George Washington Carver

599: 883: 1287: 555: 977: 42: 1275: 144: 488: 230: 918:) resulting from this fall. His death came when he was sitting up in bed while painting a Christmas card which said, “Peace on earth and goodwill to all men.” Carver biographer Prema Ramakrishnan said of him that "His death was characteristic of him and his entire life’s work." He was buried next to Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee University. Due to his frugality, Carver's life savings totaled $ 60,000, all of which he donated in his last years and at his death to the Carver Museum and to the George Washington Carver Foundation. 286:. When he reached the town, he found the school closed for the night. He slept in a nearby barn. By his own account, the next morning he met a kind woman, Mariah Watkins, from whom he wished to rent a room. When he identified himself as "Carver's George", as he had done his whole life, she replied that from now on his name was "George Carver". George liked Mariah Watkins and her words, "You must learn all you can, then go back out into the world and give your learning back to the people", made a great impression on him. 1050: 744: 3190:, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1943. Quote: "He believed that there was something providential in the coming of this young man , so intensely serious about his work and extremely competent at it, who was at the same time a genial companion; he was proud of him and loved and depended on him as his own son ... And the affection was returned in full measure. Mr. Curtis accompanied him everywhere, seeing to his comfort, shielding him from intrusion, and acting as his official mouthpiece." 732: 525:), invited Carver to head its Agriculture Department. Carver taught there for 47 years, developing the department into a strong research center and working with two additional college presidents during his tenure. He taught methods of crop rotation, introduced several alternative cash crops for farmers that would also improve the soil of areas heavily cultivated in cotton, initiated research into crop products (chemurgy), and taught generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency. 9463: 1688: 4190: 551:

committee feel that I have willfully lied or party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal." During Washington's last five years at Tuskegee, Carver submitted or threatened his resignation several times: when the administration reorganized the agriculture programs, when he disliked a teaching assignment, to manage an experiment station elsewhere, and when he did not get summer teaching assignments in 1913–14. In each case, Washington smoothed things over.

1716: 4186: 315: 4216: 718:, it was highly unusual for an African American to appear as an expert witness, but Carver appeared and unpacked numerous exhibits and samples to make his case for greater food and industrial uses for the peanut. Southern congressmen mocked him, but as he talked about the importance of the peanut and its uses for American agriculture and manufacturing, committee members repeatedly extended the time for his testimony. The 4793: 276:. Moses Carver hired John Bentley to find them, but he found only the infant George. Moses negotiated with the raiders to gain the boy's return and rewarded Bentley. After slavery was abolished, Moses Carver and his wife, Susan, raised George and his older brother, James, as their own children. They encouraged George to continue his intellectual pursuits, and "Aunt Susan" taught him the basics of reading and writing. 379: 182:, as a source of their own food and to improve their quality of life. Under his leadership, the Experiment Station at Tuskegee published over forty practical bulletins for farmers, many written by him, which included recipes; many of the bulletins contained advice for poor farmers, including combating soil depletion with limited financial means, producing bigger crops, and preserving food. 866:, President Johnson revoked this and gave the land to white plantation owners instead. This prompted Black farmers to exchange what was once their land, and in turn, a small part of the land's harvest. This led to sharecropping. Carver soon realized that farmers were not obtaining enough food to survive, and how the industrialization of cotton had contaminated the soil. 1702: 1298: 4212: 856:

botany when he was just 11 years old in Kansas. Carver learned about herbal medicine, natural pesticides, and natural fertilizers that yielded plentiful crops from his caretaker. When crops and house plants were dying, he would use his knowledge and go and nurse them back to health. As a teenager, he was termed the "plant doctor".

759:, sweet potatoes, and racial harmony. Although he only published six agricultural bulletins after 1922, he published articles in peanut industry journals and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Professor Carver's Advice". Business leaders came to seek his help, and he often responded with free advice. Three American presidents— 1632:

During his more than four decades at Tuskegee, Carver's official published work consisted mainly of 44 practical bulletins for farmers. His first bulletin in 1898 was on feeding acorns to farm animals. His final bulletin in 1943 was about the peanut. He also published six bulletins on sweet potatoes,

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Carver worked on improving soils, growing crops with low inputs, and using species that fixed nitrogen (hence, the work on the cowpea and the peanut). Carver wrote in 'The Need of Scientific Agriculture in the South': "The virgin fertility of our soils and the vast amount of unskilled labor have been

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Carver wanted to find a way to organically transform Alabama's failing soil. He found that alternating nitrogen-rich crops would let the soil get back to its natural state. Keeping crops like sweet potatoes, peanuts, and cowpeas would produce more food surplus and different types of food for farmers.

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When it comes to the organization of classes, the ability required to secure a properly organized and large school or section of a school, you are wanting in ability. When it comes to the matter of practical farm managing which will secure definite, practical, financial results, you are wanting again

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He was not expected to live past his 21st birthday due to failing health. He lived well past the age of 21, and his belief deepened as a result. Throughout his career, he always found friendship with other Christians. He relied on them especially when criticized by the scientific community and media

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Following the crop rotation practice resulted in improved cotton yields and gave farmers alternative cash crops. To train farmers to successfully rotate and cultivate the new crops, Carver developed an agricultural extension program for Alabama that was similar to the one at Iowa State. To encourage

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Carver's research was intended to produce replacements from common crops for commercial products, which were generally beyond the budget of the small one-horse farmer. A misconception grew that his research on products for subsistence farmers were developed by others commercially to change Southern

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Aside from these patents and some recipes for food, Carver left no records of formulae or procedures for making his products. He did not keep a laboratory notebook. Mackintosh notes that, "Carver did not explicitly claim that he had personally discovered all the peanut attributes and uses he cited,

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A dear little white boy, one of our neighbors, about my age came by one Saturday morning, and in talking and playing he told me he was going to Sunday school tomorrow morning. I was eager to know what a Sunday school was. He said they sang hymns and prayed. I asked him what prayer was and what they

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He founded an industrial research laboratory, where he and assistants worked to popularize the new crops by developing hundreds of applications for them. They did original research as well as promoting applications and recipes, which they collected from others. Carver distributed his information as

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of Carver's department, which he had headed for more than 10 years by then. Washington at the same time refused Carver's requests for a new laboratory, research supplies for his exclusive use, and respite from teaching classes. Washington praised Carver's abilities in teaching and original research

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Carver headed the modern organic movement in the southern agricultural system. Carver's background for his interest in organic farming sprouted from his father being killed during the Civil War, and when his mother was kidnapped by Confederate slave raiders. Now an orphan, Carver found comfort in

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From 1915 to 1923, Carver concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as having his assistants research and compile existing uses. This work, and especially his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut

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To recruit Carver to Tuskegee, Washington gave him an above average salary and two rooms for his personal use, although both concessions were resented by some other faculty. Because he had earned a master's in a scientific field from a "white" institution, some faculty perceived him as arrogant.

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Carver pushed for woodland preservation, to help improve the quality of the topsoil. He urged farmers to feed their hogs acorns. The acorns contained natural pesticides and feeding them acorns was cheaper for the farms too. Carver's efforts towards the holistic and organic approach are still in

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During his time spent in Minneapolis, there was another George Carver in town, which caused confusion over receiving mail. Carver chose a middle initial at random and began requesting letters to him be addressed to George W. Carver. Someone once asked if the "W" stood for Washington, and Carver

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Carver never married. At age 40, he began a courtship with Sarah L. Hunt, an elementary school teacher and the sister-in-law of Warren Logan, Treasurer of Tuskegee Institute. This lasted three years until she took a teaching job in California. In her 2015 biography, Christina Vella reviews his

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In 1904, an Institute committee reported that Carver's reports on yields from the poultry yard were exaggerated, and Washington confronted Carver about the issue. Carver replied in writing, "Now to be branded as a liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your

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as a means of destroying both barriers of racial disharmony and social stratification. He was as concerned with his students' character development as he was with their intellectual development. He compiled a list of "eight cardinal virtues" whose possession defines "a lady or a gentleman":

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products. In his 1922 sweet potato bulletin, Carver listed a few dozen recipes, "many of which I have copied verbatim from Bulletin No. 129, U. S. Department of Agriculture". Carver's records included the following sweet potato products: 73 dyes, 17 wood fillers, 14 candies, 5

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said. I do not remember what he said; only remember that as soon as he left I climbed up into the 'loft,' knelt down by the barrel of corn and prayed as best I could. I do not remember what I said. I only recall that I felt so good that I prayed several times before I quit.

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One of Carver's duties was to administer the Agricultural Experiment Station farms. He had to manage the production and sale of farm products to generate revenue for the institute. He soon proved to be a poor administrator and clashed with other faculty members, especially

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Collins, Daniel J.; Frederick, Lafayette; Warren, Herman; Rossman, Amy; Dominick, Shannon (2014). "Contributions of Dr. George Washington Carver to global food security: Historical reflections of Dr. Carver's Fungal Plant Disease Survey in the southeastern United States".

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more of a curse than a blessing to agriculture. This exhaustive system for cultivation, the destruction of forest, the rapid and almost constant decomposition of organic matter, have made our agricultural problem one requiring more brains than of the North, East or West.

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in Chicago, depicts a yucca and cactus. This canvas survived and has undergone conservation. It is displayed together with several of his other paintings. Carver was featured on U.S. 1948 commemorative stamps. From 1951 to 1954, he was depicted on the commemorative

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George Washington Carver did not know the exact date of his birth, but he thought it was in January 1864 (some evidence indicates July 1861, but not conclusively). He knew it was sometime before slavery was abolished in Missouri, which occurred in January

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I was just a mere boy when converted, hardly ten years old. There isn't much of a story to it. God just came into my heart one afternoon while I was alone in the 'loft' of our big barn while I was shelling corn to carry to the mill to be ground into meal.

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Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown. In these years, he became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time.

901:, had some teaching experience before coming to Tuskegee. Carver bequeathed to Curtis his royalties from an authorized 1943 biography by Rackham Holt. After Carver died in 1943, Curtis was fired from Tuskegee Institute. He left Alabama and resettled in 870:

Carver worked to pioneer organic fertilizers like swamp muck and compost for the farmers to use. These fertilizers were more sustainable to the planet and helped farmers to spend less money on fertilizers since they were recycling products.

1640:, was first published in 1916 and has been reprinted numerous times. It provides a short overview of peanut crop production and contains a list of recipes from other agricultural bulletins, cookbooks, magazines, and newspapers, such as the 722:

was enacted in 1922, and included a duty on imported peanuts. Carver's testimony, including samples of peanut milk, peanut flour, industrial dyes made from peanuts, and other peanut-based products, made him widely known as a public figure.

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Carver had been frugal in his life, and in his seventies he established a legacy by creating a museum of his work, as well as the George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee in 1938 to continue agricultural research. He donated nearly

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Carver started his academic career as a researcher and teacher. In 1911, Washington wrote a letter to him complaining that Carver had not followed orders to plant particular crops at the experiment station. This revealed Washington's

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In 1911, Carver complained that his laboratory had not received the equipment which Washington had promised 11 months before. He also complained about Institute committee meetings. Washington praised Carver in his 1911 memoir,

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At present not a great deal has been done to utilize Dr. Carver's discoveries commercially. He says that he is merely scratching the surface of scientific investigations of the possibilities of the peanut and other Southern

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When he began there in 1891, he was the first black student at Iowa State. Carver's bachelor's thesis for a degree in Agriculture was "Plants as Modified by Man", dated 1894. Iowa State University professors Joseph Budd and

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five on cotton, and four on cowpeas. Some other individual bulletins dealt with alfalfa, wild plum, tomato, ornamental plants, corn, poultry, dairying, hogs, preserving meats in hot weather, and nature study in schools.

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and his wife, Valerie, founded an academy named after Carver; it opened on September 17, 2001, in San Antonio, Texas. The Carver Community Cultural Center, a historic center located in San Antonio, is named for him.

586:. Washington called Carver "one of the most thoroughly scientific men of the Negro race with whom I am acquainted". After Washington died in 1915, his successor made fewer demands on Carver for administrative tasks. 253:), near Crystal Palace, sometime in the early 1860s. The date of his birth is uncertain and was not known to Carver because it was before slavery was abolished in Missouri, which occurred in January 1865, during the 913:

Upon returning home one day, Carver suffered a bad fall down a flight of stairs; he was found unconscious by a maid who took him to a hospital. Carver died January 5, 1943, at the age of 78 or 79 from complications

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practice today. In his research, Carver discovered Permaculture. Permaculture could be used to produce carbon from the atmosphere, produce a higher quantity of crops, and let crops flourish despite global warming.

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On Curtis' later life, see "Austin W. Curtis Interviewed by Toby Fishbein in Detroit, Michigan, March 3, 1979": Transcript in Iowa State University Special Collections, George Washington Carver File, Box 2, RS:

3108: 844:, and they developed a friendship. That year Carver's health declined, and Ford later installed an elevator at the Tuskegee dormitory where Carver lived, so that the elderly man would not have to climb stairs. 1344:, the area where Carver had spent time in his childhood. This was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and the first to honor someone other than a president. The 210-acre (0.8 km) 1320:

The bill is not simply a momentary pause on the part of busy men engaged in the conduct of the war, to do honor to one of the truly great Americans of this country, but it is in essence a blow against the

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and may have resulted from a gamma globulin deficiency. ... until his death the high pitch of his voice startled all who met him, and he suffered from frequent chest congestion and loss of voice."

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was the only mechanism by which he could effectively pursue and perform the art of science. Carver became a Christian when he was still a young boy, as he wrote in connection to his conversion in 1931:

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first gained him national recognition and respect as a botanist. Carver received his Master of Science degree in 1896. Carver taught as the first African American faculty member at Iowa State.

3325: 3293: 8583: 1325:, it is in essence a war measure in the sense that it will further unleash and release the energies of roughly 15,000,000 Negro people in this country for full support of our war effort. 293:. After witnessing the killing of a black man by a group of white people, Carver left the city. He attended a series of schools before earning his diploma at Minneapolis High School in 8847: 1624:, 5 breakfast foods, 4 starches, 4 flours, and 3 molasses. He also had listings for vinegars, dry coffee and instant coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orange drops, and lemon drops. 334: 1485: 3547: 1652:. While Carver's was not the first American agricultural bulletin devoted to peanuts, his bulletins seem to have been more popular and widespread than those that preceded his. 1509: 8518: 2568: 1497: 406:, where he maintained a small conservatory of plants and flowers and a geological collection. He manually plowed 17 acres (69,000 m) of the claim, planting rice, corn, 4762: 786:

With his increasing notability, Carver became the subject of biographies and articles. Raleigh H. Merritt contacted him for his biography published in 1929. Merritt wrote:

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In 1932, the writer James Saxon Childers wrote that Carver and his peanut products were almost solely responsible for the rise in U.S. peanut production after the

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in 2019. The 12 minutes of footage includes Carver in his apartment, office and laboratory, as well as images of him tending flowers and displaying his paintings.

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Even as an adult Carver spoke with a high pitch. Historian Linda O. McMurry noted that he "was a frail and sickly child" who suffered "from a severe case of

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Beginning in 1906 at Tuskegee, Carver led a Bible class on Sundays for several students at their request. He regularly portrayed stories by acting them out.

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My brother and myself were the only colored children in that neighborhood and of course, we could not go to church or Sunday school, or school of any kind.

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grinned and said, "Why not?" However, he never used Washington as his middle name, and signed his name as either George W. Carver or simply George Carver.

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Carver, George Washington. "1897 or Thereabouts: George Washington Carver's Own Brief History of His Life". George Washington Carver National Monument.

4145: 1982: 1028:". McMurry contested the diagnosis of croup, holding rather that "His stunted growth and apparently impaired vocal cords suggest instead tubercular or 2913: 174:, Carver developed techniques to improve types of soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton. He wanted poor farmers to grow other crops, such as 9538: 9508: 8331: 7466: 7357: 4722: 921:

On his grave was written, "He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world."

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When he was 70, Carver established a friendship and research partnership with the scientist Austin W. Curtis Jr. This young black man, a graduate of

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From 1935 to 1937, Carver participated in the USDA Disease Survey. Carver had specialized in plant diseases and mycology for his master's degree.

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Carver believed he could have faith both in God and science and integrated them into his life. He testified on many occasions that his faith in

9442: 9417: 7229: 7177: 5682: 2875: 818:). Ultimately, researchers found that the massages, not the peanut oil, provided the benefits of maintaining some mobility to paralyzed limbs. 859:

When his study about infection in soybean reached Booker T. Washington, he invited him to come and teach at the Tuskegee Agricultural school.

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Carver worked for years to create a company to market his products. The most important was the Carver Penol Company, which sold a mixture of

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in England, one of only a handful of Americans at that time to receive this honor. Carver's promotion of peanuts gained him the most notice.

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publicly admired his work. Former professors of Carver's from Iowa State University were appointed to positions as Secretary of Agriculture:

4699: 3521: 1578:. Other ventures were The Carver Products Company and the Carvoline Company. Carvoline Antiseptic Hair Dressing was a mix of peanut oil and 282:

were not allowed at the public school in Diamond Grove. George decided to go to a school for black children 10 miles (16 km) south, in

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immigrant, who had purchased George's parents, Mary and Giles, from William P. McGinnis on October 9, 1855, for $ 700 (~$ 18,133 in 2023).

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and garden produce, as well as various fruit trees, forest trees, and shrubbery. He also earned money by odd jobs in town and worked as a

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coin along with Booker T. Washington. A second stamp honoring Carver, of face value 32¢, was issued on February 3, 1998, as part of the

9405: 8349: 8344: 6279: 4265: 2730: 1800: 1542: 1437: 1337: 3990: 3271: 1795: 811:, contributed to this myth about Carver's influence. Other popular media tended to exaggerate Carver's impact on the peanut industry. 9064: 8568: 7677: 7347: 5675: 5372: 5314: 5289: 5274: 5170: 3543: 2752: 3378: 1369:

magazine reported that all but 3 of the 48 Carver paintings at the museum were destroyed. His best-known painting, displayed at the

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Carver designed a mobile classroom to take education out to farmers. He called it a "Jesup wagon" after the New York financier and

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Giles died before George was born and when he was a week old, he, his sister, and his mother were kidnapped by night raiders from

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agriculture. Carver's work to provide small farmers with resources for more independence from the cash economy foreshadowed the "

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Many institutions continue to honor George Washington Carver. Dozens of elementary schools and high schools are named after him.

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in St. Louis, Missouri, opened a George Washington Carver garden in his honor, which includes a life-size statue of him.

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During the last two decades of his life, Carver seemed to enjoy his celebrity status. He was often on the road promoting

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George Washington Carver National Monument, Diamond, Missouri : historic resource study and administrative history

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1943?, the US Congress designated January 5, the anniversary of his death, as George Washington Carver Recognition Day.

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and the researcher were friends. The younger Wallace served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1933 to 1940, and as

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Unmarried faculty members normally had to share rooms, with two to a room, in the spartan early days of the institute.

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devastated the American cotton crop beginning about 1892. His article, "A Boy Who Was Traded for a Horse" (1932), in

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included scenes from within Iowa State University's Food Sciences Building and about Carver's work. In 2005, the

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Hersey, Mark. "Hints and Suggestions to Farmers: George Washington Carver and Rural Conservation in the South".

3890: 2316: 702:. In 1921, peanut farmers and industry representatives planned to appear at Congressional hearings to ask for a 9583: 9160: 9054: 8969: 8573: 7224: 5113: 5003: 4560: 4076: 3968: 3641: 3637: 3434: 3152: 1430: 1207: 707: 22: 4421:

Ferris, E. B. 1909. "Peanuts". Agricultural College, Mississippi: Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Carver has been given credit in popular folklore for many inventions that did not come out of his lab. Three

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2022, Gov. Kim Reynolds signed legislation naming Feb. 1st every year as George Washington Carver Day in Iowa

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were known to have made peanut butter from ground peanuts as early as the 15th century. Canadian pharmacist

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At age 13, because he wanted to attend the academy there, he moved to the home of another foster family, in

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Carver's work was known by officials in the national capital before he became a public figure. President

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relationships and suggests that Carver was bisexual and constrained by mores of his historic period.

670: 559: 544: 503: 272:. George's brother, James, was rushed to safety from the kidnappers. The kidnappers sold the trio in 2883: 2513:, George Washington Carver Museum, Tuskegee University Historic Site, National Park Service website. 2406: 547:. In 1900, Carver complained that the physical work and the letter-writing required were too much. 213:

shot in 1937 at the Tuskegee Institute by African American surgeon Allen Alexander was added to the

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studied with him for three weeks. From 1923 to 1933, Carver toured white Southern colleges for the

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In December 1947, a fire broke out in the Carver Museum, and much of the collection was damaged.

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sponsored a bill in favor of a monument. In a committee hearing on the bill, one supporter said:

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By 1920, the U.S. peanut farmers were being undercut by low prices on imported peanuts from the

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A movement to establish a U.S. national monument to Carver began before his death. Because of

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From 1933 to 1935, Carver worked to develop peanut oil massages to treat infantile paralysis (

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My work is that of conservation : an environmental biography of George Washington Carver

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has a garden area named in his honor, with a commemorative statue and material about his work

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Barry Mackintosh, "George Washington Carver and the Peanut: New Light on a Much-loved Myth"

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1940, Carver established the George Washington Carver Foundation at the Tuskegee Institute.

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for education. By June he left the area. In 1890, Carver started studying art and piano at

185:

Apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers, Carver was also a leader in promoting

160: 4654: 4011: 3724:"Dr. George Washington Carver: Where Achievement is Realistic, Obtainable & Infinite!" 3425:

Letter to a student, January 9, 1922, quoted in George Washington Carver, Gary R. Kremer,

2756: 2479: 1514:) were issued to Carver in 1925 to 1927; however, they were not commercially successful. 646:

better nutrition in the South, he widely distributed recipes using the alternative crops.

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My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver

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My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver

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Schools named for Carver include the George Washington Carver Elementary School of the

898: 841: 807: 768: 760: 715: 654: 642:. These crops both restored nitrogen to the soil and were good for human consumption. 492: 450: 290: 254: 171: 4768: 2648:

Booker T. Washington, 1856–1915 My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience

2647: 143: 8770: 8491: 8153: 8123: 7718: 7475: 7135: 6519: 6495: 6359: 6155: 6110: 5945: 5935: 5880: 5865: 5830: 5715: 5447: 4951: 4841:"How the Farmer Can Save His Sweet Potatoes and Ways of Preparing Them for the Table" 4570: 4556: 4517: 4320: 4103: 3964: 3430: 3247: 3148: 3100: 3090: 3052: 2988: 2951: 2785: 2543: 2239: 2215: 2207: 2182: 2070: 2040: 1900: 1393: 1341: 1124: 487: 472: 418: 246: 204: 118: 88: 69: 4712: 3701: 1312:, such non-war expenditures had been banned by presidential order. Missouri senator 464:

Despite occasionally being addressed as "doctor", Carver never received an official

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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William and Annette Curtis collection of George Washington Carver items, MSS 6223

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Carver developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of

603: 602:"One of America's great scientists" – one of several Carver-centric posters by 529: 417:

In early 1888, Carver obtained a $ 300 (~$ 10,173 in 2023) loan at the Bank of

403: 190: 179: 167:. He was one of the most prominent black scientists of the early 20th century. 164: 129: 4657:

Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

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1939, the Roosevelt Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Southern Agriculture

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infection. Frequent infections of that nature could have caused the growth of

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and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent

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Manuscript collection in Special Collections, National Agricultural Library.

4663:. Special Collections Department, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa. 2987:. Denver Service Center, Historic Preservation Team, National Park Service. 1137:

1951–1954, U.S. Mint features Carver on a 50 cents silver commemorative coin

8628: 8396: 8321: 8293: 8278: 8263: 8218: 8193: 8173: 8083: 8053: 8048: 8018: 7968: 7820: 7506: 7079: 7047: 7023: 6919: 6895: 6863: 6791: 6739: 6731: 6659: 6543: 6511: 6343: 6190: 6175: 6145: 6115: 6075: 6055: 6035: 6030: 5905: 5825: 5805: 5760: 5745: 5513: 4823:"How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption" 4769:'American Day' Fete Biggest Patriotic Meeting In History, 1941/05/20 (1941) 4360:"How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption" 2992: 2795: 1832: 1745: 1616: 1571: 1383: 1309: 1099: 1029: 969: 772: 446: 279: 258: 234: 4874:, Volume 4, pp. 127–128. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1975. 4865:, National Park Service: George Washington Carver National Monument. 2006. 3492:"Carver Hall, Iowa State University, Facilities Planning & Management" 3375:"Wilson L. Newman correspondence with George Washington Carver, 1926–1943" 1518:

but he said nothing to prevent his audiences from drawing the inference."

491:

George Washington Carver, front row, center, poses with fellow faculty of

8648: 8633: 8481: 8444: 8283: 8238: 8223: 7988: 7983: 7830: 7143: 7039: 6771: 6747: 6667: 6226: 6180: 6085: 6005: 5765: 5720: 5632: 5482: 5065: 3887:"George Washington Carver National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)" 3663: 3573: 1638:

How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption

1574:. Sales were lackluster and the product was ineffective according to the 1322: 796: 407: 5105: 3946: 3836: 2262:

Southeast Quarter of Section 4, Township 19 South, Range 26 West of the

614:. Together with other agricultural experts, he urged farmers to restore 8183: 8168: 8138: 8133: 7882: 7850: 7689: 7657: 7155: 7015: 6983: 6943: 6847: 6827: 6795: 6775: 6763: 6415: 6140: 5930: 5810: 5710: 5637: 5407: 5151: 4777: 4490: 3775: 1583: 1155:

constructs Carver Hall in honor of Carver—a graduate of the university.

837: 836:, concerned with developing new products from crops. He was invited by 438: 411: 21:"George Carver" redirects here. For other people of the same name, see 8519:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

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George Washington Carver: The Life of the Great American Agriculturist

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In 2005, Carver's research at the Tuskegee Institute was designated a

905:. There he manufactured and sold peanut-based personal care products. 8797: 8643: 8148: 7932: 7870: 7765: 5990: 5487: 4485:

Mackintosh, Barry. "George Washington Carver: The Making of a Myth".

3084: 833: 685: 661:, a former dean and professor of Carver's, served from 1897 to 1913. 465: 454: 7444: 4783: 4660: 3886: 3766: 3177:, Southern Biography Series, Louisiana State University Press, 2015. 688:, grew peanuts on his demonstration farm. He consulted with Carver. 665:

served from 1921 to 1924. He knew Carver personally because his son

237:(built in 1881), near the place where George Carver lived as a youth 9270: 9265: 8775: 7031: 5890: 5543: 4787: 4399:. Fayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 3570:"USDA Names Building Complex to Honor Dr. George Washington Carver" 2982: 2211: 2091:"Black History Month: When George Washington Carver came to Olathe" 1563: 825: 615: 521:, the first principal and president of the Tuskegee Institute (now 458: 273: 269: 8534:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

2920:, Rosen Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 90–92. Retrieved July 7, 2011. 1007:

Who take his share of the world and lets other people have theirs.

980:

A monument to Carver at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis

954:

That was my simple conversion, and I have tried to keep the faith.

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in his lifetime. In addition, Iowa State awarded him a posthumous

7887: 5581: 5523: 4852:"How to Grow the Tomato and 115 Ways to Prepare it for the Table" 1579: 1475: 1210:, the George Washington Carver School of Arts and Science of the 1095:

1942, Ford dedicated a laboratory in Dearborn named after Carver.

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Guide to the George Washington Carver Letter to Dana H. Johnson.

3723: 1748:, a historic housing development in Chester County, Pennsylvania 8721: 5586: 5576: 4553:

George Washington Carver: His Life & Faith in His Own Words

4268:. Inventors.about.com (June 21, 2013). Retrieved July 12, 2013. 1594: 1037: 1033: 915: 776: 756: 703: 639: 631: 611: 430: 175: 5697: 4880:

From Captivity to Fame or the Life of George Washington Carver

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From Captivity to Fame or The Life of George Washington Carver

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Race and Meaning: The African American Experience in Missouri

4569:, University of Missouri Press; 1987, Reprint edition (1991) 3861: 2035:(introduction), New York: Chelsea House Publishers, pp. 1066: 1025: 935: 815: 378: 194: 4900:

George Washington Carver: Biography, Inventions & Quotes

1218:, and the Dr. George Washington Carver Elementary School, a 998:

Who is always considerate of women, children and old people.

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Carver applied to several colleges before being accepted at

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100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia

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Ellis, J. B.; Everhart, B. M. (1902). "New Alabama Fungi".

2781:

The Green Vision of Henry Ford and George Washington Carver

1419: 1162: 606:, this one referencing the World War II effort (circa 1943) 3821:"New species of Taphrina on red maple and on silver maple" 2466:

George Washington Carver: In His Own Words, Second Edition

2240:

George Washington Carver: Scientist, Scholar, and Educator

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George Washington Carver: Scientist, Inventor, and Teacher

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Carver is often mistakenly credited with the invention of

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1942, Ford built a replica of Carver's birth cabin at the

189:. He received numerous honors for his work, including the 4625:, rev. ed. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2002. 3364:. University of Missouri Press. February 1, 1991, p. 128. 2753:"Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, LA" 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2028:

Profiles of Great Black Americans: Pioneers of Discovery

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issued on Carver's birthday, five years after his death.

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conferences, an emerging field in the 1930s, during the

3796:. Vol. 18. Patavius: P. A. Saccardo. p. 607. 3518:"25-2-39. Dr. George Washington Carver Recognition Day" 3213:; "Dr. Carver is Dead; Negro Scientist" January 6, 1943 2480:"George Washington Carver (U.S. National Park Service)" 1752:

George Washington Carver Center for Arts and Technology

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was renamed George Washington Carver Park in his honor.

959:

G. W. Carver; Letter to Isabelle Coleman; July 24, 1931

330:

https://www.nps.gov/people/george-washington-carver.htm

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African American founding fathers of the United States

4661:

Finding Aid to the George Washington Carver Collection

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George Washington Carver: Man's Slave, God's Scientist

4240:"Innovation in St. Louis History – Innovate St. Louis" 2784:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 94. 989:

Who neither looks up to the rich nor down on the poor.

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My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience

3544:"George Washington Carver Recognition Day Celebrated" 2689: 2575:, University of Illinois Press, 1975, Vol. 5, p. 481. 1859: 1857: 1855: 1301:

Carver is featured on the reverse of Missouri's 2024

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George Washington Carver at Tuskegee Institute (film)

3983:"George Washington Carver: Chemist, Teacher, Symbol" 2836: 2834: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2805: 1683: 1172:

2002, Iowa Award, the state's highest citizen award.

4604:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1991. 1667:is used to indicate this person as the author when 887:"Austin Curtis – Scientist successor to Dr. Carver" 4750:George Washington Carver Correspondence Collection 4237: 4064:Peanuts: The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea 3640:Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from 1852: 1414:. In 1994, Iowa State University awarded Carver a 558:A photograph of George Washington Carver taken by 4863:"George Washington Carver: For His Time and Ours" 4134: 3445: 3443: 3351:Carver, George Washington; Kremer, Gary R. (ed.) 2831: 2802: 862:Although the emancipation allowed Black families 676:The American industrialist, farmer, and inventor 9480: 8569:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 4856:Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 4845:Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 4834:Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 4382:Handy, R. B. 1895. "Peanuts: Culture and Uses". 4371:Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 3789: 3475: 2451:George Washington Carver: Scientist and Educator 2407:"History and Traditions - Iowa State University" 2062:George Washington Carver: Scientist and Educator 1418:. In 2000, Carver was a charter inductee in the 1336:dedicated $ 30,000 (~$ 422,592 in 2023) for the 8614:Black players in professional American football 8564:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7330:Booker T. Washington State Park (West Virginia) 4967:Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences 4609:George Washington Carver: An American Biography 4021:. Inventors.about.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 3188:George Washington Carver: An American Biography 2284:Dunn Library Archives & Special Collections 1915: 1913: 1069:, awarded annually for outstanding achievement. 572:but said this about his administrative skills: 535:, who provided funding to support the program. 4979:Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health 4623:George Washington Carver: The Peanut Scientist 4514:George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol 4475:(University of Georgia Press; 2011) 306 pages. 4051:George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol 3478:George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol 3440: 2535:George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol 2345: 7460: 7235:Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture 7171: 6242: 5683: 5121: 5076:Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture 4921: 4697:Legends of Tuskegee: George Washington Carver 4340:List of Bulletins by George Washington Carver 4287:. Peanut-butter.org. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 3825:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 3752: 2468:. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. 1774:List of people on stamps of the United States 1169:, campus the George Washington Carver Center. 1072:1928, honorary doctorate from Simpson College 622:: alternating cotton crops with plantings of 8327:Historically black colleges and universities 5014:Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference 4611:, rev. ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963. 4505:McMurry, L. O. "Carver, George Washington". 4297:"How the Farmer Can Save His Sweet Potatoes" 3607:. Iowa General Assembly. 2014. p. 437. 3471: 3469: 3129:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3017:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2429: 2427: 1910: 1422:Hall of Heroes as the "Father of Chemurgy". 1329:The bill passed unanimously in both houses. 7325:Booker T. Washington State Park (Tennessee) 4778:George Washington Carver Digital Collection 3793:Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum 2448: 2438:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 115. 2381:Iowa State University, Office of Admissions 1292:Carver-Washington commemorative half dollar 449:convinced Carver to continue there for his 9614:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees 7467: 7453: 7178: 7164: 6256: 6249: 6235: 5690: 5676: 5128: 5114: 4928: 4914: 4713:George Washington Carver National Monument 4567:George Washington Carver: In His Own Words 3427:George Washington Carver: In His Own Words 2903: 2901: 2321:Digital Collections, Iowa State University 2274: 2272: 2235: 2233: 2231: 1801:George Washington Carver National Monument 1754:, a public high school in Towson, Maryland 1615:Carver is also associated with developing 1543:Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture 1429:listed George Washington Carver as one of 1338:George Washington Carver National Monument 992:Who loses, if needs be, without squealing. 40: 16:American botanist and inventor (1864–1943) 8544:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 7348:Booker T. Washington Memorial half dollar 5135: 4639:, Louisiana State University Press, 2015. 4032:"George Washington Carver and the Peanut" 3774: 3466: 3354:George Washington Carver in his own words 2665: 2663: 2424: 2339: 1983:"Complete National Film Registry Listing" 1866:"George Washington Carver and the Peanut" 1863: 1113:George Washington Carver Area High School 691:In 1916, Carver was made a member of the 366:Learn how and when to remove this message 9539:20th-century African-American scientists 9509:19th-century African-American scientists 7185: 5385:Iowa State–Kansas State football rivalry 4802:", a 1948 radio drama presentation from 4621:McKissack, Pat, and Fredrick McKissack. 4352: 4077:"The Legacy of George Washington Carver" 4066:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 3980: 3222: 3030: 3028: 2755:. files.usgwarchives.org. Archived from 2565:The Booker T. Washington Papers: 1895–98 1953:"Women Rule 2019 National Film Registry" 1820: 1790: 1788: 1610: 1296: 1285: 1273: 1090:Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village 1085:was dedicated at the Tuskegee Institute. 1048: 975: 881: 742: 730: 618:to their soils by practicing systematic 597: 553: 486: 377: 342:Relevant discussion may be found on the 228: 159:1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American 9534:20th-century African-American educators 9529:20th-century African-American academics 9504:19th-century African-American educators 4935: 4095: 3963:. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. 3818: 3698:Sacramento City Unified School District 2898: 2846: 2657:, 1911. Documenting the American South. 2531: 2269: 2249:from the "Blue Skyways" website of the 2228: 2065:. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 2024: 2018: 1278:In 1948 the U.S. Government released a 1212:Sacramento City Unified School District 9481: 9443:Topics related to the African diaspora 8549:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 7320:Booker T. Washington National Monument 4732:The Legacy of George Washington Carver 4238:Innovate St. Louis (August 25, 2011). 4148:from the original on November 25, 2016 4024: 3893:from the original on December 13, 2020 3790:Saccardo, P. A.; Saccardo, D. (1906). 3734:from the original on February 23, 2017 3550:from the original on February 23, 2015 3480:. Oxford University Press. p. 14. 3304:from the original on December 15, 2021 2929: 2677:from the original on February 14, 2007 2660: 2562:Louis R. Harlan, Raymond Smock (eds), 2463: 2433: 2354:from the original on February 18, 2015 2201: 2162: 2058: 1963:from the original on December 11, 2019 1840:from the original on December 15, 2021 1444:. On February 15, 2005, an episode of 1115:, named in his honor is opened by the 1024:and frequent bouts of what was called 712:United States House of Representatives 9423:Landmark African-American legislation 7474: 7448: 7159: 6230: 5671: 5109: 4909: 4630:The Story of George Washington Carver 4618:, University of Missouri Press, 2014. 4460: 4349:from the Tuskegee University website. 4330:from the Tuskegee University website. 3993:from the original on November 7, 2012 3843:from the original on November 7, 2017 3800:from the original on November 7, 2017 3664:"Welcome to Carver Elementary School" 3524:from the original on November 6, 2005 3239: 3145:George Washington Carver: A Biography 3049:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.45361 3034: 3025: 2980: 2436:George Washington Carver: A Biography 2371: 2369: 2327:from the original on February 5, 2018 2311: 2309: 2294:from the original on October 16, 2008 2204:George Washington Carver: A Biography 1993:from the original on October 31, 2016 1785: 1769:Carver Middle School (disambiguation) 1469: 781:Commission on Interracial Cooperation 747:A peanut specimen collected by Carver 673:'s vice president from 1941 to 1945. 482: 8554:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 5390:Iowa State–Missouri football rivalry 5035:Alabama Cooperative Extension System 4465: 4053:. New York, Oxford University Press. 3981:Ginsberg, Judah (January 27, 2005). 2449:Abrams, Dennis; Adair, Gene (2008). 1410:. In 1990, he was inducted into the 1371:World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 965:regarding his research methodology. 726: 308: 304: 9654:People from Newton County, Missouri 8908:African-American Vernacular English 5534:Spacecraft Systems and Controls Lab 5030:The George Washington Carver Museum 4741:National Historic Chemical Landmark 4430:Beattie, W. R. 1911. "The Peanut". 4128: 4116:from the original on August 1, 2020 3674:from the original on April 15, 2015 3498:from the original on March 21, 2014 3381:from the original on August 8, 2014 3274:from the original on March 29, 2009 3111:from the original on March 11, 2022 3065:from the original on March 11, 2022 3035:Wedin, Carolyn (February 9, 2009), 2999:from the original on March 11, 2022 2962:from the original on March 11, 2022 2840: 2825: 2813: 2777: 2453:. Infobase Publishing. p. 104. 1929:. November 24, 1941. Archived from 1758:Carver High School (disambiguation) 1627: 1438:National Historic Chemical Landmark 1406:In 1977, Carver was elected to the 1382:stamp sheet series. Two ships, the 1132:George Washington Carver State Park 1083:The George Washington Carver Museum 840:to speak at the conference held in 13: 9649:People from Hanover, Massachusetts 9574:African-American environmentalists 8826:U.S. cities with large populations 8529:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 4883:, Boston: Meador Publishing. 1929. 4800:The Boy Who Was Traded for a Horse 4594: 4507:American National Biography Online 4219:from the original on April 5, 2017 4193:from the original on April 5, 2017 3694:"Who Is George Washington Carver?" 3601:Iowa Official Register (2013–2014) 3082: 2737:. January 31, 2007. Archived from 2366: 2306: 1533: 1140:1965, Ballistic missile submarine 14: 9690: 7699:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 7695:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 7502:African American founding fathers 4784:Works by George Washington Carver 4643: 4516:(Oxford University Press, 1982). 4358:Carver, George Washington. 1916. 4242:. Innovatestl.org. Archived from 3919:. January 5, 1948. Archived from 3614:from the original on July 5, 2021 2671:"GWC | His Life in his own words" 2387:from the original on July 1, 2020 1570:for respiratory diseases such as 1490:, and two for paints and stains; 1195:Willowbrook Neighborhood Park in 9461: 8579:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 7724:Nadir of American race relations 7252:The Future of the American Negro 5699:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 4973:Business and Information Science 4791: 4771:is available for viewing at the 4763:Biotechnology Organization Award 4671:L. Tom Perry Special Collections 4535: 4437: 4424: 4415: 4408:Beattie, W. R. 1909. "Peanuts". 4402: 4389: 4376: 4333: 4314: 4290: 4271: 4086:, Iowa State University Library. 3268:"GWC | Tour Of His Life |Page 6" 3167:George Washington Carver: A Life 2778:Skrabec, Quentin R. Jr. (2013). 1864:Macintosh, Barry (August 1977). 1765:, Cocoa, Florida, closed in 1963 1714: 1700: 1686: 1408:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 924: 877: 382:Carver at work in his laboratory 313: 203:magazine dubbed Carver a "Black 142: 9644:People from Ness County, Kansas 9639:People from Minneapolis, Kansas 9554:20th-century American inventors 9549:20th-century American educators 9544:20th-century American academics 9519:19th-century American inventors 9514:19th-century American educators 7585:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 7575:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 4871:The Booker T. Washington Papers 4445:International Plant Names Index 4258: 4231: 4205: 4179: 4160: 4089: 4069: 4056: 4043: 4005: 3974: 3953: 3935: 3905: 3879: 3855: 3812: 3783: 3746: 3716: 3686: 3668:Compton Unified School District 3656: 3634:"George Washington Carver Park" 3626: 3592: 3562: 3536: 3510: 3484: 3419: 3401:"Quotes From Dr. Carver Page 2" 3393: 3367: 3345: 3316: 3286: 3260: 3233: 3216: 3203: 3193: 3180: 3158: 3137: 3076: 3041:African American Studies Center 2974: 2923: 2882:. June 14, 1937. Archived from 2868: 2771: 2745: 2723: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2556: 2525: 2516: 2497: 2472: 2457: 2442: 2399: 2256: 2195: 2156: 2139: 2109: 2083: 2052: 1899:, University of Georgia Press, 1796:"About GWC: A Tour of His Life" 1459:National Basketball Association 1412:National Inventors Hall of Fame 1253:and Domenico Saccardo in 1906; 1204:Compton Unified School District 1177:George Washington Carver Bridge 929: 593: 437:(now Iowa State University) in 435:Iowa State Agricultural College 8574:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 7580:Civil right movement 1896–1954 7225:National Negro Business League 7213:1895 Atlanta Exposition Speech 5004:Abbott Memorial Alumni Stadium 4715:from the National Park Service 4266:"The History of Peanut Butter" 3638:Los Angeles County, California 2930:Hersey, Mark (April 1, 2006). 2317:"George Washington Carver Bio" 2025:Rennert, Richard, ed. (1994), 2005: 1975: 1945: 1880: 1582:. Carvoline Rubbing Oil was a 1431:100 Greatest African Americans 1265:, named by E. F. Guba in 1961. 1229:Taxa named after him include: 1208:Los Angeles County, California 1015: 224: 23:George Carver (disambiguation) 1: 9629:People from Tuskegee, Alabama 9624:Iowa State University faculty 8754:Cherokee freedmen controversy 7730:The Negro Motorist Green Book 7353:Carver-Washington half dollar 4632:, New York: Scholastic, 1995. 4586:E. C. Barnett and D. Fisher, 2981:Coxe., Toogood, Anna (1973). 2611:Harlan, Vol. 12, pp. 251–252. 1376:Carver-Washington half dollar 1004:Who is too generous to cheat. 986:Be clean both inside and out. 824:In 1937, Carver attended two 496: 156: 61: 47: 9619:Iowa State University alumni 9559:Accidental deaths from falls 9524:19th-century American slaves 5336:Veenker Memorial Golf Course 4321:Carver Sweet Potato Products 4102:. Oup USA. pp. 195–96. 3959:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 1779: 1576:Food and Drug Administration 1483:, issued January 6, 1925 1332:On July 14, 1943, President 737:Farm Security Administration 7: 9679:People enslaved in Kentucky 9674:People enslaved in Missouri 9669:Tuskegee University faculty 9634:People from Indianola, Iowa 9569:African-American Christians 8624:Black players in ice hockey 8559:National Urban League (NUL) 8385:American Society of Muslims 7623:Selma to Montgomery marches 7543:Brown v. Board of Education 6296:William Stanley Braithwaite 5191:Liberal Arts & Sciences 4790:(public domain audiobooks) 4487:Journal of Southern History 4141:Who Invented Peanut Butter? 3913:"Change Without Revolution" 3240:Perry, John (August 2011). 3043:, Oxford University Press, 3037:"Carver, George Washington" 2348:"Plants as Modified by Man" 1679: 1636:His most popular bulletin, 1403:, were named in his honor. 346:. Please help Knowledge by 10: 9695: 9579:African-American inventors 8781:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 8539:Nashville Student Movement 7550:Children of the plantation 7421:Margaret Murray Washington 5981:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 5608:Notable alumni and faculty 5463:Enrollment Services Center 4850:George Washington Carver. 4839:George Washington Carver. 4828:December 13, 2012, at the 4821:George Washington Carver. 4755:September 6, 2015, at the 4581:Men of Science, Men of God 4365:December 13, 2012, at the 4326:September 4, 2006, at the 4278:"History of Peanut Butter" 4167:"George Washington Carver" 4012:"George Washington Carver" 3873:10.1094/APSFeature-2014-02 3294:"George Washington Carver" 3172:December 15, 2021, at the 3089:. Univ. of Georgia Press. 2653:February 13, 2007, at the 2593:Harlan, Volume 10, p. 480. 2532:McMurry, Linda O. (1981). 2522:McMurry (1982), pp. 45–47. 2464:Kremer, Gary, ed. (2017). 2280:"George Washington Carver" 2245:February 12, 2009, at the 1870:American Heritage Magazine 1828:"George Washington Carver" 1507:, issued June 14, 1927 1303:American Innovation dollar 1187:Missouri Botanical Gardens 995:Who wins without bragging. 805:, and its 1937 reprint in 509: 20: 9594:American agriculturalists 9564:African American adoptees 9451: 9418:Index of related articles 9296: 9211: 8935: 8868: 8806: 8706: 8667: 8599: 8592: 8507: 8427: 8419:Doctrine of Father Divine 8365: 8307: 7956: 7811: 7803:Women's suffrage movement 7756:Reconstruction Amendments 7563:Voting Rights Act of 1965 7482: 7401: 7366: 7310: 7292:Tuskegee & Its People 7243: 7193: 6265: 5921:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 5916:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 5706: 5651: 5600: 5557: 5501: 5421: 5204: 5160: 5145: 5089: 5048: 5022: 4986: 4960: 4945: 4745:American Chemical Society 4172:November 1, 2015, at the 4030:Mackintosh, Barry. 1977. 3987:American Chemical Society 3819:Jenkins, Anna E. (1939). 3476:Linda O. McMurry (1981). 3328:October 28, 2017, at the 3323:Man of science-and of God 3083:D., Hersey, Mark (2011). 2509:January 28, 2013, at the 1495:, issued June 9, 1925 1452:Missouri Botanical Garden 1442:American Chemical Society 1269: 1243:Benjamin Matlack Everhart 1092:in Dearborn as a tribute. 1044: 889:, cartoon by C. H. Alston 671:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 560:Frances Benjamin Johnston 545:George Ruffin Bridgeforth 504:Frances Benjamin Johnston 245:, in Diamond Grove, (now 141: 136: 125: 106: 96: 77: 57: 46:George Washington Carver 39: 32: 9659:Scientists from Missouri 9604:American food scientists 9489:George Washington Carver 9468:United States portal 8903:African-American English 8332:Inventors and scientists 8024:George Washington Carver 7628:Chicago Freedom Movement 7206:George Washington Carver 6936:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. 6552:Charles Hamilton Houston 6336:George Washington Carver 6106:William Tecumseh Sherman 5796:George Washington Carver 5623:George Washington Carver 5529:Honeywell v. Sperry Rand 5519:Atanasoff–Berry computer 5366:Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series 5061:George Washington Carver 4887:George Washington Carver 4780:, Iowa State University. 4675:Brigham Young University 4602:George Washington Carver 4345:August 30, 2006, at the 4309:Texas A&M University 4176:, National Peanut Board. 4099:George Washington Carver 3243:George Washington Carver 2852:Raleigh Howard Merritt. 2620:Harlan, Vol. 12, p. 201. 2264:Sixth Principal Meridian 2202:Kremer, Gary R. (2011). 2163:Burgan, Michael (2007). 2013:George Washington Carver 1730:African-American history 1416:Doctor of Humane Letters 1399:George Washington Carver 1389:George Washington Carver 1144:George Washington Carver 1121:Riverdale/Far South Side 1105:George Washington Carver 1001:Who is too brave to lie. 908: 708:Ways and Means Committee 650:agricultural bulletins. 477:doctor of humane letters 153:George Washington Carver 34:George Washington Carver 9391:African-American firsts 8440:Back-to-Africa movement 8409:Black Hebrew Israelites 8189:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 7737:Partus sequitur ventrem 7409:Fannie Smith Washington 7230:1901 White House dinner 6186:John Greenleaf Whittier 5801:William Ellery Channing 5081:Tuskegee Syphilis Study 4868:Louis R. Harlan (ed.), 4702:April 13, 2015, at the 4062:Smith, Andrew F. 2002. 4017:March 11, 2022, at the 3755:The Journal of Mycology 2948:10.1093/envhis/11.2.239 2916:April 29, 2016, at the 2907:Linda McMurry Edwards, 2638:Harlan, Vol. 4, p. 239. 2629:Harlan, Vol. 13, p. 35. 2602:Harlan, Vol. 12, p. 95. 2540:Oxford University Press 2504:"The first Jesup Wagon" 2346:Geo. W. Carver (1894). 2059:Abrams, Dennis (2008). 1886:Mark D. Hersey (2011), 1599:Marcellus Gilmore Edson 1197:Willowbrook, California 1165:names a portion of its 968:Carver viewed faith in 771:—met with him, and the 720:Fordney–McCumber Tariff 328:of an external source, 251:Newton County, Missouri 9664:Simpson College alumni 9359:Spingarn Medal winners 8848:States and territories 8619:Black NFL quarterbacks 8119:Martin Luther King Jr. 7651:Dred Scott v. Sandford 7590:Montgomery bus boycott 7300:The Negro in the South 7284:Working with the Hands 6992:Constance Baker Motley 6872:Frederick D. Patterson 6608:Martin Luther King Jr. 6536:Channing Heggie Tobias 6424:William T. B. Williams 6400:Richard Berry Harrison 6384:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson 6171:James McNeill Whistler 6101:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 6016:Matthew Fontaine Maury 5618:John Vincent Atanasoff 4994:Tuskegee Golden Tigers 4892:June 13, 2010, at the 4588:Scientists Who Believe 4523:June 28, 2011, at the 4489:42#4 (1976): 507–528. 4432:USDA Farmers' Bulletin 4410:USDA Farmers' Bulletin 4384:USDA Farmers' Bulletin 4283:July 27, 2011, at the 3949:on September 25, 2006. 2712:June 16, 2006, at the 2584:Harlan, Vol. 8, p. 95. 2377:"Distinguished Alumni" 2266:, Ness County, Kansas. 2147:Beyond Fame or Fortune 1560: 1524:appropriate technology 1327: 1305: 1294: 1283: 1231:Colletotrichum carveri 1216:Sacramento, California 1117:Chicago Public Schools 1057: 1010: 981: 962: 890: 793: 748: 740: 663:Henry Cantwell Wallace 607: 579: 563: 507: 383: 348:rewriting this section 238: 215:National Film Registry 161:agricultural scientist 9584:Agriculture educators 8669:Athletic associations 8604:Negro league baseball 8375:African-American Jews 8094:Ketanji Brown Jackson 8059:Henry Highland Garnet 7918:Negro National Anthem 7668:George Floyd protests 7633:Post–civil rights era 6952:Myrlie Evers-Williams 6708:Clarence Mitchell Jr. 6560:Mabel Keaton Staupers 6320:Charles Sidney Gilpin 6121:Harriet Beecher Stowe 6091:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5821:James Fenimore Cooper 5781:William Cullen Bryant 5756:Alexander Graham Bell 5305:Swimming & diving 5138:Iowa State University 4736:Iowa State University 4708:National Park Service 4687:National Park Service 4555:, AmeriSearch (2003) 4482:11#2 (2006): 239–268. 4480:Environmental History 4303:June 5, 2013, at the 4136:National Peanut Board 4049:McMurry, L. O. 1981. 3943:"USDA Hall of Heroes" 3728:Newark Public Schools 3520:. Rilin.state.ri.us. 3455:June 7, 2012, at the 3409:National Park Service 3359:May 15, 2016, at the 3223:Ramakrishnan, Prema. 2936:Environmental History 2886:on September 30, 2007 2718:National Park Service 2707:Special History Study 2434:Kremer, Gary (2011). 2125:National Park Service 2095:Johnson County Kansas 1933:on September 30, 2007 1921:"Black Leonardo Book" 1812:on February 1, 2008. 1806:National Park Service 1763:Carver Junior College 1650:Berry's Fruit Recipes 1611:Sweet potato products 1555: 1547:Iowa State University 1380:Celebrate the Century 1334:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1318: 1300: 1289: 1277: 1247:Cercospora carveriana 1153:Iowa State University 1052: 983: 979: 941: 885: 802:The American Magazine 788: 746: 734: 693:Royal Society of Arts 601: 574: 557: 490: 473:doctorates of science 381: 241:Carver was born into 232: 170:While a professor at 111:Iowa State University 9609:American mycologists 8876:Afro-Seminole Creole 8402:Azusa Street Revival 8274:Booker T. Washington 7798:Underground Railroad 7663:Free people of color 7517:Atlantic slave trade 7342:Booker T. Washington 7187:Booker T. Washington 7056:Frankie Muse Freeman 6820:Benjamin Elijah Mays 6448:Walter Francis White 6352:James Weldon Johnson 6328:Mary Burnett Talbert 6151:Booker T. Washington 6061:Alice Freeman Palmer 6041:William T. G. Morton 5986:James Russell Lowell 5056:Booker T. Washington 4877:Raleigh H. Merritt, 4649:Archival collections 4600:Gray, James Marion. 4551:William J. Federer, 4548:, (Mott Media, 1981) 4395:Newman, C. L. 1904. 4246:on December 27, 2011 3338:(January 2004), via 2571:May 9, 2016, at the 2251:Kansas State Library 1985:. Washington, D.C.: 1955:. Washington, D.C.: 1836:. December 7, 2013. 1694:United States portal 1478:(one for cosmetics; 1251:Pier Andrea Saccardo 1235:Metasphaeria carveri 1220:Newark public school 1167:Beltsville, Maryland 1055:Betsy Graves Reyneau 739:portrait, March 1942 533:Morris Ketchum Jesup 519:Booker T. Washington 502:photograph taken by 350:with your own words. 211:Color film of Carver 9589:Alabama Republicans 9271:Trinidad and Tobago 8886:Black American Sign 8713:By African descent 8707:Ethnic subdivisions 8694:Southwestern (SWAC) 8609:Baseball color line 8524:Black Panther Party 8428:Political movements 8345:in computer science 8004:Carol Moseley Braun 7793:Tulsa race massacre 7786:Treatment of slaves 7618:March on Washington 7613:Birmingham movement 6584:Theodore K. Lawless 6432:Mary McLeod Bethune 6376:Charles W. Chesnutt 6272:Ernest Everett Just 6166:George Westinghouse 6136:Henry David Thoreau 6046:John Lothrop Motley 6021:Albert A. Michelson 5901:Nathaniel Hawthorne 5851:Ralph Waldo Emerson 5836:James Buchanan Eads 5628:Carrie Chapman Catt 5219:Iowa State Cyclones 5196:Veterinary Medicine 4938:Tuskegee University 4861:Peter D. Burchard, 4805:Destination Freedom 4727:Tuskegee University 4502:28(5): 66–73, 1977. 4213:"US Patent #604493" 4187:"US Patent #306727" 3923:on October 21, 2007 3246:. Christian + ORM. 3147:, Greenwood, 2011, 2542:. pp. 59–161. 2175:Compass Point Books 2153:, May 1965, p. 272. 2097:. February 11, 2022 1987:Library of Congress 1957:Library of Congress 1658:author abbreviation 1604:U.S. patent 306,727 1348:complex includes a 1280:commemorative stamp 864:40 acres and a mule 753:Tuskegee University 678:William C. Edenborn 523:Tuskegee University 396:Ness County, Kansas 388:Highland University 295:Minneapolis, Kansas 219:Library of Congress 101:Tuskegee University 9599:American botanists 9369:US representatives 9364:US cabinet members 9256:Dominican Republic 8843:Metropolitan areas 8684:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 8509:Civic and economic 8487:Self-determination 8308:Education, science 8229:Fred Shuttlesworth 8209:A. Philip Randolph 8114:Coretta Scott King 8039:Frederick Douglass 7866:Harlem Renaissance 7771:Separate but equal 7761:Reconstruction era 7749:Plessy v. Ferguson 7640:Cornerstone Speech 7554:Civil Rights Acts 7537:Black Lives Matter 7512:American Civil War 7415:Olivia A. Davidson 7391:Theodore Roosevelt 7268:Character Building 7218:Atlanta Compromise 7201:Tuskegee Institute 7096:Nathaniel R. Jones 6960:Earl G. Graves Sr. 6928:John Hope Franklin 6528:Percy Lavon Julian 6488:A. Philip Randolph 6408:Robert Russa Moton 6096:Theodore Roosevelt 6036:Samuel F. B. Morse 5896:Alexander Hamilton 5841:Thomas Alva Edison 5751:Henry Ward Beecher 5736:John James Audubon 5346:Ames/ISU Ice Arena 5331:Jack Trice Stadium 5009:James Center Arena 4816:Print publications 4635:Vella, Christina. 4565:Kremer, G. R. ed. 4544:Collins, David R. 4512:McMurry, Linda O. 4461:General references 4082:2018-02-05 at the 3340:TheFreeLibrary.com 2862:2007-02-11 at the 2741:on April 15, 2009. 2145:Elliot, Lawrence, 2033:Coretta Scott King 1895:2020-10-23 at the 1541:, director of the 1470:Reputed inventions 1427:Molefi Kete Asante 1340:west-southwest of 1306: 1295: 1284: 1263:Pestalotia carveri 1259:Anna Eliza Jenkins 1239:Job Bicknell Ellis 1224:Newark, New Jersey 1058: 982: 899:Cornell University 891: 842:Dearborn, Michigan 769:Franklin Roosevelt 761:Theodore Roosevelt 749: 741: 655:Theodore Roosevelt 608: 564: 508: 493:Tuskegee Institute 483:Tuskegee Institute 384: 326:close paraphrasing 291:Fort Scott, Kansas 255:American Civil War 239: 172:Tuskegee Institute 9476: 9475: 9304:African Americans 9176:Dallas–Fort Worth 8771:Black Southerners 8702: 8701: 8154:Thurgood Marshall 8124:Bernard Lafayette 7719:Million Man March 7476:African Americans 7442: 7441: 7394:(2022 miniseries) 7276:The Negro Problem 7153: 7152: 7136:Cato T. Laurencin 6520:Thurgood Marshall 6496:William H. Hastie 6360:Carter G. Woodson 6224: 6223: 6156:George Washington 6111:John Philip Sousa 5946:Thomas J. Jackson 5936:Washington Irving 5881:William C. Gorgas 5866:Benjamin Franklin 5831:Charlotte Cushman 5716:John Quincy Adams 5665: 5664: 5448:Iowa State Center 5310:Track & field 5254:Track & field 5103: 5102: 4970:Arts and Sciences 4953:Tuskegee, Alabama 4500:American Heritage 4466:Scholarly studies 4299:, Geo. W. Carver 4037:American Heritage 3704:on March 30, 2015 3644:on March 11, 2015 3164:Christina Vella, 3143:Kremer, Gary R., 3096:978-0-8203-3088-4 3058:978-0-19-530173-1 2828:, pp. 95–96. 2791:978-0-7864-6982-6 2759:on March 16, 2012 2549:978-0-19-503205-5 2208:Santa Barbara, CA 1646:Good Housekeeping 1642:Peerless Cookbook 1566:and peanuts as a 1425:In 2002, scholar 1394:nuclear submarine 1346:national monument 1342:Diamond, Missouri 1125:Chicago, Illinois 727:Life while famous 700:Republic of China 376: 375: 368: 305:College education 233:The farmhouse of 150: 149: 89:Tuskegee, Alabama 85:(aged 78–79) 70:Diamond, Missouri 9686: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9428:Lynching victims 8927:Louisiana Creole 8898:American English 8786:Louisiana Creole 8759:Choctaw freedmen 8597: 8596: 8134:Huddie Ledbetter 8074:Fannie Lou Hamer 8044:W. E. B. Du Bois 8034:Claudette Colvin 8029:Shirley Chisholm 7846:Family structure 7714:Military history 7596:Browder v. Gayle 7469: 7462: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7375:A Guest of Honor 7180: 7173: 7166: 7157: 7156: 7146: 7138: 7130: 7122: 7114: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7074: 7066: 7058: 7050: 7042: 7034: 7026: 7018: 7010: 7002: 7000:Robert L. Carter 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6930: 6922: 6914: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6882: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6838: 6830: 6822: 6814: 6806: 6798: 6786: 6778: 6766: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6726: 6718: 6710: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6662: 6654: 6652:Robert C. Weaver 6646: 6644:Kenneth B. Clark 6638: 6630: 6622: 6620:Little Rock Nine 6610: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6578: 6576:Paul R. Williams 6570: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6314: 6312:W. E. B. Du Bois 6306: 6304:Archibald Grimké 6298: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6228: 6227: 5996:Edward MacDowell 5951:Thomas Jefferson 5886:Ulysses S. Grant 5846:Jonathan Edwards 5816:Grover Cleveland 5731:Susan B. Anthony 5692: 5685: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5643:G. Malcolm Trout 5566:Iowa State Daily 5493:Fick Observatory 5425: 5378:Big Four Classic 5208: 5154: 5139: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5107: 5106: 4954: 4939: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4795: 4794: 4773:Internet Archive 4614:Kremer, Gary R. 4471:Hersey, Mark D. 4455: 4454: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4356: 4350: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4294: 4288: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4096:McMurry (1982). 4093: 4087: 4075:Fishbein, Toby. 4073: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4028: 4022: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3978: 3972: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3945:. 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Archived from 1792: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1708:Biography portal 1705: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1676: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1628:Carver bulletins 1606: 1528:E. F. Schumacher 1513: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1255:Taphrina carveri 1237:, both named by 1181:Des Moines, Iowa 1146: (SSBN-656) 1127:, United States. 960: 851: 830:Great Depression 735:A United States 667:Henry A. Wallace 569:micro-management 501: 498: 479:degree in 1994. 392:Highland, Kansas 371: 364: 360: 357: 351: 337: 317: 316: 309: 257:. His enslaver, 187:environmentalism 158: 146: 84: 66: 63: 52: 49: 44: 30: 29: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9462: 9460: 9447: 9413:Historic places 9406:US state firsts 9292: 9207: 8931: 8864: 8836:2010 majorities 8831:2000 majorities 8802: 8749:Black Seminoles 8698: 8689:Southern (SIAC) 8672: 8671:and conferences 8670: 8663: 8659:Serena Williams 8654:Jackie Robinson 8588: 8512: 8510: 8503: 8423: 8390:Nation of Islam 8361: 8309: 8303: 8244:Sojourner Truth 8234:Clarence Thomas 8199:Gabriel Prosser 8099:Michael Jackson 7974:Crispus Attucks 7964:Ralph Abernathy 7952: 7908:Musical theater 7807: 7673:Great Migration 7645:COVID-19 impact 7603:Sit-in movement 7478: 7473: 7443: 7438: 7428:Giles v. 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Murphy 6587: 6579: 6571: 6568:Harry T. Moore 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6480:Richard Wright 6475: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6291: 6288:Harry Burleigh 6283: 6275: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6258:Spingarn Medal 6254: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6211:Orville Wright 6208: 6206:Woodrow Wilson 6203: 6201:Roger Williams 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Daniel Webster 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6126:Gilbert Stuart 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6071:George Peabody 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6026:Maria Mitchell 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5941:Andrew Jackson 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5861:Stephen Foster 5858: 5856:David Farragut 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5786:Luther Burbank 5783: 5778: 5773: 5771:Louis Brandeis 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5695: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:ISU Presidents 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:Memorial Union 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5443:Reiman Gardens 5440: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5361:Cy-Hawk Trophy 5353: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5341:Cap Timm Field 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5186:Human Sciences 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4859: 4848: 4837: 4813: 4812: 4810:Richard Durham 4796: 4781: 4775: 4765: 4760: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4723:Carver Tribute 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4691: 4690: 4678: 4677: 4664: 4658: 4645: 4644:External links 4642: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4579:H. 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Morris, 4577: 4575:978-0826207852 4563: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4510: 4503: 4493: 4483: 4476: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4436: 4423: 4414: 4401: 4388: 4375: 4351: 4332: 4313: 4289: 4270: 4257: 4230: 4204: 4178: 4159: 4127: 4108: 4088: 4068: 4055: 4042: 4023: 4004: 3973: 3952: 3934: 3904: 3878: 3854: 3831:(5): 222–230. 3811: 3782: 3745: 3715: 3685: 3655: 3625: 3591: 3561: 3535: 3509: 3483: 3465: 3461:Carver Academy 3439: 3418: 3392: 3366: 3344: 3315: 3285: 3259: 3252: 3232: 3215: 3211:NEW YORK TIMES 3202: 3192: 3186:Rackham Holt, 3179: 3157: 3136: 3095: 3075: 3057: 3024: 2973: 2942:(2): 239–268. 2922: 2897: 2867: 2845: 2830: 2818: 2801: 2790: 2770: 2744: 2722: 2688: 2659: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2555: 2548: 2524: 2515: 2496: 2471: 2456: 2441: 2423: 2398: 2365: 2338: 2305: 2268: 2255: 2227: 2221:978-0313347962 2220: 2214:. p. 21. 2194: 2188:978-0756518820 2187: 2155: 2138: 2117:"Lucy Seymour" 2108: 2082: 2076:978-0791097175 2075: 2051: 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Medal 127: 123: 122: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 87: 79: 75: 74: 68: 59: 55: 54: 45: 37: 36: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9691: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9438:Neighborhoods 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:Sports firsts 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9203:West Virginia 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140:Pennsylvania 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9119:New York City 9117: 9116: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8963:San Francisco 8961: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936:By state/city 8934: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8881:American Sign 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8814:Neighborhoods 8812: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8744:Black Indians 8742: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8666: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8506: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322:Black schools 8320: 8318: 8317:Black studies 8315: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8299:Whitney Young 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8289:Oprah Winfrey 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8259:Denmark Vesey 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8204:Joseph Rainey 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Toni Morrison 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8144:Joseph Lowery 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8089:Jesse Jackson 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8079:Kamala Harris 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8064:Marcus Garvey 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014:Blanche Bruce 8012: 8010: 8009:Edward Brooke 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7999:James Bradley 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7979:James Baldwin 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7923:Neighborhoods 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7776:Silent Parade 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7704:Jim Crow laws 7702: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527:Black cowboys 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7463: 7458: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7417:(second wife) 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7176: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7145: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7129: 7124: 7121: 7116: 7113: 7108: 7105: 7100: 7097: 7092: 7089: 7084: 7081: 7076: 7073: 7072:Jessye Norman 7068: 7065: 7060: 7057: 7052: 7049: 7044: 7041: 7036: 7033: 7028: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6988: 6985: 6980: 6977: 6976:Vernon Jordan 6972: 6969: 6968:Oprah Winfrey 6964: 6961: 6956: 6953: 6948: 6945: 6940: 6937: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6916: 6913: 6908: 6905: 6900: 6897: 6892: 6889: 6884: 6881: 6880:Jesse Jackson 6876: 6873: 6868: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6837: 6832: 6829: 6824: 6821: 6816: 6813: 6812:Coleman Young 6808: 6805: 6804:Rayford Logan 6800: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6741: 6736: 6733: 6728: 6725: 6724:Leon Sullivan 6720: 6717: 6712: 6709: 6704: 6701: 6696: 6693: 6692:Edward Brooke 6688: 6685: 6680: 6677: 6672: 6669: 6664: 6661: 6656: 6653: 6648: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6632: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6609: 6604: 6601: 6596: 6593: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6577: 6572: 6569: 6564: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6548: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6532: 6529: 6524: 6521: 6516: 6513: 6508: 6505: 6500: 6497: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6465: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6441: 6436: 6433: 6428: 6425: 6420: 6417: 6412: 6409: 6404: 6401: 6396: 6393: 6392:Henry A. Hunt 6388: 6385: 6380: 6377: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6361: 6356: 6353: 6348: 6345: 6340: 6337: 6332: 6329: 6324: 6321: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6292: 6289: 6284: 6281: 6280:Charles Young 6276: 6273: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6217: 6216:Wilbur Wright 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Simon Newcomb 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6011:John Marshall 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:James Madison 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Robert E. Lee 5969: 5967: 5966:Sidney Lanier 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911:Patrick Henry 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Robert Fulton 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Louis Agassiz 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539:StrangeSearch 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453:Alumni Center 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5413:Marching Band 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399:School Spirit 5398: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5280:Cross Country 5278: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Cross country 5237: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4901: 4898:Mary Bagley, 4897: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4808:, written by 4807: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4536:Popular works 4530: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4509:February 2000 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4427: 4418: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4264:Mary Bellis, 4261: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4109:9780195032055 4105: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2902: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2849: 2843:, p. 96. 2842: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2816:, p. 95. 2815: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2112: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2014: 2008: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1698: 1695: 1684: 1674: 1670: 1659: 1656:The standard 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591:peanut butter 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539:Dennis Keeney 1531: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1494: 1482: 1477: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1352:of Carver, a 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1288: 1281: 1276: 1264: 1261:in 1939; and 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 984: 978: 974: 971: 966: 955: 952: 949: 945: 940: 937: 925:Personal life 922: 919: 917: 906: 904: 900: 895: 888: 884: 878:Relationships 875: 871: 867: 865: 860: 857: 853: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 819: 817: 812: 810: 809: 804: 803: 798: 792: 787: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 745: 738: 733: 724: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 647: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:crop rotation 617: 613: 605: 600: 591: 587: 585: 578: 573: 570: 561: 556: 552: 548: 546: 540: 536: 534: 531: 526: 524: 520: 513: 505: 494: 489: 480: 478: 474: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 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