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149:(20 November 1897 – 31 July 1985) was a photographer, political activist, and hotel owner. Her nationality has been categorized as German, French, and Dutch, but she spent years in Brazil, Republic of the Congo, Thailand, and India. Described as "an especially outspoken example" of a group of early 20th-century female photographers who "could lead lives free from convention", she is best known for photographically illustrated books such as her 1928 portfolio
1269:"Contortions of Technique: Germaine Krull’s Experimental Photography," by Kim Sichel. In Mitra Abbaspour, Lee Ann Daffner, and Maria Morris Hambourg, eds. Object:Photo. Modern Photographs: The Thomas Walther Collection 1909–1949. An Online Project of The Museum of Modern Art. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2014.
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from her father, an accomplished engineer and a free thinker (whom some characterized as a "ne'er-do-well"). Her father let her dress as a boy when she was young, which may have contributed to her ideas about women's roles later in her life. In addition, her father's views on social justice "seem to
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emissary's attempted escape to
Austria. She was expelled from Bavaria in 1920 for her Communist activities, and traveled to Russia with lover Samuel Levit. After Levit abandoned her in 1921, Krull was imprisoned as an "anti-Bolshevik" and expelled from Russia.
282:(1928) which concerned "the essentially masculine subject of the industrial landscape." Krull shot the portfolio's 64 black-and-white photographs in Paris, Marseille, and Holland during approximately the same period as Ivens was creating his film
228:(later to be known as Kurt Hutton) worked together in a Berlin studio between 1922 and 1924. Among other photographs Krull produced in Berlin were a series of nudes included in a 2000 retrospective of her work at the
292:), and ships to bicycle wheels; it can be read as either a celebration of machines or a criticism of them. Many of the photographs were taken from dramatic angles, and overall the work has been compared to that of
372:, a role that she undertook until 1966. She published three books with photographs during this period, and also collaborated with Malraux on a project concerning the sculpture and architecture of Southeast Asia.
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where she had a photographic studio. Among her subjects during this period were buildings (such as casinos and palaces), automobiles, celebrities, and common people. She may have been a member of the
319:(most of her ground-breaking reportage work from this period remains immured in press archives; according to Ian Jeffrey, she has never received the credit which is her due for this work). Her book
1264:"In plain sight: Germaine Krull in Paris, The work of the maverick photographer gains new exposure in an exhibition in the French capital," by Claire Holland, The Financial Times, June 13-14, 2015
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in Africa. Due to her Dutch passport and her need to obtain proper visas, her journey to Africa included over a year (1941–1942) in Brazil where she photographed the city of
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173:, Poland), of an affluent German family. In her early years, the family moved around Europe frequently; she did not receive a formal education, but instead received
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between 1927 and 1943 so that Krull could hold a Dutch passport and could have a "veneer of married respectability without sacrificing her autonomy."
288:("The Bridge") in Rotterdam, and the two artists may have influenced each other. The portfolio's subjects range from bridges, buildings (e.g., the
323:("Studies of Nudes") published in 1930 is still well-known today. Between 1930 and 1935 she contributed photographs for a number of travel and
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and others; her commercial work consisted of fashion photography, nudes, and portraits. During this period she published the portfolio
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art critic
Kenneth Baker generally praised her work, he considered the nudes to be "almost like satires of lesbian pornography".
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After retiring from the hotel business in 1966, she briefly lived near Paris, then moved to
Northern India and converted to the
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Krull was politically active between 1918 and 1921. In 1919 she switched from the
Independent Socialist Party of Bavaria to the
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photojournalism agency which had been founded in 1935, but "no trace of her work appears in the press with that label."
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463:. Paris: Librairie des arts décoratifs, 1928. (New facsimile edition published in 2003 by Ann and Jürgen Wilde, Köln.)
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After World War II, she traveled to
Southeast Asia as a war correspondent, but by 1946 had become a co-owner of the
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311:. Between 1928 and 1933, her photographic work consisted primarily of photojournalism, such as her photographs for
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in 1907–1913 had been influential. She opened a studio in Munich in approximately 1918, took portraits of
1035:. London : New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ; Thames & Hudson Inc. 2021. p. 170.
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in 1923, she moved to
Amsterdam in 1925. After Krull returned to Paris in 1926, Ivens and Krull entered into a
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Bangkok - Heidi
Specker Germaine Krull im Sprengel-Museum Hannover, 9. Oktober 2005 bis 25. Juni 2006
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300:. In 1999–2004 the portfolio was selected as one of the most important photobooks in history.
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764:"New National Museum of Monaco Exhibition: Three Questions to Jean-Michel Bouhours, Chief Curator"
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She lived in Berlin between 1922 and 1925 where she resumed her photographic career. She and
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Dumas, Marie Hélène. "Lumières d'Exil". Paris: Gallimard and Éditions Joëlle
Losfeld, 2009.
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655:. (Catalog of the exhibition "Germaine Krull (1897-1985), Jeu de Paume museum, Paris 2015).
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https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A198931
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By 1928 Krull was considered one of the best photographers in Paris, along with
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1143:, edited by Eleanor M. Hight and Gary D. Sampson. London: Routledge, 2002.
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880:"Germaine Krull's Radical Vision / Photographer's Work Featured at SFMOMA."
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383:. Her final major photographic project was the publication of a 1968 book
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The Open Book: a
History of the Photographic Book from 1878 to the Present
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939:. New York: PPP Editions in association with Roth Horowitz LLC, 2001.
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or "Life Leads the Dance", translated into
Italian by Giovanna Chiti.)
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The Book of 101 Books: Seminal Photographic Books of the 20th Century
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Germaine Krull Ă Monte-Carlo = Germaine Krull: the Monte Carlo Years
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818:. J. Paul Getty Museum, Department of Photographs. December 2006
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From Icon to Irony: German and American Industrial Photography
574:. Paris: Jacques Haumont, 1945. (With photographs by Krull.)
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have predisposed her to involvement with radical politics."
918:. Madrid: Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina SofĂa, 1999.
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In Paris between 1926 and 1928, Krull became friends with
518:. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1930. (With photographs by Krull.)
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FotografĂa PĂşblica: Photography in Print 1919–1939
791:"Krull, Germaine (French Photographer, 1897–1985)"
490:. Paris: B. Grasset, 1930. (With photographs by Krull.)
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581:. Bangkok: Assumption Printing Press, 1950–1959?
766:. Government of Monaco. 3 August 2007. Archived from
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and others, and befriended prominent people such as
185:, a photography school in Munich, Germany, at which
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Colonialist Photography: Imag(in)ing Race and Place
970:. Volume I. London & New York: Phaidon, 2004.
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437:by Germaine Krull dated 1929, photographed during
341:In World War II, she became disenchanted with the
216:, and was arrested and imprisoned for assisting a
1253:Germaine Krull: the woman Man Ray named his equal
1117:. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.
402:Krull's work was included in the 2021 exhibition
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1139:: World War II and French Colonialist Film." In
850:, 2nd edition. New York: Abbeville Press, 2000.
1180:. ZĂĽlpich: Albert-Renger-Patzsch-Archiv, 2005.
1017:"Portrait of Hedonism with Glasses Half Empty."
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898:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2000.
433:Digital Collection houses a portrait of singer
181:Between 1915 and 1917 or 1918 she attended the
896:Living Dangerously: a Biography of Joris Ivens
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1247:Germaine Krull: Jeu de Paume exhibition, 2015
1132:, volume 17, issue 7, pages 9–10, April 2000.
1102:Bouqueret, Christian, and Michèle Moutashar.
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745:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1999.
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572:La Bataille d'Alsace (Novembre-DĂ©cembre 1944)
497:. Paris: Librairie des Arts DĂ©coratifs, 1930.
1104:Germaine Krull: Photographie 1924–1936
991:. Göteborg, Sweden: Hasselblad Center, 2004.
1089:Germaine Krull: Fotografien 1922–1966
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183:Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt fĂĽr Photographie
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1236:. (A novel in French about Krull's life.)
1156:Germaine Krull: Photographer of Modernity
743:Germaine Krull: Photographer of Modernity
470:. Berlin-Westend: Verlag der Reihe, 1929.
239:Having met Dutch filmmaker and communist
885:, 15 April 2000. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
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591:Krull, Germaine, and Dorothea Melchers.
584:Krull, Germaine, and Dorothea Melchers.
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632:. Paris : Textuel editions, 2015.
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538:Simenon, Georges, and Germaine Krull.
1258:"Germaine Krull, German Photographer"
1079:Germaine Krull: Photographes Nouveaux
621:. (Autobiography of Krull in French,
521:Krull, Germaine, and Claude Farrère.
1128:Kosta, Barbara. "She was a Camera."
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647:Paris : Hazan editions, 2015.
483:, 1930. (With photographs by Krull.)
353:. Between 1942 and 1944 she was in
399:, Germany, where she died in 1985.
370:Oriental Hotel in Bangkok, Thailand
345:government, and sought to join the
330:In 1935–1940, Krull lived in
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602:. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1968.
567:. Lisboa: Edições Atlântico, 1943.
230:San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
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1299:People from the Province of Posen
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1135:Sichel, Kim. "Germaine Krull and
419:Krull's archives are kept at the
413:
395:, she moved to a nursing home in
1197:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Montréal
1091:. Köln: Rheinland-Verlag, 1977.
1059:by Germaine Krull, Paris, 1929":
848:A History of Women Photographers
533:Route de Paris à la Méditerranée
387:that included a portrait of the
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1004:. London: Phaidon, 2000. p.255.
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542:. Paris: Jacques Haumont, 1931.
525:. Paris: Jacques Haumont, 1931.
1000:Ian Jeffrey, text written by.
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586:Bangkok: Siam's City of Angels
553:. Paris: Librairie Plon, 1935.
1:
1085:Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
1022:(Montreal), 30 December 2006.
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672:Il Partit pour un Long Voyage
562:Uma Cidade Antiga do Brasil,
365:and then returned to France.
1260:(slide show with 42 images).
789:Union List of Artist Names.
535:. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1931.
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7:
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1319:German women photographers
1217:. New York: Abrams, 2007.
560:, and Ruy Ribeiro Couto.
214:Communist Party of Germany
1309:Photographers from Munich
1081:. Paris: Gallimard, 1931.
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968:The Photobook: a History
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607:La Vita Conduce la Danza
595:. London: R. Hale, 1966.
588:. London: R. Hale, 1964.
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359:French Equatorial Africa
1329:Photography in Thailand
1304:French photojournalists
1158:, The MIT Press, 1999;
1130:Women's Review of Books
935:Roth, Andrew, editor.
883:San Francisco Chronicle
523:La Route Paris-Biarritz
245:marriage of convenience
234:San Francisco Chronicle
45:November 29, 1897
1344:Women photojournalists
1211:Bertolotti, Alessandro
987:Roth, Andrew, editor.
628:Krull, Germaine.
531:, and Germaine Krull.
503:, and Germaine Krull.
431:Detroit Public Library
169:(then in Germany; now
793:. J. Paul Getty Trust
545:Krull, Germaine, and
1324:Photography in India
1033:Women in abstraction
770:on February 24, 2010
630:La vie mène la danse
623:La vie mène la danse
540:La Folle d'Itteville
474:Bucovich, Mario von.
404:Women in Abstraction
147:Germaine Luise Krull
1055:Portrait of singer
666:Six pour Dix Francs
298:Alexander Rodchenko
78:July 31, 1985
16:German photographer
1294:People from Poznań
347:Free French Forces
317:Weekly Illustrated
294:László Moholy-Nagy
199:Rainer Maria Rilke
161:Krull was born in
1339:Tibetan Buddhists
1334:War photographers
1234:978-2-07-078770-8
1223:978-0-8109-9444-7
653:978-2-7541-0816-4
638:978-2-84597-522-4
605:Krull, Germaine.
600:Tibetans in India
598:Krull, Germaine.
577:Krull, Germaine.
570:Vailland, Roger.
556:Krull, Germaine,
501:Nerval, GĂ©rard de
493:Krull, Germaine.
466:Krull, Germaine.
459:Krull, Germaine.
441:residency at the
385:Tibetans in India
325:detective fiction
203:Friedrich Pollock
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226:Kurt HĂĽbschmann
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1137:L'Amitié Noire
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820:. Retrieved
813:"Maker List"
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795:. Retrieved
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768:the original
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509:Firmin-Didot
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495:Études de Nu
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191:pictorialism
187:Frank Eugene
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95:Photographer
1289:1985 deaths
1284:1897 births
1020:The Gazette
609:. Firenze:
468:100 x Paris
355:Brazzaville
332:Monte Carlo
241:Joris Ivens
232:. Although
195:Kurt Eisner
163:Posen-Wilda
113:Joris Ivens
1278:Categories
1164:0262194015
679:References
564:Ouro Preto
439:Blackbirds
427:, Germany.
391:. After a
389:Dalai Lama
379:school of
351:Ouro Preto
336:Black Star
276:André Gide
127:Partner(s)
91:Occupation
1106:. Arles:
579:Chiengmai
558:RaĂşl Lino
551:Marseille
507:. Paris:
505:Le Valois
488:La Chatte
486:Colette.
260:Eli Lotar
218:Bolshevik
157:Biography
131:Eli Lotar
109:Spouse(s)
86:(aged 87)
1199:, 2006.
822:16 April
797:16 April
774:16 April
613:, 1992.
1110:, 1988.
511:, 1930.
406:at the
397:Wetzlar
363:Algiers
327:books.
309:Man Ray
285:De Brug
268:Colette
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816:(PDF)
660:Films
477:Paris
461:MĂ©tal
454:Books
447:Paris
425:Essen
377:Sakya
280:MĂ©tal
167:Posen
151:MĂ©tal
1230:ISBN
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920:ISBN
900:ISBN
852:ISBN
824:2010
799:2010
776:2010
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634:ISBN
615:ISBN
307:and
296:and
75:Died
42:Born
423:in
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