985:, that were otherwise anonymized, contained geotags, thereby revealing the location of high-valued goods—sometimes in combination with clear hints to the absence of the offerer at certain times. Publishing photos and other media tagged with exact geolocation on the Internet allows random people to track an individual's location and correlate it with other information. Therefore, criminals could find out when homes are empty because their inhabitants posted geotagged and timestamped information both about their home address and their vacation residence. These dangers can be avoided by removing geotags with a
43:
20:
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September 11, 2012, more and more cell phones have built-in GPS chips. Most smart phones already use a GPS chip along with built-in cameras to allow users to automatically geotag photos. Others may have the GPS chip and camera but do not have internal software needed to embed the GPS information within the picture. A few digital cameras also have built-on or built-in GPS that allow for automatic geotagging.
35:
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prefixed with an underscore ("_"). Words in messages on microblogging and social networking services may be tagged by putting "_" before them, either as they appear in a sentence, (e.g. "There is a concert going _montreuxjazzfestival", "the world wide web was invented _cern _geneve", ...) or appended to it.
980:
Following a scientific study and several demonstrative websites, a discussion on the privacy implications of geotagging has raised public attention. In particular, the automatic embedding of geotags in pictures taken with smartphones is often ignored by cell-phone users. As a result, people are often
1006:
Another newly realized danger of geotagging is the location information provided to criminal gangs and poachers on the whereabouts of often endangered animals. This can effectively make tourists scouts for these poachers, so geotagging should be turned off when photographing these animals. According
192:
In order to capture GPS data at the time the photograph is captured, the user must have a camera with built in GPS or a standalone GPS along with a digital camera. Because of the requirement for wireless service providers in United States to supply more precise location information for 911 calls by
835:
In order to integrate geotags in social media and enhance text readability or oral use, the concept of 'meetag' or tag-to-meet has been proposed. Differing from hashtag construction, meetag includes the geolocation information after an underscore. A meetag is therefore a word or an unspaced phrase
200:
can be faster getting an initial fix if within range of a cell phone tower, and may work better inside buildings. Traditional GPS does not need cell phone towers and uses standard GPS signals outside of urban areas. Traditional GPS tends to use more battery power. Almost any digital camera can be
272:
which allows geocoding of corner points and horizon lines in individual video frames. Audio encoding involves a process of converting gps data into audio data such as modem squawk. Overlay involves overlaying GPS data as text on the recorded video. Companion files are separate data files which
964:
The app
Respotter Wiki, launched in 2009, claims to feature Knowledge searching via a map, also allowing users to interact with people around them, via messaging and reviews, etc. The app, in its current function, however, seems to give only geotagged photo results.
953:
One of the first attempts to initiate the geotagging aspect of searching and locating articles seems to be the now-inoperative site
Wikinear.com, launched in 2008, which showed the user Knowledge pages that are geographically closest to one's current location.
168:
users can geotag photos that can be added to the page of the location they are tagging. Users may also use a feature that allows them to find nearby
Facebook friends by generating a list of people according to the location tracker in their mobile devices.
882:
syntax has been proposed, which transforms any word, sentence, or precise geolocalization coordinates prefixed with an underscore into a 'meetag'. It not only lets one express a precise location but also takes in account dynamically changing geolocations.
360:. LOC resources records can specify the latitude, longitude, altitude, precision of the location, and the physical size of on entity attached to an IP address. However, in practice not all IP addresses have such a record, so it is more common to use
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not aware that the photos they publish on the
Internet have been geotagged. Many celebrities reportedly gave away their home location without knowing it. According to the study, a significant number of for-sale advertisements on
263:
Audio/video files can be geotagged via: metadata, audio encoding, overlay, or with companion files. Metadata records the geospatial data in the encoded video file to be decoded for later analysis. One of the standards used with
98:
Geotagging can help users find a wide variety of location-specific information from a device. For instance, someone can find images taken near a given location by entering latitude and longitude coordinates into a suitable image
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Where the above methods are in use, their coordinates may differ from those specified by the photo's internal Exif data, for example because of a correction or a difference between the camera's location and the subject's.
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were destroyed on the ground by Iraqi insurgent mortar fire; the insurgents had made use of embedded coordinates in web-published photographs (geotagging) taken of the helicopters by soldiers.
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provides a simple map search tool which can display tagged articles near to a particular location, as well as a variety of more sophisticated tools integrated with external mapping services.
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No industry standards exist, however there are a variety of techniques for adding geographical identification metadata to an information resource. One convention, established by the website
958:
189:
Two main options can be used to geotag photos: capturing GPS information at the time the photo is taken or "attaching" geocoordinates to the photograph after the picture is taken.
1439:"G. Friedland, R. Sommer: "Cybercasing the Joint: On the Privacy Implications of Geo-Tagging", 5th Usenix Hot Topics in Security Workshop (HotSec2010), Washington DC, August 2010"
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works relatively well showing geotagged
Knowledge articles located within several miles of ones location, integrated with a street-view mode, and 360-degree mode.
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correspond to respective audio/video files. Companion files are typically found in the .KML and .GPX data formats. For audio and video files which use the
852:. Searching a list of blogs and pictures tagged using geotag technology allows users to select areas of specific interest to them on interactive maps.
773:
Using three tags works within the constraint of having tags that can only be single 'words'. Identifying geotagged information resources on sites like
1184:
859:
technology, along with the development of various online applications, has fueled the popularity of such tagged blogging, and the combination of
583:
allows coordinates within HyperText Markup
Language pages to be marked up in such a way that they can be "discovered" by software tools. Example:
1330:
717:, enables content to be found via a location search. Such sites allow users to add metadata to an information resource via a set of so-called
702:
3070:
2166:
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These three tags would indicate that the camera is pointed heading 225° (south west), has a 45° tilt and is 560 metres from the subject.
807:
175:
uses a map feature that allows users to geotag photos. The map layout pin points specific photos that the user has taken on a world map.
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2249:
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news, websites, or other resources. Geotagging can tell users the location of the content of a given picture or other media or the
879:
297:), there is a proposed GEO LOCATION field which can be used. Like all vorbis comments, it is plain text, and it takes the form:
201:
coupled with a stand-alone GPS and post processed with photo mapping software, to write the location information to the image's
141:
refers to the process of taking non-coordinate-based geographical identifiers, such as a street address, and finding associated
1872:
1806:
1666:
1548:"Web Photos That Reveal Secrets Such As Where You Live / "MythBusters" host inadvertently reveals his home address on Twitter"
2287:
1945:
1007:
to
Chinoitezvi Honour, some phones automatically geotag pictures hence location should be turned off when taking pictures.
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1816:
2349:
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Luo, Jiebo; Joshi, Dhiraj; Yu, Jie; Gallagher, Andrew (2011). "Geotagging in multimedia and computer vision—a survey".
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the geotagging goal is to store coordinates of every pixel in the image. One approach is used with the
126:-coordinate system that presents each location on the earth from 180° west through 180° east along the
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relays automatically geotagged media such as photos or video to be published and shared immediately.
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take a different approach defining a separate file of the same spatial dimensions as the image where
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adds tags to specify the suggested viewing angle and range when the geotagged location is viewed in
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Geotagging is a popular feature on several social media platforms, such as
Facebook and Instagram.
149:). Such techniques can be used together with geotagging to provide alternative search techniques.
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The geographical location data used in geotagging can, in almost every case, be derived from the
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where we store coordinates of four corners and all the other pixels can be georeferenced by
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1160:"Photographers Have Several Camera Options for Geotagging Pictures with GPS Points"
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111:, and conversely on some media platforms show media relevant to a given location.
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This describes the geographic coordinates of a particular location in terms of
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103:. Geotagging-enabled information services can also potentially be used to find
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The similar Geotag format allows the addition of place name and region tags:
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A proposal has been developed to extend Geo to cover other bodies, such as
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GEO_LOCATION=(decimal latitude);(decimal longitude);(elevation in meters)
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method is defined by W3 Group and presents the information in RDF tags:
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For better integration and readability of geotags into blog texts, the
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is done by searching for the 'geotagged' tag, since the tags beginning
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Geotag information stamped onto a JPEG photo by the software GPStamper
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2007:
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1050:, standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates
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RFC 1876 defines a means for expressing location information in the
19:
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1185:"ENVI Classic Tutorial: Georeferencing Images Using Input Geometry"
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Geoblogging attaches specific geographic location information to
793:
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871:, where blog posts are tagged with exact position of the user.
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photo-sharing Web site, which provides geographic data for any
686:
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34:
28:
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2105:
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1119:"Facebook's New Mobile Feature For Finding People Around You"
760:
290:
1479:
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2156:
2146:
2120:
1940:
1308:
1232:"Airborne Geospatial Video Recorders, Cameras, and Systems"
845:
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392:
286:
202:
24:
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and used by more and more sites, e.g. photo sharing sites
91:, distance, accuracy data, and place names, and perhaps a
16:
Act of associating geographic coordinates to digital media
2586:
2033:
856:
767:
482:"Rockwood Rural Municipality, Manitoba, Canada"
391:
metadata), which is used to geotag standard web pages in
364:
services to find the physical location of an IP address.
72:
537:"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
251:
of each pixel are stored as two 2D layers in so called
63:, is the process of adding geographical identification
886:
1501:
NBC Action News
Smartphone pictures pose privacy risk
1383:"Example of pictures with geotag, using mobile phone"
543:"http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#"
1596:
1518:"Celebrities' Photos, Videos May Reveal Location"
1368:
759:). These are expressed in decimal degrees in the
3062:
1365:"Web page for the 'meetag standard' proposition"
71:or video, websites, SMS messages, QR Codes or
2243:
1660:
1536:, 12 July 2010, by Jim Giles, New Scientist
1329:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1290:"Geographic registration of HTML documents"
2250:
2236:
1667:
1653:
130:and 90° north through 90° south along the
989:for photos before publishing them on the
941:Learn how and when to remove this message
322:standard works by embedding one or more
41:
33:
18:
1311:"Basic Geo (WGS84 lat/long) Vocabulary"
696:
693:in all of the above-mentioned formats.
3063:
1873:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1807:Semantic service-oriented architecture
1545:
255:(IGM) files, also known as GEO files.
208:
2231:
1648:
1288:The Internet Engineering Task Force.
1083:"GPS adds dimension to online photos"
890:
326:in the body of an SMS, for example:
258:
231:. The four corners are stored using
2257:
887:Knowledge article geosearching apps
13:
3071:Volunteered geographic information
1934:Syntax and supporting technologies
1590:
1408:Wininear.com, OAuth and Fire Eagle
1345:"Geo Extension Straw-Man Proposal"
713:, and the social bookmarking site
157:
81:latitude and longitude coordinates
14:
3092:
1626:
1599:Multimedia Tools and Applications
1574:"Geotagging poses security risks"
1410:", SimonWillison.net, Mar 22 2008
1309:W3C Semantic Web Interest Group.
1095:. 22 January 2008. Archived from
806:A further convention proposed by
421:"50.167958, -97.133185"
309:GEO_LOCATION=35.1592;-98.4422;410
1674:
1632:
921:has been specified. Please help
895:
792:Another option is to tag with a
455:"50.167958;-97.133185"
196:Devices use GPS, A-GPS or both.
79:. This data usually consists of
1566:
1546:Murphy, Kate (11 August 2010).
1539:
1527:
1510:
1493:
1472:
1454:
1431:
1413:
1400:
1375:
1357:
1337:
1302:
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789:are necessarily very variable.
383:The GeoURL method requires the
313:
152:
83:, though they can also include
46:Geotagger "Solmeta N2" for the
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1238:
1224:
1213:
1177:
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1111:
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839:
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372:
339:
333:geo:-37.801631,144.980294;u=16
1:
2048:Schemas, ontologies and rules
1534:Geo-tags reveal celeb secrets
1069:
1022:Geographic information system
367:
27:photo, shown by the software
517:
7:
2621:Inter-process communication
1264:"Adding yourself to GeoURL"
1010:
277:metadata format (including
67:to various media such as a
10:
3097:
2288:Web syndication technology
2075:Semantic Web Rule Language
1406:Willison, Simon. (2008). "
1246:"VorbisComment – XiphWiki"
975:
376:
349:
343:
212:
182:
3081:Global Positioning System
3003:
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1933:
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1611:10.1007/s11042-010-0623-y
473:"geo.placename"
178:
116:global positioning system
2181:Microformat vocabularies
1853:Information architecture
1605:(1). Springer: 187–211.
1576:. Army.mil. 8 March 2012
585:
528:
446:"geo.position"
431:
397:
23:Geotag information in a
2070:Rule Interchange Format
1833:Collective intelligence
1140:"Wireless 911 Services"
970:Knowledge-World Project
266:unmanned aerial vehicle
75:feeds and is a form of
500:"geo.region"
143:geographic coordinates
51:
39:
31:
1091:. Oklahoma City, OK.
987:metadata removal tool
647:"longitude"
350:Further information:
45:
37:
22:
3021:Glossary of blogging
2985:Social communication
1868:Knowledge management
1863:Knowledge extraction
1641:at Wikimedia Commons
1099:on 24 September 2021
923:improve this article
911:to meet Knowledge's
873:Real-time geotagging
801:geo:hash=u4pruydqqvj
697:In tag-based systems
618:"latitude"
352:Internet geolocation
241:Hyperspectral images
185:Geotagged photograph
69:geotagged photograph
2140:Common vocabularies
2094:Semantic annotation
1792:Semantic publishing
1466:www.pleaserobme.com
855:The progression of
387:tag (plus optional
253:Input geometry data
209:Remote sensing data
145:(or vice versa for
77:geospatial metadata
3046:Uses of podcasting
2784:Collaborative blog
2779:Anonymous blogging
2672:RSS Advisory Board
2340:Electronic journal
1888:Digital humanities
1777:Semantic computing
1767:Semantic analytics
1751:Rule-based systems
1553:The New York Times
1516:Heussner, Ki Mae,
1220:MISB Standard 0601
1064:Toponym resolution
1001:Apache helicopters
998:United States Army
685:An example is the
566:</geo:Point>
358:Domain Name System
270:MISB Standard 0601
52:
40:
32:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
2845:Alternative media
2832:
2831:
2794:Instant messaging
2700:
2699:
2428:
2427:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2131:Facebook Platform
2018:
2017:(no W3C standard)
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1954:
1918:Web Science Trust
1838:Description logic
1797:Semantic reasoner
1787:Semantic matching
1715:Semantic networks
1637:Media related to
1425:tools.wmflabs.org
951:
950:
943:
913:quality standards
904:This article may
867:, has led to the
563:</geo:long>
549:<geo:Point>
509:"ca-mb"
259:Audio/video files
147:reverse geocoding
137:The related term
118:, and based on a
3088:
2841:
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2721:Enhanced podcast
2709:
2708:
2437:
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1480:"icanstalku.com"
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1079:
968:As of 2017, the
946:
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898:
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865:GSM localization
825:
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758:
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738:geo:lon=10.40744
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733:geo:lat=57.64911
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569:</rdf:RDF>
567:
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559:<geo:long>
557:
556:</geo:lat>
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412:"ICBM"
410:
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219:In the field of
3096:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3036:Slashdot effect
2999:
2990:Social software
2904:
2828:
2809:Mobile blogging
2770:
2696:
2655:
2651:Streaming media
2609:
2581:
2538:
2534:Synchronization
2507:
2456:
2452:Feed URI scheme
2424:
2320:Classical music
2292:
2261:
2259:Web syndication
2256:
2226:
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2880:Online diary
2824:Motovlogging
2799:Liveblogging
2746:Slidecasting
2646:RSS tracking
2567:Product feed
2523:
2315:Bloggernacle
2116:Microformats
2055:Common Logic
1847:
1760:Applications
1676:Semantic Web
1602:
1598:
1578:. Retrieved
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
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1484:. Retrieved
1474:
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1433:
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1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1377:
1369:the original
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1339:
1314:. Retrieved
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1293:. Retrieved
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
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1203:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1164:the original
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1143:. Retrieved
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:21 September
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1086:
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1033:Geomessaging
1005:
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848:entries via
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812:Google Earth
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719:machine tags
718:
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153:Applications
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3011:Blogosphere
2916:Aggregation
2736:Peercasting
2636:Referencing
2330:Dream diary
2152:Dublin Core
1878:Library 2.0
1746:Linked data
925:if you can.
840:Geoblogging
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