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695:, he again trumpeted the cause of the shuttle, "... there is a real requirement for an efficient earth to orbit transportation system – an economical space shuttle". "I forecast that the next major thrust in space will be the development of an economical launch vehicle for shuttling between Earth and the installations, such as the orbiting space station that will soon be orbiting in space." He also stated, as many others would do later, that "The shuttle ideally would be able to operate in a mode similar to that of a large commercial air transports and be compatible with the environment of major airports".
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754:, a spin-off from the RAND Corporation, in 1971. He remained with SDC following the Burroughs Corporation's acquisition of the company, and retired after growing the company successfully in 1984. While at SDC, Mueller married his second wife, Darla. After a short retirement, Mueller became the president of the International Academy of Astronautics, in addition to consulting and other volunteer work. Yearning to return to full-time employment, he became the CEO of Kistler Aerospace in 1996 and remained with the company for a number of years.
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Corporation, later part of TRW, recruited him and he took a one-year sabbatical in 1953. A consultant to Ramo-Wooldridge, Mueller got involved in the review of radar designs and the Bell Labs radar for the Titan rocket (which was originally radio-guided). Mueller was peripherally involved with some of the developments of the inertial systems and generally began to help out wherever there was a problem. Mueller admitted in 1987 that at this time he did not know anything about missiles.
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made the compromise, after I left NASA, in terms of a partially reusable vehicle, and all that that implies in terms of not only the cost of the throw-away parts but also the cost of the ground troops that have to process it and put it together and fly it every time. That combination—and ground support is a not insignificant part of a
Shuttle cost—was a set of decisions that doomed low cost space transportation for that generation of vehicles."
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began working as a boy and never went to high school, but later became superintendent of an electrical motor repair shop in St. Louis. Both parents were
English speakers, but also spoke German; Mueller never learned German well enough to converse. He went to Benton School in St. Louis until the 8th grade, when he and his parents moved to a larger house in the country called Bel Nor, and later graduated from
445:. While working on missile systems Mueller became convinced that all-up testing was essential as "you don't want to be testing piece-wise in space. You want to test the entire system because who knows which one's going to fail, and you'd better have it all together so that whatever fails, you have a reasonable chance of finding the real failure mode, not just the one you were looking for."
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after
Mueller became spectacularly sick while flight testing Bell Labs' radar on a visit to Wright Airfield in Ohio. He continued his work on magnetrons and said he came close to co-inventing the transistor. If he and his co-workers had placed their contacts on a single crystal of zircon rather than working with multiple crystals, they would have beaten
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live first stage would be much shorter than the final configuration. Its aerodynamic shape and its body dynamics would thus not be representative. Filling the ballast tanks with liquid hydrogen? Fine, but then why not burn it as a bonus experiment? And so the arguments went on until George in the end prevailed."
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fire, NASA Administrator James Webb became distrustful of
Mueller, but commented. "Even if I wanted to, I couldn't fire him because he was manager of our successful Apollo project, and one of the ablest men in the world ... The last thing I wanted was to lose him, but I also had another desire, which
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and
Minuteman programs but violated von Braun's engineering concepts. The von Braun test plan called for the first live test to use the Saturn's first stage with dummy upper stages. If the first stage worked correctly then the first two stages would be live with a dummy third stage and so on, with at
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After returning from his sabbatical year to Ohio State, Mueller taught but was also retained as a part-time consultant to R-W. In 1957 he joined Ramo-Wooldridge full-time as director of the
Electronics Laboratories. This Laboratory soon merged with the mechanical group, and then Mueller became deputy
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Near graduation, he applied for a research job at Bell Labs, which he received. After a year to establish himself there, he married Maude
Rosenbaum, whom he had met in St. Louis and dated while at Purdue. The work Mueller did at Bell Labs deferred him from being drafted into the military during World
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In 1987 Mueller had this to say about the shuttle, "It was clear to us at that time that we needed to have a joint program between the Air Force and NASA, and that that program ought to be aimed at providing low cost space transportation for all of our needs. It's just in my view unfortunate that we
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technology, but, as Bell Labs geared up for war, it later became heavily involved in airborne radar technology. As the war progressed, his group was given the task of building the first airborne radar for Bell. Ultimately, the radar designed by MIT was chosen over the Bell Labs system, but not until
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Eventually von Braun and the others were won over. As von Braun stated: "It sounded reckless, but George
Mueller's reasoning was impeccable. Water ballast in lieu of a second and third stage would require much less tank volume than liquid-hydrogen-fuelled stages, so that a rocket tested with only a
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In an interview
Mueller gave different reasons for leaving, "One is that the decision had been made to terminate the Apollo program, and that was a good time then to leave before, and let someone else take over for the next phase. From a practical point of view, I needed to go make some money so I
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Encouraged by Webb, Mueller had studied the three centers, speaking with people he knew from his work at Ramo-Wooldridge. His impression: "there wasn't any management system in existence". More seriously, Mueller found no means to determine and control hardware configurations, which gave no way to
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Mueller held a one-day symposium (held at NASA headquarters) in
December 1967 to which 80 people from the Air Force, NASA and industry were invited to discuss low cost space flight and shuttle-like designs. The designs ranged from 'simple' concepts like Martin Marietta's six person reusable craft
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propounded the view that, in such a complex system with so many stakeholders, "everyone was a Shuttle designer." What is beyond doubt is that Mueller played a key role in early Space Shuttle decisions and in championing the cause for a reusable space vehicle. While perhaps not the 'Father' he has
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and Apollo Program Offices, creating a five-box structure at HQ and field center. This structure replicated Mueller's concept of system management and provided far better program overview. The key part of the idea was that inside these "GEM boxes" (named from his initials), managers and engineers
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The biggest problem Mueller still faced was Apollo's slipping schedule and huge cost overruns. He had always thought the only way to resolve this, and achieve a lunar landing before 1970, was to reduce the number of test flights. Mueller wanted to use his "all-up testing" concept with each flight
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Moving to Columbus, Mueller taught electrical engineering and the new field of system engineering, and continued his research, focusing his PhD thesis on dielectric antennas. Upon obtaining his doctorate in physics in 1951, he became associate professor of electrical engineering. Ramo-Wooldridge
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George Mueller was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 16, 1918, to parents of German descent. His mother, Ella Florence Bosch, a high school graduate, was from Belleville, Illinois, and had been a secretary, but she never worked after marriage. His father, Edwin Mueller, was an electrician who
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The young Mueller enjoyed reading science fiction and, helped by his grandfather, woodworking. When he was aged 11 or 12 Mueller also built and raced model aircraft – such as gliders and rubber band model airplanes. Always curious about how things worked, he also built radios, following in the
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With another battle won, Mueller still found that he could not always find the right people with the right skills. Using his background with Air Force projects, Mueller sought Webb's permission to bring in skilled Air Force program managers. He proposed Minuteman program director Colonel
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Mueller assumed he would end up working in industry and so, in his senior year, went on a tour of various suitable companies. He applied to RCA, General Electric and Emerson but when he graduated in 1939 the economy took another downturn and he, like most of the class, had no job.
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Mueller's optimism grew in 1968 and he chided Wernher von Braun (who had been cautiously promoting a cheap interim shuttle-type craft), "You'd be telling me that my Shuttle was in the future and you needed an interim system." Mueller was sure that the incoming president,
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In August 1963, Mueller invited each of his three field center directors to visit him and explained how his proposed changes would put Apollo back on schedule and solve problems with the Bureau of the Budget. Change did not come easy and he had some problems with
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could keep my family going. It was costly for us to join the Apollo program. My salary was half what I was making in industry when I went there, and it was just a strain to keep the family going and work going at the same time. So I went back to industry."
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Also well known were Mueller's Project Status Reviews, often held on Sundays and in brutal detail. The presentations were nicknamed "pasteurized" as the tired managers' ability to absorb the detail was waning, and the charts were merely "past your eyes."
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Mueller's position was strengthened by directors at MSC, MSFC and LOC reporting directly to OMSF. Mueller also reduced attendance at the Manned Space Flight Management Council to just himself and the Center directors. Borrowing from the US Air Force
387:. The fellowship led to his working on an early television project. Purdue was building a television transmitter for the campus, and it was the first of the kind that was using all vacuum tubes to produce the pictures. It was also the first using a
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who gave "one of his impassioned speeches about how you can't change the basic organization of Marshall." After some argument, von Braun accepted Mueller's proposals and reorganized MSFC, strengthening its capacity in running large projects.
525:(LOC)) to report directly to Mueller, as well as a local staff at Headquarters. Mueller accepted the job, and took a substantial pay cut. The reorganization of NASA and the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF) was announced in November 1963.
727:, describes working for him as a "piece of cake". Nor did he try to belittle others or shout them down. While appearing affable and reasonably charming "with the epitome of politeness, but you know down deep he's just as hard as steel!".
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leader of this larger research and development organization. He was also program director for the Pioneer program and later took over as head of R&D . The Thompson Products Company bought R-W and merged it into what became
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Address by George E Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, National Aeronautics and Space Administration before the British Interplanetary Society, University College London, England, August 10, 1968, 7:00
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footsteps of his father. Interested in these activities, the teenage Mueller wanted to be an aeronautical engineer but discovered that where he could afford to go to school, the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (now
608:. Phillips in turn agreed and brought with him 42 mid-grade officers and eventually 124 more junior officers. Ultimately, over 400 experienced military officers worked on Apollo and other NASA programs during the 1960s.
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376:) in Rolla, Missouri, there was no aeronautical engineering department. They did offer mechanical engineering, so he enrolled in that program but found it discouraging and switched to electrical engineering.
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Even while Apollo was progressing Mueller and others were pushing for an aggressive post-Apollo program. He established the Apollo Applications Office in 1965. The Applications were extensive, involving a
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Pace, Scott (1982) Engineering Design and Political Choice: the Space Shuttle 1969–1972, Thesis (M.S.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1982
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from September 1963 until December 1969. Hailed as one of NASA's "most brilliant and fearless managers", he was instrumental in introducing the all-up testing philosophy for the
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Mueller's concept of all-up testing worked. The first two uncrewed flights of the Saturn V were successful (the second less so), then the third Saturn V put Frank Borman's
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In an interview Mueller acknowledged what would have happened if all-up testing had failed, "The whole Apollo program and my reputation would have gone down the drain".
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Mueller resigned from NASA on November 10, 1969, effective from December 10. Rumors had been circulating for a while that he wanted to return to private industry. The
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sounded Mueller out for a top job. Mueller would only agree if the agency was restructured, and so during the fall of 1963 Webb worked with Associate Administrator
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Almost everyone who worked with Mueller on Apollo agreed he was technically brilliant and exceedingly capable. Even those who frequently disagreed with him like
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Seamans (promoted in 1965 to deputy administrator) stated that Mueller "didn't sell; he dictated – and without his direction, Apollo would not have succeeded."
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Mueller increasingly believed that to move up in the hierarchy of the Labs he would need a PhD, and he began working towards this goal on a part-time basis at
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Following this symposium Mueller continued to champion a "space shuttle". He did not invent the term, but he made it his own. He was also a keen proponent of
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recognized his abilities. While Mueller could be described as intellectually arrogant he was not an office tyrant; one of his colleagues,
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on leave at Bell Labs during the war, encouraged Mueller to help set up a vacuum tube lab and run the communications group at Ohio State.
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in landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth by the end of 1969. Mueller also played a key part in the design of
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Mueller's reorganization of the Apollo program and Marshall Space Flight Center, integrated through the Saturn V development program
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program, Mueller formed the Apollo Executive Group, which consisted of himself and the presidents of Apollo's main contractors.
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cornered Mueller with scale models of Saturn and Minuteman. The Saturn dwarfed the Minuteman but Mueller replied, "So what?"
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determine costs or schedules. Mueller concluded he would have to "teach people what was involved in doing program control."
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communicated directly with their functional counterparts in NASA HQ, bypassing the usual chain of command and bureaucracy.
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for display purposes. They still had mechanical disks for scanning but were trying to develop an all-electronic approach.
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over space priorities for '70s and disputes with subordinates; he has twice been passed over for deputy admr post".
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George E Mueller, Father of the Space Shuttle Program, To Receive 2002 Rotary National Award for Space Achievement
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After applying to several graduate schools, he got an offer of a television fellowship (funded by RCA) at
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Murray, C. and Cox, C.B. (2004). Apollo. Pages 151-162. South Mountain Books, Burkittsville, MD.
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been accurately described by Professor John Logsdon as the 'Policy Father of the Space Shuttle'.
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crew in orbit round the Moon on Christmas 1968, and the sixth Saturn V carried Neil Armstrong's
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Doing the Impossible: George E. Mueller and the Management of NASA's Human Spaceflight Program
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Mueller became increasingly involved with NASA and the Apollo Program. NASA's Administrator
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using the full number of live stages. This approach had been used successfully on the
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and was well aware that the Space Shuttle was to shuttle to and from such a station.
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The Man Who Ran the Moon: James Webb, JFK and the Secret History of Project Apollo
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as Apollo program director in OMSF. Webb agreed, and so did AFSC chief General
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The Space Shuttle Decision, 1965–1972: History of the Space Shuttle, Volume 1
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least ten test flights before a crewed version was put into low Earth orbit.
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George Mueller gives a briefing to Kennedy six days before his assassination.
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Johnson S B (2002), "The Secret of Apollo" Johns Hopkins University Press.
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SP-4223 "Before This Decade Is Out...", SP-4223, The NASA History Series.
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stated that 'informed sources' "alleged clashes with (Administrator)
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His parents, both born in the United States, were of German descent.
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The Space Shuttle Decision, 1965–1972: History of the Space Shuttle
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was not to let his way of working create too many difficulties."
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With this battle won, in November 1965, Mueller reorganized the
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1311:"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details"
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was cut back time and time again, until just Skylab remained.
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1360:. Pages 151–162. South Mountain Books, Burkittsville, MD.
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While in London in August 1968, to receive an award from the
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Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
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Interview with George Mueller for NOVA series: To the Moon
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launch. Standing, from left to right are George Mueller,
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from the original on Jun 4, 2023 – via DSpace@MIT.
985:"Dr. George Mueller interview NASM Oral History Project"
1081:"Mr. James E. Webb interview NASM Oral History Project"
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Mueller is often credited as being the "Father of the
317:; July 16, 1918 – October 12, 2015), was an American
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Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
1394:, Springer-Praxis Scientific Publications, New York.
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1416:George Mueller interview NASM Oral History Project
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813:Mueller died of congestive heart failure in
1180:, Volume 1. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1031:"Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 3"
358:
30:For other people named George Mueller, see
1443:
1429:
1230:New York Times, November 1, 1969, Saturday
1056:
710:
412:
149:
27:American electrical and aerospace engineer
1198:"NASM Oral History Project, MUELLER No 9"
1009:
1007:
817:, on October 12, 2015, at the age of 97.
807:Chairman and chief vehicle architect 2004
669:-M), to partially reusable concepts like
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3160:
1052:https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/ch5.htm
730:
590:
480:
460:
452:
1730:
1452:United States National Medal of Science
205:Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy
14:
5180:
1208:
1004:
856:
321:who was an associate administrator at
4280:
4279:
3749:
3159:
2673:
1729:
1465:
1424:
497:(Director, Apollo Program) after the
1286:
1252:"Executive Team Rocketplane Kistler"
1135:
820:
767:, Falls Church, Virginia (1969–1971)
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
5208:National Medal of Science laureates
1067:Project Apollo: The Tough Decisions
928:
757:
425:. In 1946 a colleague at the Labs:
336:, which ensured the success of the
24:
890:"Skylab Concept by George Mueller"
25:
5234:
5203:American people of German descent
1398:
1377:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1356:Murray, C. and Cox, C.B. (2004).
1155:The Decision to Build the Shuttle
789:Senior vice-president (1982–1983)
673:'s Star Clipper or Tip Tank from
1299:from the original on 2015-10-20.
1276:from the original on 2015-10-18.
832:1972, Golden Plate Award of the
792:Consultant (1984 – date unknown)
493:), George Mueller, and Lt. Gen.
400:War II. He initially researched
293:
41:
1341:American Academy of Achievement
1325:
1303:
1280:
1258:
1244:
1233:
1224:
1190:
1160:
1148:
1129:
1109:
1091:
1073:
939:National Academy of Engineering
834:American Academy of Achievement
776:Chairman, president (1971–1980)
52:needs additional citations for
32:George Mueller (disambiguation)
1023:
995:
977:
955:
922:
904:
882:
850:
771:System Development Corporation
752:System Development Corporation
693:British Interplanetary Society
627:Apollo applications and Skylab
76:"George Mueller" engineer
13:
1:
2674:
1467:Behavioral and social science
931:"GEORGE E. MUELLER 1918-2015"
839:
644:"Father of the Space Shuttle"
558:The Saturn V program manager
327:Office of Manned Space Flight
5218:Burroughs Corporation people
1390:Slotkin, Arthur L., (2012).
1136:Pace, Scott (May 18, 1982).
765:General Dynamics Corporation
577:to the first lunar landing.
519:Marshall Space Flight Center
491:Marshall Space Flight Center
409:'s team, also at Bell Labs.
394:
7:
1319:National Science Foundation
1287:Weil, Martin (2015-10-17).
773:, Santa Monica, California
638:Apollo Applications Program
449:NASA and the Apollo program
10:
5239:
4355:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
465:A tense moment during the
29:
5117:
4966:
4815:
4636:
4442:
4290:
4286:
4275:
4209:
4111:
4000:
3911:
3832:
3760:
3756:
3745:
3702:
3611:
3503:
3394:
3330:William Hayward Pickering
3275:
3170:
3166:
3155:
3081:
2973:
2827:
2703:
2684:
2680:
2669:
2580:
2389:
2203:
2021:
1877:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1682:
1623:
1535:
1495:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1126:and many other references
828:National Medal of Science
763:Senior vice president of
282:
276:National Medal of Science
271:
253:
243:
233:
226:
218:
200:
182:
157:
148:
141:
4779:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4225:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1856:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
523:Launch Operations Center
515:Manned Spacecraft Center
359:Early life and education
4090:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2008:George Ledyard Stebbins
1929:James Augustine Shannon
1240:Biographical Data Sheet
711:Mueller's working style
413:PhD and Ramo-Wooldridge
4547:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4534:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3490:Harry George Drickamer
3436:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
3110:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2984:John D. Baldeschwieler
2224:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1906:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
596:
502:
478:
458:
353:Kistler Aerospace Corp
238:Electrical Engineering
5138:Sylvester James Gates
4524:William Alfred Fowler
4506:Robert Rathbun Wilson
4319:Robert Burns Woodward
3131:Geraldine L. Richmond
2879:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
2162:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
2091:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1947:Sterling B. Hendricks
1764:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1759:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1607:William Julius Wilson
785:Burroughs Corporation
731:Resignation from NASA
594:
484:
464:
456:
431:Ohio State University
344:, and championed the
213:Ohio State University
18:George Mueller (NASA)
5109:Warren M. Washington
5073:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4982:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4927:Martin Schwarzschild
4708:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4700:J. Robert Schrieffer
4670:E. Margaret Burbidge
4514:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4491:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
4370:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4122:John Griggs Thompson
4045:Martin David Kruskal
3885:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
3358:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
3312:Ralph Brazelton Peck
3267:Jack St. Clair Kilby
3194:John Robinson Pierce
3161:Engineering sciences
3092:Jacqueline K. Barton
2947:George M. Whitesides
2866:Dudley R. Herschbach
2804:Richard B. Bernstein
2773:Walter H. Stockmayer
2321:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2252:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2142:Stanley Norman Cohen
2129:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1965:Keith Roberts Porter
1828:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1823:Michael Heidelberger
1795:Fritz Albert Lipmann
1411:George Edwin Mueller
1204:on December 4, 2008.
419:Princeton University
366:Normandy High School
289:George Edwin Mueller
162:George Edwin Mueller
61:improve this article
5159:Shirley Ann Jackson
5078:Charles P. Slichter
4922:Marshall Rosenbluth
4914:Wallace S. Broecker
4867:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4628:Victor F. Weisskopf
4575:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4557:Edgar Bright Wilson
4398:George Kistiakowsky
4016:Stephen Cole Kleene
3527:George H. Heilmeier
3514:Mildred Dresselhaus
3405:Edward H. Heinemann
3335:Frederick E. Terman
3299:Richard T. Whitcomb
3220:Clarence L. Johnson
3181:Theodore von Kármán
3068:Stephen J. Benkovic
3047:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3034:Marvin H. Caruthers
2989:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2929:Darleane C. Hoffman
2819:Harden M. McConnell
2760:Frank H. Westheimer
2572:Stanley B. Prusiner
2536:Robert J. Lefkowitz
2295:Howard Martin Temin
2152:Maurice R. Hilleman
2147:Joseph L. Goldstein
2086:Donald A. Henderson
2003:Earl Reece Stadtman
1988:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1952:Orville Alvin Vogel
1782:Donald D. Van Slyke
1731:Biological sciences
1373:Heppenheimer, T.A.
1337:www.achievement.org
1176:Heppenheimer, T.A.
967:www.astronautix.com
929:Crippen, Robert L.
799:Rocketplane Kistler
797:Kistler Aerospace (
429:- a professor from
319:electrical engineer
176:St. Louis, Missouri
5031:G. Brent Dalrymple
4849:Arthur L. Schawlow
4756:James A. Van Allen
4647:Philip W. Anderson
4603:Richard P. Feynman
4529:Linus Carl Pauling
4164:Dennis P. Sullivan
3721:John B. Goodenough
3654:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3622:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3603:Kenneth N. Stevens
3371:Raymond D. Mindlin
3294:Harold E. Edgerton
3139:A. Paul Alivisatos
3018:Stephen J. Lippard
2997:Ernest R. Davidson
2934:Harold S. Johnston
2768:William S. Johnson
2732:George C. Pimentel
2567:Susan L. Lindquist
2549:Francis S. Collins
2443:Victor A. McKusick
2418:Francisco J. Ayala
2400:Nancy C. Andreasen
2350:Robert A. Weinberg
2124:Har Gobind Khorana
2109:Michael E. DeBakey
2096:George Emil Palade
2068:Wendell L. Roelofs
2058:Howard L. Bachrach
1888:Barbara McClintock
1790:Edward F. Knipling
1122:2011-07-15 at the
916:2007-01-15 at the
868:. Icon Books Ltd.
860:(5 October 2006).
815:Irvine, California
602:Samuel C. Phillips
597:
503:
495:Samuel C. Phillips
479:
459:
228:Engineering career
194:Irvine, California
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5104:Esther M. Conwell
5044:Robert N. Clayton
5036:Riccardo Giacconi
5000:Raymond Davis Jr.
4888:Albert Overhauser
4831:Edwin M. McMillan
4792:Arnold O. Beckman
4769:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4746:Paul C. Lauterbur
4723:Robert Hofstadter
4675:Maurice Goldhaber
4662:Charles H. Townes
4613:Edward M. Purcell
4580:Frederick Rossini
4434:Wolfgang Panofsky
4365:John H. Van Vleck
4281:Physical sciences
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4233:Solomon W. Golomb
4193:Andrew J. Viterbi
4188:Leonard Kleinrock
4135:Calyampudi R. Rao
4103:Ronald R. Coifman
4011:George F. Carrier
3992:Donald C. Spencer
3987:Saunders Mac Lane
3922:Marshall H. Stone
3872:Shiing-Shen Chern
3779:Solomon Lefschetz
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3678:David J. Wineland
3646:John M. Prausnitz
3587:C. Kumar N. Patel
3582:James L. Flanagan
3550:John Roy Whinnery
3537:H. Guyford Stever
3519:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3482:George W. Housner
3477:Willis M. Hawkins
3472:Daniel C. Drucker
3454:Robert Byron Bird
3446:Bernard M. Oliver
3353:Peter C. Goldmark
3340:Wernher von Braun
3286:George E. Mueller
3259:Nathan M. Newmark
3254:J. Presper Eckert
3233:Claude E. Shannon
3202:Charles S. Draper
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3118:Judith P. Klinman
3002:Gábor A. Somorjai
2913:Isabella L. Karle
2900:George S. Hammond
2861:Gertrude B. Elion
2814:Rudolph A. Marcus
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2591:Ralph L. Brinster
2510:Torsten N. Wiesel
2487:Norman E. Borlaug
2474:Solomon H. Snyder
2469:J. Michael Bishop
2428:Mario R. Capecchi
2308:Salome G. Waelsch
2239:E. Donnall Thomas
2114:Theodor O. Diener
2013:Paul Alfred Weiss
1841:Bernard B. Brodie
1777:George G. Simpson
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1666:Michael I. Posner
1567:Eleanor J. Gibson
1519:George J. Stigler
1487:Neal Elgar Miller
1087:on June 10, 2007.
991:on June 10, 2007.
973:on July 15, 2007.
821:Awards and honors
717:Christopher Kraft
675:McDonnell Douglas
634:crewed lunar base
606:Bernard Schriever
535:Wernher von Braun
487:Wernher von Braun
471:Wernher von Braun
385:Purdue University
286:
285:
209:Purdue University
143:George E. Mueller
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
5230:
4987:Gilbert F. White
4932:George Wetherill
4826:Allan M. Cormack
4784:Jack Steinberger
4764:D. Allan Bromley
4713:H. Richard Crane
4690:Frederick Reines
4680:Helmut Landsberg
4595:George Uhlenbeck
4496:Vladimir Haensel
4458:Allan R. Sandage
4429:Herbert C. Brown
4411:Herbert Friedman
4337:Leon M. Lederman
4309:Julian Schwinger
4288:
4287:
4277:
4276:
4246:Alexandre Chorin
4220:Richard A. Tapia
4201:David B. Mumford
4029:Alberto Calderón
3974:Joseph B. Keller
3961:Michael Freedman
3930:Herman Goldstine
3784:H. Marston Morse
3758:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3686:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3670:Robert S. Langer
3662:Jan D. Achenbach
3495:Herbert E. Grier
3246:Igor I. Sikorsky
3207:Othmar H. Ammann
3168:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3123:Jerrold Meinwald
2892:Norman Hackerman
2871:Glenn T. Seaborg
2786:William O. Baker
2714:F. Albert Cotton
2682:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2648:Mary-Claire King
2541:Bert W. O'Malley
2497:Thomas E. Starzl
2492:Phillip A. Sharp
2479:Charles Yanofsky
2461:Evelyn M. Witkin
2456:James E. Darnell
2282:Paul C. Zamecnik
2247:Mary Ellen Avery
2219:Herbert W. Boyer
2214:Baruj Benacerraf
2185:Joshua Lederberg
2175:Viktor Hamburger
2137:Michael S. Brown
1983:Robert H. Burris
1738:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1674:Mortimer Mishkin
1599:William K. Estes
1583:Roger N. Shepard
1575:Robert K. Merton
1559:George A. Miller
1506:Herbert A. Simon
1474:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1345:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:collectSPACE.com
1262:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1200:. Archived from
1194:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1127:
1115:See for example
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:history.nasa.gov
1095:
1089:
1088:
1083:. Archived from
1077:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1035:history.nasa.gov
1027:
1021:
1011:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
987:. Archived from
981:
975:
974:
969:. Archived from
959:
953:
952:
947:
945:
926:
920:
908:
902:
901:
900:on May 26, 2007.
896:. Archived from
894:grin.hq.nasa.gov
886:
880:
879:
867:
854:
758:Post NASA career
679:General Dynamics
521:(MSFC), and the
389:cathode ray tube
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
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189:
186:October 12, 2015
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5176:
5163:
5151:Sean C. Solomon
5113:
5065:Daniel Kleppner
5057:Lonnie Thompson
5052:Ralph A. Alpher
5018:W. Jason Morgan
5005:Charles Keeling
4995:Marvin L. Cohen
4962:
4945:John N. Bahcall
4940:Don L. Anderson
4906:Peter Goldreich
4859:Steven Weinberg
4811:
4741:Walter Elsasser
4718:Herman Feshbach
4632:
4570:Samuel Goudsmit
4562:Chien-Shiung Wu
4501:Frederick Seitz
4468:John A. Wheeler
4453:Robert H. Dicke
4438:
4301:Luis W. Alvarez
4282:
4263:
4251:David Blackwell
4205:
4156:Carl R. de Boor
4127:Karen Uhlenbeck
4107:
4061:Louis Nirenberg
3996:
3969:Ralph E. Gomory
3907:
3903:Donald E. Knuth
3890:Hassler Whitney
3828:
3752:
3733:
3698:
3630:Andreas Acrivos
3607:
3595:Eli Ruckenstein
3574:Hermann A. Haus
3545:Calvin F. Quate
3532:Luna B. Leopold
3499:
3390:
3376:Robert N. Noyce
3366:Emmett N. Leith
3325:Manson Benedict
3307:Rudolf Kompfner
3271:
3225:Warren K. Lewis
3162:
3143:
3077:
3039:Peter B. Dervan
3010:John I. Brauman
2969:
2921:Norman Davidson
2848:John D. Roberts
2823:
2791:Konrad E. Bloch
2737:Richard N. Zare
2699:
2676:
2657:
2614:Sallie Chisholm
2596:Rudolf Jaenisch
2576:
2559:J. Craig Venter
2518:Rita R. Colwell
2385:
2371:David Baltimore
2262:Robert W. Kates
2234:David G. Nathan
2229:Edward B. Lewis
2199:
2195:Harland G. Wood
2190:Roger W. Sperry
2045:Glenn W. Burton
2017:
1993:Arthur Kornberg
1960:Roger Guillemin
1937:Hallowell Davis
1901:Daniel I. Arnon
1893:Albert B. Sabin
1873:
1846:Detlev W. Bronk
1818:Harry F. Harlow
1813:Kenneth S. Cole
1800:William C. Rose
1772:Francis P. Rous
1732:
1713:
1678:
1658:Gordon H. Bower
1619:
1615:Robert M. Solow
1531:
1527:Milton Friedman
1491:
1468:
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1449:
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661:similar to the
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4733:
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4695:Bruno B. Rossi
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858:Bizony, Piers
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701:Richard Nixon
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78: –
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5133:Sandra Faber
5128:Sidney Drell
4958:Leo Kadanoff
4953:James Cronin
4901:Hans Dehmelt
4836:Robert Pound
4802:Robert Sharp
4618:John Sinfelt
4585:Verner Suomi
4552:Lewis Sarett
4416:Lars Onsager
4360:Henry Eyring
4327:John Bardeen
4069:Richard Karp
4037:Allen Newell
3816:Jerzy Neyman
3441:Tung-Yen Lin
3418:Bill Hewlett
3348:Morris Cohen
2942:John W. Cahn
2843:Karl Folkers
2604:Lucy Shapiro
2554:Elaine Fuchs
2433:Ann Graybiel
2363:Janet Rowley
2345:James Watson
2337:Ruth Patrick
2180:Philip Leder
2050:Mildred Cohn
1998:Severo Ochoa
1975:E. O. Wilson
1391:
1374:
1369:Buy the Book
1357:
1336:
1327:
1314:
1305:
1282:
1269:
1260:
1246:
1235:
1226:
1210:
1202:the original
1192:
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1085:the original
1075:
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989:the original
979:
971:the original
966:
957:
949:
942:. Retrieved
934:
924:
906:
898:the original
893:
884:
863:
852:
812:
749:
745:
741:Thomas Paine
736:
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427:Milton Boone
416:
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288:
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244:Institutions
227:
188:(2015-10-12)
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
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5193:1918 births
5188:NASA people
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4893:Frank Press
4774:Walter Kohn
4751:George Pake
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4590:Henry Taube
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1099:"contents"
840:References
721:George Low
654:Scott Pace
618:After the
234:Discipline
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1218:
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872:
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82:
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