354:
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73:
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346:
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1311:
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540:
1920:
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781:
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1107:; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources; and threats from
512:
is around 17% of the total land area, equivalent to 134,005,100 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 133,882,200 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 131,614,800 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 2,390,300 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest
572:
Australia is situated in the middle of the tectonic plate, and therefore currently has no active volcanism. Minor earthquakes which produce no damage occur frequently, while major earthquakes measuring greater than magnitude 6 occur on average every five years. The terrain is mostly low plateau with
1014:
Australia's tropical/subtropical location and cold waters off the western coast make most of western
Australia a hot desert, with aridity a marked feature of the greater part of the continent. These cold waters produce little moisture needed on the mainland. A 2005 study by Australian and American
782:
721:. Access to water from the basin has led to the expansion of grazing into areas that were previously far too dry for livestock. Towns and cities across the country sometimes face major water storage and usage crises in which restrictions and other measures are implemented to reduce water
404:
The
Australian mainland has a total coastline length of 35,821 km (22,258 mi) with an additional 23,860 km (14,830 mi) of island coastlines. There are 758 estuaries around the country with most located in the tropical and sub-tropical zones. A recent global
1146:
780:
764:
701:
Much of
Australia's interior is arid; the low average annual rainfall and high temperatures mean interior rivers are often dry and lakes empty. The headwaters of some waterways are located in tropical regions where summer rains create a high rate of
779:
294:, while comprising the territory of the sixth-largest country in the world. The population of Australia is concentrated along the eastern and south-eastern coasts. The geography of the continent is extremely diverse, ranging from the snow-capped
1954:
Miller, Gifford; Mangan, Jennifer; Pollard, David; Thompson, Starley; Felzer, Benjamin; Magee, John (2005). "Sensitivity of the
Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation: Implications for human impact on continental moisture balance".
783:
517:(consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 18% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 67% of the forest area was reported to be under
1170:
409:
analysis suggested that there was 8,866 km (3,423 sq mi) of tidal flat area in
Australia, making it the third-ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there. Australia has the third-largest
1162:
1142:
448:, which rises to mountain heights near the west coast and falls to lower elevations near the continental centre. The Western Plateau region is generally flat, though broken by various mountain ranges such as the
1166:
505:, also a State of Australia, lies south of the south-eastern corner of the Australian mainland. It receives abundant rainfall, and has highly fertile soils particularly in comparison to the mainland.
240:
Mostly desert or semi-arid, south-east and south-west corners: temperate, north: tropical climate, varied between tropical rainforests, grasslands, part desert, mountainous areas: subantarctic tundra
1182:
777:
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1178:
486:
Between the
Eastern Highlands and the Western Plateau lies the Central Lowlands, which are made up of the Great Artesian Basin and Australia's largest river systems, the
1539:
776:
386:
1646:
834:. Western Australia is the largest state, covering just under one third of the Australian landmass, followed by Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales.
421:
Australia has the largest area of ocean jurisdiction of any country on Earth. It has no land borders. The northernmost points of the continental mainland are the
456:, and the Musgrave Range. Surface water is generally lacking in the Western Plateau, although there are several larger rivers in the west and north, such as the
924:
satellites at various points along a vast coastline. A significant immigrant population occupied these places with relatively little dispute and few inner city
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Australia is the lowest, flattest, and oldest continental landmass on Earth and it has had a relatively stable geological history. Geological forces such as
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The
Eastern alluvial Plains and Lowlands—the Murray Darling basin covers the southern part; also includes parts of the Lake Eyre Basin and extends to the
1202:
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based on low rainfall and high temperature. Only the south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil. The
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plays an important social and cultural role in
Australia with more than 90% of adults having an interest in sport. English is the most common
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Pain, C.F., Villans, B.J., Roach, I.C., Worrall, L. & Wilford, J.R. (2012): Old, flat and red – Australia's distinctive landscape. In:
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of mountain ranges and clashes between tectonic plates occurred mainly in
Australia's early prehistory, when it was still a part of
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841:, as a naval base and seaport for the national capital. In addition Australia has the following inhabited, external territories:
35:
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rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification (partly as a result of the introduction by
European settlers of
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Australia also has several minor territories; the federal government administers a separate area within New South Wales, the
790:
483:
have the greatest relief, the most rainfall, the most abundant and varied flora and fauna, and the densest human settlement.
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Mostly low plateau with deserts, rangelands and a fertile plain in the southeast; mountain ranges in the east and south-east.
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1487:
Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019).
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Cyclones along the northern coasts, severe thunderstorms, droughts, occasional floods, heat waves, and frequent bushfires
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999:. Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region or even several states and there are reports of the occasional large
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country in the world by area of jurisdiction, which comprises 7,686,850 km (2,967,910 sq mi) (including
1780:
Neill, Simon P.; Hemer, Mark; Robins, Peter E.; Griffiths, Alana; Furnish, Aaron; Angeloudis, Athanasios (June 2021).
1015:
researchers investigated the desertification of the interior, and suggested that one explanation was related to human
725:. Water restrictions are based on a gradient of activities that become progressively banned as the situation worsens.
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2429:
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at 2,228 m (7,310 ft), which is relatively low in comparison to the highest mountains on other continents.
1711:
773:
706:. Flood events drastically alter the dry environment; thus the ecology of central Australia has had to adapt to the
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2591:
2009:
1941:
1270:
1174:
874:
938:. Australians enjoy a very high rate of private property ownership. Australians have a preponderance to engage in
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and the South Pacific Ocean. It shares its name with the country that claims control over it. Properly called the
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Australia consists of six states, two major mainland territories, and other minor territories. The states are
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are relatively insignificant, with the longest drop ranked 135th according to the World Waterfall Database.
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2118:
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831:
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411:
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3000:
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2714:
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2419:
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2213:
1898:
1839:
1737:
1379:
1108:
854:
794:
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673:
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768:
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2879:
2783:
2414:
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2050:
1364:
1039:
789:
956:
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that can form along a meandering river's course. In a worldwide comparison of height, Australia's
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3181:
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2113:
1605:
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850:
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608:
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476:
385:, its territory consists of the entire continent and smaller outlying islands. This makes it the
1466:. Brisbane: South East Queensland Regional Water Quality Management Strategy Team. p. 220.
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3176:
3156:
3120:
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2919:
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2857:
2788:
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1088:
1055:
935:
479:, separating the relatively narrow eastern coastal plain from the rest of the continent. These
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703:
695:
438:
23:
1608:(1994). "Gondwanan (Late Jurassic and Cretaceous) palaeosurfaces of the Australian craton".
624:
The Australian continental landmass consists of six distinct landform divisions. These are:
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3115:
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1964:
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who arrived about 50,000 years ago. Regular burning by these settlers could have prevented
992:
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838:
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598:
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472:
8:
3306:
3248:
3080:
3043:
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1047:
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589:, by far the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast.
422:
283:
83:
1992:
1968:
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1623:
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Off the north-eastern coast of Australia is the world's largest coral reef complex, the
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27:
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estimates that between 10% and 20% of Australia's modern landscapes formed during the
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2018:
1825:
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1681:
1631:
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1267:
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858:
823:
453:
1522:
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1972:
1811:
1801:
1745:
1742:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)
1627:
1502:
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1330:
1316:
1248:
1150:
1076:
846:
556:
522:
394:
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322:
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1588:. Blewitt, R.S. (Ed.) Geoscience Australia and ANU E Press, Canberra. pp. 227–275
686:
1806:
1781:
1292:
1274:
1263:
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1008:
928:. Australia’s mean population density is 3.3/km, one of the lowest in the world.
921:
811:
803:
652:
646:
574:
548:
518:
491:
449:
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326:
299:
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of 8,148,250 km (3,146,060 sq mi). This EEZ does not include the
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1126:
842:
718:
642:
514:
406:
1675:
1506:
798:
A clickable map of Australia's states, mainland territories and their capitals
3428:
2022:
1553:
Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194
717:
is an important source of water, the world's largest and deepest fresh water
707:
629:
334:
120:
107:
50:
37:
72:
2255:
1514:
1212:
1092:
573:
deserts, rangelands and a fertile plain in the southeast. Tasmania and the
509:
378:
287:
215:
1929:
3361:
3221:
2063:
678:
1464:
Moreton Bay Study: A Scientific Basis for the Healthy Waterways Campaign
1208:
889:
310:, tropical and temperate forests, grasslands, heathlands and woodlands.
2224:
1238:
1080:
1051:
985:
866:
807:
732:
426:
345:
318:
1230:
628:
The Eastern Highlands—including the Great Dividing Range, the fertile
2481:
2450:
1976:
1216:
1087:
Current environmental issues include: soil erosion from overgrazing,
969:
736:
728:
578:
314:
295:
291:
279:
228:
202:
19:
1676:
Loffler, Ernst; Anneliese Loffler; A. J. Rose; Denis Warner (1983).
1004:
815:
582:
566:
552:
502:
303:
1244:
2259:
1288:
1234:
1035:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1000:
661:
632:
strip of grassland behind the east coast, and the Eastern Uplands
430:
374:
366:
330:
307:
93:
2039:
1738:"Australia, Sociocultural Overviews: Australian Settler Society"
1556:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.
1100:
925:
539:
418:(an additional 5,896,500 km (2,276,700 sq mi)).
370:
1989:
National Mapping – Fab Facts, Landforms, Australian Mountains
920:
Australians have settled in several capital cities and their
641:
The South Australian Highlands—including the Flinders Range,
995:
lasting several seasons thought to be caused in part by the
1953:
1540:
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
1284:
965:
942:, experiencing the largest per capita losses in the world.
984:
of the continent has a tropical climate: part is tropical
1935:
1779:
2011:
Australian Inland Waters and their Fauna. Eleven Studies
1486:
853:, and several largely uninhabited external territories:
437:, but the northernmost point of the country lies in the
1489:"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats"
401:
and 31.5 times larger than that of the United Kingdom.
397:), which is slightly smaller than the 48 states of the
1536:
Non-Fisheries Uses in Australia's Marine Jurisdiction
972:. A total of 18% of Australia's mainland consists of
1568:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Australia"
1306:
525:and 1% with ownership listed as other or unknown.
1572:
Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1058:are natural hazards that are present in Australia.
603:
Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia
585:, although these may have existed in the past. The
2017:. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
1123:Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty
976:, while additional areas are considered to have a
1817:20.500.11820/39c65964-e961-4018-ac46-e67faeadf447
1611:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
313:The countries that govern nearby regions include
3426:
766:
337:to the east; and New Zealand to the southeast.
444:The western half of Australia consists of the
2466:
2240:
2079:
1846:. Commonwealth of Australia. 22 February 2022
826:. The two major mainland territories are the
272:8,148,250 km (3,146,060 sq mi)
150:7,688,287 km (2,968,464 sq mi)
1461:
1421:"Area of Australia - States and Territories"
1897:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
1710:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
1462:Dennison, William C.; Abal, Eva G. (1999).
991:Rainfall is highly variable, with frequent
18:This article is about the geography of the
2473:
2459:
2247:
2233:
2093:
2086:
2072:
2007:
1870:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
660:Northern Plateau and Basins—including the
1815:
1805:
1435:"Border Lengths – States and Territories"
1350:List of cities in Australia by population
1237:forest, grassland and mountain ranges in
1011:in some areas is ravaging the landscape.
682:Relief map showing major rivers and lakes
569:when the continent was part of Gondwana.
2254:
1669:
1586:Shaping a Nation: A Geology of Australia
1279:
1258:
1243:
1229:
1207:
1155:Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement
1135:China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement
1071:
964:By far the largest part of Australia is
955:
762:
685:
677:
612:
538:
352:
344:
22:. For a treatment of the continent, see
1604:
3427:
2480:
1883:
1731:
1729:
1694:
1023:from reaching interior Australia. The
865:. Australia also claims a portion of
742:
501:. The large and mountainous island of
2454:
2228:
2067:
1735:
1644:
340:
232:9,500 km (3,668 sq mi)
1832:
1647:"Land of earthquakes and volcanoes?"
1385:List of drainage basins of Australia
1027:covers 70 percent of the continent.
988:, part grasslands, and part desert.
884:
731:is the Australian name given to the
481:Eastern Australian temperate forests
1858:
1782:"Tidal range resource of Australia"
1773:
1726:
1355:List of extreme points of Australia
749:States and territories of Australia
543:Basic geological units of Australia
290:regions being the world's smallest
13:
1947:
1844:Department of Health and Aged Care
1750:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12022-7
1638:
1455:
1427:
1038:along the northern coasts, severe
1030:
880:
759:Suburbs and localities (Australia)
651:The Western Plateau—including the
14:
3446:
2209:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
2030:
1678:Australia:Portrait of a continent
1645:Mccue, Kevin (26 February 2010).
1443:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2004
1068:Environmental issues in Australia
863:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
2045:
1923: This article incorporates
1918:
1680:. Hutchinson Group. p. 18.
1323:
1309:
888:
71:
1395:List of waterfalls of Australia
333:, and the French dependency of
174:59,681 km (37,084 mi)
2279:Federated States of Micronesia
2189:Australian Antarctic Territory
2008:Weatherley, A.H., ed. (1967).
1598:
1578:
1560:
1544:
1529:
1480:
1413:
1370:List of mountains in Australia
1095:, and poor farming practices;
1061:
871:Australian Antarctic Territory
416:Australian Antarctic Territory
286:encompasses a wide variety of
1:
1406:
577:do not contain any permanent
220:2,375 km (1,476 mi)
2154:Australian Capital Territory
2051:Wikimedia Atlas of Australia
1807:10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.035
1632:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90139-2
1400:Protected areas of Australia
1390:List of valleys of Australia
1375:List of regions of Australia
1360:List of islands of Australia
997:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
832:Australian Capital Territory
667:
359:Australia's Antarctic claims
357:Australia on the globe with
194:2,228 m (7,310 ft)
7:
2184:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
1380:List of rivers of Australia
1302:
855:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
674:Water security in Australia
10:
3451:
1840:"About sport in Australia"
1365:List of lakes of Australia
1147:Environmental Modification
1065:
949:
945:
877:is not widely recognized.
752:
746:
671:
606:
596:
592:
532:
528:
477:eastern coast of Australia
471:The Eastern Highlands, or
256:Minerals, coal, and timber
17:
3379:
3277:
3147:
3138:
3029:
3020:
2967:
2843:Intelligence and security
2769:
2760:
2728:
2633:
2624:
2559:
2501:
2492:
2370:
2347:
2266:
2172:
2142:
2099:
1507:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8
1255:of southeastern Australia
1200:signed, but not ratified:
1175:Nuclear Non-Proliferation
1114:International agreements:
755:Subdivisions of Australia
383:Commonwealth of Australia
349:Physical map of Australia
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
224:
211:
198:
186:
178:
170:
162:
154:
146:
136:
99:
89:
79:
70:
20:Commonwealth of Australia
2425:Northern Mariana Islands
2059:Water Usage in Australia
1942:(Archived 2000 edition.)
1702:"Significant Waterfalls"
1167:Marine Life Conservation
960:Climate map of Australia
399:contiguous United States
207:−15 m (−49 ft)
26:. For the mainland, see
2390:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2199:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2037:(in English and French)
1866:"Gambling in Australia"
1538:National Marine Atlas.
1223:off the south coast of
1105:introduced pest species
851:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
609:Ecoregions in Australia
563:Charles Rowland Twidale
412:exclusive economic zone
269:Exclusive economic zone
3435:Geography of Australia
3237:Indigenous Australians
2738:States and territories
2094:Geography of Australia
1925:public domain material
1736:Peace, Adrian (2015).
1299:
1277:
1256:
1241:
1227:
1179:Ozone Layer Protection
1089:industrial development
1084:
961:
799:
698:
683:
621:
555:. Its highest peak is
544:
513:0% was reported to be
362:
350:
66:Geography of Australia
2531:Territorial evolution
2373:and other territories
1651:Australian Geographic
1283:
1262:
1247:
1233:
1211:
1171:Nuclear Test Ban 1963
1075:
959:
936:language in Australia
797:
696:Bureau of Meteorology
692:major drainage basins
689:
681:
616:
542:
439:Torres Strait Islands
356:
348:
24:Australia (continent)
2977:Cabinet of Australia
2952:Government ministers
2720:World Heritage Sites
2526:European exploration
2175:External territories
2159:Jervis Bay Territory
2145:Mainland territories
1707:Geoscience Australia
1440:Geoscience Australia
1345:Australia-New Guinea
1187:Tropical Timber 1994
952:Climate of Australia
839:Jervis Bay Territory
715:Great Artesian Basin
599:Regions of Australia
535:Geology of Australia
488:Murray-Darling Basin
473:Great Dividing Range
3049:Gross state product
1985:"Highest Mountains"
1969:2005Geo....33...65M
1798:2021REne..170..683N
1624:1994PPP...112..157T
1003:. Rising levels of
743:Political geography
657:The Central Deserts
637:Gulf of Carpentaria
549:the tectonic uplift
423:Cape York Peninsula
117: /
84:Oceania (continent)
67:
47: /
3367:Australian studies
3302:Australian English
3111:Telecommunications
2947:Government leaders
2890:Political ideology
2164:Northern Territory
1931:The World Factbook
1901:on 5 December 2009
1340:Australasian realm
1300:
1297:Northern Territory
1278:
1257:
1242:
1228:
1143:Endangered Species
1085:
962:
900:. You can help by
828:Northern Territory
800:
699:
694:as defined by the
684:
622:
587:Great Barrier Reef
545:
499:Great Barrier Reef
435:Northern Territory
363:
351:
341:Physical geography
325:to the north; the
163: • Water
147: • Total
121:27.000°S 144.000°E
65:
28:Mainland Australia
3422:
3421:
3375:
3374:
3197:Human trafficking
3134:
3133:
3016:
3015:
2816:Foreign relations
2756:
2755:
2620:
2619:
2567:Asian Australians
2448:
2447:
2440:Wallis and Futuna
2348:Associated states
2222:
2221:
2204:Coral Sea Islands
2134:Western Australia
1934:(2024 ed.).
1594:978-1-922103-43-7
1501:(7738): 222–225.
1225:Western Australia
1191:Ramsar Convention
1109:invasive species.
918:
917:
859:Coral Sea Islands
824:Western Australia
523:private ownership
454:MacDonnell Ranges
276:
275:
253:Natural resources
155: • Land
3442:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3264:Waste management
3145:
3144:
3066:Household income
3027:
3026:
2989:Governor-General
2799:Electoral system
2767:
2766:
2631:
2630:
2499:
2498:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2430:Pitcairn Islands
2400:French Polynesia
2385:Christmas Island
2314:Papua New Guinea
2294:Marshall Islands
2267:Sovereign states
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2194:Christmas Island
2177:
2147:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2040:Map of Australia
2038:
2026:
2016:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1991:. Archived from
1980:
1977:10.1130/G21033.1
1939:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1786:Renewable Energy
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1653:. Archived from
1642:
1636:
1635:
1618:(1–2): 157–186.
1602:
1596:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1333:
1331:Geography portal
1328:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1317:Australia portal
1314:
1313:
1312:
1249:Mount Kosciuszko
1151:Hazardous Wastes
1077:Whitehaven Beach
913:
910:
892:
885:
873:, although this
847:Christmas Island
765:
557:Mount Kosciuszko
519:public ownership
395:Macquarie Island
391:Lord Howe Island
323:Papua New Guinea
191:Mount Kosciuszko
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
126:-27.000; 144.000
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
75:
68:
64:
62:
61:
59:
58:
57:
52:
48:
45:
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43:
40:
3450:
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3425:
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3423:
3418:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3371:
3332:Public holidays
3273:
3217:Life expectancy
3130:
3012:
2963:
2752:
2724:
2710:Protected areas
2616:
2555:
2488:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2372:
2366:
2349:
2343:
2324:Solomon Islands
2262:
2253:
2223:
2218:
2173:
2168:
2143:
2138:
2119:South Australia
2109:New South Wales
2095:
2092:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2014:
1998:
1996:
1995:on 17 June 2005
1983:
1950:
1948:Further reading
1928:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1734:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1657:on 6 March 2010
1643:
1639:
1603:
1599:
1583:
1579:
1566:
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1561:
1550:
1549:
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1446:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1423:. 27 June 2014.
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1293:Chambers Pillar
1275:New South Wales
1264:Megalong Valley
1219:on the edge of
1203:Desertification
1070:
1064:
1054:, and frequent
1033:
1031:Natural hazards
1009:desertification
954:
948:
914:
908:
905:
898:needs expansion
883:
881:Human geography
812:South Australia
804:New South Wales
796:
763:
761:
751:
745:
676:
670:
653:Nullarbor Plain
647:Yorke Peninsula
611:
605:
597:Main articles:
595:
575:Australian Alps
537:
531:
492:Lake Eyre Basin
475:, lie near the
450:Hamersley Range
446:Western Plateau
365:Australia is a
343:
327:Solomon Islands
300:Australian Alps
261:Natural hazards
231:
219:
206:
193:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
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55:
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5:
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3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3126:Welfare system
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Superannuation
3098:
3096:Stock exchange
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:Public housing
3054:Home ownership
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3001:Prime Minister
2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2959:Shadow Cabinet
2956:
2955:
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2949:
2939:
2937:Public Service
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
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2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2811:Federal budget
2808:
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2801:
2796:
2786:
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2645:
2643:Climate change
2640:
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2618:
2617:
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2609:
2604:
2599:
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2572:Constitutional
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2427:
2422:
2420:Norfolk Island
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:American Samoa
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2350:of New Zealand
2345:
2344:
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2252:
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2229:
2220:
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2216:
2214:Norfolk Island
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
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2156:
2150:
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2140:
2139:
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2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2043:
2032:
2031:External links
2029:
2028:
2027:
2005:
1981:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1913:
1912:
1882:
1857:
1831:
1772:
1758:
1725:
1714:on 25 May 2010
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1336:
1335:
1334:
1320:
1304:
1301:
1271:Blue Mountains
1206:
1205:
1197:
1183:Ship Pollution
1163:Marine Dumping
1159:Law of the Sea
1139:Climate Change
1127:Kyoto Protocol
1066:Main article:
1063:
1060:
1032:
1029:
978:desert climate
950:Main article:
947:
944:
916:
915:
895:
893:
882:
879:
843:Norfolk Island
747:Main article:
744:
741:
669:
666:
665:
664:
658:
655:
649:
643:Eyre Peninsula
639:
633:
594:
591:
533:Main article:
530:
527:
515:primary forest
407:remote sensing
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2925:Republicanism
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2898:
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2880:National debt
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1343:
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1338:
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1298:
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1290:
1287:parts of the
1286:
1282:
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1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1221:Middle Island
1218:
1214:
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1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
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1148:
1144:
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1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:soil salinity
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:, occasional
1045:
1041:
1040:thunderstorms
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
982:northern part
979:
975:
974:named deserts
971:
967:
958:
953:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
927:
923:
912:
903:
899:
896:This section
894:
891:
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886:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
760:
756:
750:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
708:boom and bust
705:
697:
693:
688:
680:
675:
663:
659:
656:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
638:
634:
631:
630:Brigalow Belt
627:
626:
625:
620:version 7 map
619:
615:
610:
604:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
541:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:In Australia
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:sixth-largest
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
355:
347:
338:
336:
335:New Caledonia
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:biogeographic
285:
281:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
227:
223:
217:
214:
212:Longest river
210:
204:
201:
197:
192:
189:
187:Highest point
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
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135:
130:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
69:
63:
60:
29:
25:
21:
16:
3400:Bibliography
3287:Architecture
3244:Prostitution
3227:Demographics
3192:Homelessness
3091:Reserve Bank
2905:Conservatism
2853:Constitution
2821:Human rights
2779:Constitution
2730:Subdivisions
2625:
2511:Bibliography
2371:Dependencies
2357:Cook Islands
2273:
2056:(in English)
2010:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1988:
1963:(1): 65–68.
1960:
1956:
1930:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1741:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1705:
1696:
1677:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1640:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1585:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1552:
1546:
1531:
1498:
1492:
1482:
1463:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1415:
1213:Lake Hillier
1199:
1131:Biodiversity
1119:
1113:
1112:
1093:urbanization
1086:
1034:
1013:
990:
963:
930:
919:
909:January 2022
906:
902:adding to it
897:
836:
801:
727:
712:
700:
623:
571:
561:
546:
510:forest cover
507:
496:
485:
470:
443:
420:
403:
379:Indian Ocean
377:between the
364:
312:
277:
225:Largest lake
216:Murray River
199:Lowest point
32:
15:
3362:Anglosphere
3202:Immigration
3167:Citizenship
3034:Agriculture
2920:Nationalism
2863:Enforcement
2836:Transgender
2670:Earthquakes
2658:Environment
2592:Immigration
2521:Archaeology
2304:New Zealand
2015:(PDF, 19Mb)
1792:: 683–692.
1744:: 239–244.
1217:saline lake
1062:Environment
986:rainforests
733:oxbow lakes
723:consumption
373:located in
124: /
112:144°00′00″E
100:Coordinates
54: /
3352:Television
3322:Literature
3207:Irreligion
3187:Healthcare
3182:Euthanasia
3162:Censorship
2969:Government
2915:Liberalism
2885:Parliament
2597:Indigenous
2587:Federation
2577:Diplomatic
2551:Since 1945
2516:Prehistory
2114:Queensland
1875:27 October
1850:22 October
1765:21 October
1407:References
1273:region of
1239:Queensland
1083:in October
1081:Queensland
1052:heat waves
867:Antarctica
808:Queensland
753:See also:
737:waterfalls
672:See also:
607:See also:
427:Queensland
319:East Timor
141:Ranked 6th
109:27°00′00″S
51:27°S 144°E
3259:Squatting
3212:Languages
3177:Education
3157:Aged care
3121:Transport
2930:Socialism
2910:Far-right
2900:Christian
2895:Anarchism
2858:Judiciary
2794:Donations
2789:Elections
2700:Mountains
2648:Continent
2626:Geography
2546:1901–1945
2541:1851–1900
2536:1788–1850
2482:Australia
2274:Australia
2256:Geography
2042:from 1826
2023:594806492
1891:"Deserts"
1826:233552671
1447:18 August
1268:temperate
1120:party to:
1056:bushfires
970:semi-arid
729:Billabong
704:discharge
668:Hydrology
579:icefields
462:Ashburton
458:Murchison
315:Indonesia
306:to large
296:mountains
292:continent
284:Australia
280:geography
229:Lake Eyre
203:Lake Eyre
171:Coastline
80:Continent
3429:Category
3409:Category
3254:Religion
3152:Abortion
3106:Taxation
2875:Monarchy
2870:Military
2826:Intersex
2762:Politics
2743:Capitals
2607:Monarchy
2602:Military
2582:Economic
2560:By topic
2506:Timeline
2486:articles
2289:Kiribati
2129:Victoria
2124:Tasmania
1661:25 April
1523:56481043
1515:30568300
1303:See also
1235:Tropical
1044:droughts
1036:Cyclones
1021:monsoons
1017:settlers
1005:salinity
993:droughts
940:gambling
926:ghettoes
922:suburban
830:and the
820:Victoria
816:Tasmania
583:glaciers
567:Mesozoic
553:Gondwana
503:Tasmania
490:and the
468:rivers.
466:Victoria
429:and the
304:Tasmania
56:-27; 144
3386:Outline
3357:Theatre
3347:Symbols
3312:Cuisine
3279:Culture
3140:Society
3116:Tourism
3086:Poverty
3022:Economy
2804:Parties
2705:Regions
2695:Islands
2690:Geology
2685:Forests
2653:Deserts
2638:Climate
2612:Railway
2494:History
2435:Tokelau
2339:Vanuatu
2260:Oceania
1965:Bibcode
1957:Geology
1905:11 June
1794:Bibcode
1718:11 June
1620:Bibcode
1289:Outback
1266:in the
1251:in the
1195:Whaling
1101:rabbits
1025:outback
1001:tornado
946:Climate
869:as the
710:cycle.
690:Map of
662:Top End
593:Regions
529:Geology
433:of the
431:Top End
375:Oceania
369:and an
367:country
361:hatched
331:Vanuatu
308:deserts
298:of the
245:Terrain
237:Climate
179:Borders
94:Oceania
3414:Portal
3307:Cinema
3249:Racism
3222:People
3081:Mining
3044:Energy
3039:Dollar
2784:Courts
2774:Asylum
2748:Cities
2715:Rivers
2663:issues
2484:
2410:Hawaii
2334:Tuvalu
2101:States
2021:
1999:7 July
1940:
1824:
1756:
1684:
1592:
1521:
1513:
1494:Nature
1470:
1048:floods
861:, and
822:, and
645:, and
521:, 32%
464:, and
452:, the
371:island
321:, and
158:98,21%
90:Region
3393:Index
3342:Sport
3337:Radio
3327:Music
3317:Dance
3269:Women
3172:Crime
3076:Media
2942:Women
2680:Fauna
2675:Flora
2329:Tonga
2319:Samoa
2309:Palau
2299:Nauru
1927:from
1822:S2CID
1519:S2CID
932:Sport
875:claim
719:basin
166:1,79%
42:144°E
3297:Arts
3006:list
2994:list
2982:list
2831:LGBT
2405:Guam
2362:Niue
2284:Fiji
2019:OCLC
2001:2005
1907:2010
1877:2022
1852:2022
1767:2022
1754:ISBN
1720:2010
1682:ISBN
1663:2010
1590:ISBN
1511:PMID
1468:ISBN
1449:2016
1285:Arid
1253:Alps
1215:, a
1007:and
966:arid
757:and
713:The
618:IBRA
601:and
393:and
302:and
278:The
182:None
137:Area
39:27°S
3292:Art
2848:Law
2258:of
1973:doi
1936:CIA
1812:hdl
1802:doi
1790:170
1746:doi
1628:doi
1616:112
1503:doi
1499:565
1291:in
1103:);
1079:in
968:or
904:.
581:or
425:of
282:of
3431::
1987:.
1971:.
1961:33
1959:.
1893:.
1868:.
1842:.
1820:.
1810:.
1800:.
1788:.
1784:.
1752:.
1740:.
1728:^
1704:.
1649:.
1626:.
1614:.
1570:.
1517:.
1509:.
1497:.
1491:.
1437:.
1295:,
1193:,
1189:,
1185:,
1181:,
1177:,
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1161:,
1157:,
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1149:,
1145:,
1141:,
1137:,
1133:,
1129:,
1125:,
1091:,
1050:,
1042:,
857:,
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818:,
814:,
810:,
806:,
494:.
460:,
441:.
329:,
317:,
2474:e
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2248:e
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2087:e
2080:t
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2025:.
2003:.
1979:.
1975::
1967::
1938:.
1909:.
1895:[
1879:.
1854:.
1828:.
1814::
1804::
1796::
1769:.
1748::
1722:.
1690:.
1665:.
1634:.
1630::
1622::
1574:.
1525:.
1505::
1476:.
1451:.
911:)
907:(
218:,
205:,
30:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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