850:
447:
1399:
194:
522:
77:
2247:
2055:
2271:
460:
1983:
2259:
1385:
1371:
36:
1173:
294:
949:
did not resume payment of reparations as such, but did resume the payment of debt that
Germany had acquired in the inter-war period to finance its reparation payments, paying off the principal on those debts by 1980. The interest on those debts was paid off on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of
925:
owed by
Germany were stated in gold reserves in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper currency. The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion
1163:
Gold marks are a popular choice for Latin
Currency Union coin collectors. The 20 mark is the most seen and offers a variety of different types that were mass-produced and therefore can be purchased at a low premium above each coin's melt value. However, some designs are extremely elusive given that
981:
963:
1007:, the eagle insignia of the German Empire) with a design specific to the state on the obverse, generally a portrait of the monarch of the kingdom or duchy (and not that of the emperor); while the free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck each used the city's coat of arms. Occasionally
1148:
Gold coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 2,790 mark = 1 kilogram of gold (a mark was therefore about 0.3584 g of gold; a troy ounce of gold was worth 86.78 ℳ︁). Gold coin production ceased in 1915. 5-mark gold coins were minted only in 1877 and 1878.
1011:
were minted, in which cases the obverse and (much more rarely) the reverse designs might depart from the usual pictorial standards. Many of the smaller states issued coins in very small numbers. Also, in general all states' coinage became very limited after the
1184:, as well as by the banks of some of the states. Imperial Treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 Mark, whilst Reichsbank notes were produced in denominations of 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Mark. The notes issued after 1914 are referred to as
926:
marks cited in the London
Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about
1257:
The
History of Currency, 1252-1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and
117:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
998:
Coins of denominations between 1 pfennig and 1 mark were issued in standard designs for the whole empire, whilst those above 1 mark were issued by the individual states, using a standard design for the reverses (the
504:
1079:
to a standard of 5 grams silver per mark. Production of 2 and 5 mark coins ceased in 1915 while 1-mark coins continued to be issued until 1916. A few 3 mark coins were minted until 1918, and
523:
127:
761:, the new currency was launched in 1873 in the form of gold 10-mark and 20-mark coins as well as limited legal-tender silver marks and copper pfennigs. The
729:
the
Austrian gulden, but decimally divided into 100 pfennig instead of the existing 120 pfennig. Combined with a gold-silver ratio of 15.5, the new mark of
1931:
1121:
These silver coins are token or subsidiary currency for the gold mark and are therefore legal tender only up to 20 marks. However, all silver 3-mark
137:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
89:
1164:
they were struck in very low mintages. The rarest type features Adolph
Friedrich V with just 1,160 pieces issued by the Berlin Mint.
1320:
2373:
1070:
605:
The introduction of the German mark in 1873 was the culmination of decades-long efforts to unify the various currencies used by the
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1785:
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2343:
1924:
1438:
896:
584:
2258:
122:
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49:
1475:
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215:
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
63:
208:
1917:
17:
2353:
1416:
1140:
The 5-mark coin, however, was significantly closer in value to older thalers (and other such crown-sized coins).
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led to the same being adopted in the rest of Europe and North
America, as well as the change in standard in the
2348:
1948:
1852:
1755:
1426:
2172:
895:(paper mark) which suffered a serious loss of value through hyperinflation following World War I during
2378:
758:
2383:
788:
currency, it remained unlimited legal tender for 3 gold marks until it was demonetized in 1908. The
1325:
1277:
916:
899:. For comparison, from 1900 to 1933, the United States adhered to a gold standard as well with the
634:= 16.704 g fine silver. A larger currency convention in 1857 replaced the Prussian thaler with the
516:
202:
153:
2320:
1882:
922:
670:
552:, the German Empire removed the gold backing in August 1914, and gold coins ceased to circulate.
334:
167:
55:
2205:
2003:
464:
219:
1993:
1255:
849:
2147:
1127:
s issued before 1871 enjoyed unlimited legal tender status even after the switch-over to the
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in 1871 as well as monetary conventions from 1865 to 1870 expressing a desire to move to the
174:
2023:
2060:
951:
900:
770:
606:
8:
2358:
1535:
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began. Well-preserved examples of such low-mintage coins can be rare and valuable. The
789:
687:
653:
631:
600:
596:
1971:
1998:
1748:
1718:
1672:
1616:
1570:
1404:
1302:
1294:
1180:
Banknotes were issued by the
Imperial Treasury (known as "Reichskassenschein") and the
1008:
694:
2180:
2157:
2142:
2137:
2085:
1961:
1517:
1444:
1422:
1306:
1185:
908:
890:
843:
564:
149:
2246:
2132:
2095:
1867:
1862:
1812:
1733:
1443:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications.
1286:
881:
with 2790 marks equal to 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 mark = 358 mg). The term
540:, which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the
2264:
2225:
1976:
1940:
1769:
1709:
1013:
938:
785:
614:
560:
508:
321:
282:
491:
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
2296:
2235:
2220:
2200:
2090:
2075:
2048:
1956:
1832:
1822:
1607:
1376:
912:
861:
1553:
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unified in 1838 the Prussian and South German currencies at a fixed rate of 1
2337:
2190:
2038:
1966:
1817:
1807:
1741:
1598:
1484:
1465:
1128:
878:
817:
781:
766:
762:
698:
635:
545:
537:
529:
452:
2215:
2185:
2162:
2070:
2054:
2028:
1872:
1857:
1700:
1654:
1561:
1390:
1040:
946:
942:
904:
874:
839:
835:
754:
477:
838:
courant or currency was converted at 1 mark = 1.2 Imperial marks, and the
2120:
2013:
1988:
1898:
1272:
1002:
854:
774:
549:
2286:
2240:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2080:
2043:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1298:
1181:
980:
962:
610:
483:
156:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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2018:
2008:
1877:
1557:
293:
1982:
1172:
2270:
2252:
2152:
2065:
1909:
1764:
1076:
857:
757:(equivalent to 4.05 billion gold marks) secured from France at the
299:
1413:
2304:
2195:
2033:
1802:
1663:
1545:
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in 1908 and the introduction of the new subsidiary 3-mark coins.
544:(₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the
541:
398:
378:
362:
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was converted directly to the mark at a rate of 1 Thaler gold =
114:
1057:
1030:
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was the only state not to issue any gold coins in this period.
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was created later to retrospectively distinguish it from the
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in 1933, payments of reparations were officially abandoned.
934:. Most of that money came from loans from New York bankers.
911:
of the time when the gold mark was in use, however, was the
2210:
1047:
907:) fine gold; it was therefore worth 4.198 gold marks. The
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mark coins continued to be issued in silver until 1919.
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to this template: there are already 940 articles in the
1763:
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was converted at 1 mark banco = 1.5 Imperial marks.
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Unification to this system proceeded further due to
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1114:3 mark, 16.6667 g (15 g silver), from 1908 onwards
1093:20 pfennig, 1.1111 g (1 g silver), only until 1878
2335:
548:from 1871 to 1914, but like most nations during
1275:(September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations".
1046:10 pfennig (cupro-nickel: 1873–1916, iron and
152:accompanying your translation by providing an
101:Click for important translation instructions.
88:expand this article with text translated from
1925:
1749:
1414:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).
1435:
1132:
1131:. This ended with the demonetization of the
1122:
1075:Subsidiary silver coins were minted in .900
1000:
888:
882:
868:
274:
1321:"Germany to Settle WWI Debt After 92 Years"
1156:10 mark, 3.9825 g (3.5842 g gold)
1105:mark or 50 pfennig, 2.7778 g (2.5 g silver)
568:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1932:
1918:
1788:(konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)
1756:
1742:
1159:20 mark, 7.965 g (7.1685 g gold)
1153:5 mark, 1.9912 g (1.7921 g gold)
867:From 1 January 1876 onwards, the mark and
743:g fine silver was therefore equivalent to
1246:
1244:
1071:List of silver coins of the German Empire
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
1171:
979:
961:
848:
555:After the fall of the Empire due to the
201:This article includes a list of general
1786:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
919:(£1) being valued at 20.43 gold marks.
563:'s mark, derisively referred to as the
559:of 1918, the mark was succeeded by the
14:
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1421:(18th ed.). Krause Publications.
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1913:
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1513:
1506:
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1439:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
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897:hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
585:hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
515:
1939:
1250:
1053:20 pfennig (cupro-nickel, 1887–1892)
187:
70:
29:
1023:
816:or 1.71 gold marks. The gold-based
24:
1033:: 1873–1916, aluminium: 1916–1918)
207:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
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2374:1914 disestablishments in Germany
1191:
877:. Before 1914, the mark was on a
45:This article has multiple issues.
27:German currency from 1871 to 1914
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1981:
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1383:
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903:containing 1.50463 grams (23.22
458:
445:
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192:
75:
34:
1417:Standard Catalog of World Coins
1117:5 mark, 27.7778 g (25 g silver)
1111:2 mark, 11.1111 g (10 g silver)
1064:
802:Vereinsthaler was converted to
652:g fine silver, equivalent to 1
164:{{Translated|ru|Золотая марка}}
53:or discuss these issues on the
2369:1871 establishments in Germany
1853:German South West African Mark
1340:
1313:
1265:
1232:
759:end of the Franco-Prussian War
162:You may also add the template
13:
1:
1362:
1196:In Unicode, the Mark sign is
1143:
1108:1 mark, 5.5555 g (5 g silver)
1043:: 1873–1915, iron: 1915–1922)
1036:2 pfennig (copper: 1873–1916)
719:Vereinsthaler, also equal to
701:. For this system a new unit
412:5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 Mark
2344:Economy of the German Empire
1167:
753:g fine gold. With 5 billion
7:
1348:"Rare Gold German 20 Marks"
1176:100 Mark banknote from 1908
420:1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25 Pfennig
134:will aid in categorization.
10:
2400:
2364:Modern obsolete currencies
1727:0.81 Mark = 1 French Franc
1068:
594:
590:
536:) was the currency of the
109:Machine translation, like
2313:
2295:
2171:
1947:
1891:
1795:
1778:
1291:10.1017/s0008938900018707
489:
475:
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431:, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20 Mark
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90:the corresponding article
1278:Central European History
1225:
957:
705:was proposed equal to a
671:Austro-Hungarian florins
2173:Obsolete and historical
1883:South West African mark
1544:southern Germany incl.
923:World War I reparations
860:from 1904, designed by
222:more precise citations.
173:For more guidance, see
2354:Currencies of Cameroon
1177:
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1123:
1001:
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889:
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465:German colonial empire
2349:Currencies of Germany
1436:Pick, Albert (1994).
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1018:Principality of Lippe
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965:
939:Nazi seizure of power
852:
765:'s conversion to the
175:Knowledge:Translation
146:copyright attribution
1252:Shaw, William Arthur
952:German reunification
771:Latin Monetary Union
607:German Confederation
2314:Generic placeholder
1536:South German Gulden
1508:Currency of Germany
1009:commemorative coins
994:, 1, 5 and 20 mark)
976:, 1, 5 and 20 mark)
834:or 3.32 marks. The
790:South German gulden
688:South German gulden
654:North German thaler
632:South German gulden
601:South German gulden
597:North German thaler
587:from 1918 to 1923.
557:November Revolution
517:[ˈɡɔltmaʁk]
270:
1719:German unification
1673:German unification
1617:German unification
1571:German unification
1511:1871 – 1914
1485:German unification
1405:Numismatics portal
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154:interlanguage link
2379:Art Nouveau works
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1892:As a denomination
1848:German Rentenmark
1843:German Reichsmark
1838:German Papiermark
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1209:. The Pfennig is
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1941:Currency symbols
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1441:: General Issues
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18:German gold mark
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47:Please help
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1949:Circulating
1828:German mark
1779:Circulating
1554:Württemberg
1419:: 1801–1991
1039:5 pfennig (
1029:1 pfennig (
1003:Reichsadler
915:, with the
901:gold dollar
855:Art Nouveau
775:bimetallism
755:gold francs
550:World War I
500:German mark
269:German mark
220:introducing
2359:Gold coins
2338:Categories
1899:Merk Scots
1773:or similar
1765:Currencies
1428:0873411501
1363:References
1333:2016-02-16
1258:Well-being
1186:Papiermark
1182:Reichsbank
1144:Gold coins
932:£1 billion
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611:Zollverein
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578:Paper mark
565:Papiermark
484:Reichsbank
203:references
92:in Russian
50:improve it
1878:Saar mark
1707:Location:
1661:Location:
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1605:Location:
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1558:Frankfurt
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1472:Location:
1307:144072556
1261:. Putnam.
1168:Banknotes
917:sovereign
583:) due to
534:ℳ︁
505:‹See Tfd›
409:Banknotes
327:ℳ︁
302:from 1914
168:talk page
120:Consider
56:talk page
1326:ABC News
1254:(1896).
1217:₰
1204:ℳ
1077:fineness
884:Goldmark
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784:being a
513:Goldmark
471:Issuance
300:banknote
144:provide
1803:AM-Mark
1796:Defunct
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1686:⁄
1670:Reason:
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591:History
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216:improve
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609:. The
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389:Symbol
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205:, but
1550:Baden
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1295:JSTOR
1226:Notes
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673:, or
417:Coins
111:DeepL
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1560:and
1445:ISBN
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1048:zinc
703:mark
599:and
569:lit.
530:sign
498:The
316:Mark
308:Unit
276:Mark
142:must
140:You
2236:Pts
2216:ℒ𝓈
2191:₢$
2186:Դր.
1287:doi
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356:100
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2241:ℛℳ
2116:Rs
2096:රු
2091:रू
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2019:F
2014:ƒ
2009:€
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1999:֏
1994:₫
1977:¢
1972:₡
1967:₵
1962:฿
1957:؋
1933:e
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