5610:
5775:
7025:
3647:
federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the
Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6). Article 29 states that "the division of the federal territory into Länder may be revised to ensure that each
7119:
6983:
3584:. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states.
2741:
6238:
5455:
3054:
2800:
2243:
2302:
2865:
3482:
3119:
7039:
3273:
5997:). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits. Municipalities have the competence to define the amount of taxes to be paid, esp. facing Gewerbesteuer (companies taxation) and Grundsteuer (property taxation). Municipalities have the competence to deliver local services of general interest (so called Kommunale Daseinsvorsorge).
3257:
4175:
358:
57:
8914:
2670:
5346:
2430:
1529:
1824:, some topics, such as foreign affairs and defence, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation. The states retain residual or exclusive legislative authority for all other areas, including culture, which in Germany includes not only topics such as the financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training (see
3178:
2930:
2548:
6252:
2373:
2989:
2489:
4098:. Article 29 was again modified and provided an option for the states to "revise the division of their existing territory or parts of their territory by agreement without regard to the provisions of paragraphs (2) through (7)". Article 118a was introduced into the Basic Law and provided the possibility for Berlin and Brandenburg to merge "without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the two
6224:
5332:
1515:
2605:
7084:
3732:
6266:
6038:, in many cases unpopulated forest and mountain areas, but also four Bavarian lakes that are not part of any municipality. As of 1 January 2005, there were 246 such areas, with a total area of 4167.66 km or 1.2% of the total area of Germany. Only four unincorporated areas are populated, with a total population of around 2,000. The table below provides an overview.
6020:
right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law". Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial
3912:
The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that
Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies.
6015:
The municipalities are ruled by elected councils and by an executive, the mayor, who is chosen either by the council or directly by the people, depending on the state. The "constitution" for the municipalities is created by the states and is uniform throughout a state (except for Bremen, which allows
5572:
in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and
Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers
3852:
ruled that the rejection was unlawful: the population of Baden had the right to a new referendum because the one of 1951 had taken place under different rules from the ones provided for by article 29. In particular, the outcome of the 1951 referendum did not reflect the wishes of the majority of
5510:
is typically the head of the biggest party of a coalition. The minister-president appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government. Like in other parliamentary systems, the legislature can dismiss or replace the minister-president after a
6019:
The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the
4028:
On 24 August 1976, the binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory was altered into a mere discretionary one. Paragraph 1 of
Article 29 was rephrased, with the provision that any state had to be "of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively" put first.
3911:
Paragraph 6 of
Article 29 stated that, if a petition was successful, a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening, the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958.
3616:
from these territories that had formed part of the German-speaking lands for centuries and which mostly did not have sizable Polish minorities before 1945. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories, as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West
Germany at that time.
3927:
proposed that the government would consider
Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an
3646:
had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in
Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the
3860:
petitions (for a reintegration into
Bavaria and integration into Baden-WĂĽrttemberg) failed with 7.6% and 9.3%. Further requests for petitions (LĂĽbeck, Geesthacht, Lindau, Achberg, and 62 Hessian communities) had already been rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Minister of the Interior or
3397:
into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: "Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the
5441:
generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of the parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity. Despite the original
4024:
The votes in Lower Saxony were successful as both proposals were supported by more than 25% of eligible voters. The
Bundestag, however, decided that both Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe should remain part of Lower Saxony. The justification was that a reconstitution of the two former states would
6031:, and by holding fairs. Local government also provides public utilities, such as gas and electricity, as well as public transportation. The majority of the funding for municipalities is provided by higher levels of government rather than from taxes raised and collected directly by themselves.
3919:
decided to settle the 1956 petitions by setting binding deadlines for the required referendums. The referendums in Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate were to be held by 31 March 1975, and the referendum in Baden was to be held by 30 June 1970. The threshold for a successful vote was set at
2140:
Possible boundary changes between states continue to be debated in Germany, in contrast to how there are "significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes" in those other countries. Arthur B. Gunlicks
1828:). Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the
3962:
At the same time, the commission developed criteria for classifying the terms of Article 29 Paragraph 1. The capacity to perform functions effectively was considered most important, whereas regional, historical, and cultural ties were considered as hardly verifiable. To fulfill
6211:
In 2000, the number of unincorporated areas was 295, with a total area of 4,890.33 square kilometres (1,888.17 sq mi). However, the unincorporated areas are continually being incorporated into neighboring municipalities, wholly or partially, most frequently in Bavaria.
5991:, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights (
4104:
with the participation of their inhabitants who are entitled to vote". A state treaty between Berlin and Brandenburg was approved in both parliaments with the necessary two-thirds majority, but in a popular referendum of 5 May 1996, about 63% voted against the merger.
3931:
In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from
4108:
The German states can conclude treaties with foreign countries in matters within their own sphere of competence and with the consent of the federal government (Article 32 of the Basic Law). Typical treaties relate to cultural relationships and economic affairs.
3719:, and others) made proposals – some of them far-reaching – for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce
4067:. While academics (Rutz and others) and politicians (Gobrecht) suggested introducing only two, three, or four states in East Germany, legislation reconstituted the East German states in an arrangement similar to that which they had had before 1952, as the five "
5462:
The federal constitution stipulates that the structure of each Federated State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a
3788:
in 1954, West Germany regained (limited) sovereignty. This triggered the start of the one-year period as set in paragraph 2 of Article 29. As a consequence, eight petitions for referendums were launched, six of which were successful:
7232:
5494:
and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the minister-president is then chosen by a
4071:" on 3 October 1990. The former district of East Berlin joined West Berlin to form the new state of Berlin. Henceforth, the 10 "old states" plus 5 "new states" plus the new state Berlin add up to current 16 states of Germany.
3628:
to the minister-presidents in the Western occupation zones. Among other things, they recommended revising the boundaries of the West German states in a way that none of them should be too large or too small in comparison with the others.
5732:
In Rhineland-Palatinate, these districts were abolished or re-organized on 1 January 2000, in Saxony-Anhalt on 1 January 2004, and in Lower Saxony on 1 January 2005. From 1990 until 2012, Saxony was divided into three districts (called
3660:, the three western military governors approved the Basic Law but suspended Article 29 until such time as a peace treaty should be concluded. Only the special arrangement for the southwest under Article 118 could enter into force.
3611:
fell under Polish administration with the Soviet Union taking the area around Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place. More than 8 million Germans had been
3898:
established that Saarland should be allowed to join Germany, as provided by the German constitution. Saarland became part of Germany effective 1 January 1957. The Franco-Saarlander currency union ended on 6 July 1959, when the
5855:
to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban
5832:, making 402 districts altogether. Each consists of an elected council and an executive, which is chosen either by the council or by the people, depending on the state, the duties of which are comparable to those of a
7225:
3698:
A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics
3951:
region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg. The other alternative was that the Palatinate (including the region of
3640:. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a
2149:
also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated." But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.
7218:
2094:
Some territories bordering other states were annexed to the bordering state. Also, Prussia had exclaves that were surrounded by other states. These became part of their surrounding states. All states, except
4029:
The option for a referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4) was abolished, which meant territorial revision was no longer possible against the will of the population affected by it.
3695:" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways integrated with West Germany under a special status.
3739:
In southwestern Germany, territorial revision seemed to be a top priority since the border between the French and American occupation zones was set along the Autobahn Karlsruhe-Stuttgart-Ulm (today the
2086:
contributed most territory to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and Rhineland province contributed about half of the territory of the state of Rhineland Palatinate. Most of the Prussian province of
6401:
6871:
3613:
1893:("free states", an older German term for "republic"): Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally from 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). Of the 17 states at the end of the
4647:
4642:
4637:
830:
825:
820:
1814:
into a city state. A referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour.
4040:
had originally consisted of five states (i.e., Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia). In 1952, these states were abolished and the East was divided into
6695:
8619:
3398:
majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory". In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: the 7
4074:
After reunification, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the
8807:
4132:
is associated emotionally with a more independent status, especially in Bavaria. However, it has no legal significance. All sixteen states are represented at the federal level in the
4025:
contradict the objectives of paragraph 1 of article 29 of the constitution. An appeal against the decision was rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Constitutional Court.
1836:("Federal Council"), and in areas where they have the legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government".
3969:
The referendum in Baden was held on 7 June 1970. 81.9% of voters decided for Baden to remain part of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, only 18.1% opted for the reconstitution of the old state of
2159:
3920:
one-quarter of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections. Paragraph 4 stated that the vote should be disregarded if it contradicted the objectives of paragraph 1.
6588:
5864:. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.
3354:, on 1 July 1867. Four of the five southern German states (Bavaria, WĂĽrttemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt) entered military alliances with Prussia but Austria did not. In the
9306:
3385:
continued as republics of a new German federation. The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution.
7700:
6530:
3768:
concerned. If no agreement is reached, the revision shall be effected by a federal law, which shall provide for an advisory referendum." Since no agreement was reached, a
9334:
5164:
1347:
3887:
the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor
9354:
5739:
4041:
3966:
After a relatively brief discussion and mostly negative responses from the affected states, the proposals were shelved. Public interest was limited or nonexistent.
3418:
did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favourable to state reforms.
9395:
8612:
8800:
5618:
5174:
4360:
1357:
543:
6959:
1661:("West Germany") was created in 1949 through the unification of the three western zones previously under American, British, and French administration in the
8628:
5159:
5119:
4431:
1342:
1302:
614:
6863:
5616:
3591:
fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. The former
8605:
8793:
7293:
5620:
5615:
3712:
8653:
5314:
5033:
5028:
5023:
4898:
4893:
1497:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1081:
1076:
5621:
6344:
5304:
4090:
into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the
3776:
refused but was overruled, as the result of total votes was decisive). On 25 April 1952, the three former states merged to form Baden-WĂĽrttemberg.
1487:
7024:
6687:
5617:
7867:
7710:
3708:
5619:
1739:, while still under occupation by the Western Allies, viewed itself as part of the Federal Republic and was largely integrated and considered a
7503:
3956:) could be merged with the Saarland and Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, and the rest of Rhineland-Palatinate would then merge with Hesse (solution D).
8769:
8753:
8072:
7343:
7298:
5434:(constitution), the authors expressed the intention that it would be replaced by a true constitution once Germany was reunited as one state.
5422:
5386:
4186:
4075:
3700:
3637:
1821:
1569:
369:
3891:
for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.
5625:
5609:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
4122:). It is merely a historic synonym for "republic" and was a description used by most German states after the abolishment of monarchy after
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
2078:
formed the core of the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony, respectively. The Prussian provinces of
9390:
7556:
7368:
6359:
6309:
6284:
4888:
4763:
4488:
1071:
946:
671:
5614:
8735:
6563:
6369:
3848:
The last petition was originally rejected by the Federal Minister of the Interior by reference to the referendum of 1951. However, the
3382:
4082:. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the
9385:
7540:
6952:
6585:
6339:
4768:
951:
9400:
8717:
8706:
8358:
7598:
7545:
6522:
6349:
5682:. This arrangement was meant to ease the friction caused by uniting the two culturally different regions into a single state after
3440:
2129:
9131:
8539:
7514:
6374:
6329:
4198:
3849:
3504:, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. New states were established in all four zones of occupation:
381:
6904:
6493:
3861:
were withdrawn as in the case of Lindau. The rejection was confirmed by the Federal Constitutional Court in the case of LĂĽbeck.
9061:
9003:
8723:
7283:
6518:
5926:("offices" or "bureaus"): in some states, there is an administrative unit between the districts and the municipalities, called
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4409:
3318:
Territorial boundaries were essentially redrawn as a result of military conflicts and interventions from the outside: from the
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
592:
8676:
6635:
5721:
The large states of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia are divided into governmental districts, or
5359:
1542:
7832:
7199:
6364:
5289:
5253:
4878:
4858:
3149:
3090:
3025:
2836:
2641:
2401:
1472:
1436:
1061:
1041:
6841:
6809:
2145:
that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Too many
8747:
8139:
7443:
7133:
6945:
5217:
4603:
4568:
1844:
It was the states that formed the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. This was in contrast to the post-war development in
1400:
786:
751:
5774:
1746:
7986:
7969:
7802:
7498:
7408:
7273:
6977:
6354:
6314:
5222:
4452:
1405:
635:
40:
9268:
9081:
7877:
7842:
7787:
7383:
7033:
5144:
5139:
4883:
4271:
4234:
3501:
3452:
3448:
3247:
2960:
2901:
2771:
2712:
2576:
2519:
2460:
1999:
1995:
1327:
1322:
1066:
454:
417:
33:
1852:("federation") was constituted first, and then the individual states were carved out as units of that federal nation.
9329:
9106:
8326:
8230:
8067:
7428:
7113:
7078:
6835:
6803:
6783:
5613:
5379:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4873:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4539:
4254:
3581:
2827:
2762:
2344:
2099:, now have territory of the former Free State of Prussia. Other former Prussian territories lying east of the rivers
1562:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1056:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
804:
799:
794:
722:
437:
6728:
were constituent states of the federation when it was formed in 1949. They united to form Baden-WĂĽrttemberg in 1952.
2141:
summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: "the German system of dual federalism requires strong
9380:
6526:
6324:
5420:. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the
5298:
5149:
4853:
4338:
1941:
The other 11 states of the Weimar Republic either merged into one another or were separated into smaller entities:
1481:
1332:
1036:
521:
6665:
5099:
1282:
17:
9344:
9296:
9193:
9188:
8741:
8192:
7792:
7478:
7388:
5568:
made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a
2892:
5709:, although these two constituent parts of the state are not represented in the current administrative division.
3984:
were held on 19 January 1975 (the percentages given are the percentages of those eligible who voted in favour):
2264:
8175:
7991:
7675:
5641:
5248:
5169:
4343:
4259:
3996:
3963:
administrative duties adequately, a population of at least five million per state was considered as necessary.
3801:
3470:
2119:
1431:
1352:
526:
442:
9301:
9153:
8694:
8469:
8245:
8107:
8011:
7910:
7318:
7210:
7143:
6319:
3884:
3315:
in which Prussia defeated Austria and forced Austria to remove itself from the affairs of the German states.
3277:
3140:
6294:
5844:
have primary administrative functions in specific areas, such as highways, hospitals, and public utilities.
8597:
8489:
8217:
8087:
7591:
7535:
7458:
7423:
7418:
6334:
5821:
consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time.
5769:
5469:
5372:
5276:
5232:
5207:
5188:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4868:
4863:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4583:
4514:
4474:
4391:
3785:
2188:
1555:
1459:
1415:
1390:
1371:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1051:
1046:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
766:
697:
657:
574:
9253:
8711:
8284:
8197:
7649:
7566:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
7128:
6000:
The number of inhabitants of German municipalities differs greatly, the most populous municipality being
5227:
5212:
4773:
4563:
1864:
1583:
1410:
1395:
956:
746:
8969:
7103:
6725:
3753:
3672:
3553:
1732:
9375:
9223:
9183:
9163:
9143:
9046:
8996:
8207:
8119:
8097:
8016:
8001:
7817:
7797:
7639:
7473:
7453:
6559:
5744:
4578:
4479:
4280:
2392:
761:
662:
463:
3943:
In the center and southwest, one alternative was that Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the
3374:. Within the empire, 65% of the territory and 62% of the population belonged to the state of Prussia.
9158:
8459:
7644:
7278:
5976:
5971:
5923:
4629:
4530:
4521:
4091:
3916:
3879:
of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the
1662:
812:
713:
704:
320:
5889:
3772:
was held on 9 December 1951 in four different voting districts, three of which approved the merger (
2510:
9339:
9286:
9238:
9233:
9208:
9066:
8688:
8436:
8398:
8235:
8006:
5837:
5414:
5134:
4404:
4313:
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of 1870–71, those four states joined the North German Federation which was consequently renamed to
3299:, numbering more than 300 in around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the
3081:
2087:
1317:
587:
496:
9324:
5664:
The most populous state of North Rhine-Westphalia is uniquely divided into two area associations (
4439:
622:
9263:
9213:
9173:
9126:
9121:
9111:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9071:
9056:
9051:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
8729:
8682:
8572:
8446:
8426:
8403:
8383:
8343:
8306:
8255:
8129:
8092:
7862:
7584:
7403:
7242:
6968:
6004:
with nearly 3.8 million inhabitants, while the least populous municipalities (for instance,
5535:
5294:
5114:
4230:
4203:
4113:
3989:
3794:
3541:
3521:
3351:
2703:
2219:
2067:
2009:
1965:
1477:
1297:
413:
386:
6937:
6438:
6426:
6415:
3940:) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B).
9349:
9291:
9258:
9248:
9228:
9218:
9203:
9198:
9178:
9148:
9116:
9101:
9076:
9012:
8866:
8860:
8700:
8373:
8348:
8311:
8170:
8102:
7931:
7822:
7812:
7488:
7438:
7138:
7063:
6932:
6279:
5737:
since 2008). In 2012, these districts' authorities were merged into one central authority, the
5694:
5491:
5410:
4573:
4292:
4011:
3944:
3880:
3816:
3621:
3561:
3560: – which later received a special status – in the French zone;
3537:
3343:
2805:
2746:
2451:
2273:
2226:
2079:
2047:
2003:
1979:
1783:
1704:
756:
475:
112:
105:
8913:
6552:
Leonardy, Uwe (1998). "Länder Power-Sharing in International Relations and European Affairs".
3466:
1985:
9243:
9168:
9138:
8989:
8534:
8353:
8338:
8301:
7525:
7398:
7393:
7378:
7303:
6257:
5400:
5309:
5280:
4367:
4068:
3741:
3720:
3692:
3633:
3281:
2027:
1817:
1773:
1492:
1463:
550:
8785:
6553:
3667:
thus had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (
8872:
8316:
8260:
8144:
8082:
8077:
8047:
7979:
7957:
7905:
7807:
7098:
6742:
6289:
5783:
5763:
5543:
5464:
5154:
4655:
4554:
4505:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4382:
4351:
4222:
4064:
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3636:
was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29 of the
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3545:
3378:
3308:
3205:
2870:
2515:
2269:
2063:
2051:
2031:
2017:
1945:
1825:
1765:
1714:
1337:
838:
737:
688:
607:
602:
597:
565:
534:
405:
312:
119:
8963:
8830:
7014:
6721:
6166:
3937:
3749:
3680:
3676:
3513:
2248:
2133:
1959:
1750:
1728:
61:
8:
8499:
8393:
8368:
8363:
8240:
8185:
8124:
8030:
7761:
7695:
7530:
7493:
7468:
7463:
7448:
7358:
7328:
7313:
7308:
7268:
7263:
6489:
6474:
6035:
5813:), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind
5417:
5124:
5104:
4160:
4135:
3762:
may be revised, without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the
3625:
3456:
3390:
3355:
3339:
3312:
2951:
2075:
1975:
1905:
1860:
1307:
1287:
343:
7857:
7413:
8896:
8565:
8558:
8413:
8378:
8265:
8250:
8180:
8158:
8134:
8062:
7996:
7926:
7837:
7756:
7725:
7634:
7611:
7483:
7433:
7363:
7333:
7323:
7288:
7068:
6144:
5875:
5666:
5559:
5512:
5507:
5454:
5446:
remained in effect after the German reunification in 1990, with only minor amendments.
5109:
4301:
3834:
3608:
3529:
3331:
3323:
3304:
3261:
3251:
3214:
3124:
3021:
2572:
2567:
2335:
2071:
2059:
2021:
1989:
1724:
1292:
484:
143:
3366:(since 1 January 1871). The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them,
8519:
8494:
8441:
8388:
8202:
7766:
7353:
7338:
6893:
6831:
6799:
6779:
6482:
6380:
5903:
5129:
4140:(Federal Council), where their voting power depends on the size of their population.
4083:
3970:
3870:
3841:
3684:
3596:
3292:
3016:
1955:
1754:
1312:
8774:
5531:
3362:. The parliament and Federal Council decided to give the Prussian king the title of
3145:
8581:
8529:
8524:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8331:
8296:
8270:
7942:
7746:
7715:
7670:
7665:
7373:
7053:
6271:
6027:
Local authorities foster cultural activities by supporting local artists, building
5833:
5724:
5406:
4498:
3876:
3808:
3588:
3367:
2767:
2632:
2199:
1831:
681:
308:
292:
6558:. Working papers / Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, London Office (electronic ed.).
5878:: formed in 2001 from the rural district of Hanover and the district-free city of
5778:
Map of German districts. Yellow districts are urban, white are sub-urban or rural.
5652:, which are not contiguous. In the other states there are the subdivisions below.
8484:
8479:
8474:
8421:
7847:
7255:
6825:
6793:
6773:
6592:
6478:
6405:
5906:: formed in 2009 from the rural district of Aachen and the district-free city of
5565:
5487:
5350:
5258:
3888:
3704:
3657:
3481:
3434:
3415:
3371:
3319:
3300:
3086:
1909:
1894:
1533:
1441:
241:
3431:
were gradually abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the
2832:
2340:
8934:
8663:
8640:
8586:
8464:
8451:
8114:
7872:
7038:
6997:
6229:
6021:
5818:
5798:
5523:
5336:
4306:
4095:
3953:
3857:
3812:
3505:
3335:
3296:
2956:
2494:
2456:
2083:
1676:
1603:
1519:
489:
272:
204:
83:
7240:
6627:
5897:
5550:; and in the other states, the government is referred to as "Land government"
3691:, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the "
2946:
9369:
8890:
7827:
7007:
6982:
6301:
6243:
6009:
5496:
4288:
3900:
3573:
3363:
3359:
3347:
3272:
3265:
3059:
2170:
2055:
1949:
1795:
1587:
471:
136:
8627:
2822:
8854:
8212:
7887:
7882:
7852:
7751:
7705:
7118:
7048:
6750:
6100:
6028:
5988:
5683:
4049:
4037:
3977:
3948:
3924:
3664:
3600:
3533:
3489:
3485:
3394:
3346:. Prussia and the other states in Northern and Central Germany united as a
3256:
3210:
2708:
2675:
2123:
2043:
2013:
1969:
1769:
1694:
1658:
98:
4174:
3928:
alternative proposal for the two regions: the north and center-southwest.
1883:
neither appears in the constitution of 1919 nor in the current one. Three
1768:
in 1990, in which the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (
357:
27:
First-level administrative subdivisions of the Federal Republic of Germany
8981:
8957:
8842:
8222:
7936:
7771:
7720:
7175:
7167:
7093:
6746:
6717:
5698:
5649:
5477:
4267:
4123:
4057:
4053:
3923:
In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor
3895:
3773:
3668:
3565:
3549:
3493:
3403:
3386:
2897:
2637:
2435:
2039:
2016:, with its former exclaves now belonging to their neighbouring states of
1811:
1777:
1736:
1666:
1611:
450:
211:
183:
78:
5847:
Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more
5789:
are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of
5345:
1818:
Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany
1528:
32:
This article is about the states of modern Germany. For other uses, see
8431:
8052:
6657:
5993:
5857:
5702:
5675:
5633:
5569:
5474:
3769:
3439:
process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the
3422:
3288:
2397:
1623:
227:
155:
56:
6517:
5573:
in the larger states. The equivalent of the minister-president is the
8902:
8042:
7690:
7563:
Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
7148:
6771:
5671:
5597:. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as
5589:(governing mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the
5555:
4332:
3744:). Article 118 stated "The division of the territory comprising
3716:
3577:
3399:
3183:
3076:
2627:
2259:
1935:
1889:
1749:, Baden, WĂĽrttemberg-Baden, and WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern merged into
1649:
1643:
515:
218:
150:
6473:
3326:, the number of territories decreased from about 300 to 39; in 1866
8878:
7576:
5637:
4087:
3933:
3688:
3632:
As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the
3557:
2935:
2757:
1758:
1741:
126:
6005:
3653:
be of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively".
8940:
8836:
8645:
8321:
7741:
7685:
7607:
7058:
6992:
6967:
6864:"Results of the referendum on the Saar Statute (23 October 1955)"
6078:
5879:
5794:
5593:(House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a
5539:
5527:
5482:
4079:
4003:
3604:
3525:
3517:
3411:
3407:
3327:
3011:
2692:
2553:
2446:
2307:
2096:
1920:
1901:
1845:
1680:
1635:
1607:
1599:
278:
251:
197:
190:
176:
88:
68:
3731:
2160:
List of current heads of government of the German federal states
8928:
8884:
7246:
7194:
7191:
7158:
7083:
6001:
5907:
5790:
5645:
5519:
3569:
3465:) of 1937, the territory of the city-state was extended, while
3200:
2994:
2505:
2378:
2324:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2035:
1930:
1915:
1639:
1595:
169:
162:
131:
73:
6827:
The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under internaromtional law
3735:
The three states that merged to form Baden-WĂĽrttemberg in 1952
8848:
8815:
7701:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
7680:
7002:
6122:
5712:
5679:
4060:– was declared East Germany's capital and its 15th district.
4007:
3827:
3745:
3509:
2887:
2610:
2192:
1925:
1684:
93:
4063:
The debate on territorial revision restarted shortly before
6762:
Though it was originally founded in 1920 after World War I.
6688:"Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner nach Bundesländern 2020"
3447:. Three changes are of particular note: on 1 January 1934,
3135:
2232:
2104:
1772:) became part of the Federal Republic, by accession of the
5655:
3779:
1897:, six still exist (though partly with different borders):
5809:, in Baden-WĂĽrttemberg also called "urban districts", or
316:
39:"Regions of Germany" redirects here. For other uses, see
5577:(president of the senate), also commonly referred to as
4094:
and the 16 German states in matters concerning the
1908:, which was part of Bavaria, 1816–1946, is now part of
6775:
The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics
6658:"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab"
5546:, the government is referred to as "state government"
3959:
Both alternatives could be combined (AC, BC, AD, BD).
3469:
lost its independence and became part of the Prussian
3726:
1871:("states"). Today, it is very common to use the term
1665:. Initially, the states of the Federal Republic were
6791:
6219:
5753:
5840:, supervising local government administration. The
5458:Composition of German states' governing coalitions
4020:reintegration of Montabaur region into Hesse 14.3%
8654:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
6823:
6555:The institutional structures of German federalism
4032:
3864:
9367:
6345:List of German states by Human Development Index
3903:was introduced as legal tender in the Saarland.
9396:First-level administrative divisions by country
6894:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"
6483:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"
5624:Administrative divisions of Germany (clickable
5612:
4056:– despite officially having the same status as
3502:Allied occupation of Germany after World War II
1626:"), while the other thirteen states are called
6772:Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013).
277:70,549.4 km (27,239.29 sq mi) (
8997:
8801:
8770:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
8613:
7592:
7226:
6953:
6586:"German Federalism and Recent Reform Efforts"
6490:Deutscher Bundestag Public Relations Division
5961:
5380:
3620:In 1948, the military governors of the three
3587:Former German territory that lay east of the
1563:
7557:Table of administrative divisions by country
6870:. SaarbrĂĽcken. 24 October 1955. p. 10.
6442:
6430:
6418:
6299:
5722:
4133:
4127:
4117:
4099:
4017:reintegration of Rheinhessen into Hesse 7.1%
3906:
3763:
3757:
3648:
3641:
3460:
3432:
3426:
3311:. The Confederation was dissolved after the
3291:has a long tradition in German history. The
2090:was merged with the existing state of Hesse.
1829:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1781:
1757:joined the Federal Republic as the state of
1718:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1670:
1647:
1627:
1615:
7711:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
6360:List of German states by population density
6310:List of administrative divisions by country
6285:Composition of the German state parliaments
6016:Bremerhaven to have its own constitution).
9011:
9004:
8990:
8808:
8794:
8620:
8606:
7599:
7585:
7233:
7219:
6960:
6946:
6933:CityMayors feature on Germany subdivisions
6599:, Vol. 06, No. 10, p. 1287.
6523:"House of Commons debates (Welsh affairs)"
6370:List of German states by unemployment rate
5636:of Berlin and Hamburg are subdivided into
5387:
5373:
3476:
1570:
1556:
8817:States of the Federal Republic of Germany
6798:. Harvard University Press. p. 303.
6340:List of German states by household income
5860:are grouped into such an association, or
5426:(Basic Law). By calling the document the
6830:. East European Monographs. p. 33.
6551:
6350:List of German states by life expectancy
6034:In five of the German states, there are
5773:
5608:
5453:
4656:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
3780:Petitions to reconstitute former states
3730:
3480:
3271:
3255:
839:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
271:419.4 km (161.92 sq mi) (
6778:. Oxford University Press. p. 50.
6375:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
6330:List of German states by fertility rate
5554:. Before 1 January 2000, Bavaria had a
4153:This article is part of a series on the
3850:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
336:This article is part of a series on the
14:
9368:
6668:from the original on 15 September 2019
6519:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
6042:Unincorporated areas in German states
6012:) have less than 10 inhabitants.
5473:(minister-president), together with a
3683:. From 1957, when the French-occupied
3370:cities) and the imperial territory of
8985:
8789:
8601:
7580:
7214:
6941:
6698:from the original on 7 September 2021
6365:List of German states by poverty rate
5640:. The City of Bremen consists of two
5558:parliament, with a popularly elected
3883:(WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2198:
1810:), and the reunification of West and
7606:
6844:from the original on 11 January 2024
6812:from the original on 11 January 2024
6566:from the original on 7 November 2020
6533:from the original on 25 October 2012
3402:states were merged in 1920, whereby
3377:After the territorial losses of the
6355:List of German states by population
6315:List of cities and towns in Germany
41:Regions of Germany (disambiguation)
24:
9391:Administrative divisions in Europe
6874:from the original on 19 March 2013
6749:was largely treated as a state of
6737:Berlin has only officially been a
6638:from the original on 2 August 2021
6628:"Germany: States and Major Cities"
5983:): every rural district and every
5914:
5815:(Kommunalverbände besonderer Art),
5585:(first mayor) in Hamburg, and the
4173:
3727:Establishment of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
3425:seized power in January 1933, the
3307:(1815), 39 states formed the
3248:List of historic states of Germany
1669:(until 1952), Bavaria (in German:
356:
34:States of Germany (disambiguation)
25:
9412:
6926:
6910:from the original on 19 June 2017
6499:from the original on 19 June 2017
6377:– the German states prior to 1815
3687:was returned and formed into the
9386:Lists of subdivisions of Germany
8912:
7117:
7082:
7037:
7023:
6981:
6527:Parliament of the United Kingdom
6325:List of German states by exports
6264:
6250:
6236:
6222:
5344:
5330:
4042:14 administrative districts
3330:annexed the sovereign states of
3176:
3117:
3052:
2987:
2928:
2863:
2798:
2739:
2668:
2603:
2546:
2487:
2428:
2371:
2300:
2241:
1527:
1513:
55:
9401:States of Germany-related lists
8629:Orders, decorations, and medals
7803:German revolutions of 1848–1849
7772:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
6886:
6856:
6765:
6756:
6731:
6710:
6680:
5869:Kommunalverbände besonderer Art
5604:
4112:Some states call themselves a "
3393:, drafted a plan to divide the
1646:, which describe themselves as
7788:Early modern period, 1500–1800
7676:List of early Germanic peoples
6650:
6620:
6611:
6602:
6578:
6545:
6511:
6467:
6393:
5862:Kommunalverband besonderer Art
5801:consists of "rural districts"
5249:Politics of the European Union
4033:Reunited Germany, 1990–present
3997:Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe
3865:Saar: the little reunification
3802:Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe
3471:province of Schleswig-Holstein
1780:, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (
1764:The next change occurred with
1663:aftermath of World War II
1432:Politics of the European Union
13:
1:
8707:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
7911:History of Germany since 1990
6792:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980).
6460:
6320:List of German states by area
5819:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
5449:
3451:was united with neighbouring
3278:states of the Weimar Republic
1904:(The geographically distinct
1774:re-established eastern states
6795:The United States and Poland
6335:List of German states by GRP
6295:German Bundesländer €2 coins
5900:), which was formed in 1974.
5805:District-free Towns/Cities (
5770:List of districts of Germany
5690:now have very little power.
5200:Foreign relations by country
4392:Federal Constitutional Court
4199:Federal Constitutional Court
2184:Head of state and government
1948:is now part of the state of
1859:("lands") dates back to the
1634:("area states") and include
1383:Foreign relations by country
575:Federal Constitutional Court
382:Federal Constitutional Court
7:
6215:
5940:Gemeindeverwaltungsverbände
5697:at §75 states the right of
4604:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
4143:
4078:thus applied to the entire
3663:Upon its founding in 1949,
1865:states of the German Empire
1855:The German use of the term
1659:Federal Republic of Germany
1584:Federal Republic of Germany
787:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
10:
9417:
7818:North German Confederation
7798:Confederation of the Rhine
6868:Saarländische Volkszeitung
6824:Phillip A. BĂĽhler (1990).
6617:Gunlicks, pp. 1287–88
6560:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
5969:
5892:: formed in 2008 from the
5888:(district association) of
5824:As of 2011, there are 295
5767:
5761:
5754:Administrative districts (
5398:
4281:Vice Chancellor of Germany
3868:
3624:handed over the so-called
3245:
3241:
2157:
1745:state. In 1952, following
464:Vice Chancellor of Germany
38:
31:
9315:
9277:
9019:
8950:
8921:
8910:
8823:
8762:
8662:
8639:
8552:
8412:
8292:
8283:
8166:
8157:
8038:
8029:
7965:
7956:
7919:
7898:
7780:
7734:
7658:
7627:
7618:
7554:
7512:
7254:
7187:
7157:
7112:
7077:
7032:
7021:
6976:
6901:www.btg-bestellservice.de
6055:
6052:
6046:
5972:Municipalities of Germany
5952:Verwaltungsgemeinschaften
5587:Regierender BĂĽrgermeister
4522:Collective municipality (
3907:Constitutional amendments
3711:, etc.) and politicians (
2074:, Schleswig-Holstein and
1863:of 1919. Previously, the
1839:
705:Collective municipality (
301:
285:
267:
261:
257:
247:
237:
54:
53:
48:
8970:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
7970:Administrative divisions
7243:administrative divisions
7104:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
6726:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
6386:
5894:Stadtverband SaarbrĂĽcken
5713:Governmental districts (
5085:State and local politics
4630:East Germany (1949–1960)
4076:West German constitution
3894:On 27 October 1956, the
3754:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
3673:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
3562:Mecklenburg(-Vorpommern)
3554:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
3264:(light gray) within the
1879:). Officially this term
1733:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
1268:State and local politics
813:East Germany (1949–1960)
9381:Subdivisions of Germany
9013:Subdivisions of Europe
6969:Allied-occupied Germany
5956:Kirchspiellandgemeinden
5740:Landesdirektion Sachsen
5581:(Mayor) in Bremen, the
5492:parliamentary republics
5241:International Relations
4231:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
3990:Free State of Oldenburg
3885:Saar Statute referendum
3795:Free State of Oldenburg
3477:West Germany, 1945–1990
3352:North German Federation
3303:(1796–1814). After the
2153:
1424:International Relations
414:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
9062:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8867:North Rhine-Westphalia
8861:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
8718:North Rhine-Westphalia
8231:Science and technology
7932:History of Brandenburg
7823:Unification of Germany
7813:Frankfurt Constitution
7299:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7064:North Rhine-Westphalia
6443:
6431:
6419:
6409:
6300:
6280:Cantons of Switzerland
5779:
5723:
5695:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
5629:
5459:
5145:North Rhine-Westphalia
5140:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
4755:Parliamentary election
4596:Presidential elections
4178:
4134:
4128:
4118:
4100:
4012:North Rhine-Westphalia
3995:reconstitution of the
3988:reconstitution of the
3881:Western European Union
3817:North Rhine-Westphalia
3800:Reconstitution of the
3793:Reconstitution of the
3764:
3758:
3736:
3649:
3642:
3538:North Rhine-Westphalia
3497:
3461:
3433:
3427:
3344:Free City of Frankfurt
3285:
3269:
2806:North Rhine-Westphalia
2747:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
2393:Abgeordnetenhaus
2048:North Rhine-Westphalia
2004:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1980:North Rhine-Westphalia
1830:
1806:
1800:
1790:
1784:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1782:
1719:
1709:
1705:North Rhine-Westphalia
1699:
1689:
1671:
1648:
1628:
1616:
1590:, consists of sixteen
1328:North Rhine-Westphalia
1323:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
938:Parliamentary election
779:Presidential elections
361:
7868:Flight and expulsions
6971:(1945–1949/1956/1990)
6425:; colloquially also (
6306:– German state police
6258:European Union portal
5904:City region of Aachen
5896:(city association of
5817:see below. The state
5777:
5623:
5457:
5401:Federalism in Germany
5399:Further information:
5299:Agrarian Conservatism
4369:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
4362:Vermittlungsausschuss
4255:Chancellor of Germany
4177:
3869:Further information:
3734:
3634:Parliamentary Council
3484:
3282:Free State of Prussia
3275:
3259:
3246:Further information:
2200:Bundesrat
1848:, where the national
1482:Agrarian Conservatism
552:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
545:Vermittlungsausschuss
438:Chancellor of Germany
360:
309:Governmental district
8873:Rhineland-Palatinate
8724:Rhineland-Palatinate
8540:World Heritage Sites
8218:German states by GDP
7808:German Confederation
7099:Rhineland-Palatinate
6584:Gunlicks, Arthur B.
6521:(28 February 1991).
6290:Elections in Germany
6036:unincorporated areas
5784:Districts of Germany
5764:Districts of Germany
5693:The constitution of
5601:(State Parliament).
5583:Erster BĂĽrgermeister
5530:are referred to as "
5271:Political ideologies
5150:Rhineland-Palatinate
4584:Federal Convention (
4223:President of Germany
4065:German reunification
3982:Rhineland-Palatinate
3945:Germersheim district
3853:Baden's population.
3546:Rhineland-Palatinate
3453:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3449:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3389:, the father of the
3379:Treaty of Versailles
3309:German Confederation
2871:Rhineland-Palatinate
2516:Andreas Bovenschulte
2270:Winfried Kretschmann
2052:Rhineland-Palatinate
2034:among the states of
2018:Rhineland-Palatinate
2000:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1996:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1826:Education in Germany
1766:German reunification
1715:Rhineland-Palatinate
1454:Political ideologies
1333:Rhineland-Palatinate
767:Federal Convention (
406:President of Germany
9278:States with limited
8646:Republic of Germany
8176:Automobile industry
7762:Carolingian dynasty
7696:History of the Huns
7515:States with limited
6475:Christian Tomuschat
6043:
5987:is subdivided into
5876:District of Hanover
5867:In 2010 only three
5707:Landschaftsverbände
5688:Landschaftsverbände
5667:Landschaftsverbände
5658:Landschaftsverbände
5656:Area associations (
5518:The governments in
5418:democratic republic
5351:Politics portal
3976:The referendums in
3656:In their letter to
3626:Frankfurt Documents
3462:GroĂź-Hamburg-Gesetz
3457:Greater Hamburg Act
3391:Weimar Constitution
3356:Franco-Prussian War
3313:Austro-Prussian War
2811:Nordrhein-Westfalen
1861:Weimar Constitution
1822:German constitution
1820:. According to the
1710:Nordrhein-Westfalen
1534:Politics portal
8897:Schleswig-Holstein
8748:Schleswig-Holstein
8246:Telecommunications
7927:History of Prussia
7843:Revolution of 1918
7838:War guilt question
7757:Carolingian Empire
7726:Sack of Rome (410)
7635:History of Germany
7069:Schleswig-Holstein
6634:. 3 October 2020.
6597:German Law Journal
6591:2011-06-21 at the
6451:"Federate State/s"
6145:Schleswig-Holstein
6041:
5780:
5630:
5513:no-confidence vote
5508:minister-president
5490:). The states are
5460:
5437:Amendments to the
5337:Germany portal
5170:Schleswig-Holstein
5015:European elections
4480:State Parliament (
4475:Minister president
4179:
3947:but including the
3840:Reconstitution of
3737:
3609:Posen-West Prussia
3530:Schleswig-Holstein
3498:
3324:Congress of Vienna
3305:Congress of Vienna
3286:
3280:in 1925, with the
3270:
3262:Kingdom of Prussia
3252:History of Germany
3125:Schleswig-Holstein
3022:Michael Kretschmer
2573:Peter Tschentscher
2568:BĂĽrgerschaft
2511:BĂĽrgerschaft
2189:Minister-President
2181:Legislature
2064:Prussian provinces
2060:Schleswig-Holstein
2022:Schleswig-Holstein
1990:Schleswig-Holstein
1804:), and Thuringia (
1731:(until 1952), and
1725:Schleswig-Holstein
1606:(with its seaport
1520:Germany portal
1353:Schleswig-Holstein
1198:European elections
663:State Parliament (
658:Minister president
362:
9376:States of Germany
9363:
9362:
8979:
8978:
8964:WĂĽrttemberg-Baden
8831:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
8783:
8782:
8677:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
8669:states of Germany
8633:States of Germany
8595:
8594:
8548:
8547:
8279:
8278:
8193:Chemical Triangle
8153:
8152:
8140:Political parties
8088:Foreign relations
8025:
8024:
7952:
7951:
7863:Allied occupation
7767:Holy Roman Empire
7574:
7573:
7208:
7207:
7015:WĂĽrttemberg-Baden
6722:WĂĽrttemberg-Baden
6662:globaldatalab.org
6608:Gunlicks, p. 1288
6381:States of Austria
6209:
6208:
6167:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
5948:Verbandsgemeinden
5853:Kreisfreie Städte
5851:with one or more
5830:Kreisfreie Städte
5807:Kreisfreie Städte
5797:and the state of
5735:Direktionsbezirke
5725:Regierungsbezirke
5715:Regierungsbezirke
5684:World War II
5552:(Landesregierung)
5548:(Staatsregierung)
5470:Ministerpräsident
5397:
5396:
5277:Political culture
5190:Foreign relations
5100:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
4586:Bundesversammlung
4569:Political parties
4164:
4084:Saar Protectorate
3938:LĂĽchow-Dannenberg
3871:Saar Protectorate
3833:Reintegration of
3822:Reintegration of
3750:WĂĽrttemberg-Baden
3685:Saar Protectorate
3681:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
3679:) merged to form
3677:WĂĽrttemberg-Baden
3597:Farther Pomerania
3514:WĂĽrttemberg-Baden
3410:, Pyrmont joined
3297:many petty states
3293:Holy Roman Empire
3239:
3238:
2249:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2196:
2134:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2002:are now parts of
1960:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1755:Saar Protectorate
1751:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1729:WĂĽrttemberg-Baden
1654:("free states").
1580:
1579:
1460:Political culture
1373:Foreign relations
1283:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
769:Bundesversammlung
752:Political parties
347:
329:
328:
16:(Redirected from
9408:
9316:Dependencies and
9020:Sovereign states
9006:
8999:
8992:
8983:
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8803:
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8786:
8622:
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8608:
8599:
8598:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8525:Prussian virtues
8290:
8289:
8198:Economic history
8164:
8163:
8058:
8036:
8035:
7987:Cities and towns
7963:
7962:
7943:Baden Revolution
7747:Treaty of Verdun
7716:Marcomannic Wars
7671:Migration Period
7666:Germanic peoples
7650:Military history
7625:
7624:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7578:
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7256:Sovereign states
7235:
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6854:
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6849:
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6643:
6624:
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6515:
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6504:
6498:
6487:
6471:
6454:
6448:
6436:
6424:
6404:
6397:
6305:
6274:
6272:Geography portal
6269:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6246:
6241:
6240:
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6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6044:
6040:
5962:Municipalities (
5834:county executive
5748:
5728:
5591:Abgeordnetenhaus
5505:
5478:legislative body
5389:
5382:
5375:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5315:Social Democracy
5191:
4564:Electoral system
4557:
4500:Regierungsbezirk
4455:
4385:
4314:Federal agencies
4192:
4191:
4167:
4162:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4124:World War I
4121:
4103:
3877:Paris Agreements
3837:into Hesse 20.2%
3786:Paris Agreements
3767:
3761:
3721:fiscal transfers
3652:
3645:
3589:Oder-Neisse line
3464:
3438:
3430:
3383:remaining states
3182:
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3179:
3123:
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3120:
3058:
3056:
3055:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2768:Manuela Schwesig
2745:
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2674:
2672:
2671:
2609:
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2552:
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2549:
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2377:
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2374:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2186:
2164:
2163:
2120:Schaumburg-Lippe
2107:are now part of
2062:. The erstwhile
1887:call themselves
1867:had been called
1835:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1674:
1653:
1633:
1621:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1498:Social Democracy
1374:
747:Electoral system
740:
683:Regierungsbezirk
638:
568:
497:Federal agencies
375:
374:
350:
345:
337:
331:
330:
293:State government
59:
46:
45:
21:
9416:
9415:
9411:
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9409:
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9406:
9405:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9317:
9311:
9297:Northern Cyprus
9279:
9273:
9194:North Macedonia
9015:
9010:
8980:
8975:
8946:
8917:
8908:
8819:
8814:
8784:
8779:
8758:
8667:
8664:Orders of merit
8658:
8644:
8641:Orders of merit
8635:
8626:
8596:
8591:
8578:
8571:
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8557:
8544:
8408:
8359:Life expectancy
8275:
8149:
8120:Law enforcement
8056:
8021:
7948:
7915:
7894:
7878:Divided Germany
7848:Weimar Republic
7776:
7742:Frankish Empire
7730:
7654:
7620:
7614:
7605:
7575:
7570:
7569:
7559:
7550:
7536:Northern Cyprus
7519:
7516:
7508:
7429:North Macedonia
7250:
7239:
7209:
7204:
7183:
7178:
7170:
7153:
7116:
7108:
7081:
7073:
7036:
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7019:
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6887:
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6857:
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6813:
6806:
6786:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6736:
6732:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6692:de.statista.com
6686:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6639:
6632:City Population
6626:
6625:
6621:
6616:
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6607:
6603:
6593:Wayback Machine
6583:
6579:
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6479:David P. Currie
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6022:trading estates
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5968:
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5886:Regionalverband
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5766:
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5670:), one for the
5662:
5642:urban districts
5622:
5607:
5575:Senatspräsident
5506:s members. The
5503:
5452:
5442:intention, the
5403:
5393:
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5360:Other countries
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5331:
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4217:
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4208:
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4187:
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4161:
4152:
4146:
4092:Federal Council
4035:
4002:integration of
3917:grand coalition
3909:
3889:Konrad Adenauer
3873:
3867:
3807:Integration of
3782:
3729:
3705:Meinhard Miegel
3658:Konrad Adenauer
3479:
3435:Gleichschaltung
3372:Alsace-Lorraine
3320:Napoleonic Wars
3301:Napoleonic Wars
3254:
3244:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3118:
3116:
3087:Reiner Haseloff
3062:
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3051:
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2929:
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2876:Rheinland-Pfalz
2873:
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2299:
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2240:
2230:
2222:
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2207:
2202:
2185:
2162:
2156:
2132:is now part of
2122:is now part of
2012:is now part of
1988:is now part of
1978:is now part of
1968:is now part of
1958:is now part of
1910:Rheinland Pfalz
1895:Weimar Republic
1842:
1753:. In 1957, the
1720:Rheinland-Pfalz
1576:
1547:
1543:Other countries
1526:
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1514:
1512:
1511:
1504:
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1502:
1468:
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1387:
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1372:
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1259:
1258:
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835:
809:
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730:
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678:
640:
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628:
627:
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579:
570:
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558:
557:
540:
510:
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276:
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28:
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15:
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11:
5:
9414:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9321:
9319:
9318:other entities
9313:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9283:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9271:
9269:United Kingdom
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9082:Czech Republic
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9016:
9009:
9008:
9001:
8994:
8986:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8938:
8932:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8888:
8882:
8876:
8870:
8864:
8858:
8852:
8846:
8840:
8834:
8827:
8825:
8821:
8820:
8813:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8790:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8775:Pour le MĂ©rite
8772:
8766:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8745:
8739:
8733:
8727:
8721:
8715:
8709:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8673:
8671:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8650:
8648:
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8602:
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8550:
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8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8456:Cultural icons
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
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8386:
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8376:
8371:
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8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8335:
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8329:
8319:
8314:
8309:
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8299:
8293:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8236:Stock exchange
8233:
8228:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8178:
8173:
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8137:
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8110:
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8090:
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8023:
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8019:
8014:
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7994:
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7913:
7908:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7875:
7873:Denazification
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
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7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7645:Historiography
7642:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7604:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7560:
7555:
7552:
7551:
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7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7520:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7504:United Kingdom
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7319:Czech Republic
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7260:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7238:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7215:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7173:
7171:(France/UK/US)
7164:
7162:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7090:
7088:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7045:
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7030:
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7018:
7017:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6974:
6973:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6928:
6927:External links
6925:
6922:
6921:
6885:
6855:
6836:
6804:
6784:
6764:
6755:
6745:, even though
6730:
6716:The states of
6709:
6679:
6649:
6619:
6610:
6601:
6577:
6544:
6510:
6481:(April 2010).
6465:
6464:
6462:
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6456:
6455:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6372:
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6332:
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6317:
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6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6261:
6247:
6233:
6230:Germany portal
6217:
6214:
6207:
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6194:
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6185:
6184:
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6065:
6062:
6058:
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6054:
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6048:
5989:municipalities
5977:Municipalities
5970:Main article:
5967:
5960:
5920:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5883:
5762:Main article:
5759:
5752:
5718:
5711:
5674:, and one for
5661:
5654:
5606:
5603:
5451:
5448:
5430:, rather than
5415:representative
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5356:
5355:
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5340:
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5312:
5307:
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5292:
5286:
5284:
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5266:
5265:
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5251:
5244:
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5230:
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5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5091:State Politics
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
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4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
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4796:
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4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
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4671:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4651:
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4645:
4640:
4634:
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4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4591:
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4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4531:Municipality (
4528:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:Administrative
4407:
4401:
4400:
4399:Federal courts
4395:
4394:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4339:constituencies
4328:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4264:
4263:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4145:
4142:
4096:European Union
4034:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4000:
3993:
3908:
3905:
3866:
3863:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3820:
3805:
3798:
3781:
3778:
3728:
3725:
3622:Western Allies
3478:
3475:
3455:; and, by the
3364:German Emperor
3284:as the largest
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3146:Daniel GĂĽnther
3143:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:Sachsen-Anhalt
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2957:Anke Rehlinger
2954:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
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2814:
2794:
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2775:
2765:
2760:
2755:
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2735:
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2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2599:
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2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2457:Dietmar Woidke
2454:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
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2367:
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2322:
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2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2155:
2152:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2092:
2091:
2025:
2007:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1841:
1838:
1801:Sachsen-Anhalt
1735:(until 1952).
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
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1523:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
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1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1274:State Politics
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
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1049:
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1029:
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1019:
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994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
941:
940:
932:
931:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
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874:
869:
864:
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854:
849:
843:
842:
841:
834:
833:
828:
823:
817:
816:
815:
808:
807:
802:
797:
791:
790:
789:
782:
781:
774:
773:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
726:
725:
714:Municipality (
711:
702:
701:
700:
686:
677:
676:
675:
674:
660:
654:
653:
641:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
618:
617:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Administrative
590:
584:
583:
582:Federal courts
578:
577:
571:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
548:
539:
538:
531:
530:
529:
524:
522:constituencies
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
493:
492:
480:
479:
468:
467:
459:
458:
447:
446:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
410:
409:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
378:
368:
367:
364:
363:
353:
352:
340:
339:
327:
326:
324:
323:
305:
303:
299:
298:
296:
295:
289:
287:
283:
282:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
226:
217:
210:
206:Czech Republic
203:
196:
189:
182:
175:
168:
161:
154:
149:
142:
135:
130:
125:
118:
111:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
60:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9413:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9330:Faroe Islands
9328:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9314:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9302:South Ossetia
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9276:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9154:Liechtenstein
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9007:
9002:
9000:
8995:
8993:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8951:Former states
8949:
8942:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8920:
8915:
8904:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8891:Saxony-Anhalt
8889:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8811:
8806:
8804:
8799:
8797:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8761:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8742:Saxony-Anhalt
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8690:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8665:
8661:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8618:
8616:
8611:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8551:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8399:Social issues
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8327:Ethnic groups
8325:
8324:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8282:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
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8066:
8064:
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8059:
8055:
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8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7944:
7941:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7906:Reunification
7904:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7828:German Empire
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
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7672:
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7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
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7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7553:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7541:South Ossetia
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7511:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7389:Liechtenstein
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7236:
7231:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7177:
7174:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7144:Saxony-Anhalt
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7008:Greater Hesse
7006:
7005:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6978:American Zone
6975:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6956:
6951:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6906:
6902:
6895:
6889:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6843:
6839:
6837:9780880331746
6833:
6829:
6828:
6811:
6807:
6805:9780674926851
6801:
6797:
6796:
6787:
6785:9781847790323
6781:
6777:
6776:
6768:
6759:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6743:reunification
6740:
6734:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6614:
6605:
6598:
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6561:
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6328:
6326:
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6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
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6302:Landespolizei
6298:
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6244:Europe portal
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6059:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6010:Nordfriesland
6007:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5944:Landgemeinden
5941:
5937:
5936:Amtsgemeinden
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5884:
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5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:United States
5835:
5831:
5828:and 107
5827:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5803:(Landkreise),
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5785:
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5771:
5765:
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5750:
5746:
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5639:
5635:
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5602:
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5596:
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5584:
5580:
5579:BĂĽrgermeister
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5498:
5497:majority vote
5493:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5480:known as the
5479:
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5472:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5447:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5433:
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5425:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5411:parliamentary
5408:
5405:Germany is a
5402:
5390:
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5378:
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5308:
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5300:
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5268:
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5260:
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5211:
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5201:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Saxony-Anhalt
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
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5128:
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4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4289:Robert Habeck
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:Head of State
4213:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4188:Constitution
4183:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:German people
4077:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3901:Deutsche Mark
3897:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:Walter Döring
3710:
3709:Adrian Ottnad
3706:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:Saxony-Anhalt
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:American zone
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3414:in 1922, and
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:German Empire
3357:
3353:
3349:
3348:federal state
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3266:German Empire
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3060:Saxony-Anhalt
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:Niedersachsen
2677:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2213:(2023-07-01)
2201:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:Saxony-Anhalt
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:Saxony-Anhalt
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1796:Saxony-Anhalt
1792:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:Niedersachsen
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:Flächenländer
1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:) are called
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:federal state
1585:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Saxony-Anhalt
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
939:
936:
935:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
741:
734:
733:
724:
721:
720:
719:
717:
712:
710:
708:
703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
692:
687:
685:
684:
680:
679:
673:
670:
669:
668:
666:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
649:
643:
642:
639:
632:
631:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
580:
576:
573:
572:
569:
562:
561:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
541:
537:
536:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
517:
513:
512:
506:
505:
498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:Robert Habeck
470:
469:
466:
465:
461:
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:
444:
440:
439:
435:
434:
428:
427:
419:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
403:
402:
399:Head of State
396:
395:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
371:Constitution
366:
365:
359:
355:
354:
351:
342:
341:
338:
333:
332:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
306:
304:
300:
294:
291:
290:
288:
284:
280:
274:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
231:
230:
224:
223:
215:
214:
208:
207:
201:
200:
194:
193:
187:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
166:
165:
159:
158:
152:
147:
140:
133:
128:
123:
116:
109:
102:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
58:
52:
49:German states
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
18:German Länder
9307:Transnistria
8943:(since 1949)
8937:(since 1949)
8931:(since 1990)
8905:(since 1990)
8899:(since 1949)
8893:(since 1990)
8887:(since 1990)
8881:(since 1957)
8875:(since 1949)
8869:(since 1949)
8863:(since 1990)
8857:(since 1949)
8855:Lower Saxony
8851:(since 1949)
8845:(since 1990)
8839:(since 1949)
8833:(since 1952)
8816:
8712:Lower Saxony
8668:
8632:
8573:Bibliography
8447:Coat of arms
8427:Architecture
8404:Trade unions
8384:Prostitution
8344:Homelessness
8307:Demographics
8256:Trade unions
8223:
8213:German model
8186:Central bank
8130:Conservatism
8093:Human rights
8078:Court system
8073:Constitution
8053:
7974:
7899:Contemporary
7888:West Germany
7883:East Germany
7858:World War II
7853:Nazi Germany
7793:18th-century
7752:East Francia
7706:Cimbrian War
7546:Transnistria
7348:
7241:First-level
7049:Lower Saxony
7034:British Zone
6912:. Retrieved
6900:
6888:
6876:. Retrieved
6867:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6826:
6814:. Retrieved
6794:
6774:
6767:
6758:
6751:West Germany
6738:
6733:
6712:
6702:15 September
6700:. Retrieved
6691:
6682:
6670:. Retrieved
6661:
6652:
6640:. Retrieved
6631:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6596:
6580:
6568:. Retrieved
6554:
6547:
6535:. Retrieved
6513:
6501:. Retrieved
6469:
6450:
6445:Bundesländer
6444:
6432:
6420:
6410:
6395:
6210:
6188:
6101:Lower Saxony
6033:
6029:arts centres
6026:
6018:
6014:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5893:
5885:
5868:
5866:
5861:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5786:
5781:
5755:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5720:
5714:
5706:
5692:
5687:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5631:
5605:Subdivisions
5598:
5595:BĂĽrgerschaft
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5560:
5551:
5547:
5517:
5500:
5481:
5468:
5461:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5404:
5295:Conservatism
5240:
5199:
5135:Lower Saxony
5090:
5069:
5014:
5004:
4754:
4744:
4595:
4585:
4532:
4523:
4507:
4499:
4481:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4454:Subdivisions
4440:Other courts
4432:Joint Senate
4368:
4361:
4350:
4331:
4279:
4253:
4221:
4204:Human rights
4163:Politics of
4151:
4111:
4107:
4073:
4062:
4052:-controlled
4045:
4038:East Germany
4036:
4027:
4023:
3978:Lower Saxony
3975:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3949:Rhine-Neckar
3942:
3930:
3925:Willy Brandt
3922:
3914:
3910:
3893:
3874:
3855:
3847:
3783:
3738:
3697:
3665:West Germany
3662:
3655:
3631:
3619:
3601:East Prussia
3586:
3542:British zone
3534:Lower Saxony
3499:
3490:East Germany
3486:West Germany
3442:
3420:
3395:German Reich
3376:
3340:Hesse-Kassel
3317:
3287:
3211:Bodo Ramelow
3188:
3064:
2999:
2875:
2833:Hendrik WĂĽst
2810:
2709:Stephan Weil
2697:
2680:
2676:Lower Saxony
2615:
2341:Markus Söder
2329:
2312:
2216:Pop. per km
2146:
2142:
2139:
2124:Lower Saxony
2093:
2088:Hesse-Nassau
2044:Lower Saxony
2014:Lower Saxony
1970:Lower Saxony
1966:Braunschweig
1940:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1816:
1770:East Germany
1763:
1747:a referendum
1740:
1695:Lower Saxony
1656:
1629:
1618:Stadtstaaten
1617:
1591:
1581:
1478:Conservatism
1423:
1382:
1318:Lower Saxony
1273:
1252:
1197:
1187:
937:
927:
778:
768:
715:
706:
690:
682:
664:
647:
645:
644:
637:Subdivisions
623:Other courts
615:Joint Senate
551:
544:
533:
514:
462:
436:
404:
387:Human rights
346:Politics of
334:
321:Municipality
302:Subdivisions
228:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
163:
156:
113:North Rhine-
106:Mecklenburg-
29:
9345:Isle of Man
9280:recognition
9254:Switzerland
9189:Netherlands
8972:(1949–1952)
8966:(1949–1952)
8960:(1949–1952)
8958:South Baden
8922:City-states
8843:Brandenburg
8695:Brandenburg
8374:Pornography
8349:Immigration
8312:Drug policy
8224:Mittelstand
8171:Agriculture
8135:Nationalism
8108:Transgender
7992:Earthquakes
7939:, 1583-1588
7937:Cologne War
7833:World War I
7735:Middle Ages
7721:Gothic Wars
7517:recognition
7489:Switzerland
7424:Netherlands
7176:East Berlin
7168:West Berlin
7161:(1949–1990)
7134:Mecklenburg
7129:Brandenburg
7114:Soviet Zone
7079:French Zone
6747:West Berlin
6056:2000-01-01
5994:Stadtrechte
5898:SaarbrĂĽcken
5890:SaarbrĂĽcken
5811:Stadtkreise
5743: [
5699:Mecklenburg
5650:Bremerhaven
5634:city-states
5536:free states
5511:successful
5444:Grundgesetz
5439:Grundgesetz
5428:Grundgesetz
5423:Grundgesetz
5115:Brandenburg
4874:1932 (July)
4574:Referendums
4489:composition
4326:Legislature
4268:Olaf Scholz
4190:(Basic Law)
4058:West Berlin
4054:East Berlin
3896:Saar Treaty
3824:Rheinhessen
3774:South Baden
3701:Werner Rutz
3669:South Baden
3582:Soviet zone
3566:Brandenburg
3500:During the
3494:West Berlin
3488:(blue) and
3387:Hugo Preuss
3268:(1871–1918)
2947:SaarbrĂĽcken
2898:Malu Dreyer
2848:17,944,923
2638:Boris Rhein
2436:Brandenburg
2356:13,203,592
2285:11,148,904
2130:WĂĽrttemberg
2080:Westphalia
2068:Brandenburg
2040:Brandenburg
1890:Freistaaten
1875:(federated
1812:East Berlin
1788:), Saxony (
1778:Brandenburg
1737:West Berlin
1650:Freistaaten
1624:city-states
1612:Bremerhaven
1298:Brandenburg
1057:1932 (July)
757:Referendums
672:composition
509:Legislature
451:Olaf Scholz
373:(Basic Law)
213:Switzerland
185:Netherlands
79:Brandenburg
64:WĂĽrttemberg
9370:Categories
9224:San Marino
9184:Montenegro
9164:Luxembourg
9144:Kazakhstan
9047:Azerbaijan
8535:Television
8520:Philosophy
8495:Literature
8354:Irreligion
8339:Healthcare
8302:Corruption
8068:Chancellor
8057:(military)
8054:Bundeswehr
7459:San Marino
7419:Montenegro
7399:Luxembourg
7379:Kazakhstan
7284:Azerbaijan
6878:8 November
6739:Bundesland
6503:15 October
6461:References
6433:Bundesland
6073:Area (km)
6053:2005-01-01
6050:2022-01-01
5930:(singular
5858:hinterland
5849:Landkreise
5842:Landkreise
5826:Landkreise
5768:See also:
5703:Vorpommern
5676:Westphalia
5570:referendum
5534:". In the
5499:among the
5475:unicameral
5450:Government
5432:Verfassung
5310:Liberalism
5281:Federalism
4889:1933 (Nov)
4884:1933 (Mar)
4879:1932 (Nov)
4859:1924 (Dec)
4854:1924 (May)
4769:1867 (Aug)
4764:1867 (Feb)
4579:Coalitions
4506:District (
4114:free state
4069:New States
3770:referendum
3693:Old States
3492:(red) and
3423:Nazi Party
3421:After the
3406:opted for
3400:Thuringian
3342:, and the
3295:comprised
3289:Federalism
3226:2,099,527
3161:2,936,486
3102:2,155,742
3037:4,036,369
2972:1,005,796
2913:4,126,872
2823:DĂĽsseldorf
2783:1,605,259
2724:8,045,829
2653:6,313,614
2588:1,904,212
2472:2,546,685
2413:3,689,708
2398:Kai Wegner
2229:per capita
2171:State code
2158:See also:
1906:Palatinate
1881:Bundesland
1873:Bundesland
1493:Liberalism
1464:Federalism
1072:1933 (Nov)
1067:1933 (Mar)
1062:1932 (Nov)
1042:1924 (Dec)
1037:1924 (May)
952:1867 (Aug)
947:1867 (Feb)
762:Coalitions
689:District (
286:Government
229:Baltic Sea
157:Luxembourg
144:Schleswig-
122:Palatinate
120:Rhineland-
115:Westphalia
108:Vorpommern
9335:Gibraltar
9159:Lithuania
8903:Thuringia
8754:Thuringia
8490:Libraries
8470:Festivals
8317:Education
8261:Transport
8226:companies
8145:President
8083:Elections
8048:Bundesrat
8043:Bundestag
8012:Mountains
7980:Districts
7958:Geography
7691:Visigoths
7628:Overviews
7394:Lithuania
7249:countries
7149:Thuringia
6848:3 October
6816:3 October
6402:‹See Tfd›
6205:4,890.33
6117:1,394.10
6095:2,992.78
6067:Area (km)
5981:Gemeinden
5964:Gemeinden
5915:Offices (
5672:Rhineland
5638:Districts
5556:bicameral
5467:led by a
5305:Far-right
5290:Communism
5175:Thuringia
4556:Elections
4384:Judiciary
4352:Bundesrat
4333:Bundestag
4248:Executive
4136:Bundesrat
4129:Freistaat
4126:. Today,
4119:Freistaat
3835:Montabaur
3784:With the
3717:Hans Apel
3638:Basic Law
3593:provinces
3578:Thuringia
3368:Hanseatic
3189:ThĂĽringen
3184:Thuringia
3077:Magdeburg
2628:Wiesbaden
2260:Stuttgart
2084:Rhineland
2010:Oldenburg
1936:Thuringia
1832:Bundesrat
1807:ThĂĽringen
1644:Thuringia
1488:Far-right
1473:Communism
1358:Thuringia
739:Elections
567:Judiciary
535:Bundesrat
516:Bundestag
431:Executive
151:Thuringia
9355:Svalbard
9340:Guernsey
9287:Abkhazia
9239:Slovenia
9234:Slovakia
9209:Portugal
9067:Bulgaria
8879:Saarland
8730:Saarland
8582:Category
8500:Internet
8485:Language
8475:Folklore
8394:Religion
8369:Pensions
8364:Naturism
8241:Taxation
8125:Lobbying
8098:Intersex
8031:Politics
7640:Timeline
7619:General
7612:articles
7526:Abkhazia
7474:Slovenia
7469:Slovakia
7444:Portugal
7304:Bulgaria
7247:European
6914:30 April
6905:Archived
6872:Archived
6842:Archived
6810:Archived
6696:Archived
6666:Archived
6636:Archived
6589:Archived
6570:4 August
6564:Archived
6537:19 April
6531:Archived
6494:Archived
6216:See also
6199:4,167.66
6089:2,725.06
5787:(Kreise)
5705:to form
5564:, and a
5259:Passport
5155:Saarland
4533:Gemeinde
4405:Ordinary
4144:Politics
4088:Saarland
3934:Cuxhaven
3858:Palatine
3856:The two
3689:Saarland
3614:expelled
3558:Saarland
3556:and the
3496:(yellow)
3215:The Left
2936:Saarland
2758:Schwerin
2698:Hannover
2531:663,567
2235:; 2020)
1759:Saarland
1742:de facto
1442:Passport
1338:Saarland
716:Gemeinde
588:Ordinary
313:District
248:Location
238:Category
146:Holstein
127:Saarland
9264:Ukraine
9214:Romania
9174:Moldova
9132:Ireland
9127:Iceland
9122:Hungary
9112:Germany
9107:Georgia
9097:Finland
9092:Estonia
9087:Denmark
9072:Croatia
9057:Belgium
9052:Belarus
9042:Austria
9037:Armenia
9032:Andorra
9027:Albania
8941:Hamburg
8837:Bavaria
8683:Bavaria
8631:of the
8559:Outline
8465:Fashion
8452:Cuisine
8414:Culture
8379:Poverty
8322:Germans
8285:Society
8266:Welfare
8251:Tourism
8208:Exports
8181:Banking
8159:Economy
8063:Cabinet
8002:Islands
7997:Geology
7920:Regions
7686:Teutons
7659:Ancient
7621:History
7608:Germany
7499:Ukraine
7449:Romania
7409:Moldova
7369:Ireland
7364:Iceland
7359:Hungary
7349:Germany
7344:Georgia
7334:Finland
7329:Estonia
7324:Denmark
7309:Croatia
7294:Belgium
7289:Belarus
7279:Austria
7274:Armenia
7269:Andorra
7264:Albania
7195:Trizone
7059:Hamburg
7054:Hanover
6993:Bavaria
6642:3 April
6441:)
6429:)
6139:327.05
6079:Bavaria
5880:Hanover
5871:exist.
5836:in the
5795:Hamburg
5599:Landtag
5561:Landtag
5540:Bavaria
5532:senates
5528:Hamburg
5501:Landtag
5486:(State
5483:Landtag
5465:cabinet
5407:federal
5125:Hamburg
5105:Bavaria
4482:Landtag
4463:State (
4344:members
4302:Cabinet
4166:Germany
4086:as the
4046:Bezirke
4044:called
4004:Koblenz
3875:In the
3809:Koblenz
3605:Silesia
3580:in the
3540:in the
3526:Hamburg
3520:in the
3518:Bavaria
3416:Waldeck
3412:Prussia
3408:Bavaria
3332:Hanover
3328:Prussia
3322:to the
3242:History
3235:28,953
3223:16,172
3206:Landtag
3170:33,452
3158:15,799
3141:Landtag
3111:28,652
3099:20,446
3082:Landtag
3046:30,903
3034:18,416
3017:Landtag
3012:Dresden
3000:Sachsen
2981:34,125
2952:Landtag
2922:34,673
2910:19,853
2893:Landtag
2857:38,876
2845:34,085
2828:Landtag
2792:28,590
2780:23,180
2763:Landtag
2733:37,005
2721:47,609
2704:Landtag
2693:Hanover
2662:44,750
2650:21,115
2633:Landtag
2597:64,022
2554:Hamburg
2540:46,468
2481:29,282
2469:29,480
2452:Landtag
2447:Potsdam
2422:42,221
2365:46,498
2353:70,552
2336:Landtag
2330:MĂĽnchen
2308:Bavaria
2294:45,108
2282:35,752
2265:Landtag
2223:(2021)
2178:Capital
2097:Bavaria
2076:Hanover
2032:divided
2028:Prussia
1921:Hamburg
1902:Bavaria
1869:Staaten
1846:Austria
1791:Sachsen
1681:Hamburg
1636:Bavaria
1608:exclave
1600:Hamburg
1586:, as a
1308:Hamburg
1288:Bavaria
665:Landtag
646:State (
527:members
485:Cabinet
349:Germany
279:Bavaria
252:Germany
199:Austria
192:Belgium
178:Denmark
137:Saxony-
89:Hamburg
69:Bavaria
9350:Jersey
9292:Kosovo
9259:Turkey
9249:Sweden
9229:Serbia
9219:Russia
9204:Poland
9199:Norway
9179:Monaco
9149:Latvia
9117:Greece
9102:France
9077:Cyprus
8935:Bremen
8929:Berlin
8885:Saxony
8824:States
8750:
8744:
8738:
8736:Saxony
8732:
8726:
8720:
8714:
8703:
8697:
8691:
8689:Berlin
8685:
8679:
8666:of the
8643:of the
8587:Portal
8442:Cinema
8422:Anthem
8389:Racism
8203:Energy
8017:Rivers
7975:States
7945:, 1848
7781:Modern
7610:
7531:Kosovo
7494:Turkey
7484:Sweden
7464:Serbia
7454:Russia
7439:Poland
7434:Norway
7414:Monaco
7384:Latvia
7354:Greece
7339:France
7314:Cyprus
7192:Bizone
7179:(USSR)
7159:Berlin
7139:Saxony
6998:Bremen
6834:
6802:
6782:
6741:since
6724:, and
6672:28 May
6411:Länder
6406:German
6183:76.99
6161:99.41
6133:327.05
6111:949.16
6070:Number
6064:Number
6061:Number
6002:Berlin
5908:Aachen
5799:Bremen
5791:Berlin
5756:Kreise
5686:. The
5646:Bremen
5566:Senate
5544:Saxony
5524:Bremen
5520:Berlin
5233:Russia
5208:France
5160:Saxony
5120:Bremen
5110:Berlin
4425:Social
4420:Labour
4415:Fiscal
4307:Scholz
4101:Länder
4050:Soviet
3765:Länder
3759:Länder
3675:, and
3576:, and
3570:Saxony
3536:, and
3516:, and
3506:Bremen
3467:LĂĽbeck
3445:system
3428:Länder
3404:Coburg
3381:, the
3350:, the
3336:Nassau
3232:0.923
3201:Erfurt
3181:
3167:0.921
3122:
3108:0.911
3057:
3043:0.933
2995:Saxony
2992:
2978:0.931
2969:2,569
2933:
2919:0.929
2868:
2854:0.939
2803:
2789:0.916
2744:
2730:0.930
2673:
2659:0.950
2616:Hessen
2608:
2594:0.972
2591:2,439
2551:
2537:0.954
2534:1,630
2506:Bremen
2495:Bremen
2492:
2478:0.918
2433:
2419:0.959
2416:4,086
2379:Berlin
2376:
2362:0.950
2325:Munich
2313:Bayern
2305:
2291:0.956
2274:Greens
2246:
2203:votes
2167:State
2147:Länder
2143:Länder
2113:Russia
2109:Poland
2101:Neisse
2072:Saxony
2036:Berlin
1986:LĂĽbeck
1946:Anhalt
1931:Saxony
1916:Bremen
1885:Länder
1857:Länder
1840:States
1690:Hessen
1677:Bremen
1672:Bayern
1642:, and
1640:Saxony
1604:Bremen
1596:Berlin
1592:states
1416:Russia
1391:France
1343:Saxony
1303:Bremen
1293:Berlin
608:Social
603:Labour
598:Fiscal
490:Scholz
273:Bremen
258:Number
171:France
164:Poland
139:Anhalt
132:Saxony
101:Saxony
84:Bremen
74:Berlin
62:Baden-
9325:Ă…land
9244:Spain
9169:Malta
9139:Italy
8849:Hesse
8763:Other
8701:Hesse
8566:Index
8530:Sport
8515:Names
8510:Music
8505:Media
8460:Dance
8332:Women
8297:Crime
8271:Women
8007:Lakes
7681:Goths
7479:Spain
7404:Malta
7374:Italy
7094:Baden
7003:Hesse
6908:(PDF)
6897:(PDF)
6718:Baden
6497:(PDF)
6486:(PDF)
6427:sing.
6416:sing.
6387:Notes
6189:Total
6177:66.98
6155:99.41
6123:Hesse
6047:State
6006:Gröde
5954:, or
5928:Ă„mter
5924:Ă„mter
5917:Ă„mter
5747:]
5680:Lippe
5626:image
5504:'
5228:China
5213:Italy
5130:Hesse
4508:Kreis
4293:GrĂĽne
4010:into
4008:Trier
3999:39.5%
3971:Baden
3954:Worms
3844:15.1%
3842:Baden
3830:25.3%
3828:Hesse
3826:into
3819:14.2%
3815:into
3813:Trier
3804:15.3%
3797:12.9%
3756:into
3746:Baden
3550:Baden
3510:Hesse
3441:Nazi
2943:1957
2888:Mainz
2611:Hesse
2386:1990
2256:1952
2208:(km)
2193:Mayor
2175:Since
1976:Lippe
1956:Baden
1926:Hesse
1685:Hesse
1667:Baden
1411:China
1396:Italy
1313:Hesse
691:Kreis
476:GrĂĽne
268:Areas
220:North
99:Lower
94:Hesse
8480:Flag
8437:Arts
8103:LGBT
7200:Rape
6916:2010
6880:2011
6850:2020
6832:ISBN
6818:2020
6800:ISBN
6780:ISBN
6704:2021
6674:2019
6644:2020
6572:2014
6539:2011
6505:2010
6421:Land
5793:and
5782:The
5701:and
5648:and
5632:The
5542:and
5526:and
5488:Diet
5254:Visa
5070:2024
5064:2019
5059:2014
5054:2009
5049:2004
5044:1999
5039:1994
5034:1989
5029:1984
5024:1979
5005:Next
4999:2021
4994:2017
4989:2013
4984:2009
4979:2005
4974:2002
4969:1998
4964:1994
4959:1990
4954:1987
4949:1983
4944:1980
4939:1976
4934:1972
4929:1969
4924:1965
4919:1961
4914:1957
4909:1953
4904:1949
4899:1938
4894:1936
4869:1930
4864:1928
4849:1920
4844:1919
4839:1912
4834:1907
4829:1903
4824:1898
4819:1893
4814:1890
4809:1887
4804:1884
4799:1881
4794:1878
4789:1877
4784:1874
4779:1871
4774:1868
4745:2022
4739:2017
4734:2012
4729:2010
4724:2009
4719:2004
4714:1999
4709:1994
4704:1989
4699:1984
4694:1979
4689:1974
4684:1969
4679:1964
4674:1959
4669:1954
4664:1949
4648:1957
4643:1953
4638:1949
4622:1932
4617:1925
4612:1919
4540:list
4515:list
4465:Land
4260:list
4006:and
3980:and
3915:The
3811:and
3752:and
3650:Land
3643:Land
3607:and
3276:The
3260:The
3250:and
3229:133
3197:1990
3164:183
3136:Kiel
3132:1949
3105:108
3073:1990
3040:221
3008:1990
2975:386
2916:206
2884:1949
2851:526
2819:1949
2754:1990
2727:168
2689:1949
2656:297
2624:1949
2585:755
2561:1949
2528:419
2502:1949
2443:1990
2410:892
2359:185
2321:1949
2288:310
2211:Pop.
2206:Area
2154:List
2105:Oder
2103:and
2082:and
2058:and
2030:was
2020:and
1998:and
1877:Land
1850:Bund
1657:The
1602:and
1582:The
1437:Visa
1253:2024
1247:2019
1242:2014
1237:2009
1232:2004
1227:1999
1222:1994
1217:1989
1212:1984
1207:1979
1188:Next
1182:2021
1177:2017
1172:2013
1167:2009
1162:2005
1157:2002
1152:1998
1147:1994
1142:1990
1137:1987
1132:1983
1127:1980
1122:1976
1117:1972
1112:1969
1107:1965
1102:1961
1097:1957
1092:1953
1087:1949
1082:1938
1077:1936
1052:1930
1047:1928
1032:1920
1027:1919
1022:1912
1017:1907
1012:1903
1007:1898
1002:1893
997:1890
992:1887
987:1884
982:1881
977:1878
972:1877
967:1874
962:1871
957:1868
928:2022
922:2017
917:2012
912:2010
907:2009
902:2004
897:1999
892:1994
887:1989
882:1984
877:1979
872:1974
867:1969
862:1964
857:1959
852:1954
847:1949
831:1957
826:1953
821:1949
805:1932
800:1925
795:1919
723:list
698:list
648:Land
443:list
8432:Art
8115:Law
7245:in
6439:pl.
6202:295
6196:246
6193:206
6092:262
6086:216
6083:173
6008:in
5985:Amt
5934:),
5932:Amt
5538:of
5223:USA
4524:Amt
4272:SPD
4235:SPD
4116:" (
4014:13%
3992:31%
3936:to
3595:of
3443:Gau
3194:TH
3150:CDU
3129:SH
3091:CDU
3070:ST
3026:CDU
3005:SN
2961:SPD
2940:SL
2902:SPD
2881:RP
2837:CDU
2816:NW
2786:69
2772:SPD
2751:MV
2713:SPD
2686:NI
2642:CDU
2621:HE
2577:SPD
2558:HH
2520:SPD
2499:HB
2475:85
2461:SPD
2440:BB
2402:CDU
2383:BE
2345:CSU
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