
1089:
1043:
1003:
3595:. London: Brill Academic Publishing. Introduction; Chapter 11.
2222:
1222:. The key concepts of Haushofer's Geopolitik were Lebensraum,
4081:
3838:
3462:
Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and the New Geopolitics
2596:
The geostrategic triad: living with China, Europe, and Russia
1625:
1015:
958:
636:
3619:
Devetak, Richard; Burke, Anthony; George, Jim, eds. (2011).
3074:"Art, Geopolitics and Metapolitics at Tate Galleries London"
855:
World map with the concepts of Heartland and Rimland applied
3858:
2879:Ó Tuathail, Gearóid; Dalby, Simon; Routledge, Paul (2011).
1278:
3756:
Cerreti, Claudio; Marconi, Matteo; Sellari, Paolo (2019).
4138:
3604:. INU societal research. Vol. 1. Geneva: INU Press.
2938:
2428:, (Washington and London: Kennikat Press, 1920, p 26–27).
1598:, has proposed the term "geopolitics of the third wave".
2878:
2773:, 1931, (tr. Usachev I. G., Mysl', Moscow, 2004, p 312).
1379:
French geopolitical doctrines broadly opposed to German
1521:: Neologism that describes the concept of studying the
1214:(Journal for Geopolitics), which was later used in the
743:. There are some works that discuss the geopolitics of
1739:
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
953:
3318:
1787:
1744:
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
1659:. It has also been argued that China co-founded the
1562:
Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
775:
3699:
3669:
Teoretičari klasične geopolitike: ciklus predavanja
3602:
Global communication without universal civilization
3513:Chen, Xiangming; Fazilov, Fakhmiddin (2018-06-19).
3183:"The Unlikely Origins of Russia's Manifest Destiny"
787:, and emphasized that strategic locations (such as
4283:
3642:
3618:
3294:
2117:Ege Universitesi Turk Dunyasi Incelemeleri Dergisi
2149:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2068:The Penguin dictionary of international relations
1463:Lacoste and the renaissance of French geopolitics
1384:Professor Lacoste according to three principles:
1374:
635: 'politics') is the study of the effects of
4803:
2785:The meaning of Europe: geography and geopolitics
1624:According to Li Lingqun, a major feature of the
1481:La géographie, ça sert d'abord à faire la guerre
1410:Ancel, Braudel, and the rejection of determinism
1182:The association of German Geopolitik with Nazism
808:Population large enough to defend its territory;
3671:. Podgorica: Centar za gradjansko obrazovanje.
3348:
1130:Division of the world according to Haushofer's
916:, Zbigniew Brzezinski followed suit, launching
847:Kissinger, Brzezinski, and the Grand Chessboard
3844:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
3427:
3017:. Berkeley, Calif: Univ. of California Press.
1647:Various analysts state that China created the
1006:; and the Peripheral "islands", including the
4269:
3787:
3436:Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice
2598:. Washington (D.C.): CSIS Press. p. 55.
2065:
2029:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3517–3544.
1594:Vladimir Karyakin, leading researcher at the
1589:Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
575:
3292:
2824:
2315:
1289:science such as international relations and
1151:(1844–1904), influenced by thinkers such as
3801:
3590:
3512:
3465:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 13.
2669:
2351:European Journal of International Relations
2320:. London; New York: Routledge. p. 64.
2070:. Newnham, Jeffrey. London: Penguin Books.
1628:'s geopolitics is attempting to change the
723:linked to geographic space, in particular,
4276:
4262:
3794:
3780:
3753:, L'Espace Politique, vol. 12, no 3, 2010.
3723:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3621:An Introduction to International Relations
3568:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3561:
3293:Robertson, James; Lin, Andy (2021-12-26).
2593:
2525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2492:
2450:
1999:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1969:An introduction to international relations
1749:School of International and Public Affairs
1426:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
751:on an "early-twentieth-century term for a
582:
568:
4521:Chinese school of international relations
3859:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3663:
3623:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3562:Stronski, Paul; Ng, Nicole (2018-02-28).
3530:
3120:
2782:
2240:
2199:
2189:
1362:Learn how and when to remove this message
1103:Another famous follower of Mackinder was
759:" and other pseudoscientific theories of
278:Chinese school of international relations
3397:
3232:
3226:
2493:Brzezinski, Zbigniew (6 December 2016).
2316:Dittmer, Jason; Sharp, Joanne P (2014).
2163:
2020:
1279:Disciplinary differences in perspectives
1125:
957:
850:
27:Study of geography's effects on politics
3864:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
3687:Handbook on the Geopolitics of Business
3637:
3235:"The Prophet of the New Russian Empire"
3145:
3125:. New York: Anthem Press. p. 136.
3012:
2977:
2626:
2348:
2282:
1712:
1707:
1596:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
14:
4804:
3599:
3206:
3071:
2911:
4257:
3775:
3708:
3689:. Edward Elgar Publishing : UK.
3591:Amineh, Parvizi M.; Houweling, Henk.
3177:
3175:
2874:
2872:
2762:
2760:
2702:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
1543:French philosopher Michel Foucault's
3485:
3433:
3209:"Russia's New—and Frightening—"Ism""
3200:
2278:
2276:
2170:Energy Research & Social Science
2114:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2016:
2014:
1719:Harvard Kennedy School of Government
1661:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
1344:adding citations to reliable sources
1315:
3555:
3336:from the original on 7 January 2017
2318:Geopolitics: an introductory reader
1642:government of the Republic of China
1143:
799:Advantageous geographical position;
24:
3937:International relations since 1989
3927:Diplomatic history of World War II
3849:International Criminal Court (ICC)
3702:From War to a Discipline for Peace
3593:Central Eurasia in Global Politics
3458:
3265:
3172:
2981:Geopolitics: A Guide to the Issues
2869:
2757:
2752:Raising Cartographic Consciousness
2739:Raising Cartographic Consciousness
2477:
1295:Geopolitics: A Guide To the Issues
954:Mackinder and the Heartland Theory
671:sub-national geopolitical entities
25:
4833:
4233:International political sociology
3207:Dunlop, John B. (July 30, 2004).
2273:
2101:
2011:
1685:Shanghai Cooperation Organization
1241:Haushofer's influence within the
984:The Geographical Pivot of History
932:
838:(1912), asserted that the entire
776:Alfred Thayer Mahan and sea power
667:limited international recognition
4786:
3434:Cohn, Theodore H. (2016-05-05).
3241:(35). Jerusalem: Shalem Center.
2847:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00131.x
2027:Handbook of Clean Energy Systems
1804:
1790:
1585:Академия геополитических проблем
1320:
770:
651:. Geopolitics usually refers to
618: 'earth, land' and
551:
4471:International political economy
4367:Uneven and combined development
4228:International political economy
3506:
3479:
3452:
3415:from the original on 2016-12-26
3373:
3362:from the original on 2016-09-12
3307:from the original on 2022-12-10
3286:
3259:
3233:Liverant, Yigal (Winter 2009).
3139:
3114:
3065:
3039:
3006:
2971:
2932:
2905:
2883:. London; New York: Routledge.
2818:
2809:
2787:. London: Arnold. p. 134.
2776:
2744:
2731:
2696:
2663:
2620:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2385:
2342:
1467:Due to the influence of German
1331:needs additional citations for
1271:and prevention, and mitigating
942:The Austro-Hungarian historian
873:dissolution of the Soviet Union
716:of the region being evaluated.
228:International political economy
120:Uneven and combined development
4817:International relations theory
4285:International relations theory
2309:
2216:
2164:Overland, Indra (2019-03-01).
2157:
2092:
2059:
1961:
1894:Category:Natural gas pipelines
1547:introduced for the purpose of
1375:Montesquieu and climate theory
912:Three years after Kissinger's
34:International relations theory
13:
1:
3583:
3486:Wong, Pak Nung (2021-09-23).
3358:. Caixin Online. 2014-12-10.
3093:10.1080/14650045.2016.1263186
2914:Political Geography Quarterly
2783:Heffernan, Michael J (1998).
2594:Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2009).
2283:Gogwilt, Christopher (2000).
2035:10.1002/9781118991978.hces203
1778:National Resilience Institute
1734:Munk School of Global Affairs
1170:. Influenced by the American
1109:Geographical Pivot of History
937:
685:, or a quasi-federal system.
4465:liberal intergovernmentalism
4196:Related fields and subfields
2957:10.1080/14650045.2013.803192
2926:10.1016/0260-9827(87)90002-4
2705:Journal of Strategic Studies
2672:Foundations of modern europe
1614:Academy of the General Staff
1388:; Diachronie; and Diatopie.
948:Foundations of Modern Europe
826:
222:liberal intergovernmentalism
7:
3121:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2018).
2363:10.1177/1354066100006001004
1783:
1673:International Monetary Fund
1566:Russian Academy of Sciences
1034:. It essentially comprised
10:
4838:
4486:Hegemonic stability theory
4238:Peace and conflict studies
3854:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
3266:Li, Lingqun (2018-02-19).
2191:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
1890:list of natural gas fields
1763:SOAS, University of London
1729:London School of Economics
1626:People's Republic of China
1212:Zeitschrift für Geopolitik
1202:, Hermann Lautensach, and
1138:
1036:Central and Eastern Europe
863:from the Cold War period,
861:national security advisors
621:
604:
243:Hegemonic stability theory
4783:
4759:
4603:
4567:
4529:
4446:Critical security studies
4433:
4380:
4347:
4309:
4291:
4195:
4147:
3945:
3902:
3877:
3831:
3822:
3809:
3532:10.1057/s41599-018-0125-5
3013:Braudel, Fernand (2012).
2717:10.1080/01402399908437752
2225:SSRN Working Paper Series
2055:– via Researchgate.
1632:to advance claims in the
1584:
1554:
1311:
203:Critical security studies
4415:Territorial peace theory
4339:Liberal institutionalism
3492:. Taylor & Francis.
3330:South China Morning Post
2827:The Geographical Journal
2771:Pan-Ideas in Geopolitics
2021:Overland, Indra (2015).
1955:
1649:Belt and Road Initiative
1619:
665:independent states with
170:Territorial peace theory
90:Liberal institutionalism
4773:International relations
4420:Democratic peace theory
4362:Theories of imperialism
4324:Democratic peace theory
4301:Feminist constructivism
4213:Foreign policy analysis
4025:International community
3803:International relations
3742:Venier, Pascal (2010),
3685:Munoz, J. Mark (2013).
3519:Palgrave Communications
3459:Lo, Bobo (2009-08-01).
3150:(in Russian). Граница.
3146:Карякин, В. В. (2013).
2131:(inactive 2024-09-18).
2129:10.13062/tdid.201428262
1768:University of Cambridge
1447:Paul Vidal de la Blache
1428:in Paris and published
1107:who called Mackinder's
964:Theory of the Heartland
719:Geopolitics focuses on
649:international relations
538:International relations
175:Democratic peace theory
115:Theories of imperialism
75:Democratic peace theory
50:Feminist constructivism
3645:Guns, Germs, and Steel
2978:Chapman, Bert (2011).
2881:The geopolitics reader
2066:Evans, Graham (1998).
1871:Guns, Germs, and Steel
1394:The Spirit of the Laws
1252:scientific materialism
1234:which would guarantee
1160:Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
1135:
1056:
967:
930:
856:
765:geographic determinism
669:and relations between
4559:Inter-paradigm debate
4334:Republican liberalism
3767:. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
3072:Ingram, Alan (2017).
2641:10.1353/mod.1998.0058
2437:Alfred Thayer Mahan,
2424:Alfred Thayer Mahan,
2003:) CS1 maint: others (
1856:Geopolitical ontology
1846:Geopolitics (journal)
1724:King's College London
1533:for borders affairs.
1129:
1052:
971:Sir Halford Mackinder
961:
926:
854:
318:Inter-paradigm debate
85:Republican liberalism
4726:Immanuel Wallerstein
4676:Peter J. Katzenstein
4661:Samuel P. Huntington
4580:Historical sociology
4575:International ethics
4461:Intergovernmentalism
4395:Neoclassical realism
4372:World-systems theory
4203:Comparative politics
3600:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
3356:"One Belt, One Road"
3047:"L'Espace Politique"
2750:See map in Polelle,
2737:See map in Polelle,
2670:Reich, Emil (2010).
2233:10.2139/ssrn.2998305
1773:University of Oxford
1713:Notable Institutions
1708:Study of geopolitics
1667:to compete with the
1665:New Development Bank
1340:improve this article
998:or Core, comprising
836:The Day of the Saxon
785:Antoine-Henri Jomini
737:Critical geopolitics
731:in correlation with
489:Immanuel Wallerstein
439:Peter J. Katzenstein
424:Samuel P. Huntington
341:Historical sociology
336:International ethics
218:Intergovernmentalism
150:Neoclassical realism
125:World-systems theory
4822:Political geography
4793:Politics portal
4616:Zbigniew Brzezinski
4590:State cartel theory
3985:Collective security
3869:United Nations (UN)
2839:2004GeogJ.170..292D
2629:Modernism/Modernity
2451:Lea, Homer (2010).
2182:2019ERSS...49...36O
1924:Sphere of influence
1904:Political geography
1876:Intermediate Region
1753:Columbia University
1677:development finance
1269:conflict resolution
1059:Nicholas J. Spykman
903:Nicholas J. Spykman
875:and the end of the
869:Zbigniew Brzezinski
805:Extent of territory
781:Alfred Thayer Mahan
757:political geography
558:Politics portal
379:Zbigniew Brzezinski
351:State cartel theory
4691:Stephen D. Krasner
3763:2022-04-08 at the
3749:2017-02-08 at the
3213:Hoover Institution
3051:L'Espace Politique
2396:. Lulu.com. 2013.
1899:Petroleum politics
1866:First island chain
1702:Carnegie Endowment
1538:L'Espace politique
1420:and geopolitician
1190:, the thoughts of
1136:
968:
857:
733:diplomatic history
725:territorial waters
454:Stephen D. Krasner
4799:
4798:
4491:Copenhagen School
4410:Defensive realism
4405:Offensive realism
4390:Classical realism
4357:Dependency theory
4251:
4250:
4223:International law
4092:Right of conquest
4057:National interest
4000:Deterrence theory
3898:
3897:
3885:League of Nations
3737:978-3-86205-040-6
3678:978-86-85591-43-3
3649:. Jonathan Cape.
3630:978-1-107-60000-3
3499:978-1-000-44879-5
3472:978-0-8157-0146-0
3279:978-1-351-65736-5
3157:978-5-94691-563-2
3024:978-0-520-20308-2
2991:978-0-313-38579-7
2890:978-0-415-34148-6
2794:978-0-340-58018-9
2681:978-1-171-68627-9
2605:978-0-89206-384-0
2504:978-0-465-09435-6
2462:978-1-171-68898-3
2403:978-1-304-18585-3
2327:978-0-415-66663-3
2294:978-0-8047-3726-5
1978:978-1-316-63155-3
1919:Space geostrategy
1758:Sciences Po Paris
1657:American hegemony
1372:
1371:
1364:
1063:Halford Mackinder
710:natural resources
592:
591:
248:Copenhagen School
165:Defensive realism
160:Offensive realism
145:Classical realism
110:Dependency theory
16:(Redirected from
4829:
4791:
4790:
4771:
4696:John Mearsheimer
4651:Martha Finnemore
4636:Michael W. Doyle
4568:Other approaches
4516:Intercommunalism
4500:neofunctionalism
4441:Neo-Gramscianism
4329:Capitalist peace
4278:
4271:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4243:Security studies
4035:Internationality
4030:Internationalism
3829:
3828:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3728:
3722:
3714:
3705:
3682:
3665:Kovacevic, Filip
3660:
3648:
3634:
3615:
3596:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3534:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3332:. 21 June 2016.
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3103:. Archived from
3078:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2674:. : Nabu Press.
2667:
2661:
2660:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2490:
2475:
2474:
2455:. : Nabu Press.
2453:Day of the saxon
2448:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2244:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2112:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1990:
1965:
1851:Geojurisprudence
1814:
1812:Geography portal
1809:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1691:One view of the
1586:
1575:Colonel-General
1523:birth of borders
1451:Friedrich Ratzel
1367:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1324:
1316:
1302:Carolyn Gallaher
1291:security studies
1250:shared Ratzel's
1149:Friedrich Ratzel
1144:Friedrich Ratzel
986:", published in
979:foreign policies
975:Heartland Theory
840:Anglo-Saxon race
745:renewable energy
675:federated states
632:
625:
615:
608:
584:
577:
570:
556:
555:
536:
459:John Mearsheimer
414:Martha Finnemore
399:Michael W. Doyle
330:Other approaches
273:Intercommunalism
257:neofunctionalism
198:Neo-Gramscianism
80:Capitalist peace
30:
29:
21:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4755:
4741:Alexander Wendt
4711:Kathryn Sikkink
4701:Hans Morgenthau
4686:Henry Kissinger
4611:Michael Barnett
4599:
4563:
4530:Classifications
4525:
4511:Postcolonialism
4451:Critical theory
4429:
4376:
4343:
4305:
4287:
4282:
4252:
4247:
4191:
4182:Postcolonialism
4143:
4072:Non-state actor
4067:Non-belligerent
4062:Neutral country
4047:Interventionism
3980:Co-belligerence
3941:
3894:
3873:
3818:
3805:
3800:
3770:
3765:Wayback Machine
3751:Wayback Machine
3716:
3715:
3679:
3657:
3631:
3612:
3586:
3581:
3572:
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3484:
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3473:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3385:thediplomat.com
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3301:Financial Times
3291:
3287:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3205:
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3011:
3007:
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2906:
2891:
2877:
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2823:
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2795:
2781:
2777:
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2758:
2749:
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2736:
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2518:
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2419:
2404:
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2347:
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2328:
2314:
2310:
2295:
2281:
2274:
2221:
2217:
2162:
2158:
2142:
2141:
2113:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2019:
2012:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1929:Strategic depth
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:Politics portal
1796:
1789:
1786:
1715:
1710:
1679:. According to
1634:South China Sea
1630:laws of the sea
1622:
1602:Aleksandr Dugin
1557:
1489:new geographers
1465:
1412:
1377:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1325:
1314:
1286:human geography
1281:
1232:natural borders
1184:
1146:
1141:
1098:Truman Doctrine
956:
940:
935:
865:Henry Kissinger
849:
829:
778:
773:
721:political power
714:applied science
677:that make up a
588:
550:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
540:
533:
527:
519:
518:
504:Alexander Wendt
474:Kathryn Sikkink
464:Hans Morgenthau
449:Henry Kissinger
374:Michael Barnett
369:
361:
360:
331:
323:
322:
291:
290:Classifications
283:
282:
268:Postcolonialism
208:Critical theory
193:
185:
184:
140:
130:
129:
105:
95:
94:
65:
55:
54:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:J. Ann Tickner
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Robert Keohane
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:John Ikenberry
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4631:Daniel Deudney
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Postpositivism
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4456:English School
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4434:Other theories
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4293:Constructivism
4289:
4288:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:English school
4159:
4157:Constructivism
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4127:Non-aggression
4124:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3754:
3740:
3729:
3706:
3697:
3683:
3677:
3661:
3655:
3639:Diamond, Jared
3635:
3629:
3616:
3610:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3554:
3505:
3498:
3478:
3471:
3451:
3444:
3426:
3396:
3372:
3347:
3317:
3285:
3278:
3258:
3225:
3199:
3189:. 27 July 2016
3187:Foreign Policy
3171:
3156:
3138:
3131:
3113:
3110:on 2019-04-12.
3087:(3): 719–739.
3064:
3038:
3023:
3005:
2990:
2970:
2931:
2920:(2): 115–134.
2904:
2889:
2868:
2833:(4): 292–297.
2817:
2808:
2793:
2775:
2767:Karl Haushofer
2756:
2743:
2730:
2711:(2–3): 15–38.
2695:
2680:
2662:
2619:
2604:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2503:
2476:
2461:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2402:
2384:
2341:
2326:
2308:
2293:
2272:
2215:
2156:
2100:
2091:
2076:
2058:
2051:
2010:
1977:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:Water politics
1941:
1936:
1934:The Great Game
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1697:Xiangming Chen
1693:New Great Game
1621:
1618:
1577:Leonid Ivashov
1556:
1553:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1497:Representation
1464:
1461:
1411:
1408:
1386:Representation
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1280:
1277:
1273:climate change
1208:Karl Haushofer
1196:Karl Haushofer
1192:Rudolf Kjellén
1183:
1180:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1114:Eurasian Bloc.
1105:Karl Haushofer
1085:
1084:
1081:
1074:
955:
952:
939:
936:
934:
933:United Kingdom
931:
848:
845:
828:
825:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
777:
774:
772:
769:
729:land territory
690:foreign policy
673:, such as the
590:
589:
587:
586:
579:
572:
564:
561:
560:
547:
546:
532:
531:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
484:J. Ann Tickner
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
444:Robert Keohane
441:
436:
431:
429:John Ikenberry
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Daniel Deudney
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
308:
303:
298:
296:Postpositivism
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
215:
213:English School
210:
205:
200:
194:
192:Other theories
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
106:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:
46:
43:Constructivism
41:
40:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4834:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Kenneth Waltz
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Susan Strange
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Robert Jervis
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Robert Gilpin
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Cynthia Enloe
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Regime theory
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4553:Great Debates
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Postmodernism
4504:
4501:
4497:
4496:Functionalism
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Organizations
3821:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3695:9780857939746
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3656:9780224038096
3652:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3611:2-88155-004-5
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3569:
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3516:
3509:
3501:
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3468:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3445:9781317334811
3441:
3438:. Routledge.
3437:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3335:
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3327:
3321:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3272:. Routledge.
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3240:
3236:
3229:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3188:
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3132:9781783087990
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2409:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:(1): 77–107.
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
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2300:
2296:
2290:
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2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2242:11250/2447113
2238:
2234:
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2226:
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2211:
2207:
2202:
2201:11250/2579292
2197:
2192:
2187:
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2179:
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2138:
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2122:
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2105:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:0-14-051397-3
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2052:9781118991978
2048:
2044:
2043:11250/2451749
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
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1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Balkanization
1819:
1818:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
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1573:
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1546:
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1539:
1534:
1532:
1531:African Union
1528:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
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1458:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Jacques Ancel
1419:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1404:Élisée Reclus
1400:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1329:This section
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:(1869–1946),
1197:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:geostrategist
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:British Isles
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
972:
965:
960:
951:
949:
945:
929:
925:
922:
919:
915:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
889:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
853:
844:
841:
837:
833:
824:
822:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
771:United States
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:pseudoscience
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
683:confederation
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
624:
620:
617:
614:
607:
603:
600:
599:Ancient Greek
596:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
565:
563:
562:
559:
554:
549:
548:
539:
535:
523:
522:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:Kenneth Waltz
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:Susan Strange
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:Robert Jervis
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
419:Robert Gilpin
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Cynthia Enloe
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Regime theory
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
327:
326:
319:
316:
313:
312:Great Debates
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
263:Postmodernism
261:
258:
254:
253:Functionalism
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
189:
188:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
104:
99:
98:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
51:
48:
47:
44:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
18:Geo-political
4731:Stephen Walt
4646:James Fearon
4594:
4547:Reflectivism
4481:Green theory
4217:
4122:Multilateral
4052:Isolationism
4005:Expansionism
3710:
3701:
3686:
3668:
3644:
3620:
3601:
3592:
3571:. Retrieved
3567:
3557:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3488:
3481:
3461:
3454:
3435:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3399:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3364:. Retrieved
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3320:
3309:. Retrieved
3300:
3288:
3268:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3238:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3212:
3202:
3191:. Retrieved
3186:
3147:
3141:
3122:
3116:
3105:the original
3084:
3080:
3067:
3050:
3041:
3014:
3008:
2984:. ABC-CLIO.
2980:
2973:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2880:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2746:
2733:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2671:
2665:
2635:(3): 49–70.
2632:
2628:
2622:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2497:. New York.
2494:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2393:
2387:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2317:
2311:
2284:
2224:
2218:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2145:cite journal
2120:
2116:
2094:
2067:
2061:
2026:
1968:
1963:
1949:The Cold War
1914:Shatter belt
1836:Geoeconomics
1690:
1653:geostrategic
1646:
1640:against the
1623:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1574:
1558:
1549:biopolitical
1542:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1473:Yves Lacoste
1468:
1466:
1454:
1440:longue durée
1439:
1434:
1430:Géopolitique
1429:
1413:
1392:
1390:
1378:
1358:
1349:
1338:Please help
1333:verification
1330:
1299:
1294:
1282:
1261:
1257:World War II
1248:
1240:
1220:Nazi Germany
1211:
1210:founded the
1185:
1176:
1167:
1164:biogeography
1147:
1120:Paul Kennedy
1117:
1113:
1102:
1086:
1057:
1053:
1048:Mitteleuropa
1031:
1028:
996:World Island
991:
969:
947:
941:
927:
923:
917:
913:
911:
907:
901:
897:
893:
886:
880:
858:
835:
830:
821:Central Asia
817:
789:choke points
779:
749:
741:great powers
718:
694:area studies
687:
660:
629:
626:
619:
612:
609:
602:
594:
593:
494:Stephen Walt
409:James Fearon
355:
306:Reflectivism
238:Green theory
4812:Geopolitics
4746:Yan Xuetong
4621:Hedley Bull
4595:Geopolitics
4542:Rationalism
4425:Realpolitik
4218:Geopolitics
4097:Sovereignty
4077:Imperialism
3990:Colonialism
3975:Appeasement
3890:Warsaw Pact
3525:(1): 1–12.
3419:26 December
3081:Geopolitics
2945:Geopolitics
1909:Realpolitik
1886:Natural gas
1861:Geostrategy
1831:Eurasianism
1826:Choke point
1572:" concept.
1519:Horogenesis
1504:Diachronie.
1456:possibilism
1399:Montesquieu
1306:Klaus Dodds
1264:imperialist
1228:pan-regions
1206:. In 1923,
1188:World War I
1132:pan-regions
1094:containment
859:Two famous
595:Geopolitics
509:Yan Xuetong
384:Hedley Bull
356:Geopolitics
301:Rationalism
180:Realpolitik
4806:Categories
4760:Categories
4751:Qin Yaqing
4706:Joseph Nye
4626:E. H. Carr
4400:Neorealism
4311:Liberalism
4172:Liberalism
4117:Friendship
4102:Suzerainty
3584:References
3573:2021-07-26
3390:2021-07-24
3366:2016-04-13
3311:2022-04-22
3252:2015-04-06
3218:12 October
3193:2017-10-23
1939:Think tank
1881:Lebensraum
1841:Geopolitik
1669:World Bank
1570:Limitrophe
1545:dispositif
1477:geographer
1475:—a French
1469:Geopolitik
1444:geographer
1418:geographer
1381:Geopolitik
1243:Nazi Party
1216:propaganda
1204:Otto Maull
1200:Erich Obst
1168:geopolitik
1042:, Western
944:Emil Reich
938:Emil Reich
761:historical
706:demography
702:topography
679:federation
597:(from
526:Categories
514:Qin Yaqing
469:Joseph Nye
389:E. H. Carr
155:Neorealism
63:Liberalism
4208:Diplomacy
4112:Bilateral
4010:Grey-zone
3963:Coalition
3922:1919–1939
3917:1814–1919
3912:1648–1814
3719:cite book
3541:2055-1045
3340:7 January
3247:0793-6664
3166:878676552
3101:151769284
3059:958694001
3033:935298954
3000:913615116
2965:144597416
2951:: 19–39.
2899:750496870
2863:140660906
2855:0016-7398
2803:925343797
2754:, p. 118.
2725:0140-2390
2690:944201019
2657:144340839
2649:1080-6601
2614:780907306
2521:cite book
2513:959877505
2471:944371816
2412:986982257
2379:146194629
2371:1354-0661
2336:895013513
2259:157400282
2251:1556-5068
2210:2214-6296
2176:: 36–40.
2137:1301-2045
1995:cite book
1987:974647995
1157:zoologist
1123:history."
1071:Heartland
1032:Heartland
1012:Australia
992:sea power
914:Diplomacy
882:Diplomacy
832:Homer Lea
827:Homer Lea
793:sea power
653:countries
641:geography
4604:Scholars
4476:Feminism
4319:Idealism
4167:Feminism
4020:Idealism
4015:Hegemony
3968:Military
3953:Alliance
3946:Concepts
3932:Cold War
3814:Glossary
3761:Archived
3747:Archived
3667:(2014).
3641:(1997).
3549:49311952
3413:Archived
3360:Archived
3334:Archived
3305:Archived
2741:, p. 57.
2303:44932458
2086:41113670
1784:See also
1671:and the
1510:Diatopie
1485:Hérodote
1352:May 2013
1134:doctrine
1008:Americas
877:Cold War
662:de facto
645:politics
630:politikḗ
623:πολιτική
368:Scholars
233:Feminism
70:Idealism
4382:Realism
4349:Marxism
4187:Realism
4177:Marxism
4040:Liberal
3958:Entente
3904:History
3832:Present
2835:Bibcode
2267:2998305
2178:Bibcode
1681:Bobo Lo
1581:Russian
1564:of the
1436:Braudel
1236:autarky
1224:autarky
1139:Germany
1078:Rimland
1040:Ukraine
1024:Oceania
1000:Eurasia
988:England
698:climate
138:Realism
103:Marxism
4149:Theory
4107:Treaty
3995:Crisis
3735:
3693:
3675:
3653:
3627:
3608:
3547:
3539:
3496:
3469:
3442:
3409:Caixin
3276:
3245:
3164:
3154:
3129:
3099:
3057:
3031:
3021:
2998:
2988:
2963:
2897:
2887:
2861:
2853:
2801:
2791:
2723:
2688:
2678:
2655:
2647:
2612:
2602:
2511:
2501:
2469:
2459:
2410:
2400:
2392:"20".
2377:
2369:
2334:
2324:
2301:
2291:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2208:
2135:
2084:
2074:
2049:
1985:
1975:
1683:, the
1638:Taiwan
1555:Russia
1415:French
1312:France
1186:After
1153:Darwin
1090:Russia
1046:, and
1044:Russia
1022:, and
1018:, the
1004:Africa
712:, and
657:states
4132:Peace
4087:Power
4082:Peace
3839:BRICS
3545:S2CID
3239:Azure
3108:(PDF)
3097:S2CID
3077:(PDF)
2961:S2CID
2859:S2CID
2653:S2CID
2375:S2CID
2255:S2CID
2123:(2).
1956:Notes
1651:as a
1620:China
1527:Dyade
1016:Japan
834:, in
637:Earth
601:
3878:Past
3733:ISBN
3725:link
3691:ISBN
3673:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3625:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3537:ISSN
3494:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3421:2016
3342:2017
3274:ISBN
3243:ISSN
3220:2017
3162:OCLC
3152:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3055:OCLC
3029:OCLC
3019:ISBN
2996:OCLC
2986:ISBN
2895:OCLC
2885:ISBN
2851:ISSN
2799:OCLC
2789:ISBN
2721:ISSN
2686:OCLC
2676:ISBN
2645:ISSN
2610:OCLC
2600:ISBN
2527:link
2509:OCLC
2499:ISBN
2467:OCLC
2457:ISBN
2408:OCLC
2398:ISBN
2367:ISSN
2332:OCLC
2322:ISBN
2299:OCLC
2289:ISBN
2263:SSRN
2247:ISSN
2206:ISSN
2151:link
2133:ISSN
2082:OCLC
2072:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2005:link
2001:link
1983:OCLC
1973:ISBN
1892:and
1888:and
1663:and
1155:and
1076:The
1069:The
1002:and
885:and
867:and
763:and
727:and
647:and
4139:War
3527:doi
3089:doi
2953:doi
2922:doi
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