4947:, pp. 21â22. "How the Goths arrived at the Black Sea, and where they originated, are matters of debate. The usual assumption, and the one still credited by the considerable majority of scholars, has been that the account given in the sixth-century Getica of Jordanes is trustworthy at least in general outline: according to this account, the Goths migrated, perhaps about 100 BCE, from Scandinavia (Scandza) to the banks of the Vistula. Their area of settlement on the southern coast of the Baltic is called by Jordanes Gothiscandza... In accordance with the account of Jordanes, the Goths have usually been identified with the Gutones first mentioned by Pliny the Elder ca. 65 CE as living on the shore of (apparently) the Baltic Sea. On this reasoning the Goths have also commonly been associated with the island of Gotland and with the region of south-central Sweden called Götaland (named after the ON Gautar, OE GÄatas), from which areas they are assumed to have migrated originally... In more recent times the account of Jordanes, recorded so many centuries after the purported departure from Scandinavia, has been called into question, in part on archaeological grounds... he presence of Goths in Scandinavia is not to be doubted... At all events, the name of the Goths is so common in place-names in Sweden – and place-names are often among the most archaic evidence – that it is difficult to believe that the Gothic presence in Scandinavia could have been a late development."
4962:, p. 36. "Greek and Roman sources of the first and second centuries A.D. are the earliest written evidence we have for the Goths, under the names Guthones, Gothones, and Gothi. The sources agree in placing these people along the Vistula river, although whether they were on the coast or a bit inland is unclear. Also not totally clear is the connection between these people and other tribal groupings of similar names found at that time and later in parts of south central Sweden (now VĂ€stergötland and Ăstergötland) and on the island of Gotland. If the legend recorded by the sixth-century Gothic historian Jordanes is accurate, the Goths came to the mouth of the Vistula from across the sea, displacing a number of Germanic tribes who were there before them, including the Vandals. The weight of scholarship appears to support this story, with (mainland) Götland being seen as the likely point of origin, and the early first century B.C. as the likely time. Owing perhaps partially to population pressure, a large number of Goths subsequently left the Vistula in the mid-second century A.D. Around 170 they reached an area north of the Black Sea, where they settled between the Don and the Dniester rivers."
5388:, pp. xiv, 2, 21, 30. " Goths are met in historical sources... northern Poland in the first and second centuries... Goths are first mentioned occupying territory in what is now Poland in the first century AD... The history of people labelled "Goths" thus spans 700 years, and huge tracts of Europe from northern Poland to the Atlantic ocean... he Wielbark culture.... took shape in the middle of the first century AD... in Pomerania and lands either side of the lower Vistula... his is the broad area where our few literary sources place a group called Goths at this time... Tacitus Germania 43â4 places them not quite on the Baltic coast; Ptolemy Geography 3.5.8 locates them east of the Vistula; Strabo Geography 7.1.3 (if Butones should be emended to Gutones) broadly agrees with Tacitus... The mutually confirmatory information of ancient sources and the archaeological record both suggest that Goths can first be identified beside the Vistula. It is here that this attempt to write their history will begin."
1252:
5089:, pp. 25â29. "The archaeogical evidence would seem at least partly to confirm Jordanes' account of Filimer's migration; the movement of Goths from the European mainland opposite Scandinavia to the hinterland of the Black Sea. Given that the events occurred some 300â400 years before the Getica was composed, at a time when the Goths were not themselves literate, Jordanes' account is more correct, it seems to me, than we have any right ro expect... It is certainly possible... that Scandinavia was explicitly mentioned in Gothic tales of the past... The story of Berig as told by Goths might have said Scandinavia... I think it likely... that the story of Berig and his migration genuinely reflect Gothic story telling in some way, but I am less sure that the original Gothic stories mentioned Scandinavia."
4496:, p. 283. "Die drei StĂ€mme der Gauten, Goten und gutar scheinen sich im s. Ostseeraum aus einem *gautĆz/*gutaniz-Volk entwickelt zu haben. Wo und wie deren Ethnogenese vor sich gegangen ist, bleibt zwar ungewiĂ, aber in der fortgesetzten Diskussion ĂŒber die geogr. Herkunft der StĂ€mme ist auf jeden Fall die sprachliche Analyse der Stammesbezeichnungen von wesentlichem Gewicht." English translation: "The three tribes of the Gautes, Goths and Gutar appear to have developed from a *gautĆz/*gutaniz people in the southern Baltic region. Where and how their ethnogenesis took place remains uncertain, but in the ongoing discussion about the geographical origin of the tribes, the linguistic analysis of the tribal names is of considerable importance."
2913:
2445:; rather, they were 'Hispanicized' as they spread widely over a large territory and population. They progressively adopted a new culture, retaining little of their original culture except for practical military customs, some artistic modalities, family traditions such as heroic songs and folklore, as well as select conventions to include Germanic names still in use in present-day Spain. It is these artifacts of the original Visigothic culture that give ample evidence of its contributing foundation for the present regional culture. Portraying themselves heirs of the Visigoths, the subsequent Christian Spanish monarchs declared their responsibility for the Reconquista of Muslim Spain, which was completed with the
5022:, pp. 6, 66. Some sections of narrative may also derive from oral tradition. We hear of King Berig, for instance, who led the Goths' migration from Scandinavia (4. 25), and of King Filimer guiding them into lands above the Black Sea (4. 28). Both are events of the distant past, and Gothic oral history seems the most likely source of these stories.... "he Scandinavian origin of the Goths would seem to have been one sixth-century guess among several... The myths themselves perhaps referred only to an unnamed, mysterious island... The Scandinavian origin-tale would thus be similar to much else in the Getica, depending upon a complex mixture of material from Gothic oral and Graeco-Roman literary sources."
4974:, abstract. "The story by Jordanes about the migration of Goths from Scandza is a matter of a vivid and long standing discussion between historians. Most scholars argue that it is a part of the Gothic tribal tradition... Historians have long wondered how Jordanes learned about the migration. Some researchers claim that the source of his inspiration was an original Gothic tribal saga. It is even believed that the story about the origin (origo) of the Goths in Scandza is one of the most important parts of the Gothic tribal tradition, passed orally from generation to generation, a pillar sustaining the ethnicity of this people. However, not all scholars share this belief"
3407:
3089:
3512:) dated to the 3th century or later were shown to carry admixture from Central/North European and Pontic-Kazakh Steppe ancestries in addition to 42%â55% local Balkan Iron Age-related ancestry. 7 out of 9 males among these samples belonged to haplogroups associated with these trans-frontier ancestry sources (I1 and R1b-U106: North European; Z93: Iron Age Steppe). Many of these samples suggest that admixture between Central/North European and Pontic-Kazakh Steppe ancestries likely occurred beyond the frontier prior to the movement into the Roman Empire, "perhaps indicative of, e.g., the formation of diverse confederations under Gothic leadership".
5487:, pp. 52, 120. "Although the Scythians were long gone, their name was still applied to the inhabitants of these regions: Taifals and Sarmatians, Alans and Goths... Also significant is the fact that, as mentioned, when not using 'Scythian', these writers used Getae as a synonym for Goths, rather than (as modern historians do) associating the Goths with the Gutones, who had a respectable pedigree going back to Pliny at least... We might note the similarity of names such as Eudoses and Jutes, or Gutones and Goths but how much continuity does this imply, especially when the different names are recorded in different geographical locations?"
5062:, p. 349. "Today we are able to conclude that this narrative is fictitious, a fabrication in which the omnipotent author himself has created both the framework and the content of the story. But in spite of all this, it is never justifiable to completely discard a relic of the past. If it cannot tell us something about the past it claims to describe; then at least it speaks volumes about the period in which it was conceived â contingent of course upon our own ability to precisely date the source. Parting is a painful process, as in this case, where we must relinquish something we have grown accustomed to regarding as Gothic history."
5139:
king of the Goths and his closest followers, once they had disembarked on the continent, began to dominate the local tribes. We know similar cases in the history of ancient peoples that held in high regard the kings that descended from illustrious families, often made sacred... nly the royal dynasty and their followers could have had a
Scandinavian origin. We add also that the Scandinavian parallels of the sites in Pomerania are, as we have seen, very scattered. We also find them in the south of Norway as well as in Sweden and on the islands of the Baltic Sea. This observation could show the heterogeneous origins of the migrants."
4896:, pp. 9â10. "Modern approaches to the history of the Goths have been decisively shaped by the survival of one particular text: the Origins and Acts of the Goths or Getica of Jordanes. Written in Constantinople in about AD 550, it is a unique document. Although its author wrote in Latin, he was of Gothic descent, and drew upon Gothic oral traditions... he Getic's consolidated account has exercised enormous influence on the overall "shape" of modern reconstructions of Gothic history... Thanks to ... it is now possible to exercise at least some kind of control of Jordanes' account of even this earliest period of Gothic history."
2470:
3521:
3212:
4800:, p. 5. "While the Gutones, the Pomeranian precursors of the Goths, and the Vandili, the Silesian ancestors of the Vandals, were still considered part of Tacitean Germania, the later Goths, Vandals, and other East Germanic tribes were differentiated from the Germans and were referred to as Scythians, Goths, or some other special names. The sole exception are the Burgundians, who were considered German because they came to Gaul via Germania. In keeping with this classification, post-Tacitean Scandinavians were also no longer counted among the Germans, even though they were regarded as close relatives."
44:
6081:, p. 115. "In the period of Dacian and Sarmatian dominance, groups known as Goths â or perhaps 'Gothones' or 'Guthones' â inhabited lands far to the north-west, beside the Baltic. Tacitus placed them there at the end of the first century AD, and Ptolemy did likewise in the middle of the second, the latter explicitly among a number of groups said to inhabit the mouth of the Vistula. Philologists have no doubt, despite the varying transliterations into Greek and Latin, that it is the same group name that suddenly shifted its epicentre from northern Poland to the Black Sea in the third century."
5010:, p. 27. "Nevertheless, that these explanations cannot be used to confirm the historicity of the origin myth does not mean that the Goths and many others did not originate from Scandinavia. Several independent, unrelated, pieces of evidence, both philological and archaeological, indicate that there might be a grain of historical truth in these stories. If Scandza is a literary motif, it might also reflect some long-gone historical reality, at least for the Goths, the Lombards, and the Anglo-Saxons, and perhaps even for groups like the Heruli, the Vandals and the Burgundians too."
5448:, pp. 21â22. "We hear, for instance, that "the true history of the Goths" â true, that is, as distinct from legendary "but not inadmissible" â "begins with Pliny, who, toward A.D. 75, cited the Gutones, and Tacitus, who, towards 98, knows the Gothones." Prodigies of ingenuity are performed in creating arguments that sometimes are wholly circular. By normal standards of source analysis, the early Gothic migrations in Jordanes are about as historical as the tales of Genesis and Exodus; to champion their simple equivalence to history is a task for religious fundamentalists."
3504:
large majority of the
Wielbark culture samples are autosomally Scandinavian-like, and carry predominantly Scandinavian Y-DNA haplogroups. The most common Y-DNA haplogroup among the Wielbark individuals was Y-DNA haplogroup I1-M253, characteristic of the Nordic Bronze Age in Southern Scandinavia, in which it was found at a very high frequency and from where it first expanded. Among the Wielbark Goths, substantial subclade diversity is seen among the I1 carriers, suggesting that the male founders of the culture descended from clans from a rather widespread area in Scandinavia.
10379:
5436:, pp. 32â33, 38â39. "During the first century and a half AD, four authors mention a people also normally identified with 'the Goths'. They seem to appear for the first time in the writings of the geographer Strabo... It is normally assumed that are identical with the Goths... It has been taken for granted that these Gotones were identical to the Goths... Finally, around 150, Klaudios Ptolemaios (or Ptolemy) writes of certain who are also normally identified with 'the Goths'... Ptolemy lists the , also identified by Gothic scholars with the Goths..."
5134:
the first
Scandinavian settlers seem so few? Would the first Gothic migration not have been that of a people or of a big tribe, but of a more restricted group? That is also what Jordanes seems to tell us, since he reports that the Goths arrived from Scandinavia on only three ships. How can we then justify that this author attached enough importance to this migration that he mentioned it several times? The political role played by these new arrivals, and the presence among them of their king Berig are without a doubt significant for this. Polish historian
1636:
913:
10402:
476:. Historians are not in agreement on the authenticity and accuracy of this account. Most scholars agree that Gothic migration from Scandinavia is reflected in the archaeological record, but the evidence is not entirely clear. Rather than a single mass migration of an entire people, scholars open to hypothetical Scandinavian origins envision a process of gradual migration in the 1st centuries BC and AD, which was probably preceded by long-term contacts and perhaps limited to a few elite clans from Scandinavia.
1915:
1351:
4986:, pp. 56â57. "The report that the earliest Goths departed from Scandinavia for the Continent at some undetermined moment in the distant past still commands an impressive body of believers.... Experts in Germanic literature who instantly discount reports of Trojan or Scythian or Noachic origins as being fabulous, solemnly assent: emigration from Scandinavia is an authentic "tribal memory:' the one kernel of historicity to be plucked from an unholy stew of misconceptions and fabrications.
581:
2266:
5866:, p. 412. "Except for a few examples where material, ritualized patterns (recognizable in burial rites, offerings, or ways of structuring settlements) and cultural change correspond almost perfectly with the written account – e.g. concerning the migration of the Goths from the Southern Baltic shore to the Black Sea – identification and localization of single Germanic tribes via patterns in archaeological material has mostly not been possible."
2068:
14149:
1489:
2901:
5424:, pp. 12â13, 20, 23: "Goths – or Gutones, as the Roman sources called them... The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians"... The Gothic name appears for the first time between A.D. 16 and 18. We do not, however, find the strong form Guti but only the derivative form Gutones... Hereafter, whenever the Gutones and Guti are mentioned, these terms refer to the Goths."
1813:
737:
2847:
3224:
Spears were used both for thrusting and throwing, although specialized javelins were also in use. Swords were one handed, double edged and straight, with a very small crossguard and large pommel. It was called the Spatha by the Romans, and it is believed to have first been used by the Celts. Short wooden bows were also used, as well as occasional throwing axes. Missile weapons were mainly short throwing-axes such as
5463:, p. 343. "They might possibly have been mentioned in some geographical and ethnographical works dating from the first century AD, but the similarity in the names is not significant, and no antique author later considers them to be the forefathers of the Goths... No one sees this connection, even during the Great Migration. Chronologically it would, of course, be quite a realistic possibility..."
2598:. Theodoric settled his entire people in Italy, estimated at 100,000â200,000, mostly in the northern part of the country, and ruled the country very efficiently. The Goths in Italy constituted a small minority of the population in the country. Intermarriage between Goths and Romans were forbidden, and Romans were also forbidden from carrying arms. Nevertheless, the Roman majority was treated fairly.
382:
2648:
3583:
particular Gothic consciousness and as guardians of old traditions such as
Germanic namegiving; probably these traditions were on the whole restricted to the family sphere (Hispano-Roman nobles were doing service for the Visigothic Royal Court in Toulouse already in the 5th century and the two branches of Spanish aristocracy had fully adopted similar customs two centuries later).
546:
6829:, 1. "The following circumstances were the original cause of all the destruction and various calamities which the fury of Mars roused up, throwing everything into confusion by his usual ruinous violence: the people called Huns, slightly mentioned in the ancient records, live beyond the Sea of Azov, on the border of the Frozen Ocean, and are a race savage beyond all parallel."
4285:, p. 623. "Goths, a Germanic people, who, according to Jordanes' Getica, originated in Scandinavia. The Cernjachov culture of the later 3rd and 4th cents. AD beside the Black Sea, and the Polish and Byelorussian Wielbark cultures of the 1stâ3rd. cents. ad, provide evidence of a Gothic migration down the Vistula to the Black Sea, but no clear trail leads to Scandinavia."
5050:, p. 346. " had found out about this island by reading works by Ptolemy and by listening to reports from people who had come to Ravenna from those regions... knew... that this island was home to a people whose name was strongly reminiscent of the name of the Goths. They were called Gauts, however, and had nothing at all to do with the Goths.".
2390:. According to Joseph F. O'Callaghan, the remnants of the Hispano-Gothic aristocracy still played an important role in the society of Hispania. At the end of Visigothic rule, the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring at a fast pace. Their nobility had begun to think of themselves as constituting one people, the
1892:). The Gothic evacuation across the Danube was probably not spontaneous, but rather a carefully planned operation initiated after long debate among leading members of the community. Upon arrival, the Goths were to be disarmed according to their agreement with the Romans, although many of them still managed to keep their arms. The
5175:, pp. 223, 235â36. "The archaeological record indicates that Jordanes' history concerning the origin of the Goths was based on an oral tradition with a real background... In modern research, the theory of a massive migration has generally been abandoned... Limited migration is likely to have taken place."
4812:, p. 519 "Goths, who have in recent decades become something of a paradigm for 'Germanic migrations', spoke a Germanic language but they were not considered Germani by Graeco-Roman authors, who usually saw them as 'Scythians' or as descendants of other peoples recorded in the same region like the Getae."
803:. During this time the Wielbark culture is believed to have ejected and partially absorbed peoples of the Przeworsk culture. This was part of a wider southward movement of eastern Germanic tribes, which was probably caused by massive population growth. As a result, other tribes were pushed towards the
1365:
near
Naissus by a Roman army led by Claudius advancing from the north. The battle most likely took place in 269, and was fiercely contested. Large numbers on both sides were killed but, at the critical point, the Romans tricked the Goths into an ambush by pretending to retreat. Some 50,000 Goths were
3554:
The Goths' relationship with Sweden became an important part of
Swedish nationalism, and until the 19th century, before the Gothic origin had been thoroughly researched by archaeologists, Swedish scholars considered Swedes to be the direct descendants of the Goths. Today, scholars identify this
3240:
Archaeology shows that the
Visigoths, unlike the Ostrogoths, were predominantly farmers. They sowed wheat, barley, rye, and flax. They also raised pigs, poultry, and goats. Horses and donkeys were raised as working animals and fed with hay. Sheep were raised for their wool, which they fashioned into
3223:
Armour was either a chainmail shirt or lamellar cuirass. Lamellar was popular among horsemen. Shields were either round or oval with a central boss grip. They were decorated with tribe or clan symbols, such as animal drawings. Helmets were often of spangenhelm type, often with cheek and neck plates.
5133:
who has studied the chronology of the Gothic kings provided by
Jordanes, rightly estimates, in our opinion, that Berig, the king that led the Goths to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, would have lived at this time⊠Wolagiewicz' point of view requires some remarks, though. First of all, why did
2174:
ordered the execution of
Stilicho and his family, then incited the Roman population to massacre tens of thousands of wives and children of Goths serving in the Roman military. Subsequently, around 30,000 Gothic soldiers defected to Alaric. Alaric in turn invaded Italy, seeking to pressure Honorious
3503:
Goths. Stolarek et al. includes samples from multiple sites all over the territory of the
Wielbark culture, in large numbers. The results are in aligment with archaeological and historical evidence, strongly suggesting that the Wielbark culture formed through migration from Southern Scandinavia. A
3260:
For in the Gothic country the barbarians are so far from tolerating this sort of oppression that not even Romans who live among them have to bear it. Hence all the Romans in that region have but one desire, that they may never have to return to the Roman jurisdiction. It is the unanimous prayer of
1974:
in 379, the Romans launched a renewed offensive to subdue Fritigern and his followers. Around the same time, Athanaric arrived in Constantinople, having fled Caucaland through the scheming of Fritigern. Athanaric received a warm reception by Theodosius, praised the Roman Emperor in return, and was
5138:
has interpreted the history of the Goths as that of the Gothic royal dynasty of the Amales that would reign until the VIth c. and of which Berig was the first king. Taking into account the archaeological data that we have just mentioned, this hypothesis seems likely to us. We can suppose that the
2786:
The language was in decline by the mid-500s, due to the military victory of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, and geographic isolation. In Spain, the language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language when the Visigoths converted to Catholicism in
1926:
Mistreated by corrupt local Roman officials, the Gothic refugees were soon experiencing a famine; some are recorded as having been forced to sell their children to Roman slave traders in return for rotten dog meat. Enraged by this treachery, Fritigern unleashed a widescale rebellion in Thrace, in
3582:
for a similar French idea). By the early 7th century, the ethnic distinction between Visigoths and Hispano-Romans had all but disappeared, but recognition of a Gothic origin, e.g. on gravestones, still survived among the nobility. The 7th century Visigothic aristocracy saw itself as bearers of a
2087:
The Visigoths were a new Gothic political unit brought together during the career of their first leader, Alaric I. Following a major settlement of Goths in the Balkans made by Theodosius in 382, Goths received prominent positions in the Roman army. Relations with Roman civilians were sometimes
1962:
and other parts of the Roman East. Fearing rebellion, Julian lured the Goths into the confines of urban streets from which they could not escape and massacred soldiers and civilians alike. As word spread, the Goths rioted throughout the region, and large numbers were killed. Survivors may have
4732:, p. 19. " number of named early Germanic groups are to be counted among the East Germanic peoples... Usually included in this group are Goths (among whom are probably to be counted Gepids, Greuthingi, and Thervingi), Bastarnae, Burgundians, Heruli, Rugii, Sciri, Silingi, and Vandals."
6553:
2964:, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid; both are made of gold, encrusted with sapphires, pearls, and other precious stones. Suintila's crown was stolen in 1921 and never recovered. There are several other small crowns and many votive crosses in the treasure.
1565:
during the 4th century. This came about through trade with the Romans, as well as through Gothic membership of a military covenant, which was based in Byzantium and involved pledges of military assistance. Reportedly, 40,000 Goths were brought by Constantine to defend
1673:, and states that he "ruled all the nations of Scythia and Germany by his own prowess alone." Interpreting Jordanes, Herwig Wolfram estimates that Ermanaric dominated a vast area of the Pontic Steppe stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea as far eastwards as the
4884:, p. 3. "he Getica of Jordanes has nevertheless played a crucial role. Written in the mid-sixth century, it is the only source which purports to provide an overview of Gothic history in our period, and has decisively influenced all modern historians of the Goths.
3348:, also in Ravenna, has a symmetrical composition with arches and monolithic marble columns, reused from previous Roman buildings. With capitals of different shapes and sizes. The Ostrogoths restored Roman buildings, some of which have come down to us thanks to them.
1631:, while law-abiding men sit behind. Then these same men, once they have gone a little way from the senate house, put on their sheepskins again, and when they have rejoined their fellows they mock the toga, saying that they cannot comfortably draw their swords in it.
3481:
described their characteristic powerful musculature in a pejorative way: "Their bodies provoked contempt in all who saw them, for they were far too big and far too heavy for their feet to carry them, and they were pinched in at the waist â just like those insects
858:
considers the Filimer story to be at least partially derived from Gothic oral tradition. The fact that the expanding Goths appear to have preserved their Gothic language during their migration suggests that their movement involved a fairly large number of people.
3043:. Paupers were buried with funeral rites, unlike slaves. In a village of 50 to 100 people, there were four or five elite couples. In Eastern Europe, houses include sunken-floored dwellings, surface dwellings, and stall-houses. The largest known settlement is the
4836:, p. 5 "The use of "German" waned sharply in late antiquity, when, for example, it was mainly reserved by Roman authors as an alternative to "Franks" and never applied to Goths or the other peoples living in their vicinity at the eastern end of the Danube."
1570:
in his later reign, and the Palace Guard was thereafter mostly composed of Germanic warriors, as Roman soldiers by this time had largely lost military value. The Goths increasingly became soldiers in the Roman armies in the 4th century leading to a significant
8157:
Stolarek, Ireneusz; Zenczak, Michal; Handschuh, Luiza; Juras, Anna; Marcinkowska-Swojak, Malgorzata; Spinek, Anna; DÄbski, Artur; Matla, Marzena; KĂłÄka-Krenz, Hanna; Piontek, Janusz; Figlerowicz, Marek; Polish Archaeogenomics Consortium Team (24 July 2023).
2183:
the city of Rome. Although the city's riches were plundered, the civilian inhabitants of the city were treated humanely, and only a few buildings were burned. Alaric died soon afterwards, and was buried along with his treasure in an unknown grave under the
5373:, p. 679. "he Wielbark and Przeworsk systems have come to be understood as thoroughly dominated by Germanic-speakers, with earlier archaeological 'proofs' that the latter comprised just a very few migrants from southern Scandinavia being overturned."
4785:
Goth... member of an East Germanic people from Scandinavia who settled south of the Baltic early in the first millennium ad. They moved on to the Ukrainian steppes and raided and later invaded many parts of the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th
2398:. An unknown number of them fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy. The population of the mountain region consisted of native
1975:
honoured with a magnificent funeral by the emperor following his death shortly after his arrival. In 382, Theodosius decided to enter peace negotiations with the Thervingi, which were concluded on 3 October 382. The Thervingi were subsequently made
3219:
Gothic arms and armour usually consisted of wooden shield, spear and often swords. 'Rank and file' troops did not wear much protection, while warriors of higher social class were better equipped, as was common for most tribal peoples of the time.
3490:
notes that the Vandals and Gepids looked similar to the Goths, and on this basis, he suggested that they were all of common origin. Of the Goths, he wrote that "they all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and handsome to look upon."
1786:, but was unable to achieve a decisive victory. Athanaric and Valens thereupon negotiated a peace treaty, favorable to the Thervingi, on a boat in the Danube river, as Athanaric refused to set his feet within the Roman Empire. Soon afterwards,
1374:, who was in charge of all Roman cavalry during Claudius' reign, led the decisive attack in the battle. Some survivors were resettled within the empire, while others were incorporated into the Roman army. The battle ensured the survival of the
2813:
was spoken in the Crimea until the 16th century, according to references in the writings of travelers. Most modern scholars believe that Crimean Gothic did not derive from the dialect that was the basis for Ulfilas' translation of the Bible.
3011:), are an unmistakable indication of the Visigothic presence in Spain. These fibulae were used individually or in pairs, as clasps or pins in gold, bronze and glass to join clothes, showing the work of the goldsmiths of Visigothic Hispania.
3507:
Assessing the population movement during late Antiquity, a 2023 study on the Roman frontier on the Danube concludes that "Goths were ethnically diverse confederations". A number samples obtained from Roman sites close to the limes (such as
1705:). According to Wolfram, it is certainly possible that the sphere of influence of the Chernyakhov culture could have extended well beyond its archaeological extent. Chernyakhov archaeological finds have been found far to the north in the
1263:
In the meantime, a second and larger sea-borne invasion had started. An enormous coalition consisting of Goths (Greuthungi and Thervingi), Gepids and Peucini, led again by the Heruli, assembled at the mouth of river Tyras (Dniester). The
3649:
in Latin) were the Ostrogoths. The Spanish delegation retorted that it was only the "lazy" and "unenterprising" Goths who had remained in Sweden, whereas the "heroic" Goths had left Sweden, invaded the Roman empire and settled in Spain.
5945:, p. 5. "here is a Gothic origin to some of the Getica's material, which makes it unique among surviving sources. It specifically refers, for instance, to Gothic songs and tales recording Filimer's migration to the Black Sea"
4649:
Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in
2967:
These findings, along with others from some neighbouring sites and with the archaeological excavation of the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and the Royal Spanish Academy of History (April 1859), formed a group consisting of:
3633:, and there were also disputes over who were to have the finest chairs and who were to have their chairs on mats. In some cases, they compromised so that some would have half a chair leg on the rim of a mat. In this conflict,
1270:
and Zosimus claim a total number of 2,000â6,000 ships and 325,000 men. This is probably a gross exaggeration but remains indicative of the scale of the invasion. After failing to storm some towns on the coasts of the western
4744:, pp. 5, 20. "The Goths, another East Germanic group like the Vandals and the Burgundians, had originated (by tradition) in Scandinavia, and are attested at an early stage at the mouth of the Vistula in modern Poland."
2981:: a crown and a gold cross and a stone engraved with the Annunciation. A crown, and other fragments of a tiller with a crystal ball were stolen from the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1921 and its whereabouts are still unknown.
2015:
as "eastern Goth", reflecting the geographic distribution of the Gothic realms at that time. A people closely related to the Goths, the Gepids, were also living under Hunnic domination. A smaller group of Goths were the
1251:
2521:, and in the aftermath, thousands of Gothic civilians were massacred in Constantinople, many being burned alive in the local Arian church where they had taken shelter. As late as the 6th century Goths were settled as
1790:, a rival of Athanaric, converted to Arianism, gaining the favor of Valens. Athanaric and Fritigern thereafter fought a civil war in which Athanaric appears to have been victorious. Athanaric thereafter carried out
1454:, utterly defeated the Burgundians, and then attacked the Goths and their king Ostrogotha. Out of this conflict, Ostrogotha and the Goths emerged victorious. In the last decades of the 3rd century, large numbers of
1887:
in 376 with a portion of his people and asked to be allowed to settle on the south bank of the Danube. Valens permitted this, and even assisted the Goths in their crossing of the river (probably at the fortress of
1575:
of the Roman Army. Without the recruitment of Germanic warriors in the Roman Army, the Roman Empire would not have survived for as long as it did. Goths who gained prominent positions in the Roman military include
3111:, a prisoner named Eutychus taken captive in a raid on Cappadocia in 260 preached the gospel to the Goths and was martyred. It was only in the 4th century, as a result of missionary activity by the Gothic bishop
5211:, p. 23. "The similarity of the name of the Gothic people and that of the island of Gotland seems to support the migration legend of the Origo Gothica. This area was also the home of the medieval Gutasaga."
4170:[The Visigothic necropolis of Castiltierra (Segovia) â Excavations directed by E. Camps and J. M. de NavascuĂ©s, 1932â1935 â Materials preserved in the National Archaeological Museum, Volume II: Studies]
722:
who carried round shields and short swords, and lived near the ocean, beyond the Vandals. He described them as "ruled by kings, a little more strictly than the other German tribes". In another notable work, the
81:. In the aftermath of this event, several groups of Goths came under Hunnic domination, while others migrated further west or sought refuge inside the Roman Empire. Goths who entered the Empire by crossing the
5253:, pp. 21â25 "Witold MaĆczak has argued that... the original homeland of the Goths must therefore be located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories... I think that his argument is correct..."
3241:
clothing. Archaeology indicates they were skilled potters and blacksmiths. When peace treaties were negotiated with the Romans, the Goths demanded free trade. Imports from Rome included wine and cooking-oil.
4168:"La necrĂłpolis de Ă©poca visigoda de Castiltierra (Segovia) â Excavaciones dirigidas por E. Camps y J. M. de NavascuĂ©s, 1932â1935 â Materiales conservados en el Museo ArqueolĂłgico Nacional: Tomo II, Estudios"
1518:
helped the Sarmatians to settle on the north banks of the Danube to defend against the Goths' attacks and thereby enforce the Roman border. Around 100,000 Goths were reportedly killed in battle, and
3629:
and delegations could engage in theological discussion, they had to decide how to sit during the proceedings. The delegations from the more prominent nations argued that they should sit closest to the
6069:, pp. 13. "No ancient ethnographer made a connection between the Goths and the Gutones. The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians".
5074:, p. 279. "Most scholars agree that contents of Jordanes' text... concerning the arrival of the Goths and Gepidae from Scandinavia to Pomerania is fully reflected in archaeological sources."
2667:. During the late 5th and early 6th century, the Crimean Goths had to fend off hordes of Huns who were migrating back eastward after losing control of their European empire. In the 5th century,
2517:
in 395, was sent to suppress Tribigild's rebellion, but instead plotted to use the situation to seize power in the Eastern Roman Empire. This attempt was however thwarted by the pro-Roman Goth
5475:, p. 212. "The Gotones mentioned in Tacitus, Germania 44.1 and located somewhere in what is now modern Poland would not be regarded as Goths if Jordanes' migration stories did not exist."
5038:
in the same garb as Ptolemy, Pliny, and Pomponius Mela and would have added to it, besides, circumstantial recollections of the Goths' one-time neighbors when they emigrated 2,030 years ago."
3707:
8547:
3607:
In all history there is nothing more romantically marvellous than the swift rise of this people to the height of greatness, or than the suddenness and the tragic completeness of their ruin.
495:. The Goths, Geats and Gutes may all have descended from an early community of seafarers active on both sides of the Baltic. Similarities and dissimilarities between the Gothic language and
1927:
which he was joined not only by Gothic refugees and slaves, but also by disgruntled Roman workers and peasants, and Gothic deserters from the Roman Army. The ensuing conflict, known as the
2858:
Before the invasion of the Huns, the Gothic Chernyakhov culture produced jewelry, vessels, and decorative objects in a style much influenced by Greek and Roman craftsmen. They developed a
2537:
regiment, still lived there in the early 8th century. While they were largely assimilated, their Gothic origin was still wellâknown: the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor calls them
1838:, who wrote that Hunnic domination of the Gothic kingdoms in Scythia began in the 370s. It is possible that the Hunnic attack came as a response to the Gothic expansion eastwards.
9979:
5622:
5585:
3014:
The Visigothic belt buckles, a symbol of rank and status characteristic of Visigothic women's clothing, are also notable as works of goldsmithery. Some pieces contain exceptional
2347:
in the latter part of the 6th century, the Visigoths succeeded in subduing the Suebi in Galicia and the Byzantines in the south-west, and thus achieved dominance over most of the
756:, Jordanes writes that the Goths defeated the neighbouring Vandals. Wolfram believes the Gutones freed themselves from Vandalic domination at the beginning of the 2nd century AD.
12211:
11243:
10350:
9613:
9223:
4235:. All of these cities were founded for military purposes and at least Reccopolis, Victoriacum, and Ologicus in celebration of victory. A possible fifth Visigothic foundation is
3403:, a Visigothic-Gallic nobleman brought from Narbonne to Visigothic Hispania in 672 or 673 by Wamba himself. These are the only remains of the Visigothic cathedral of Palencia.
1849:
and the Roman Empire was an attempt to subdue the independent Goths in the west. The Huns fell upon the Thervingi, and Athanaric sought refuge in the mountains (referred to as
1066:
attributes a third attack to Goths and Boradoi, and claims that some, "forgetting that they were men of Pontus and Christians," joined the invaders. An unsuccessful attack on
3055:
burials; among the latter the head aligned to the north. Some graves were left empty. Grave goods often include pottery, bone combs, and iron tools, but hardly ever weapons.
12334:
9311:
5802:
4718:
Goth... member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.
3437:. It is the only city in Western Europe to have been founded between the fifth and eighth centuries. According to Lauro Olmo Enciso who is a professor of archaeology at the
534:. Its inhabitants in the Wielbark period are usually thought to have been Germanic peoples, such as the Goths and Rugii. Jordanes writes that the Goths, soon after settling
11092:
5361:, p. 104. "s now generally accepted that the Wielbark culture incorporated areas that, in the first two centuries AD, were dominated by Goths, Rugi and other Germani."
4872:, p. xv. "They also became aware of some groups regarded as Germani, notably the Goths, migrating south-eastwards during the early centuries AD towards the Black Sea."
5506:
733:, a young Marcomannic exile, in overthrowing the rule of Maroboduus. Prior to this, it is probable that both the Gutones and Vandals had been subjects of the Marcomanni.
4175:
1661:, who embarked on a large-scale expansion. Jordanes states that Ermanaric conquered a large number of warlike tribes, including the Heruli (who were led by Alaric), the
8809:
5745:
1535:
from the north bank of the Danube after a revolt of the Sarmatians' slaves. From 335 to 336, Constantine, continuing his Danube campaign, defeated many Gothic tribes.
6318:
8779:
238:), from mainland Sweden. Though these names probably mean the same, their exact meaning is uncertain. They are all thought to be related to the Proto-Germanic verb *
11587:
7976:
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4665:
6401:
6378:
2713:
In the 10th century, the lands of the Crimean Goths were once again raided by the Khazars. As a response, the leaders of the Crimean Goths made an alliance with
5349:, p. 12. "Archaeologists equate the earliest history of the Goths with the artifacts of a culture named after the East Prussian town Willenberg-Wielbark."
1213:, the Dalmatian cavalry of the Roman army earning a reputation as good fighters. Reported barbarian casualties were 3,000 men. Subsequently, the Heruli leader
12628:
4520:, p. 609. "Goths, a Germanic people described by Roman authors of the 1st century a.d. as living in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Vistula river."
2493:
After the Hunnic invasion, many Goths became subjects of the Huns. A section of these Goths under the leadership of the Amali dynasty came to be known as the
8124:
Antonio, Margaret; WeiĂ, Clemens; Gao, Ziyue; Sawyer, Susanna; Oberreiter, Victoria; Moots, Hannah; Spence, Jeffrey; Cheronet, Olivia; Zagorc, Brina (2023).
2601:
The Goths were briefly reunited under one crown in the early 6th century under Theodoric, who became regent of the Visigothic kingdom following the death of
2544:
The Ostrogoths fought together with the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451. Following the death of Attila and the defeat of the Huns at the
1004:
4848:, pp. 104, 111, 662. "Goths, Rugi and other Germani... Goths but also of some other Germani, notably Heruli... Germani such as the Vandals or Goths..."
457:. Many scholars accept that Jordanes' account on Gothic origins is at least partially derived from Gothic tribal tradition and accurate on certain details.
11167:
10647:
8574:
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785:
mentioned by Procopius. Wolfram suggests that there were close relations between the Gythones and Gutae, and that they might have been of common origin.
654:, which was located to the south of the Wielbark culture. Wolfram suggests that the Gutones were clients of the Lugii and Vandals in the 1st century AD.
2351:. Liuvigild also abolished the law that prevented intermarriage between Hispano-Romans and Goths, and he remained an Arian Christian. The conversion of
1834:
people living to the east of the Goths, and then, along with Alans, invaded the territory of the Goths. A source for this period is the Roman historian
12077:
10963:
12998:
928:, as this area, known as Scythia, had historically been occupied by an unrelated people of that name. It is in the late 3rd century that the name
10559:
Kokowski, Andrzej (2007). "The Agriculture of the Goths Between the First and Fifth Centuries AD". In Barnish, Sam J.; Marazzi, Federico (eds.).
8218:
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240:
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with a pattern found in 5th- and 6th-century Scandinavian metal adornments. A niche leads down to a room that was probably a chapel for funeral
10794:
10245:
7999:
4304:, p. 673. "a Germanic tribe whose name means 'the people', first attested immediately south of the Baltic Sea in the first two centuries."
12593:
11626:
10601:
1669:, who, although militarily weak, were very numerous, and put up a strong resistance. Jordanes compares the conquests of Ermanaric to those of
2952:
from the royal workshop in Toledo, with Byzantine influence. The treasure represents the high point of Visigothic goldsmithery, according to
10413:
Kasperski, Robert (2015). "Too Civilized to Revert to Savages? A Study Concerning a Debate about the Goths between Procopius and Jordanes".
2916:
Visigothic â Pair of eagle fibulae found at Tierra de Barros (Badajoz, southwest Spain) made of sheet gold with amethysts and coloured glass
11133:
10331:
9810:
Guerra, M.F.; Galligaro, T.; Perea, A. (2007). "The treasure of Guarrazar: Tracing the gold supplies in the Visigothic Iberian peninsula".
9535:
Cassia, Margherita (2019). "Between Paganism and Judaism: Early Christianity in Cappadocia". In Stephen Mitchell; Philipp Pilhofer (eds.).
5034:, p. 391. "t takes a weird conception of any Gothic oral tradition to imagine that it would have supplied Jordanes or his source with
4824:, p. 112. "Goths, Vandals, and Gepids, among others, never called themselves German or were regarded as such by late Roman observers."
156:, established a culture that survived for more than a thousand years, although Goths would eventually cease to exist as a distinct people.
3115:, whose grandparents were Cappadocians taken captive in the raids of the 250s, that the Goths were gradually converted. Ulfilas devised a
2505:, rose up in rebellion and defeated the first imperial army sent against him, possibly seeking to emulate Alaric's successes in the west.
1447:, who lived northwest of the Goths, are also attested as this time. Jordanes writes that the Gepids shared common origins with the Goths.
11522:
8719:
7455:
5619:
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12406:
12393:
Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the transformation of the Roman world
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11219:
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9955:
2414:
and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society. The Christians began to regain control under the leadership of the nobleman
170:
ultimately derive their names from the ancient Goths, though the Goths themselves did not directly create or influence these art forms.
13059:
12281:
9585:
9195:
4604:
3225:
2362:
At the end of the 7th century, the Visigothic Kingdom began to suffer from internal troubles. Their kingdom fell and was progressively
1876:, came to the aid of the Goths in an epic conflict with the Huns, although this saga might derive from a later Gothic-Hunnic conflict.
1062:. This may not be an ethnic term but may just mean "people from the north". It is unknown if Goths were involved in these first raids.
8863:
8402:
522:. It is primarily distinguished from the Oksywie by the practice of inhumation, the absence of weapons in graves, and the presence of
11674:
8388:
7787:
5673:
673:, and Carini belong to the Vandili. Pliny classifies the Vandili as one of the five principal "German races", along with the coastal
9247:
8533:
7817:
3058:
Peter Heather suggests that the freemen constituted the core of Gothic society. These were ranked below the nobility, but above the
14106:
9204:
12302:
9291:
5799:
3318:, 10 meters in diameter. Possibly as a reference to the Goths' tradition of an origin in Scandinavia, the architect decorated the
14124:
5503:
4617:
Goth... ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.
2972:
12482:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"
4134:
mentions Scythians, Greuthungi, Tervingi, Gepids, Peucini, Celts and Heruli. Zosimus names Scythians, Heruli, Peucini and Goths.
8837:
4860:, p. 503. "Militarized freedmen among the Germani appear in sixth- and seventh-century Visigothic and Frankish law codes."
8799:
4167:
8086:
7449:
4538:
3341:. In the late 19th century, silting from a nearby rivulet that had partly submerged the mausoleum was drained and excavated.
2605:
at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Shortly after Theodoric's death, the country was invaded by the Eastern Roman Empire in the
12957:
12920:
12862:
12549:
12464:
12371:
12251:
12164:
12037:
12000:
11963:
11904:
11870:
11732:
11487:
11423:
11383:
11339:
11302:
11200:
11106:
11040:
11000:
10906:
10866:
10826:
10752:
10712:
10580:
10543:
10503:
10466:
10309:
10269:
10217:
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9175:
9152:
9018:
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8513:
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tried to recruit Crimean Goths for his campaigns in Italy, but few showed interest in joining him. They affiliated with the
1546:, "the bravest of the Goths" and were victorious, although Vidigoia was killed. Jordanes states that Aoric was succeeded by
1295:. Part of their fleet was wrecked, either because of the Goth's inexperience in sailing through the violent currents of the
11772:
10676:
9088:
8749:
8043:, p. 9 "The Goths are always described as tall and athletic men, with fair complexions, blue eyes, and yellow hair..."
5700:
4772:
4574:
2609:, which severely devastated and depopulated the Italian peninsula. The Ostrogoths made a brief resurgence under their king
2203:. After failing to gain recognition from the Romans, Athaulf retreated into Hispania in early 415, and was assassinated in
1531:, a historian who wrote in Greek in the third century, wrote that in 334, Constantine evacuated approximately 300,000
8769:
5742:
3261:
the Roman people in that district that they may be permitted to continue to lead their present life among the barbarians.
3035:
Archaeological evidence in Visigothic cemeteries shows that social stratification was analogous to that of the village of
1764:, the land of the Goths. The saga states that it was located on the Dnieper river. Jordanes refers to the region as Oium.
1607:
became fashionable in Constantinople, a fashion which was loudly denounced by conservatives. The 4th-century Greek bishop
12633:
11573:
11556:
9199:
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7303:
6315:
2497:. Others sought refuge in the Roman Empire, where many of them were recruited into the Roman army. In the spring of 399,
9263:
9038:
7098:
3377:
646:. The "Butones" are generally equated with the Gutones. The Lugii have sometimes been considered the same people as the
12914:
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12856:
12610:
12458:
12437:
12365:
12328:
12205:
12158:
12115:
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11932:
11766:
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11612:
11516:
11457:
11333:
11274:
11237:
11224:
11194:
11100:
11065:
11034:
10994:
10940:
10900:
10860:
10746:
10706:
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10574:
10497:
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9842:
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9607:
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9407:
9305:
9217:
9146:
9082:
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7066:
6008:, p. 117. "t is now universally accepted that the system can be taken to reflect the world created by the Goths...
2702:, capital of the Crimean Goths, briefly expelled the Khazars from Crimea in the late 8th century, and was subsequently
2583:, for the leadership of his people. Fearing the threat posed by Theodoric to Constantinople, the Eastern Roman emperor
2150:
1879:
Although the Huns successfully subdued many of the Goths who subsequently joined their ranks, Fritigern approached the
1713:
on the other hand, contends that the extent of Ermanaric's power is exaggerated. Ermanaric's possible dominance of the
1336:
6345:
302:
in what has been associated with Gothic migration, and by the late 3rd century it contributed to the formation of the
13205:
12994:
12936:
Wolfram, Herwig (2004). "Origo Gentis: The Literature of Germanic Origins". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm (eds.).
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around the same time as the Goths in the west. From the 240s at the earliest, Goths were heavily recruited into the
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8912:
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that survived in historical accounts, and loan-words in other languages, making it a language of great interest in
2286:
1791:
67:
12278:
11718:
3677:
used against European Spaniards, who in the early colonial period often felt superior to the people born locally (
2215:, who succeeded in having the Visigoths accepted by Honorius as foederati in southern Gaul, with their capital at
1611:
compared the Goths to wolves among sheep, mocked them for wearing skins and questioned their loyalty towards Rome:
14178:
14129:
13337:
12660:
12576:
11399:
4587:
Goth... ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.
2895:
2707:
1995:. Visigoths means the "Goths of the west", while Ostrogoths means "Goths of the east". The Visigoths, led by the
11157:
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compared the Goths' and related people's favourable treatment of the poor to the miserable state of peasants in
14119:
13387:
13192:
13052:
12985:
12951:
12685:
12543:
12400:
12245:
12023:
11986:
11957:
11949:
11864:
11817:
11788:
11726:
11481:
11417:
11377:
10950:
10932:
10820:
10537:
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10263:
10010:
9932:
9894:
9513:
9505:
9363:
9119:
9012:
8971:
7532:
4686:
Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.
3137:
2729:
in the late 15th century. As late as the 18th century a small number of people in Crimea may still have spoken
1538:
Having been driven from the Danube by the Romans, the Thervingi invaded the territory of the Sarmatians of the
980:
17:
12063:
7689:, p. 467. "Goths â Germanic-speaking group first encountered in northern Poland in the first century AD."
4551:
Goth... member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era
2336:. The defeat at Vouillé resulted in their penetrating further into Hispania and establishing a new capital at
12760:"Goth migration induced changes in the matrilineal genetic structure of the central-east European population"
12308:
2117:. In 395, following the death of Theodosius I, Alaric and his Balkan Goths invaded Greece, where they sacked
10953:
10768:
Lacarra, JosĂ© MarĂa (1958). "Panorama de la historia urbana en la PenĂnsula IbĂ©rica desde el siglo V al X".
1232:
was proclaimed emperor and headed to Rome to establish his rule. Claudius' immediate concerns were with the
13268:
9422:
8945:
3684:
3373:
2553:
2363:
1040:
133:
12705:"A mosaic genetic structure of the human population living in the South Baltic region during the Iron Age"
3733:
1749:
14134:
13147:
11798:
10285:
9191:
3641:, claimed that the Swedes were the descendants of the great Goths, and that the people of VÀstergötland (
2883:
2114:
1256:
1166:
899:
376:
52:
3088:
1733:. In the western part of Gothic territories, dominated by the Thervingi, there were also populations of
1458:
are recorded as fleeing Dacia for the Roman Empire, having probably been driven from the area by Goths.
105:. Meanwhile, Goths under Hunnic rule gained their independence in the 5th century, most importantly the
13300:
13295:
12977:
12571:
12312:
12237:
11806:
Vitiello, Massimiliano (Spring 2022). "Cassiodorus, Theoderic, and the Dream of a Pan-Gothic Kingdom".
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ascended to the throne, a reference to Gothic origins was included in the title of the King of Sweden:
2170:, also attempted to invade Italy, and was also defeated by Stilicho. In 408, the Western Roman emperor
1206:
453:, but also cites material from fifteen other classical sources, including an otherwise unknown writer,
3406:
874:
in the east. It is believed to have been dominated by the Goths and other Germanic groups such as the
14152:
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13239:
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12531:
Gothic connections: Contacts between eastern Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast 1000 BCâ500 AD
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4669:
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2676:
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1987:
In the aftermath of the Hunnic onslaught, two major groups of the Goths would eventually emerge, the
2007:, claimed descent from the Greuthungi and were subjects of the Huns. Procopius interpreted the name
1361:
Learning of the approach of Claudius, the Goths first attempted to directly invade Italy. They were
1335:, though the temple was repaired and then later torn down by Christians a century later, one of the
13372:
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and slaves. It is estimated that around a quarter to a fifth of weapon-bearing Gothic males of the
2722:
2622:
2606:
2306:
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but were always pushed back. In 439 the Visigoths signed a treaty with the Romans which they kept.
2157:
2089:
1928:
1909:
125:
11473:
Altrusslands Anfang: historische SchlĂŒsse aus Namen, Wörtern und Texten zum 9. und 10. Jahrhundert
9965:
9544:
5117:, p. 236 believe there is archaeological evidence for a partial Gothic origin in Scandinavia.
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13182:
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13119:
12357:
12189:
11229:
10922:
10336:
10295:
10203:
10162:
10113:
10076:
10039:
9882:
9599:
9554:
9209:
9064:
8775:
7529:"Tarasov I.M. Some plots of Gothic history mentioded in Ioachim Chronicles.2021. Part I. P.56â71"
4632:
3909:
3679:
2768:
2760:
2672:
2630:
1842:
1841:
Upon the suicide of Ermanaric (died 376), the Greuthungi gradually fell under Hunnic domination.
1593:
1562:
1425:
1170:
550:
12096:(2013). "Connections between Scandinavia and the East Roman Empire in the Migration period". In
11123:
9869:"Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration"
3438:
3429:, Castile-La Mancha, Spain, is an archaeological site of one of at least four cities founded in
2587:
ordered Theodoric to invade Italy in 488. By 493, Theodoric had conquered all of Italy from the
2469:
777:. In an earlier chapter he mentions a people called the Gutae (or Gautae) as living in southern
13889:
13322:
13317:
13244:
13139:
11664:
11660:
11149:
9337:
8709:
8570:
4245:
4046:
3875:
3703:
3626:
3520:
3426:
3276:
3198:
2978:
2625:
in 553, Ostrogothic resistance ended, and the remaining Goths in Italy were assimilated by the
2510:
2474:
1959:
1241:
996:
854:, who are believed to have carried out a migration similar to the Goths in the 3rd century BC.
799:
Beginning in the middle of the 2nd century, the Wielbark culture shifted southeast towards the
496:
306:. By the 4th century at the latest, several Gothic groups were distinguishable, among whom the
11538:
11504:
10452:
9481:
7439:
2199:, who had been seized during Alaric's sack of Rome. Athaulf settled the Visigoths in southern
487:
and the names of the Gutes and Geats have been cited as evidence that the Goths originated in
13187:
13077:
12813:
Strid, Jan Paul (January 2010). "The Origin of the Goths from a Topolinguistic Perspective".
12388:
11890:
10848:
East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion
10237:
9633:
8805:
8745:
4108:
3810:
3799:
3638:
3211:
2975:: six crowns, five crosses, a pendant and remnants of foil and channels (almost all of gold).
2925:
2764:
1776:
1678:
286: – possibly early Goths – are documented living near the lower
35:
12592:
Nordgren, Ingemar (2011). "Goths and Religion". In Kaliff, Anders; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.).
12268:
11058:
Hem till Jarlabanke: Jord, makt och evigt liv i östra MÀlardalen under jÀrnÄder och medeltid
7199:
4592:
2552:. Mentions of this event were probably preserved in Slavic epic songs. Under his successor,
979:
describes the Gothic period as "the only non-nomadic episode in the history of the steppe."
43:
13278:
13249:
13152:
12773:
12718:
12495:
12197:
10002:
9331:
9251:
8829:
8641:
8398:
8392:
3983:
3759:
3599:
3587:
3525:
3400:
3365:
3153:
2837:
2833:
2714:
2415:
1951:
1940:
1932:
1880:
1835:
1783:
1339:. While their main force had constructed siege works and was close to taking the cities of
1178:
1063:
454:
145:
129:
86:
10562:
The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective
7779:
5109:
1970 claimed there was no archaeological evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths.
3133:
The Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania converted to Catholicism in the late 6th century.
2321:
1051:
was killed. This was one of the most disastrous defeats in the history of the Roman army.
940:) is first mentioned. Ancient authors do not identify the Goths with the earlier Gutones.
769:
mentions the Gythones (or Gutones) as living east of the Vistula in Sarmatia, between the
8:
14114:
13327:
12943:
12669:
12227:
11886:
11856:
11409:
11026:
10566:
9345:
9239:
9070:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
8902:
8715:
8685:
8624:
7809:
4696:
4660:
3993:
3925:
3887:
3861:
3537:
3529:
3422:
3345:
3296:
3202:
3083:
3063:
2695:
2668:
2595:
2572:
2557:
2464:
2423:
2419:
2375:
2333:
2270:
2109:
The Goths suffered heavy losses while serving Theodosius in the civil war of 394 against
1772:
1670:
1059:
863:
761:
575:
418:
319:
303:
159:
141:
114:
110:
12777:
12722:
12499:
11792:
8248:
8194:
8159:
4203:, but a twelfth-century foundation for this city is given in contemporary sources, (ii)
3000:
2809:
area, in what is now Bulgaria, in the early 9th century, and a related dialect known as
2305:. Although they controlled Spain, they still formed a tiny minority among a much larger
955:
the Goths quickly adopted several nomadic customs from the Sarmatians. They excelled at
862:
By the mid-3rd century AD, the Wielbark culture had contributed to the formation of the
650:, with whom they were certainly closely affiliated. The Vandals are associated with the
13497:
13349:
13288:
13177:
13109:
13085:
12796:
12764:
12759:
12741:
12709:
12704:
12691:
12535:
12429:
11837:
11266:
11079:
10802:
10788:
10728:
10668:
10656:
10635:
9761:
9744:
9417:
Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.;
8937:
8859:
8841:
8651:
8590:
4212:
3834:
3388:
3327:
3177:
3165:
2933:
2908:
of Recceswinth, hanging in Madrid. The hanging letters spell ECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET .
2879:
2841:
2752:
2294:
2245:
2180:
2134:
2104:
2062:
1868:" (The Battle of the Goths and Huns), a medieval Icelandic saga. The sagas recall that
1823:
1718:
1492:
1197:, pushed the invaders to the north where they were intercepted by the Roman army under
1182:
1044:
920:
The first incursion of the Roman Empire that can be attributed to Goths is the sack of
843:
830:. This migration account partly corresponds with the archaeological evidence. The name
190:
98:
11439:
6935:
3739:
1865:
1807:
1054:
The first Gothic seaborne raids took place in the 250s. The first two incursions into
13273:
13124:
13099:
12947:
12910:
12889:
12852:
12848:
12801:
12746:
12695:
12681:
12606:
12539:
12513:
12454:
12433:
12396:
12361:
12324:
12241:
12201:
12154:
12111:
12027:
11990:
11953:
11928:
11860:
11841:
11829:
11762:
11748:
11722:
11639:
11608:
11579:
11512:
11477:
11453:
11449:
11413:
11373:
11359:
11329:
11270:
11233:
11190:
11096:
11080:"The Wielbark and Przeworsk Cultures at the Turn of the Early and Late Roman Periods"
11061:
11030:
10990:
10936:
10896:
10856:
10842:
10816:
10742:
10702:
10672:
10664:
10614:
10570:
10533:
10493:
10456:
10392:
10340:
10299:
10259:
10207:
10166:
10117:
10080:
10043:
10006:
9969:
9928:
9838:
9823:
9784:
9765:
9724:
9687:
9647:
9603:
9589:
9558:
9509:
9436:
9403:
9399:
9359:
9301:
9213:
9142:
9078:
9008:
8967:
8655:
8503:
8253:
8199:
8181:
7445:
5102:
4759:
4561:
3881:
3634:
3556:
3338:
3326:; a stair leads to the upper floor. Located in the centre of the floor is a circular
3136:
The Ostrogoths (and their remnants, the Crimean Goths) were closely connected to the
3108:
3044:
3030:
3021:
inlays and are generally rectangular in shape, with copper alloy, garnets and glass.
3004:
2937:
2756:
2614:
2367:
2356:
2348:
1635:
1362:
1332:
1229:
1015:
and Greek commemorates the Persian victory over the Romans and the troops drawn from
1008:
1000:
907:
903:
651:
616:
608:
527:
480:
179:
163:
137:
10926:
10639:
6876:
6874:
4144:
2984:
2359:
in the late 6th century prompted the assimilation of Goths with the Hispano-Romans.
2265:
1931:, lasted for several years. Meanwhile, a group of Greuthungi, led by the chieftains
13696:
13068:
12826:
12791:
12781:
12736:
12726:
12673:
12503:
12316:
12193:
12093:
12068:
11821:
11699:
11369:
11284:
11153:
11016:
10852:
10812:
10660:
10597:
10519:
10426:
10255:
10148:
9961:
9886:
9819:
9753:
9418:
9034:
8825:
8499:
8243:
8235:
8189:
8171:
8137:
8129:
4243:), mentioned as founded by Reccared in the fifteenth-century geographical account,
4130:
3971:
3829:
3824:
3765:
3622:
3575:
3500:
3331:
3280:
2718:
2680:
2576:
2514:
2237:
2171:
2146:
2142:
2032:
1947:
1803:
1650:
1624:
1597:
1431:
By the late 3rd century, there were at least two groups of Goths, separated by the
1320:
1319:, the Goths achieved no success on this expedition because they were struck by the
1266:
1138:
1027:
835:
808:
725:
593:
558:
531:
511:
408:
295:
12320:
11405:
Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages
11075:
4530:
3248:
on their own people nor on their subjects. The early 5th-century Christian writer
1347:, it retreated to the Balkan interior at the news that the emperor was advancing.
1036:
Meanwhile, Gothic raids on the Roman Empire continued, In 250â51, the Gothic king
912:
623:. The equation between Gutones and later Goths is disputed by several historians.
77:
In the late 4th century, the lands of the Goths were invaded from the east by the
13305:
13283:
13227:
13197:
13081:
12937:
12904:
12885:
12879:
12842:
12529:
12486:
12448:
12423:
12351:
12231:
12144:
12129:
12101:
12017:
11980:
11943:
11894:
11850:
11752:
11712:
11471:
11443:
11442:(2002). "Scandinavia in the Light of Ancient Tradition". In Bandle, Oskar (ed.).
11403:
11363:
11319:
11288:
11260:
11215:
11184:
11086:
11020:
10980:
10886:
10846:
10806:
10732:
10696:
10560:
10523:
10483:
10442:
10438:
10378:(2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.).
10289:
10249:
10197:
10156:
10107:
10070:
10033:
10032:
Heather, Peter (1999). "The Creation of the Visigoths". In Heather, Peter (ed.).
9996:
9918:
9832:
9774:
9714:
9677:
9637:
9548:
9499:
9426:
9393:
9389:
9349:
9169:
9136:
9110:
9068:
8998:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8705:
8679:
8594:
8493:
7384:
6871:
6773:
6405:
6382:
6322:
5806:
5749:
5626:
5589:
5510:
5101:, p. 73 claimed to have found archaeological evidence of a Gothic origin in
4534:
4200:
4070:
3988:
3965:
3904:
3770:
3698:(1888) being the standard English-language text for many decades. More recently,
3499:
Stolarek et al. (2023) and Antonio et al. (2022) both sequenced genomes from the
3206:
3169:
3116:
3100:
3075:
3036:
2992:
2875:
2851:
2802:
2772:
2746:
2742:
2561:
2545:
2446:
2302:
1831:
1500:
1186:
1075:
988:
921:
879:
842:. In the early 3rd century AD, western Scythia was inhabited by the agricultural
706:
658:
589:
526:. This area had been intimately connected with Scandinavia since the time of the
519:
335:
185:
167:
71:
63:
31:
9388:(2002). "Sociolinguistic Perspectives And Language Contact in Proto-Nordic". In
4754:
4556:
2560:
in 468, and then defeated a coalition of Romanâsupported Germanic tribes at the
2162:
In 401 and 402, Alaric made two attempts at invading Italy, but was defeated by
1939:, crossed the Danube without Roman permission. The Gothic War culminated in the
1918:
Europe in AD 400, showing the distribution of the Goths in the aftermath of the
14173:
13979:
13763:
13427:
13114:
12830:
12786:
12731:
12125:
11920:
11622:
11542:
10882:
10233:
10152:
9720:
9673:
9629:
9537:
Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream
9283:
8675:
8239:
8226:
8176:
6207:
Geschichte der Hunnen. Erster Band: Von den AnfÀngen bis zum Einbruch in Europa
6093:, p. 41. "However, linguists believe there is an indisputable connection."
4165:
4097:
4089:
3893:
3782:
3711:
3666:
2810:
2730:
2726:
2699:
2691:
2652:
2584:
2580:
2196:
2179:. In Italy, Alaric liberated tens of thousands of Gothic slaves, and in 410 he
1753:
1730:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1567:
1507:
1455:
1450:
In the late 3rd century, as recorded by Jordanes, the Gepids, under their king
1432:
1123:
1020:
1012:
933:
770:
351:
247:
The etymology of the demonym "Goths" is closely related to that of the Swedish
199:
12677:
12508:
12481:
11365:
Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of the Ethnic Communities, 300â800
9757:
8133:
8126:
Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobilit
7293:
3465:
In ancient sources, the Goths are always described as tall and athletic, with
2686:
During the Middle Ages, the Crimean Goths were in perpetual conflict with the
1596:, a Gothic eunuch, was the childhood tutor and later adviser of Roman emperor
744:, showing the location of the Gothones, then inhabiting the east bank of the
14167:
13738:
13701:
13661:
13527:
13256:
13215:
12525:
12097:
11833:
11583:
11056:
NÀsman, Ulf (2008). "FrÄn Attila till Karl den Store". In M. Olausson (ed.).
10375:
9910:
9327:
9287:
9243:
8994:
8941:
8539:
8185:
7088:
6769:
5135:
5106:
4768:
4036:
3898:
3699:
3691:
3613:
3356:
During their governance of Hispania, the Visigoths built several churches of
3315:
3173:
3015:
2664:
2642:
2337:
2017:
2004:
1996:
1710:
1706:
1572:
1515:
1504:
1284:
1099:
1019:, the Gothic and German kingdoms, which is probably a Parthian gloss for the
952:
855:
580:
347:
298:. From the 2nd century, the Wielbark culture expanded southwards towards the
287:
153:
102:
48:
13840:
11690:
Thompson, Edward Arthur (1963). "The Barbarian Kingdoms in Gaul and Spain".
9890:
8853:
8125:
7056:
4343:
3330:
stone grave, in which Theodoric was buried. His remains were removed during
2659:
Gothic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in
2141:. Athens itself was spared by paying a large bribe, and the Eastern emperor
2020:, who remained in Crimea and maintained their Gothic identity well into the
701:
with the Gutones, but the authenticity of the Pytheas account is uncertain.
13432:
13422:
13405:
13222:
12838:
12805:
12750:
12517:
11625:(2011). "Retracing the Goths". In Kaliff, Anders; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.).
10430:
10241:
9385:
8543:
8257:
8219:"A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations"
8203:
6832:
4701:
4570:
3574:
and modern Spain, the Visigoths were believed to be the progenitors of the
3449:
I and to serve as Reccared's seat as co-king in the Visigothic province of
3396:
3335:
3120:
3018:
2945:
2905:
2442:
2278:
2176:
2093:
2036:
2021:
1971:
1935:, who were co-regents with Vithericus, son and heir of the Greuthungi king
1914:
1761:
1628:
1386:
1375:
1367:
1350:
1340:
1292:
987:, who migrated southward from the forests and came to dominate the eastern
956:
804:
666:
523:
468:
428:
323:
11825:
7200:"Asser's Life of King Alfred, by Albert S. CookâA Project Gutenberg eBook"
5536:, p. 33. "It is normally assumed that are identical with the Goths."
1280:
503:) have been cited as evidence both for and against a Scandinavian origin.
13914:
13872:
13795:
13708:
13576:
13566:
13477:
13261:
12973:
12702:
11547:
11355:
10489:
9864:
8997:[Geats]. In Beck, Heinrich; Steuer, Heiko; Timpe, Dieter (eds.).
8142:
6455:
6453:
4691:
4655:
4636:
4006:
3941:
3787:
3674:
3560:
3545:
3533:
3446:
3194:
2957:
2941:
2787:
589; it survived as a domestic language in the Iberian peninsula (modern
2538:
2427:
2325:
2233:
2067:
1979:
of the Romans in Thrace and obliged to provide troops to the Roman army.
1742:
1604:
1496:
1479:
1382:
1344:
1202:
968:
941:
871:
638:
as part of a large group of peoples who came under the domination of the
450:
445:, who may have been of Gothic descent. Jordanes claims to have based the
339:
277:
12903:
Timpe, Dieter (1989). "Entdeckungsgeschichte". In Beck, Heinrich (ed.).
3594:
We N.N. by the Grace of God King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vends.
2779:, Sweden, which contains a partial translation of the Bible credited to
1857:
makes a passing reference to Athanaric's royal titles before 376 in his
1757:
492:
390:
14091:
13879:
13862:
13810:
13800:
13785:
13753:
13743:
13621:
13571:
13447:
13442:
13410:
13129:
12703:
Stolarek, I.; Juras, A.; Handschuh, L.; et al. (6 February 2018).
11703:
9462:
9004:
8963:
8600:
6665:
6663:
6261:
4157:
3977:
3866:
3621:
The Spanish and Swedish claims of Gothic origins led to a clash at the
3509:
3466:
3454:
3450:
3414:
3253:
3052:
2996:
2859:
2528:
2494:
2458:
2352:
2167:
2080:
1992:
1955:
1943:
in 378, in which the Romans were badly defeated and Valens was killed.
1936:
1893:
1889:
1694:
1550:, "a man renowned for his valor and noble birth", who waged war on the
1532:
1488:
1467:
1440:
1413:
1405:
1300:
1299:
or because they were defeated by the Roman navy. Then they entered the
1214:
1154:
1150:
1055:
992:
976:
972:
924:
in 238. The first references to the Goths in the 3rd century call them
847:
812:
678:
674:
643:
639:
484:
311:
106:
12566:
10072:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
6450:
689:. In an earlier chapter Pliny writes that the 4th century BC traveler
294:
in the 1st century, where they are associated with the archaeological
14086:
14081:
14071:
14004:
13909:
13805:
13768:
13758:
13718:
13671:
13666:
13616:
13556:
13482:
13472:
13452:
13415:
13400:
12107:
11325:
8735:
4228:
4113:
4031:
3915:
3702:
has established himself as the leading authority on the Goths in the
3662:
3564:
3549:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3442:
3434:
3392:
3381:
3303:
3048:
2900:
2703:
2602:
2533:
2523:
2498:
2426:
in c. 722, in what is taken by historians to be the beginning of the
2403:
2387:
2344:
2204:
2056:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1850:
1812:
1787:
1768:
1658:
1640:
1581:
1471:
1436:
1355:
1296:
1288:
1272:
1221:
1198:
1146:
1091:
1087:
1083:
866:
in Scythia. This strikingly uniform culture came to stretch from the
851:
800:
714:
writes that the Gotones (or Gothones) and the neighbouring Rugii and
682:
515:
358:. In modern scholarship the Goths are sometimes referred to as being
307:
299:
90:
9868:
9679:
Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418â584: The Techniques of Accommodation
9105:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7528:
6934:
6660:
2548:
in 454, the Ostrogoths broke away from Hunnic rule under their king
2088:
uneasy. In 391, Gothic soldiers, with the blessing of Theodosius I,
1070:
was followed in the second year by another, which sacked Pityus and
14059:
14044:
14024:
14009:
13989:
13964:
13949:
13944:
13924:
13894:
13884:
13835:
13825:
13820:
13651:
13636:
13611:
13591:
13561:
13551:
13546:
13517:
13512:
13502:
13437:
13395:
13104:
13037:
11758:
10698:
Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age
9742:
and the Disputed Authenticity of Gothic Origins from Scandinavia".
8620:
8529:
8160:"Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE"
6793:
6631:
6629:
6627:
4208:
4166:
Isabel Arias SĂĄnchez & Luis Javier Balmaseda Muncharaz (eds.).
3947:
3852:
3819:
3804:
3793:
3778:
3728:
3579:
3478:
3430:
3357:
3104:
3059:
2961:
2929:
2863:
2792:
2626:
2565:
2518:
2502:
2435:
2407:
2383:
2379:
2378:. Some Visigothic nobles found refuge in the mountain areas of the
2329:
2317:
2216:
2163:
2110:
2097:
2072:
1686:
1657:
In the 4th century, Geberic was succeeded by the Greuthungian king
1608:
1585:
1551:
1543:
1528:
1483:
1390:
1381:
In 270, after the death of Claudius, Goths under the leadership of
1371:
1233:
1194:
1079:
1078:. In the third year, a much larger force devastated large areas of
964:
945:
811:. By 200 AD, Wielbark Goths were probably being recruited into the
736:
730:
662:
635:
539:
442:
280:, but the accuracy of this account is unclear. A people called the
273:
94:
30:
This article is about the Germanic people. For the subculture, see
12758:
Stolarek, I.; Handschuh, L.; Juras, A.; et al. (1 May 2019).
11927:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press.
8880:
8063:
8061:
7709:
7707:
6886:
6504:
3690:
A large amount of literature has been produced on the Goths, with
3376:, Santa LucĂa del Trampal in AlcuĂ©scar, Santa Comba in Bande, and
3126:
During the 370s, Goths converting to Christianity were subject to
2882:, was used to join clothes c. AD 500; the piece on display in the
1782:. In retaliation, Valens invaded the territories of Athanaric and
1771:, son of Aoric and leader of the Thervingi, supported the usurper
466:(Scandinavia), from where they emigrated by sea to an area called
14076:
14064:
14054:
14029:
14019:
14014:
13994:
13984:
13959:
13899:
13857:
13830:
13748:
13681:
13676:
13656:
13646:
13601:
13596:
13586:
13581:
13522:
13507:
13457:
12757:
12103:
From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology
10422:
10238:"Migration Period Europe: The Formation of a Political Mentality"
9432:
8849:
8765:
8739:
8489:
7760:
7743:
6711:
6570:
6492:
5960:
4240:
4224:
4161:
3960:
3931:
3920:
3753:
3323:
3307:
3288:
3249:
3157:
3112:
3040:
3008:
2924:
an important collection of Visigothic metalwork was found in the
2846:
2780:
2776:
2687:
2591:
2549:
2478:
2411:
2399:
2371:
2220:
2208:
2192:
2185:
2126:
2118:
1964:
1946:
Following the decisive Gothic victory at Adrianople, Julius, the
1854:
1738:
1734:
1616:
1555:
1547:
1524:
1451:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1354:
Europe in AD 300, showing the distribution of the Goths near the
1328:
1228:
in the summer of 268 in a plot led by high officers in his army,
1142:
1071:
1058:
took place between 253 and 256, and are attributed to Boranoi by
984:
960:
883:
823:
778:
766:
745:
741:
715:
711:
690:
686:
647:
571:
500:
488:
462:
399:
343:
315:
282:
118:
10109:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
9138:
Tenerife, Western Canary Islands, La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro
8885:. Translated by Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson.
7475:
7473:
7039:
7037:
7035:
6624:
2594:, whom he killed with his own hands; he subsequently formed the
615:
The Goths are generally believed to have been first attested by
460:
According to Jordanes, the Goths originated on an island called
14096:
14049:
14034:
13999:
13974:
13939:
13934:
13867:
13852:
13790:
13728:
13713:
13691:
13641:
13631:
13626:
13539:
13534:
13492:
13462:
9293:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193â337
8795:
8429:
8058:
7704:
7125:
7113:
5776:
5774:
5524:, p. 38. "he Gutones... were first mentioned by Strabo..."
4627:
3936:
3856:
3843:
3470:
3319:
3311:
2806:
2798:
2660:
2610:
2506:
2486:
2313:
2282:
2212:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2076:
2044:
2028:
1897:
1884:
1846:
1779:
1726:
1698:
1644:
1577:
1461:
1444:
1408:, where piracy by Black Sea Goths was causing great trouble in
1398:
1312:
1308:
1276:
1245:
1237:
1210:
1190:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1134:
1130:, which enabled them to engage in widespread naval activities.
1119:
1111:
1095:
1067:
1048:
875:
867:
670:
627:
554:
437:
291:
261:
149:
82:
12353:
The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century
10251:
Rituals of Power: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages
10035:
The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century
8309:
7719:
7658:
7656:
7654:
6849:
6847:
5722:
5720:
3140:
from the 5th century, and became fully incorporated under the
2862:
style of gold work, using wrought cells or setting to encrust
2759:
with the earliest attestation (the 4th century), and the only
381:
13969:
13954:
13929:
13919:
13904:
13847:
13815:
13780:
13775:
13723:
13606:
13467:
13310:
11321:
Guta Lag and Guta Saga: The Law and History of the Gotlanders
11091:. Mitteilungen Der PrÀhistorischen Kommission. Vol. 57.
9776:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
8156:
7552:
7550:
7470:
7241:
7229:
7032:
7020:
7010:
7008:
6993:
6954:
6952:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5219:
5217:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4232:
4101:
4041:
4026:
4021:
4016:
3658:
3645:
in Latin) were the Visigoths and the people of Ăstergötland (
3540:, is a national hero regarded as the country's first monarch.
3384:
3292:
3245:
3229:
3161:
2949:
2921:
2788:
2721:. In the late Middle Ages the Crimean Goths were part of the
2588:
2482:
2431:
2312:
In 507, the Visigoths were pushed out of most of Gaul by the
2298:
2290:
2241:
2040:
1873:
1869:
1864:
Battles between the Goths and the Huns are described in the "
1817:
1714:
1702:
1662:
1589:
1558:, forcing them to settle in Pannonia under Roman protection.
1539:
1520:
1394:
1304:
1225:
1127:
1115:
1110:. By the end of the raids, the Goths had seized control over
1107:
1037:
887:
839:
827:
782:
774:
631:
473:
256:
252:
248:
231:
227:
132:
in the 6th century, while the Visigothic Kingdom was largely
12391:. In Goetz, Hans-Werner; Jarnut, Jörg; Pohl, Walter (eds.).
8453:
8441:
8357:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7367:
7365:
6752:
6750:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6482:
6480:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6249:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
5989:
5987:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5771:
5705:
5678:
5631:
5594:
4448:
2987:, Paris: three crowns, two crosses, links and gold pendants.
2717:, who subsequently waged war upon and utterly destroyed the
2647:
2629:, another Germanic tribe, who invaded Italy and founded the
2332:
after the timely arrival of an Ostrogoth detachment sent by
850:. Prior to the Sarmatians, the area had been settled by the
14039:
13686:
11402:(2005). "A Brief History of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths".
10928:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
8645:
8417:
7933:
7651:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
6844:
6438:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5717:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5391:
5292:
5178:
4989:
4011:
3653:
In Spain, a man acting with arrogance would be said to be "
3630:
3395:
chapel from the mid 7th century, built during the reign of
2618:
2200:
1919:
1690:
1620:
1475:
1324:
1244:, he was finally able to take care of the invasions in the
1103:
819:
794:
78:
7627:
7547:
7509:
7407:
7318:
7253:
7005:
6949:
6898:
6801:
6778:. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. p. 29.
6213:
6186:
6111:
5948:
5924:
5893:
5214:
4923:
4307:
1043:
and inflicted a devastating defeat upon the Romans at the
545:
514:. This culture emerged in the lower Vistula and along the
8906:
7859:
7639:
7437:
7217:
7137:
6796:
describe the subversion of the Gothic empire by the Huns.
6747:
6675:
6641:
6599:
6597:
6528:
6477:
6416:
6414:
6273:
6225:
6135:
5984:
5811:
5560:
5328:
4911:
4424:
4156:
Important findings have also been made in the Visigothic
2003:
inside Roman territory, while the Ostrogoths, led by the
1982:
983:
compares the migration of the Goths to that of the early
230:
from Gotland, Sweden, and closely related to that of the
97:, they began a long migration, eventually establishing a
10596:
Kokowski, Andrzej (2011). "The Goths in ca. 311 AD". In
7979:[Ostrogoths and Visigoths in Italy and France].
7957:
7881:
7879:
7591:
7342:
6971:
6969:
6967:
5881:
5869:
5847:
5845:
5754:
5643:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5403:
5256:
5234:
5232:
5154:
5142:
4666:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
4472:
4366:
4364:
3717:
2219:. Wallia subsequently inflicted severe defeats upon the
893:
12658:(Copenhagen: Museum Tusculaneum Press, 2002). 391 pp".
11093:
Verlag der Ăsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
10291:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany
7891:
7731:
7615:
7579:
7497:
7419:
7330:
7265:
7180:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7152:
6981:
6775:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
6290:
6237:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6014:
5972:
4700:. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary.
3441:, the city was ordered to build by the Visigothic king
3410:
Visigothic crypt of Saint Antoninus, Palencia Cathedral
2489:
includes a motif found in Scandinavian metal jewellery.
2047:
was of partial Goth ancestry through her father Oslac.
9837:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
8321:
8297:
7847:
7692:
7668:
7168:
6915:
6859:
6723:
6699:
6594:
6582:
6558:
6516:
6465:
6426:
6411:
6048:
6036:
5830:
5316:
4199:, founded by Leovigild and may survive as the city of
3683:). In Colombia, it remains as slang for a person with
1404:
Around 275 the Goths launched a last major assault on
1303:
and a detachment ravaged the Aegean islands as far as
85:
inflicted a devastating defeat upon the Romans at the
9639:
A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages
8596:
History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi
8345:
8333:
8046:
7945:
7876:
6964:
6735:
6687:
5842:
5539:
5304:
5280:
5268:
5229:
4460:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4361:
4324:
3839:
History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi
2617:
in 552. After the last stand of the Ostrogothic king
2289:, although Theodoric was killed in the battle. Under
2175:
into granting him permission to settle his people in
518:
coast in the 1st century AD, replacing the preceding
12978:"Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths"
10734:
Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric
9809:
9278:
8465:
8123:
8078:
8076:
8022:
7837:
7835:
7766:
7603:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7431:
7149:
6459:
6267:
6174:
6123:
6011:
5053:
4899:
4436:
4081:
3602:, the title was changed to simply "King of Sweden".
3228:
and short wooden bows. Specialized javelins such as
3130:
by the Thervingian king Athanaric, who was a pagan.
2956:. The two most important votive crowns are those of
2953:
2309:
population, approximately 200,000 out of 6,000,000.
2096:
as vengeance for the lynching of the Gothic general
1366:
allegedly killed or taken captive and their base at
144:
which would go on to initiate the Reconquista under
12909:. Vol. 7. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 307â91.
12654:SĂžnnesyn, SigbjĂžrn (2004). "Arne SĂžby Christensen,
11189:, EnzyklopÀdie deutscher Geschichte, vol. 57,
9351:
Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics
9256:
History of Transylvania: From the Beginning to 1606
9039:"History of Europe: Greeks, Romans, and Barbarians"
8369:
6101:
6099:
5611:
5609:
5381:
5379:
5190:
4955:
4953:
3364:floor plan that survive, including the churches of
3244:Roman writers note that the Goths neither assessed
2092:thousands of Roman spectators at the Hippodrome in
12656:Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths
10254:. Transformation of the Roman World. Vol. 8.
9550:Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths
8681:The Anglo-Saxon Version From The Historian Orosius
8599:. Translated by Guido Donini; Gordon B. Ford, Jr.
8589:
8435:
5857:
5456:
5454:
5082:
5080:
4376:
4231:as a fortification against the Basques, is modern
1999:, claimed descent from the Thervingi and lived as
1797:
12450:The Gothic War: Rome's Final Conflict in the West
11578:. The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.
11085:. In Friesinger, Herwig; Stuppner, Alois (eds.).
10368:The Gothic War: Rome's Final Conflict in the West
9494:
8217:Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo (7 December 2023).
8073:
7832:
7562:
7485:
6635:
6614:
6612:
4965:
4863:
1752:(The Saga of Hervör and Heidrek), a 13th-century
1677:, encompassing not only the Greuthungi, but also
1561:Both the Greuthungi and Thervingi became heavily
1193:. Then an Athenian militia, led by the historian
788:
781:. These Gutae are probably the same as the later
14165:
12233:Language and History in the Early Germanic World
10978:
9834:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376â568
9642:. Studies in Germanic Linguistics. Vol. 3.
9501:Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius
8067:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6096:
5606:
5376:
5340:
5065:
5001:
4950:
3746:
2805:wrote that Gothic was still spoken in the lower
2281:the Visigoths allied with the Romans and fought
1424:. They were defeated sometime in 276 by Emperor
10921:
9909:
9539:. Vol. 109. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13â48.
7754:
6892:
6717:
6084:
5966:
5791:
5789:
5665:
5663:
5495:
5493:
5451:
5166:
5077:
4977:
4940:
4938:
3657:" ("making himself to act like the Goths"). In
3107:in the course of the 4th century. According to
2854:, AD 500, Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg
2430:. It was from the Asturian kingdom that modern
1201:. He won an important victory near the Nessos (
729:, Tacitus writes that the Gotones had assisted
13019:
11509:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
11258:
8804:. Translated by Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W.
7924:
7909:
7713:
6818:
6816:
6609:
5478:
5427:
4887:
4875:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
3790:: A lost history of the Goths used by Jordanes
3310:orders, one above the other; both are made of
1542:. In this conflict, the Thervingi were led by
1169:and sacked several cities of southern Greece (
661:mentions the Gutones as one of the peoples of
13053:
12301:. In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.).
10284:
9202:; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (eds.).
9111:Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History
8216:
7680:
7377:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7081:
6328:
6209:(in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 243.
5863:
5490:
4869:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
2370:from 711 after the defeat of their last king
2236:who completed the settlement of the Goths in
1954:, organized a wholesale massacre of Goths in
1709:, suggesting Gothic domination of this area.
1615:A man in skins leading warriors who wear the
276:writes that the Goths originated in southern
12186:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology
11848:
10841:
10648:Amsterdamer BeitrÀge zur Àlteren Germanistik
10332:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
9244:"'Forest People': The Goths in Transylvania"
9104:Gillett, Andrew (2000). Deroux, Carl (ed.).
7977:"Ostrogodos y Visigodos en Italia y Francia"
7131:
7119:
7049:
6545:
6543:
6072:
5999:
5786:
5690:
5660:
5298:
4935:
4723:
4567:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
4523:
3706:. The leading authority on the Goths in the
2679:, and were then closely associated with the
1903:
1462:Co-existence with the Roman Empire (300â375)
1137:, with a raiding fleet of 500 ships, sacked
13084:origin primarily identified as speakers of
12906:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
11354:
11283:
11121:
11015:
10694:
9543:
9000:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
8959:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
8640:
8423:
8315:
7997:
7939:
7725:
7371:
6822:
6813:
6090:
6060:
5780:
5711:
5684:
5637:
5600:
5533:
5460:
5433:
5364:
5352:
5098:
5059:
5047:
4741:
4511:
4499:
4288:
3421:), located near the tiny modern village of
3334:rule, when the mausoleum was turned into a
2293:, the Visigoths established an independent
2269:The maximum extent of territories ruled by
2191:Alaric was succeeded by his brother-inâlaw
206:, which co-existed with an n-stem variant *
13060:
13046:
11607:(in Swedish). Göteborg: Citytidningen CT.
11571:
11507:. In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
10888:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
10793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10727:
8992:
8936:
8280:"The Roman Empire's Cosmopolitan Frontier"
8034:
7479:
7277:
7247:
7235:
7043:
7026:
6999:
6909:
6255:
6231:
6219:
5472:
5415:
4493:
4454:
4263:
3563:, which included an enthusiasm for things
2531:. Their descendants, who formed the elite
1830:Around 375 the Huns overran the Alans, an
1725:to consider his realm a forerunner of the
1259:depicts a battle between Goths and Romans.
1133:After a 10-year hiatus, the Goths and the
619:sources in the 1st century under the name
435:A crucial source on Gothic history is the
314:were the most powerful. During this time,
12815:North-Western European Language Evolution
12795:
12785:
12740:
12730:
12507:
12092:
12061:
12019:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
11982:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
11711:Thompson, Edward Arthur (1973). "Goths".
11537:
11148:
10634:
10412:
9966:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001
8824:
8734:
8363:
8247:
8193:
8175:
8141:
8082:
7444:. Cornell University Press. p. 176.
6603:
6540:
6307:
6305:
6284:
5250:
4971:
4791:
2501:, a Gothic leader in charge of troops in
1240:and Italy. After he defeated them in the
948:have no doubt that the names are linked.
818:According to Jordanes, the Goths entered
12877:
12653:
12591:
11849:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
11805:
11787:
11710:
11689:
11602:
11438:
11398:
10595:
10558:
10518:
10437:
10365:
10324:
10232:
9498:; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993).
9205:The Oxford Companion to Military History
9063:
8878:
8848:
8619:
8562:
8528:
8459:
8447:
7963:
7662:
7645:
7597:
6975:
6883:, p. Book I, Preface, Paragraph 15.
6853:
6838:
6807:
6669:
6576:
6549:
6510:
6498:
6444:
6394:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6311:
5978:
5887:
5726:
5696:
5669:
5397:
5334:
5223:
5126:
5110:
5007:
4995:
4959:
4917:
4517:
4318:
4192:
3519:
3405:
3210:
3103:, the Goths were gradually converted to
3093:Ulfilas explains the gospel to the Goths
3087:
3039:. The majority of villagers were common
2911:
2899:
2845:
2646:
2556:, they utterly defeated the Huns at the
2468:
2264:
2207:shortly afterwards. He was succeeded by
2066:
1913:
1811:
1737:, Sarmatians and other Iranian peoples,
1634:
1487:
1349:
1250:
911:
735:
579:
544:
380:
42:
14125:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
13028:
12935:
12386:
12296:
12179:
12015:
11978:
11941:
11919:
11885:
11502:
11466:
11214:
11074:
10979:Moorhead, Sam; Stuttard, David (2006).
10881:
10801:
10767:
10481:
10199:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
10191:
10142:
10105:
10068:
10031:
9994:
9953:
9863:
9830:
9772:
9737:
9712:
9672:
9326:
9190:
9167:
9103:
8901:
8764:
8744:. Translated by Dewing, Henry Bronson.
8674:
8500:Amazon Digital Services LLC â KDP Print
8488:
8471:
8351:
8339:
8327:
8303:
8052:
8040:
8028:
7897:
7870:
7853:
7737:
7698:
7686:
7674:
7633:
7621:
7609:
7585:
7556:
7515:
7503:
7425:
7413:
7336:
7324:
7271:
7259:
7223:
7186:
7174:
7162:
7143:
7014:
6987:
6958:
6921:
6880:
6865:
6756:
6741:
6729:
6705:
6693:
6681:
6654:
6588:
6564:
6534:
6522:
6486:
6471:
6432:
6341:
6243:
6204:
6192:
6168:
6129:
6117:
6078:
6066:
6054:
6042:
6030:
6005:
5993:
5954:
5942:
5930:
5918:
5875:
5851:
5836:
5824:
5795:
5765:
5738:
5732:
5654:
5566:
5554:
5521:
5484:
5445:
5421:
5409:
5385:
5370:
5358:
5346:
5322:
5286:
5208:
5160:
5148:
5086:
5071:
5031:
5019:
4983:
4929:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4747:
4505:
4466:
4430:
4393:
4370:
4330:
4301:
4282:
3457:, where the main capital, Toledo, lay.
2973:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
2575:in 471, who was forced to compete with
2564:in 469, which gained them supremacy in
2422:in 718 and defeated the Muslims at the
1600:, on whom he had an immense influence.
838:, and the Spali were thus probably not
807:, contributing to the beginning of the
601: Expansion of the Wielbark culture
47:Depiction of a Gothic warrior battling
14:
14166:
12524:
12389:"Gens and Regnum among the Ostrogoths"
12230:(2004). "The Migration of the Goths".
12124:
11747:
11590:from the original on 18 September 2020
11262:The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic
11060:(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media.
11055:
10374:
9534:
9171:An Introduction to the Gothic Language
8889:from the original on 29 September 2015
8838:Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
8794:
8495:On the Holy Ghost: (De Spiritu Sancto)
7951:
7885:
6768:
6420:
6388:
6302:
5499:
5310:
5274:
5238:
5172:
5114:
4597:Webster's New World College Dictionary
3460:
3399:to preserve the remains of the martyr
3314:stone. Its roof is a single 230-tonne
3287:) is an ancient monument just outside
3047:. Chernyakhov cemeteries feature both
2763:documented in more than proper names,
1983:Later division and spread of the Goths
1495:, dated AD 250 to AD 400 and found in
338:in modern scholarship. Along with the
13041:
12939:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
12902:
12812:
12552:from the original on 11 December 2020
12479:
12447:Jacobsen, Torsten Cumberland (2009).
12421:
12226:
12142:
12040:from the original on 13 November 2020
11873:from the original on 28 November 2015
11677:from the original on 18 November 2008
11621:
11543:"Nicolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434"
11490:from the original on 11 December 2020
11022:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
10682:from the original on 25 February 2020
10366:Jacobsen, Torsten Cumberland (2009).
10179:from the original on 29 December 2019
10130:from the original on 13 November 2020
10093:from the original on 14 December 2019
9982:from the original on 24 February 2020
9616:from the original on 25 February 2020
9416:
9384:
9372:from the original on 11 December 2020
9266:from the original on 9 September 2019
9155:from the original on 11 December 2020
8752:from the original on 22 December 2019
8704:
8692:from the original on 28 February 2021
8399:""Godos" y liberales | el Mundo"
7820:from the original on 2 September 2020
7535:from the original on 19 November 2021
7395:from the original on 12 December 2019
6782:from the original on 10 December 2022
6362:
6350:
5615:
5578:
5572:
5196:
5184:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4442:
3718:List of early literature on the Goths
2771:. Gothic is known primarily from the
2509:, a Goth who along with Stilicho and
2301:out of Hispania proper and back into
2166:. In 405â406, another Gothic leader,
1845:suggests that the Hunnic thrust into
894:3rd century raids on the Roman Empire
13067:
12972:
12837:
12626:
12564:
12409:from the original on 5 December 2020
12337:from the original on 9 February 2021
12198:10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001
11659:
11575:Third Century Iran: Sapor and Kartir
11555:. Akademiska Boktryckeriet: 187â95.
11525:from the original on 5 December 2020
11386:from the original on 5 December 2020
11317:
11182:
10966:from the original on 25 October 2019
10829:from the original on 5 December 2020
10781:Estudios de alta edad media española
10220:from the original on 28 January 2020
9851:from the original on 5 December 2020
9738:Goffart, Walter (2005). "Jordanes's
9700:from the original on 5 December 2020
9628:
9583:
9479:
9461:
9449:from the original on 5 December 2020
9344:
9238:
9134:
9091:from the original on 19 January 2014
8915:from the original on 5 December 2019
8866:from the original on 25 October 2019
8812:from the original on 5 December 2020
8722:from the original on 6 November 2020
8662:from the original on 5 December 2019
8550:from the original on 5 December 2019
8405:from the original on 10 January 2021
8375:
8277:
7841:
7790:from the original on 30 October 2020
7573:
7491:
7458:from the original on 5 December 2020
7306:from the original on 20 October 2019
6356:
6296:
6180:
5262:
4944:
4775:from the original on 2 December 2019
4729:
4577:from the original on 2 December 2019
4052:
3299:, an Ostrogoth, as his future tomb.
2954:Guerra, Galligaro & Perea (2007)
2441:The Visigoths were never completely
2223:Vandals and the Alans in Hispania.
1619:, exchanging his sheepskins for the
1157:, where they ravaged the islands of
1005:inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
561:, which is associated with the Goths
148:. Remnants of Gothic communities in
12565:Mark, Joshua J. (12 October 2014).
12266:
10949:
10485:A Brief History of the Roman Empire
10381:Import and Imitation in Archaeology
9571:from the original on 18 August 2020
9226:from the original on 15 August 2020
6205:Altheim, Franz (1969). "Dichtung".
6105:
3616:, The Story of the Goths (1888)
2571:Theodemir was succeeded by his son
1118:and captured several cities on the
916:Gothic invasions in the 3rd century
697:. Some scholars have equated these
89:in 378. These Goths would form the
24:
12960:from the original on 6 August 2020
12865:from the original on 5 August 2020
12579:from the original on 23 April 2021
12374:from the original on 8 August 2020
12284:from the original on 31 March 2019
12080:from the original on 14 April 2021
12054:
11948:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J.
11907:from the original on 20 March 2019
11775:from the original on 22 March 2015
11225:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
11222:. In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.).
11170:from the original on 24 March 2019
11136:from the original on 24 March 2019
11043:from the original on 6 August 2020
10715:from the original on 24 April 2016
10056:from the original on 8 August 2020
9595:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
9051:from the original on 31 March 2019
8481:
7767:Guerra, Galligaro & Perea 2007
7101:from the original on 25 April 2019
6841:, pp. 81â83, 94â100, 331â332.
6460:Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005
6268:Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005
4765:Collins Concise English Dictionary
4708:from the original on 29 March 2021
4676:from the original on 29 March 2021
4607:from the original on 27 April 2021
4533:. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
4484:
4181:from the original on 14 June 2020.
3742:(The Battle of the Goths and Huns)
3524:In Spain, the Visigothic nobleman
3477:. The 4th-century Greek historian
3387:(the Crypt of San AntolĂn) in the
2985:National Museum of the Middle Ages
2613:, who was, however, killed at the
1385:again launched an invasion of the
1337:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1041:captured the city of Philippopolis
822:, part of Scythia, under the king
25:
14190:
13004:from the original on 25 July 2021
12923:from the original on 25 July 2021
12823:John Benjamins Publishing Company
12467:from the original on 25 July 2021
12254:from the original on 17 June 2016
12214:from the original on 4 March 2021
12167:from the original on 25 July 2020
11735:from the original on 14 June 2021
11559:from the original on 13 June 2017
11426:from the original on 14 June 2021
11342:from the original on 14 June 2021
11305:from the original on 14 June 2021
11246:from the original on 14 June 2021
11203:from the original on 25 July 2021
11109:from the original on 14 June 2021
10909:from the original on 14 June 2021
10869:from the original on 25 July 2021
10783:. Valencia. 1975. pp. 25â90.
10546:from the original on 14 June 2021
10469:from the original on 14 June 2021
10353:from the original on 14 June 2021
10312:from the original on 14 June 2021
10288:; Krmnicek, Stefan, eds. (2020).
10272:from the original on 14 June 2021
10019:from the original on 24 June 2021
9941:from the original on 14 June 2021
9897:from the original on 25 July 2021
9797:from the original on 25 July 2021
9660:from the original on 14 June 2021
9644:John Benjamins Publishing Company
9314:from the original on 10 June 2018
9178:from the original on 24 June 2021
9122:from the original on 25 July 2021
9033:
9021:from the original on 14 June 2021
8980:from the original on 14 June 2021
8929:
8782:from the original on 25 July 2021
8577:from the original on 25 July 2021
8516:from the original on 25 July 2021
6618:
4541:from the original on 5 March 2021
3890:: Life of bishop Ambrose of Milan
3380:in Quintanilla de las Viñas; the
2079:in 395. The depiction, including
1745:and other Romanized populations.
1323:. The fleet probably also sacked
1205:) river, on the boundary between
329:
140:in the early 8th century, with a
14148:
14147:
12878:Thompson, Edward Arthur (1969).
12003:from the original on 2 July 2019
11966:from the original on 2 July 2019
11852:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
11003:from the original on 17 May 2015
10982:AD 410: The Year that Shook Rome
10808:A Gothic Etymological Dictionary
10755:from the original on 16 May 2015
10665:10.1163/18756719-055-01-90000004
10583:from the original on 5 June 2020
10506:from the original on 17 May 2015
9824:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00287.x
9781:University of Pennsylvania Press
9522:from the original on 17 May 2015
9168:Bennett, William Holmes (1965).
8389:""Godos" y liberales | El Mundo"
8381:
8271:
8210:
8150:
8117:
8091:
8000:"Cripta visigoda de San AntolĂn"
7991:
7969:
7918:
7903:
7802:
7772:
7521:
7192:
7069:from the original on 22 May 2019
6927:
6762:
6198:
5936:
4508:. Goths... a Germanic people..."
4185:
4150:
4137:
4122:
3736:(The Saga of Hervör and Heidrek)
3080:Gothic persecution of Christians
2636:
2287:Battle of the Catalaunian Fields
2011:as "western Goths" and the name
1603:The Gothic penchant for wearing
878:. It nevertheless also included
693:encountered a people called the
565:
68:fall of the Western Roman Empire
14130:Christianization of Scandinavia
12841:(2004). "The Gothic Kingdoms".
12661:Scandinavian Journal of History
12138:] (in German). V. Niemeyer.
11754:A Global Chronology of Conflict
11259:Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia (2013).
11124:"Spain: The Visigothic Kingdom"
10532:] (in German). IdealMedia.
10158:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
9920:The Goths in the Fourth Century
8714:. Translated by Bostock, John.
8607:from the original on 8 May 2016
8278:Shaw, Jonathan (12 July 2023).
6636:Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993
5527:
5515:
5466:
5439:
5244:
5202:
5120:
5092:
5041:
5025:
5013:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4803:
4735:
3871:On the death of the Persecutors
3764:The anonymous author(s) of the
3722:
3598:In 1973, with the accession of
3270:
3265:
2896:Visigothic art and architecture
2869:
2240:. Periodically they marched on
1798:Arrival of the Huns (about 375)
1721:trade routes has led historian
1627:and perhaps even sit next to a
1217:came to terms with the Romans.
1153:but managed to escape into the
1074:and ravaged large areas in the
999:, notably participating at the
66:who played a major role in the
14120:Christianization of the Franks
13193:Continental Germanic mythology
12603:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
12274:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
12024:University of California Press
11987:University of California Press
11950:University of California Press
11900:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
11818:Johns Hopkins University Press
11670:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
11636:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
11163:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
11129:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
11019:; Read, Malcolm Kevin (2004).
10959:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
10933:University of California Press
10611:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
10196:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
9506:University of California Press
9483:The Cambridge Medieval History
9468:The Cambridge Medieval History
9044:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
8626:The Gothic history of Jordanes
8569:. Translated by Magie, David.
8099:"Genetic origins of the Goths"
7814:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
7438:Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2013).
7389:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
7299:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
7094:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
7062:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
4399:
4336:
4064:
3625:in 1434. Before the assembled
3351:
3232:were more rare but still used
3138:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2991:The aquiliform (eagle-shaped)
2889:
2795:) as late as the 8th century.
2655:, capital of the Crimean Goths
2195:, husband of Honorius' sister
2149:("master of the soldiers") in
2145:subsequently appointed Alaric
1523:, son of the Thervingian king
1393:, who, however, did surrender
789:Movement towards the Black Sea
665:. He writes that the Gutones,
354:did not classify the Goths as
346:and others they belong to the
334:The Goths are classified as a
13:
1:
12995:Danish Historical Association
12321:10.1017/CHOL9780521302005.017
12309:The Cambridge Ancient History
12279:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
11719:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
11511:. Elsevier. pp. 459â61.
9960:. Oxford Scholarship Online.
9431:. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 5.
8993:Andersson, Thorsten (1998b).
8942:"Goten: § 1. Namenkundliches"
8911:. W. Green & T. Chaplin.
8862:; Brodribb, William Jackson.
8840:(in Latin). Vol. 22â23.
3747:In Greek and Roman literature
3302:The current structure of the
2995:that have been discovered in
2755:. The Gothic language is the
2725:, which was conquered by the
2452:
2297:and succeeded in driving the
2228:Gothic War in Spain (416â418)
1047:, in which the Roman Emperor
967:, and were also accomplished
441:of the 6th-century historian
370:
266:
188:, the Goths were called the *
113:, these Goths established an
12634:Poznan Archaeological Museum
12480:JĂ€rve, Mari (22 July 2019).
12350:Heather, Peter, ed. (1999).
12299:"Goths and Huns, c. 320â425"
12062:Andersson, Thorsten (1996).
10482:Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013).
8068:Moorhead & Stuttard 2006
7983:(in Spanish). Archived from
4256:
4114:
4082:
3295:. It was built in 520 AD by
2944:find composed of twenty-six
2886:in Nuremberg is well-known.
2850:An Ostrogothic eagle-shaped
2050:
2043:states that Alfredâs mother
1149:. They were defeated by the
226:is identical to that of the
202:form of the Gothic name is *
7:
14135:Christianization of Iceland
13022:Uniforms of the Roman world
12304:The Late Empire, AD 337â425
12146:A History of the Ostrogoths
11799:Medieval Academy of America
11692:Nottingham Medieval Studies
11572:Sprengling, Martin (1953).
10770:La CittĂ Nell'alto Medioevo
10600:; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.).
9428:Franks, Northmen, and Slavs
9003:(in German). Vol. 12.
8962:(in German). Vol. 12.
7927:Uniforms of the Roman world
7912:Uniforms of the Roman world
7755:Heather & Matthews 1991
7441:A History of Medieval Spain
6718:Heather & Matthews 1991
6672:, pp. xxxiii (116â20).
5967:Heather & Matthews 1991
4143:The first R is held at the
4000:
3494:
3069:
3007:or Castiltierra (cities of
2884:Germanisches Nationalmuseum
2736:
2324:. They were able to retain
1792:a crackdown on Christianity
1378:for another two centuries.
1257:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
900:Crisis of the Third Century
449:on an earlier lost work by
377:Origin stories of the Goths
53:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
10:
14195:
12831:10.1075/nowele.58-59.16str
12787:10.1038/s41598-019-43183-w
12732:10.1038/s41598-018-20705-6
12572:World History Encyclopedia
12395:. BRILL. pp. 85â134.
12313:Cambridge University Press
12269:"Germany: Ancient History"
12238:Cambridge University Press
10739:Cambridge University Press
10695:Kristinsson, Axel (2010).
9925:Liverpool University Press
9684:Princeton University Press
9584:Foss, Clive F. W. (2005).
9488:Cambridge University Press
9473:Cambridge University Press
9356:Princeton University Press
9298:Cambridge University Press
9075:Princeton University Press
8634:Princeton University Press
8240:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018
8177:10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9
6942:Collier's New Encyclopedia
4102:
4074:
3543:
3401:Saint Antoninus of Pamiers
3235:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3151:
3073:
3028:
3024:
2893:
2831:
2817:
2740:
2640:
2462:
2456:
2250:
2225:
2155:
2102:
2060:
2054:
1907:
1801:
1465:
1086:, including the cities of
897:
826:, where they defeated the
792:
569:
538:, seized the lands of the
506:Scholars generally locate
421:, in the early 4th century
374:
365:
177:
29:
14143:
14105:
13386:
13348:
13138:
13092:
13075:
12678:10.1080/03468750410005719
12509:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019
12180:Darvill, Timothy (2009).
12143:Burns, Thomas S. (1991).
11887:Wickham, Christopher John
11809:Journal of Late Antiquity
11603:Stenroth, Ingmar (2015).
11295:The Urheimat of the Goths
10843:Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. F.
10640:"The Origin of the Goths"
9758:10.1017/s0038713400000038
9634:"Provenance of the Goths"
9260:Columbia University Press
8134:10.1101/2022.05.15.491973
6513:, pp. xvii (96â100).
5864:James & Krmnicek 2020
5625:24 September 2015 at the
5588:24 September 2015 at the
4870:James & Krmnicek 2020
4670:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
4601:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3734:Hervarar saga ok HeiĂ°reks
3515:
3189:Gothic and Vandal warfare
3142:Metropolitanate of Gothia
2866:into their gold objects.
2677:Metropolitanate of Gothia
2257:Gothic War in Spain (456)
2083:armour, is anachronistic.
1904:The Gothic War of 376â382
1750:Hervarar saga ok HeiĂ°reks
1287:), the invaders attacked
1224:was assassinated outside
1167:broke through Thermopylae
834:may mean "the giants" in
479:Similarities between the
244:, which means "to pour".
13373:North Germanic languages
13358:Germanic parent language
12629:"Jewellery of the Goths"
12358:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
12151:Indiana University Press
12100:; Austin, David (eds.).
12016:Wolfram, Herwig (2005).
11979:Wolfram, Herwig (1997).
11942:Wolfram, Herwig (1990).
11714:Encyclopaedia Britannica
11503:Simpson, J.M.Y. (2010).
11318:Peel, Christine (2015).
10923:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.
10893:Harvard University Press
10803:Lehmann, Winfred Philipp
10701:. ReykjavĂkurAkademĂan.
10530:Archaeology of the Goths
10325:Howatson, M. C. (2011).
10040:Boydell & Brewer Ltd
9957:Goths and Romans 332â489
9773:Goffart, Walter (2010).
9713:Goffart, Walter (1989).
9065:Beckwith, Christopher I.
7998:Salvador Conejo, Diego.
7132:Waldman & Mason 2006
7120:Waldman & Mason 2006
6579:, pp. xxx (113â15).
5509:16 December 2019 at the
4769:HarperCollins Publishers
4057:
3586:Beginning in 1278, when
2827:
2723:Principality of Theodoro
2651:Ruins of the citadel of
2623:Battle of Mons Lactarius
2232:Wallia was succeeded by
2027:In his biography of the
752:Sometime after settling
553:in the area of northern
411:in the early 3rd century
350:group. Roman authors of
124:The Ostrogothic Kingdom
13378:West Germanic languages
13368:East Germanic languages
13363:Proto-Germanic language
13183:Proto-Germanic folklore
13120:Romano-Germanic culture
13020:Kevin F. Kiley (2013).
12422:Hinds, Kathryn (2010).
12387:Heather, Peter (2003).
12297:Heather, Peter (1997).
12190:Oxford University Press
11661:Thompson, Edward Arthur
11230:Oxford University Press
10337:Oxford University Press
10296:Oxford University Press
10204:Oxford University Press
10192:Heather, Peter (2018).
10163:Oxford University Press
10143:Heather, Peter (2012).
10114:Oxford University Press
10106:Heather, Peter (2010).
10077:Oxford University Press
10069:Heather, Peter (2007).
9995:Heather, Peter (1998).
9954:Heather, Peter (1994).
9883:Oxford University Press
9600:Oxford University Press
9555:Museum Tusculanum Press
9210:Oxford University Press
9174:. Ulrich's Book Store.
9106:"Jordanes and Ablabius"
8776:New York Public Library
8535:The Life of Constantine
8436:Isidore of Seville 1970
8424:Murdoch & Read 2004
8316:Pohl & Reimitz 1998
7925:Kevin F. Kiley (2013).
7910:Kevin F. Kiley (2013).
7726:Pohl & Reimitz 1998
6501:, p. xvii (94â95).
4742:Murdoch & Read 2004
4633:Oxford University Press
3427:province of Guadalajara
3374:San MartĂn de MontalbĂĄn
2769:comparative linguistics
2673:Eastern Orthodox Church
2631:Kingdom of the Lombards
1843:Christopher I. Beckwith
1554:Vandals and their king
1426:Marcus Claudius Tacitus
1389:, but were defeated by
740:The Roman Empire under
173:
93:, and under their king
51:, from the 3rd century
14179:Early Germanic peoples
13031:Strategikon of Maurice
11789:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
11476:(in German). Rombach.
11290:Die Urheimat der Goten
11088:Zentrum und Peripherie
10431:10.1484/J.TMJ.5.108524
9545:Christensen, Arne SĂžby
9333:The Story of the Goths
8806:George Bell & Sons
8571:Loeb Classical Library
7784:The Walters Art Museum
5620:Book XXXVIII, Chap. 11
5187:, pp. 90, 103â04.
4246:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
4195:, the others were (i)
4093:
4047:Early Germanic culture
3901:: Greek church history
3876:Olympiodorus of Thebes
3704:English-speaking world
3609:
3596:
3541:
3411:
3277:Mausoleum of Theodoric
3263:
3216:
3147:
3144:from the 9th century.
3096:
2979:Royal Palace of Madrid
2917:
2909:
2855:
2822:
2761:East Germanic language
2708:Eastern Orthodox saint
2656:
2490:
2475:Mausoleum of Theodoric
2285:to a stalemate in the
2274:
2084:
1923:
1896:settled in Thrace and
1861:(On the Holy Spirit).
1827:
1654:
1633:
1511:
1499:, Romania, features a
1370:destroyed. Apparently
1358:
1260:
1242:Battle of Lake Benacus
937:
917:
749:
630:mentions the Butones,
612:
562:
497:Scandinavian languages
432:
194:('Gothic people') or *
55:
34:. For other uses, see
13188:Anglo-Saxon mythology
13078:Ethnolinguistic group
12064:"Göter, Goter, Gutar"
11826:10.1353/jla.2022.0005
11183:Pohl, Walter (2004),
11122:O'Callaghan, Joseph.
10525:ArchÀologie der Goten
10415:The Mediaeval Journal
10151:; Spawforth, Antony;
9891:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107
9831:Halsall, Guy (2007).
9716:Rome's Fall and After
9590:Kazhdan, Alexander P.
9423:UrbaĆczyk, PrzemysĆaw
8830:Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm
8642:Marcellinus, Ammianus
8395:on 23 September 2017.
8234:(25): P5472â5485.E9.
7810:"Belt Buckle 550â600"
6945:. Vol. IV. 1921.
6554:Book IV, Chapters 5â6
6399:The Life of Claudius
6376:The Life of Claudius
4407:"The History of Goth"
3800:Epitome de Caesaribus
3708:German-speaking world
3605:
3592:
3544:Further information:
3523:
3409:
3370:Santa MarĂa de Melque
3285:Mausoleo di Teodorico
3258:
3214:
3193:Further information:
3152:Further information:
3099:Initially practising
3091:
3074:Further information:
3029:Further information:
2926:treasure of Guarrazar
2915:
2903:
2849:
2650:
2472:
2463:Further information:
2268:
2070:
2061:Further information:
1917:
1815:
1777:Eastern Roman Emperor
1681:, Slavs (such as the
1679:Baltic Finnic peoples
1638:
1613:
1491:
1466:Further information:
1353:
1254:
915:
898:Further information:
886:, Roman and probably
793:Further information:
739:
583:
570:Further information:
548:
384:
70:and the emergence of
46:
36:Goth (disambiguation)
27:Early Germanic people
12986:Historisk Tidsskrift
12944:Boydell & Brewer
12670:Taylor & Francis
12315:. pp. 487â515.
11945:History of the Goths
11925:History of the Goths
11452:. pp. 593â604.
11445:The Nordic Languages
11410:Taylor & Francis
11027:Boydell & Brewer
10003:Blackwell Publishing
9480:Bury, J. H. (1913).
9395:The Nordic Languages
9346:Bray, John Jefferson
9141:. APA Publications.
9135:Bell, Brian (1993).
8716:Taylor & Francis
6893:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
6604:Paul & MacMullen
6404:1 April 2021 at the
6381:1 April 2021 at the
6321:25 July 2021 at the
5805:25 July 2021 at the
5748:25 July 2021 at the
5265:, pp. 272, 290.
3984:Theoderet of Cyrrhus
3760:Ammianus Marcellinus
3655:haciéndose los godos
3600:King Carl XVI Gustaf
3588:Magnus III of Sweden
3526:Pelagius of Asturias
3439:University of AlcalĂĄ
3366:San Pedro de la Nave
3306:is divided into two
3154:Ancient Germanic law
2838:Pietroasele Treasure
2834:Migration Period art
2715:Sviatoslav I of Kiev
2663:, were known as the
2416:Pelagius of Asturias
2261:Gothic War (457â458)
2253:Gothic War (436â439)
2158:Gothic War (401â403)
1952:Eastern Roman Empire
1941:Battle of Adrianople
1933:Alatheus and Saphrax
1910:Gothic War (376â382)
1836:Ammianus Marcellinus
1064:Gregory Thaumaturgus
765:from around 150 AD,
748:in modern-day Poland
398: The island of
130:Eastern Roman Empire
87:Battle of Adrianople
14115:Gothic Christianity
12851:. pp. 139â71.
12778:2019NatSR...9.6737S
12723:2018NatSR...8.2455S
12605:. pp. 209â24.
12500:2019CBio...29E2430J
12240:. pp. 164â82.
12110:. pp. 118â37.
11857:Infobase Publishing
11794:The Goths in Crimea
11297:] (in German).
11095:. pp. 279â90.
10951:McNeill, William H.
10729:Kulikowski, Michael
10636:Kortlandt, Frederik
10451:] (in French).
10391:. pp. 223â43.
9435:. pp. 87â112.
9402:. pp. 685â90.
9338:G. P. Putnam's Sons
9007:. pp. 278â83.
8966:. pp. 402â03.
8938:Andersson, Thorsten
8860:Church, Alfred John
8801:The Natural History
8741:History of the Wars
8711:The Natural History
8686:John Bowyer Nichols
8652:Yonge, Charles Duke
7987:on 29 October 2013.
7714:Pronk-Tiethoff 2013
5400:, pp. iv (26).
5129:, pp. 15â18. "
4932:, pp. 479â500.
4697:The Free Dictionary
4661:The Free Dictionary
4481:, pp. 90, 110.
4411:www.thealinemag.com
4321:, pp. 160â192.
3888:Paulinus the Deacon
3862:Julian the Apostate
3538:Battle of Covadonga
3530:Kingdom of Asturias
3461:Physical appearance
3423:Zorita de los Canes
3378:Santa MarĂa de Lara
3346:Palace of Theodoric
3297:Theodoric the Great
3215:Germanic spearheads
3199:Upper Trajan's Wall
3119:and translated the
3084:Gothic Christianity
3064:Ostrogothic Kingdom
2775:, now preserved in
2696:metropolitan bishop
2669:Theodoric the Great
2596:Ostrogothic Kingdom
2465:Ostrogothic Kingdom
2424:Battle of Covadonga
2420:Kingdom of Asturias
2376:Battle of Guadalete
2334:Theodoric the Great
2271:Theodoric the Great
2071:An illustration of
1820:challenges the Huns
1760:was the capital of
1689:(Roxolani), Alans,
1671:Alexander the Great
1503:inscription in the
1315:. According to the
870:in the west to the
864:Chernyakhov culture
710:from around 98 AD,
576:Origin of the Goths
510:in the area of the
419:Chernyakhov culture
320:conversion of Goths
304:Chernyakhov culture
166:and the modern-day
160:Gothic architecture
142:remnant in Asturias
115:Ostrogothic Kingdom
111:Theodoric the Great
109:. Under their king
13498:Germani cisrhenani
13206:Funerary practices
13110:Pre-Roman Iron Age
13086:Germanic languages
12946:. pp. 39â54.
12881:The Goths in Spain
12765:Scientific Reports
12710:Scientific Reports
12627:Skorupka, Tomasz.
12536:Uppsala University
12430:Marshall Cavendish
12131:Gotische Grammatik
11704:10.1484/J.NMS.3.19
11638:. pp. 41â54.
11468:Schramm, Gottfried
11412:. pp. 36â39.
11400:Robinson, Orrin W.
10987:Getty Publications
10613:. pp. 71â96.
10455:. pp. 15â18.
10258:. pp. 15â58.
9646:. pp. 21â22.
8842:University of Bonn
8631:Mierow, Charles C.
8591:Isidore of Seville
8462:, p. IV (26).
8450:, p. IV (25).
8366:, pp. 187â95.
8318:, pp. 124â26.
8004:Rutas con historia
7728:, pp. 119â21.
7665:, pp. 117â35.
7636:, pp. 271â80.
7610:Wickham & Foot
7559:, pp. 264â66.
7518:, pp. 259â60.
7482:, pp. 168â69.
7416:, pp. 162â66.
7327:, pp. 166â70.
7262:, pp. 136â38.
7250:, pp. 156â60.
7238:, pp. 156â57.
7134:, pp. 573â77.
7122:, pp. 336â41.
7046:, pp. 152â53.
7029:, pp. 150â52.
7017:, pp. 130â39.
7002:, pp. 145â47.
6961:, pp. 117â31.
6895:, pp. 152â55.
6856:, pp. 331â32.
6447:, pp. 606â09.
6299:, pp. 203â06.
6270:, pp. 223â29.
6195:, pp. 20, 44.
6120:, pp. 209â10.
5957:, pp. 130â31.
5933:, pp. 123â24.
5921:, pp. 109â20.
5827:, pp. 103â07.
5729:, p. iv (28).
5569:, pp. 394â95.
5226:, pp. 603â04.
4998:, p. iv (25).
4457:, pp. 402â03.
4433:, pp. 163â64.
4213:Isidore of Seville
3835:Isidore of Seville
3542:
3412:
3389:Palencia Cathedral
3217:
3178:Councils of Toledo
3166:Edictum Theodorici
3097:
2934:Province of Toledo
2918:
2910:
2880:Domagnano Treasure
2856:
2842:Ring of Pietroassa
2657:
2491:
2418:, who founded the
2295:Visigothic Kingdom
2275:
2246:praetorian prefect
2244:, the seat of the
2105:Revolt of Alaric I
2085:
2063:Visigothic Kingdom
1924:
1828:
1824:Peter Nicolai Arbo
1729:-founded state of
1655:
1512:
1493:Ring of Pietroassa
1359:
1261:
1236:, who had invaded
1171:province of Achaea
1045:Battle of Abrittus
1021:Danubian (Gothic)
997:RomanâPersian Wars
981:William H. McNeill
918:
890:elements as well.
844:Zarubintsy culture
750:
613:
563:
433:
99:Visigothic Kingdom
56:
14161:
14160:
13333:Gothic and Vandal
13125:Germanic Iron Age
13100:Nordic Bronze Age
13082:Northern European
12844:The Early Germans
12094:Arrhenius, Birgit
11721:pp. 606â09.
11605:Goternas Historia
11539:Söderberg, Werner
11450:Walter de Gruyter
11285:Oxenstierna, Eric
11154:MacMullen, Ramsay
10567:The Boydell Press
10520:Kokowski, Andrzej
10389:Beier & Beran
10149:Hornblower, Simon
9867:(December 2014).
9419:Geary, Patrick J.
9400:Walter de Gruyter
8879:Tacitus (1876b).
8826:Syncellus, George
8563:Disputed (1932).
8105:. 26 October 2023
8010:on 3 October 2017
7873:, pp. 79â80.
7757:, pp. 47â96.
7451:978-0-8014-6872-8
7226:, pp. 47â48.
7204:www.gutenberg.org
7146:, pp. 24â25.
6810:, pp. 81â83.
6759:, pp. 64â72.
6720:, pp. 86â89.
6684:, pp. 26â28.
6657:, pp. 86â89.
6537:, pp. 63â64.
6489:, pp. 57â58.
6462:, pp. 53â54.
6359:, pp. 279â91
6258:, pp. 18â19.
6171:, pp. 52â56.
5996:, pp. 87â96.
5969:, pp. 50â51.
5878:, pp. 42â43.
5783:, pp. 38â39.
5768:, pp. 37â39.
5714:, pp. 36â38.
5687:, pp. 35â36.
5657:, pp. 40â41.
5640:, pp. 25â31.
5603:, pp. 34â35.
5583:Book IV, Chap. 28
5504:Book VII, Chap. 1
5412:, pp. 36â42.
5337:, pp. 72â73.
5299:Liebeschuetz 2015
5163:, pp. 24â26.
5151:, pp. 39â40.
4920:, pp. 19â22.
4760:WordReference.com
4562:WordReference.com
4348:lrc.la.utexas.edu
4227:labour in 621 by
4223:), founded using
4211:, referred to by
4205:Lugo id est Luceo
4160:of Castiltierra (
4111:
4080:
4053:Notes and sources
3882:Panegyrici latini
3777:, a history from
3635:Nicolaus Ragvaldi
3557:cultural movement
3453:, to the west of
3445:to honor his son
3109:Basil of Caesarea
3045:Criuleni District
3031:Palace of Omurtag
2938:Castile-La Mancha
2874:The eagle-shaped
2757:Germanic language
2753:Germanic-speaking
2615:Battle of Taginae
2368:Umayyad Caliphate
2357:Roman Catholicism
2349:Iberian peninsula
2322:Battle of Vouillé
1970:With the rise of
1859:De Spiritu Sancto
1723:Gottfried Schramm
1625:Roman magistrates
1333:Temple of Artemis
1122:coast, including
1017:gwt W g'rmny xĆĄtr
1001:Battle of Misiche
908:Battle of Naissus
904:Battle of Abritus
652:Przeworsk culture
609:Przeworsk culture
528:Nordic Bronze Age
481:name of the Goths
472:under their king
272:), the historian
180:Name of the Goths
164:Gothic literature
138:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
14186:
14151:
14150:
14107:Christianization
13697:Ripuarian Franks
13069:Germanic peoples
13062:
13055:
13048:
13039:
13038:
13034:
13029:Maurice (500s).
13025:
13013:
13011:
13009:
13003:
12982:
12969:
12967:
12965:
12932:
12930:
12928:
12899:
12874:
12872:
12870:
12834:
12809:
12799:
12789:
12754:
12744:
12734:
12699:
12650:
12648:
12646:
12637:. Archived from
12623:
12622:on 5 March 2020.
12621:
12615:. Archived from
12600:
12595:Wulfila 311â2011
12588:
12586:
12584:
12561:
12559:
12557:
12521:
12511:
12476:
12474:
12472:
12443:
12418:
12416:
12414:
12383:
12381:
12379:
12346:
12344:
12342:
12311:. Vol. 13.
12293:
12291:
12289:
12267:Heather, Peter.
12263:
12261:
12259:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12188:(2nd ed.).
12176:
12174:
12172:
12139:
12121:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12049:
12047:
12045:
12012:
12010:
12008:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11938:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11895:"Italy: History"
11882:
11880:
11878:
11845:
11802:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11744:
11742:
11740:
11717:. Vol. 10.
11707:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11656:
11655:on 5 March 2020.
11654:
11648:. Archived from
11633:
11628:Wulfila 311â2011
11618:
11599:
11597:
11595:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11463:
11440:RĂŒbekeil, Ludwig
11435:
11433:
11431:
11395:
11393:
11391:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11280:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11216:Pritsak, Omeljan
11211:
11210:
11208:
11179:
11177:
11175:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11118:
11116:
11114:
11084:
11071:
11052:
11050:
11048:
11012:
11010:
11008:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10946:
10918:
10916:
10914:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10838:
10836:
10834:
10798:
10792:
10784:
10777:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10681:
10644:
10631:
10630:on 5 March 2020.
10629:
10623:. Archived from
10608:
10603:Wulfila 311-2011
10592:
10590:
10588:
10555:
10553:
10551:
10515:
10513:
10511:
10478:
10476:
10474:
10453:Ăditions Errance
10439:Kazanski, Michel
10434:
10409:
10408:on 4 March 2020.
10407:
10401:. Archived from
10386:
10371:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10321:
10319:
10317:
10281:
10279:
10277:
10229:
10227:
10225:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10065:
10063:
10061:
10028:
10026:
10024:
9991:
9989:
9987:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9860:
9858:
9856:
9827:
9806:
9804:
9802:
9769:
9734:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9540:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9491:
9476:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9413:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9341:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9296:. Vol. 12.
9275:
9273:
9271:
9235:
9233:
9231:
9192:Bennett, Matthew
9187:
9185:
9183:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9030:
9028:
9026:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8858:. Translated by
8845:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8650:. Translated by
8637:
8629:. Translated by
8616:
8614:
8612:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8566:Augustan history
8559:
8557:
8555:
8538:. Translated by
8525:
8523:
8521:
8475:
8469:
8463:
8457:
8451:
8445:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8396:
8391:. Archived from
8385:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8284:Harvard Magazine
8275:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8251:
8223:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8197:
8179:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8095:
8089:
8080:
8071:
8065:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8015:
8006:. Archived from
7995:
7989:
7988:
7973:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7940:Kristinsson 2010
7937:
7931:
7930:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7907:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7883:
7874:
7868:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7752:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7716:, pp. 9â11.
7711:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7649:
7648:, pp. 117â.
7643:
7637:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7560:
7554:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7435:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7290:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7160:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6962:
6956:
6947:
6946:
6938:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6823:Marcellinus 1862
6820:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6789:
6787:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6658:
6652:
6639:
6633:
6622:
6616:
6607:
6601:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6409:
6392:
6386:
6369:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6339:
6326:
6316:The Two Gallieni
6309:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6094:
6091:Christensen 2002
6088:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5809:
5793:
5784:
5781:Christensen 2002
5778:
5769:
5763:
5752:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5715:
5712:Christensen 2002
5709:
5703:
5694:
5688:
5685:Christensen 2002
5682:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5652:
5641:
5638:Christensen 2002
5635:
5629:
5613:
5604:
5601:Christensen 2002
5598:
5592:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5537:
5534:Christensen 2002
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5497:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5461:Christensen 2002
5458:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5434:Christensen 2002
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5227:
5221:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5124:
5118:
5099:Oxenstierna 1948
5096:
5090:
5084:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5060:Christensen 2002
5057:
5051:
5048:Christensen 2002
5045:
5039:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4948:
4942:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4635:. Archived from
4619:
4614:
4612:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4374:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4344:"1 Cor. 13:1-12"
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4305:
4299:
4286:
4280:
4250:
4239:(perhaps modern
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4173:
4164:) in Spain. See
4154:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4131:Augustan History
4126:
4120:
4119:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4087:
4079:romanized:
4078:
4076:
4075:đČđżđđžđčđżđłđ°
4068:
3830:Gregory of Nyssa
3825:George Syncellus
3766:Augustan History
3639:Diocese of VÀxjö
3637:, bishop of the
3623:Council of Basel
3617:
3576:Spanish nobility
3528:who founded the
3501:Wielbark culture
3368:in El Campillo,
3203:Athanaric's Wall
2719:Khazar Khaganate
2681:Byzantine Empire
2579:, leader of the
2577:Theodoric Strabo
2172:Flavius Honorius
2147:magister militum
2143:Flavius Arcadius
2125:) and destroyed
2033:Alfred the Great
1948:magister militum
1804:Migration Period
1651:Eduard Bendemann
1527:, was captured.
1321:Cyprianic Plague
1317:Augustan History
1267:Augustan History
1255:The 3rd-century
1139:Heraclea Pontica
995:to fight in the
969:agriculturalists
846:and the nomadic
809:Marcomannic Wars
606:
600:
594:Wielbark culture
587:
559:Wielbark culture
557:occupied by the
532:Lusatian culture
512:Wielbark culture
426:
416:
409:Wielbark culture
406:
397:
388:
296:Wielbark culture
271:
268:
21:
14194:
14193:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14185:
14184:
14183:
14164:
14163:
14162:
14157:
14139:
14101:
13382:
13344:
13306:Gothic alphabet
13198:Norse mythology
13134:
13088:
13071:
13066:
13016:
13007:
13005:
13001:
12980:
12963:
12961:
12954:
12926:
12924:
12917:
12896:
12886:Clarendon Press
12868:
12866:
12859:
12688:
12644:
12642:
12641:on 17 July 2012
12619:
12613:
12598:
12582:
12580:
12555:
12553:
12546:
12494:(14): 2430â41.
12487:Current Biology
12470:
12468:
12461:
12446:
12440:
12412:
12410:
12403:
12377:
12375:
12368:
12349:
12340:
12338:
12331:
12287:
12285:
12257:
12255:
12248:
12217:
12215:
12208:
12170:
12168:
12161:
12126:Braune, Wilhelm
12118:
12083:
12081:
12057:
12055:Further reading
12052:
12043:
12041:
12034:
12006:
12004:
11997:
11969:
11967:
11960:
11935:
11921:Wolfram, Herwig
11910:
11908:
11876:
11874:
11867:
11778:
11776:
11769:
11749:Tucker, Spencer
11738:
11736:
11729:
11680:
11678:
11652:
11646:
11631:
11623:Strid, Jan Paul
11615:
11593:
11591:
11562:
11560:
11528:
11526:
11519:
11493:
11491:
11484:
11460:
11448:. Vol. 1.
11429:
11427:
11420:
11389:
11387:
11380:
11360:Reimitz, Helmut
11345:
11343:
11336:
11308:
11306:
11277:
11249:
11247:
11240:
11206:
11204:
11197:
11173:
11171:
11139:
11137:
11112:
11110:
11103:
11082:
11068:
11046:
11044:
11037:
11006:
11004:
10997:
10969:
10967:
10943:
10912:
10910:
10903:
10883:Luttwak, Edward
10872:
10870:
10863:
10832:
10830:
10823:
10786:
10785:
10779:
10758:
10756:
10749:
10718:
10716:
10709:
10685:
10683:
10679:
10642:
10627:
10621:
10606:
10586:
10584:
10577:
10549:
10547:
10540:
10509:
10507:
10500:
10472:
10470:
10463:
10405:
10399:
10384:
10356:
10354:
10347:
10315:
10313:
10306:
10275:
10273:
10266:
10234:Hedeager, Lotte
10223:
10221:
10214:
10206:. p. 673.
10182:
10180:
10173:
10165:. p. 623.
10153:Eidinow, Esther
10133:
10131:
10124:
10096:
10094:
10087:
10059:
10057:
10050:
10022:
10020:
10013:
9985:
9983:
9976:
9944:
9942:
9935:
9900:
9898:
9854:
9852:
9845:
9800:
9798:
9791:
9731:
9721:A & C Black
9703:
9701:
9694:
9674:Goffart, Walter
9663:
9661:
9654:
9630:Fulk, Robert D.
9619:
9617:
9610:
9574:
9572:
9565:
9525:
9523:
9516:
9486:. Vol. 2.
9471:. Vol. 1.
9452:
9450:
9443:
9410:
9398:. Vol. 1.
9375:
9373:
9366:
9317:
9315:
9308:
9284:Cameron, Averil
9269:
9267:
9229:
9227:
9220:
9212:. p. 367.
9200:Holmes, Richard
9181:
9179:
9158:
9156:
9149:
9125:
9123:
9094:
9092:
9085:
9054:
9052:
9024:
9022:
9015:
8983:
8981:
8974:
8932:
8927:
8918:
8916:
8892:
8890:
8869:
8867:
8815:
8813:
8785:
8783:
8755:
8753:
8725:
8723:
8695:
8693:
8676:Orosius, Paulus
8665:
8663:
8610:
8608:
8580:
8578:
8553:
8551:
8519:
8517:
8510:
8484:
8482:Ancient sources
8479:
8478:
8470:
8466:
8458:
8454:
8446:
8442:
8434:
8430:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8397:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8374:
8370:
8362:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8288:
8286:
8276:
8272:
8262:
8260:
8221:
8215:
8211:
8155:
8151:
8122:
8118:
8108:
8106:
8097:
8096:
8092:
8081:
8074:
8066:
8059:
8051:
8047:
8039:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8013:
8011:
7996:
7992:
7975:
7974:
7970:
7962:
7958:
7950:
7946:
7938:
7934:
7923:
7919:
7908:
7904:
7896:
7892:
7884:
7877:
7869:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7840:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7808:
7807:
7803:
7793:
7791:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7765:
7761:
7753:
7744:
7736:
7732:
7724:
7720:
7712:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7652:
7644:
7640:
7632:
7628:
7620:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7584:
7580:
7572:
7563:
7555:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7514:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7480:Kulikowski 2006
7478:
7471:
7461:
7459:
7452:
7436:
7432:
7424:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7398:
7396:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7370:
7343:
7335:
7331:
7323:
7319:
7309:
7307:
7292:
7291:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7248:Kulikowski 2006
7246:
7242:
7236:Kulikowski 2006
7234:
7230:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7206:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7173:
7169:
7161:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7072:
7070:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7044:Kulikowski 2006
7042:
7033:
7027:Kulikowski 2006
7025:
7021:
7013:
7006:
7000:Kulikowski 2006
6998:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6965:
6957:
6950:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6910:Kulikowski 2006
6908:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6879:
6872:
6864:
6860:
6852:
6845:
6837:
6833:
6821:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6785:
6783:
6767:
6763:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6642:
6634:
6625:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6548:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6419:
6412:
6406:Wayback Machine
6393:
6389:
6383:Wayback Machine
6370:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6340:
6329:
6323:Wayback Machine
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6274:
6266:
6262:
6256:Kulikowski 2006
6254:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6232:Kulikowski 2006
6230:
6226:
6222:, pp. 3â4.
6220:Sprengling 1953
6218:
6214:
6203:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6097:
6089:
6085:
6077:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6041:
6037:
6029:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5917:
5894:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5812:
5807:Wayback Machine
5794:
5787:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5755:
5750:Wayback Machine
5737:
5733:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5695:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5627:Wayback Machine
5614:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5590:Wayback Machine
5577:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5511:Wayback Machine
5498:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5473:Kulikowski 2006
5471:
5467:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5143:
5125:
5121:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4892:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4778:
4776:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4711:
4709:
4690:
4679:
4677:
4654:
4642:
4640:
4639:on 25 July 2021
4621:
4610:
4608:
4591:
4580:
4578:
4555:
4544:
4542:
4535:Merriam-Webster
4529:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4494:Andersson 1998b
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4455:Andersson 1998a
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4377:
4369:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4308:
4300:
4289:
4281:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4193:Thompson (1963)
4190:
4186:
4178:
4171:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4138:
4127:
4123:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4003:
3998:
3989:Theodosian Code
3956:De providentia.
3910:Natural History
3905:Pliny the Elder
3771:Aurelius Victor
3749:
3725:
3720:
3619:
3611:
3552:
3518:
3497:
3463:
3354:
3273:
3268:
3238:
3209:
3207:Montes Serrorum
3191:
3185:
3180:
3170:Visigothic Code
3150:
3117:Gothic alphabet
3101:Gothic paganism
3086:
3076:Gothic paganism
3072:
3037:Sabbas the Goth
3033:
3027:
3016:Byzantine-style
2898:
2892:
2872:
2844:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2803:Walafrid Strabo
2773:Codex Argenteus
2751:The Goths were
2749:
2747:Gothic alphabet
2743:Gothic language
2741:Main articles:
2739:
2645:
2639:
2562:Battle of Bolia
2546:Battle of Nedao
2467:
2461:
2455:
2447:Fall of Granada
2263:
2251:Main articles:
2230:
2160:
2107:
2065:
2059:
2053:
1985:
1912:
1906:
1853:in the sagas).
1810:
1800:
1623:to debate with
1501:Gothic language
1486:
1464:
1331:, damaging the
989:Eurasian steppe
910:
896:
797:
791:
659:Pliny the Elder
611:
604:
602:
598:
596:
590:Oksywie culture
585:
578:
568:
520:Oksywie culture
483:, some Swedish
431:
424:
422:
414:
412:
404:
402:
395:
393:
386:
379:
373:
368:
336:Germanic people
332:
269:
198:('Goths'). The
186:Gothic language
182:
176:
168:Goth subculture
152:, known as the
72:medieval Europe
64:Germanic people
39:
32:Goth subculture
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14192:
14182:
14181:
14176:
14159:
14158:
14156:
14155:
14144:
14141:
14140:
14138:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14111:
14109:
14103:
14102:
14100:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14068:
14067:
14062:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13876:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13845:
13844:
13843:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13772:
13771:
13766:
13764:Thracian Goths
13761:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13705:
13704:
13699:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13543:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13419:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13392:
13390:
13384:
13383:
13381:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13354:
13352:
13346:
13345:
13343:
13342:
13341:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13320:
13315:
13314:
13313:
13308:
13298:
13293:
13292:
13291:
13286:
13281:
13271:
13266:
13265:
13264:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13247:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13230:
13220:
13219:
13218:
13213:
13203:
13202:
13201:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13144:
13142:
13136:
13135:
13133:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13115:Roman Iron Age
13112:
13107:
13102:
13096:
13094:
13090:
13089:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13065:
13064:
13057:
13050:
13042:
13036:
13035:
13026:
13015:
13014:
12970:
12952:
12933:
12916:978-3110114454
12915:
12900:
12895:978-0198142713
12894:
12875:
12858:978-1405117142
12857:
12835:
12810:
12755:
12700:
12686:
12651:
12624:
12612:978-9155486648
12611:
12589:
12562:
12544:
12526:Kaliff, Anders
12522:
12477:
12460:978-1594160844
12459:
12444:
12439:978-0761445166
12438:
12419:
12401:
12384:
12367:978-1843830337
12366:
12347:
12330:978-1139054409
12329:
12294:
12264:
12246:
12224:
12207:978-0191727139
12206:
12177:
12160:978-0253206008
12159:
12140:
12136:Gothic Grammar
12122:
12117:978-1135073312
12116:
12098:Alcock, Leslie
12090:
12072:(in Swedish).
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12050:
12033:978-0520244900
12032:
12013:
11996:978-0520085114
11995:
11976:
11958:
11939:
11934:978-0520052598
11933:
11917:
11883:
11865:
11846:
11803:
11785:
11768:978-1851096725
11767:
11745:
11727:
11708:
11687:
11657:
11645:978-9155486648
11644:
11619:
11614:978-9197419482
11613:
11600:
11569:
11551:(in Swedish).
11535:
11518:978-0080877754
11517:
11500:
11482:
11464:
11459:978-3110148763
11458:
11436:
11418:
11396:
11378:
11352:
11335:978-1138804210
11334:
11315:
11281:
11276:978-9401209847
11275:
11256:
11239:978-0195187922
11238:
11212:
11196:978-3486701623
11195:
11180:
11158:"Ancient Rome"
11146:
11119:
11102:978-3700133179
11101:
11076:OlÄdzki, Marek
11072:
11067:978-9185507948
11066:
11053:
11036:978-1571131997
11035:
11017:Murdoch, Brian
11013:
10996:978-1606060247
10995:
10976:
10947:
10942:978-0520015968
10941:
10919:
10902:978-0674035195
10901:
10879:
10862:978-9004289529
10861:
10839:
10821:
10799:
10765:
10748:978-1139458092
10747:
10725:
10708:978-9979992219
10707:
10692:
10632:
10620:978-9155486648
10619:
10598:Kaliff, Anders
10593:
10576:978-1843830740
10575:
10556:
10538:
10516:
10499:978-1780330495
10498:
10479:
10461:
10435:
10410:
10398:978-3937517957
10397:
10376:Kaliff, Anders
10372:
10363:
10346:978-0191739422
10345:
10335:(3 ed.).
10322:
10305:978-0199665730
10304:
10282:
10264:
10230:
10213:978-0191744457
10212:
10189:
10172:978-0191735257
10171:
10161:(4 ed.).
10140:
10123:978-0199892266
10122:
10103:
10086:978-0195325416
10085:
10066:
10049:978-1843830337
10048:
10029:
10011:
9992:
9975:978-0198205357
9974:
9951:
9933:
9915:Matthews, John
9911:Heather, Peter
9907:
9874:German History
9861:
9844:978-0521435437
9843:
9828:
9807:
9790:978-0812200287
9789:
9770:
9735:
9730:978-1852850012
9729:
9710:
9693:978-0691102313
9692:
9670:
9653:978-9027263124
9652:
9626:
9609:978-0195187922
9608:
9581:
9564:978-8772897103
9563:
9541:
9532:
9514:
9492:
9477:
9459:
9442:978-2503526157
9441:
9414:
9409:978-3110148763
9408:
9382:
9364:
9342:
9328:Bradley, Henry
9324:
9307:978-1139053921
9306:
9288:Garnsey, Peter
9276:
9248:Makkai, LĂĄszlĂł
9236:
9219:978-0191727467
9218:
9188:
9165:
9148:978-0395663158
9147:
9132:
9101:
9084:978-1400829941
9083:
9061:
9035:Aubin, Hermann
9031:
9013:
8990:
8972:
8946:Beck, Heinrich
8933:
8931:
8930:Modern sources
8928:
8926:
8925:
8899:
8876:
8846:
8822:
8792:
8762:
8732:
8702:
8672:
8638:
8617:
8587:
8560:
8540:Schaff, Philip
8526:
8509:978-1076198747
8508:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8464:
8452:
8440:
8428:
8426:, p. 166.
8416:
8380:
8368:
8364:Söderberg 1896
8356:
8344:
8332:
8320:
8308:
8296:
8270:
8209:
8164:Genome Biology
8149:
8116:
8090:
8083:Procopius 1914
8072:
8057:
8045:
8033:
8021:
7990:
7968:
7966:, p. 142.
7956:
7944:
7942:, p. 172.
7932:
7917:
7902:
7900:, p. 371.
7890:
7875:
7858:
7846:
7831:
7801:
7780:"Eagle Fibula"
7771:
7759:
7742:
7740:, p. 460.
7730:
7718:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7667:
7650:
7638:
7626:
7624:, p. 261.
7614:
7602:
7600:, p. 298.
7590:
7588:, p. 193.
7578:
7561:
7546:
7520:
7508:
7506:, p. 178.
7496:
7484:
7469:
7450:
7430:
7428:, p. 176.
7418:
7406:
7376:
7341:
7339:, p. 160.
7329:
7317:
7276:
7274:, p. 141.
7264:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7216:
7191:
7189:, p. 254.
7179:
7167:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7080:
7048:
7031:
7019:
7004:
6992:
6990:, p. 367.
6980:
6963:
6948:
6926:
6914:
6912:, p. 130.
6897:
6885:
6870:
6858:
6843:
6831:
6812:
6800:
6792:Ammianus and
6770:Gibbon, Edward
6761:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6659:
6640:
6623:
6608:
6593:
6581:
6569:
6557:
6539:
6527:
6515:
6503:
6491:
6476:
6464:
6449:
6437:
6425:
6423:, p. 150.
6410:
6387:
6361:
6349:
6327:
6301:
6289:
6287:, p. 717.
6285:Syncellus 1829
6272:
6260:
6248:
6246:, p. 128.
6236:
6224:
6212:
6197:
6185:
6183:, p. 428.
6173:
6134:
6122:
6110:
6095:
6083:
6071:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6010:
5998:
5983:
5971:
5959:
5947:
5935:
5923:
5892:
5890:, p. 222.
5880:
5868:
5856:
5841:
5839:, p. 106.
5829:
5810:
5785:
5770:
5753:
5731:
5716:
5704:
5689:
5677:
5659:
5642:
5630:
5605:
5593:
5571:
5559:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5489:
5477:
5465:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5339:
5327:
5325:, p. 103.
5315:
5313:, p. 232.
5303:
5301:, p. 106.
5291:
5279:
5277:, p. 228.
5267:
5255:
5251:Kortlandt 2001
5243:
5241:, p. 236.
5228:
5213:
5201:
5189:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5141:
5131:R. Wolagiewicz
5119:
5091:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5040:
5024:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4976:
4972:Kasperski 2015
4964:
4949:
4934:
4922:
4910:
4898:
4886:
4874:
4862:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4746:
4734:
4722:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4445:, p. 688.
4435:
4423:
4398:
4375:
4373:, p. 673.
4360:
4335:
4333:, p. 623.
4323:
4306:
4287:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4184:
4174:(in Spanish).
4149:
4145:Musée de Cluny
4136:
4121:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3958:
3945:
3934:
3929:
3918:
3913:
3902:
3896:
3894:Paulus Orosius
3891:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3864:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3783:Constantius II
3768:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:Herwig Wolfram
3667:Canary Islands
3604:
3532:and began the
3517:
3514:
3496:
3493:
3462:
3459:
3353:
3350:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3237:
3234:
3187:Main article:
3184:
3181:
3149:
3146:
3071:
3068:
3066:were freemen.
3026:
3023:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2904:Detail of the
2894:Main article:
2891:
2888:
2878:, part of the
2871:
2868:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2811:Crimean Gothic
2738:
2735:
2731:Crimean Gothic
2727:Ottoman Empire
2692:John of Gothia
2641:Main article:
2638:
2635:
2581:Thracian Goths
2457:Main article:
2454:
2451:
2226:Main article:
2197:Galla Placidia
2156:Main article:
2103:Main article:
2055:Main article:
2052:
2049:
1984:
1981:
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1872:, king of the
1799:
1796:
1794:in his realm.
1754:legendary saga
1675:Ural Mountains
1667:Vistula Veneti
1568:Constantinople
1508:runic alphabet
1463:
1460:
1433:Dniester River
895:
892:
790:
787:
626:Around 15 AD,
603:
597:
592:and the early
584:
567:
564:
499:(particularly
423:
413:
403:
394:
385:
372:
369:
367:
364:
352:late antiquity
331:
330:Classification
328:
259:. In his book
255:, and perhaps
210:, attested in
200:Proto-Germanic
178:Main article:
175:
172:
26:
18:Germanic Goths
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14191:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14154:
14146:
14145:
14142:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14112:
14110:
14108:
14104:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14057:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13850:
13849:
13846:
13842:
13839:
13838:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13739:Crimean Goths
13737:
13736:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13703:
13702:Salian Franks
13700:
13698:
13695:
13694:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13500:
13499:
13496:
13495:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13398:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13385:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13355:
13353:
13351:
13347:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13325:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13276:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13263:
13260:
13259:
13258:
13255:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13241:
13238:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13224:
13221:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13208:
13207:
13204:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13180:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13145:
13143:
13141:
13140:Early culture
13137:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13097:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13074:
13070:
13063:
13058:
13056:
13051:
13049:
13044:
13043:
13040:
13032:
13027:
13023:
13018:
13017:
13000:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12987:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12959:
12955:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12940:
12934:
12922:
12918:
12912:
12908:
12907:
12901:
12897:
12891:
12887:
12883:
12882:
12876:
12864:
12860:
12854:
12850:
12846:
12845:
12840:
12839:Todd, Malcolm
12836:
12832:
12828:
12824:
12820:
12816:
12811:
12807:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12779:
12775:
12771:
12767:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12663:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12640:
12636:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12618:
12614:
12608:
12604:
12597:
12596:
12590:
12578:
12574:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12551:
12547:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12532:
12527:
12523:
12519:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12466:
12462:
12456:
12453:. Westholme.
12452:
12451:
12445:
12441:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12426:
12420:
12408:
12404:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12385:
12373:
12369:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12354:
12348:
12336:
12332:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12283:
12280:
12276:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12253:
12249:
12243:
12239:
12235:
12234:
12229:
12225:
12213:
12209:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12178:
12166:
12162:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12147:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12132:
12127:
12123:
12119:
12113:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12070:
12069:Namn och bygd
12065:
12060:
12059:
12039:
12035:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12020:
12014:
12002:
11998:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11983:
11977:
11965:
11961:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11946:
11940:
11936:
11930:
11926:
11922:
11918:
11906:
11902:
11901:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11872:
11868:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11853:
11847:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11810:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11795:
11790:
11786:
11774:
11770:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11755:
11750:
11746:
11734:
11730:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11715:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11693:
11688:
11676:
11672:
11671:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11651:
11647:
11641:
11637:
11630:
11629:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11610:
11606:
11601:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11576:
11570:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11549:
11544:
11540:
11536:
11524:
11520:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11501:
11489:
11485:
11479:
11475:
11474:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11446:
11441:
11437:
11425:
11421:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11406:
11401:
11397:
11385:
11381:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11366:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11341:
11337:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11322:
11316:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11291:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11263:
11257:
11245:
11241:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11226:
11221:
11217:
11213:
11202:
11198:
11192:
11188:
11187:
11181:
11169:
11165:
11164:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11135:
11131:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11108:
11104:
11098:
11094:
11090:
11089:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11063:
11059:
11054:
11042:
11038:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11023:
11018:
11014:
11002:
10998:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10983:
10977:
10965:
10961:
10960:
10955:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10924:
10920:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10889:
10884:
10880:
10868:
10864:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10840:
10828:
10824:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10809:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10782:
10778:Reprinted in
10775:
10771:
10766:
10754:
10750:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10730:
10726:
10714:
10710:
10704:
10700:
10699:
10693:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10649:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10626:
10622:
10616:
10612:
10605:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10563:
10557:
10545:
10541:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10517:
10505:
10501:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10486:
10480:
10468:
10464:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10445:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10411:
10404:
10400:
10394:
10390:
10383:
10382:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10364:
10352:
10348:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10311:
10307:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10292:
10287:
10283:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10252:
10247:
10246:Theuws, Frans
10243:
10242:Nelson, Janet
10239:
10235:
10231:
10219:
10215:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10178:
10174:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10159:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10141:
10129:
10125:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10104:
10092:
10088:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10073:
10067:
10055:
10051:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10036:
10030:
10018:
10014:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9999:
9993:
9981:
9977:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9958:
9952:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9850:
9846:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9808:
9796:
9792:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9777:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9752:(2): 379â98.
9751:
9747:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9732:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9711:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9680:
9675:
9671:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9640:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9615:
9611:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9596:
9591:
9587:
9582:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9551:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9533:
9521:
9517:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9497:
9496:Cameron, Alan
9493:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9460:
9448:
9444:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9415:
9411:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9396:
9391:
9390:Bandle, Oskar
9387:
9386:Brink, Stefan
9383:
9371:
9367:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9325:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9252:MĂłcsy, AndrĂĄs
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9177:
9173:
9172:
9166:
9154:
9150:
9144:
9140:
9139:
9133:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9090:
9086:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9062:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9006:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8954:Timpe, Dieter
8951:
8950:Steuer, Heiko
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8900:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8877:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8834:Chronographia
8831:
8827:
8823:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8793:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8763:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8737:
8733:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8712:
8707:
8703:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8647:Roman History
8643:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8622:
8618:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8567:
8561:
8549:
8545:
8544:T&T Clark
8541:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8527:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8487:
8486:
8473:
8468:
8461:
8460:Jordanes 1915
8456:
8449:
8448:Jordanes 1915
8444:
8437:
8432:
8425:
8420:
8404:
8400:
8394:
8390:
8384:
8378:, p. 67.
8377:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8341:
8336:
8330:, p. 24.
8329:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8306:, p. 23.
8305:
8300:
8285:
8281:
8274:
8259:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8220:
8213:
8205:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8153:
8144:
8143:11573/1706425
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8104:
8103:Genomic Atlas
8100:
8094:
8088:
8084:
8079:
8077:
8070:, p. 56.
8069:
8064:
8062:
8054:
8049:
8042:
8037:
8030:
8025:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7981:Editorial.dca
7978:
7972:
7965:
7964:Stenroth 2015
7960:
7954:, p. 31.
7953:
7948:
7941:
7936:
7928:
7921:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7894:
7888:, p. 22.
7887:
7882:
7880:
7872:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7856:, p. 66.
7855:
7850:
7843:
7838:
7836:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7768:
7763:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7739:
7734:
7727:
7722:
7715:
7710:
7708:
7701:, p. 63.
7700:
7695:
7688:
7683:
7677:, p. 27.
7676:
7671:
7664:
7663:Vasiliev 1936
7659:
7657:
7655:
7647:
7646:Vasiliev 1936
7642:
7635:
7630:
7623:
7618:
7611:
7606:
7599:
7598:Jacobsen 2009
7594:
7587:
7582:
7575:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7558:
7553:
7551:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7505:
7500:
7493:
7488:
7481:
7476:
7474:
7457:
7453:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7410:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7338:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7273:
7268:
7261:
7256:
7249:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7225:
7220:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7188:
7183:
7177:, p. 26.
7176:
7171:
7164:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7145:
7140:
7133:
7128:
7121:
7116:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7028:
7023:
7016:
7011:
7009:
7001:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6976:Howatson 2011
6972:
6970:
6968:
6960:
6955:
6953:
6944:
6943:
6937:
6930:
6924:, p. 69.
6923:
6918:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6868:, p. 73.
6867:
6862:
6855:
6854:Beckwith 2009
6850:
6848:
6840:
6839:Beckwith 2009
6835:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6817:
6809:
6808:Beckwith 2009
6804:
6797:
6795:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6758:
6753:
6751:
6743:
6738:
6732:, p. 54.
6731:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6708:, p. 87.
6707:
6702:
6695:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6671:
6670:Jordanes 1915
6666:
6664:
6656:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6638:, p. 99.
6637:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6600:
6598:
6591:, p. 62.
6590:
6585:
6578:
6577:Jordanes 1915
6573:
6567:, p. 95.
6566:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6550:Eusebius 1900
6546:
6544:
6536:
6531:
6525:, p. 58.
6524:
6519:
6512:
6511:Jordanes 1915
6507:
6500:
6499:Jordanes 1915
6495:
6488:
6483:
6481:
6474:, p. 24.
6473:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6454:
6446:
6445:Thompson 1973
6441:
6435:, p. 56.
6434:
6429:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6395:Disputed 1932
6391:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6372:Disputed 1932
6368:
6366:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6312:Disputed 1932
6308:
6306:
6298:
6293:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6269:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6245:
6240:
6234:, p. 18.
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6107:
6102:
6100:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6057:, p. 20.
6056:
6051:
6045:, p. 13.
6044:
6039:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6007:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5988:
5981:, p. 75.
5980:
5979:Kokowski 2011
5975:
5968:
5963:
5956:
5951:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5888:Kokowski 2007
5884:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5854:, p. 42.
5853:
5848:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5782:
5777:
5775:
5767:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5728:
5727:Jordanes 1915
5723:
5721:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5698:
5697:Tacitus 1876b
5693:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5670:Tacitus 1876a
5666:
5664:
5656:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5568:
5563:
5557:, p. 40.
5556:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5535:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5455:
5447:
5442:
5435:
5430:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5399:
5398:Jordanes 1915
5394:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5372:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5335:Kokowski 2011
5331:
5324:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5289:, p. 38.
5288:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:RĂŒbekeil 2002
5220:
5218:
5210:
5205:
5199:, p. 43.
5198:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5127:Kazanski 1991
5123:
5116:
5112:
5111:Kokowski 1999
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5008:Hedeager 2000
5004:
4997:
4996:Jordanes 1915
4992:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4960:Robinson 2005
4956:
4954:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4919:
4918:Jordanes 1915
4914:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4518:Thompson 1973
4514:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4469:, p. 21.
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4319:Vitiello 2022
4315:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:According to
4188:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Gutian people
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:Philostorgius
3897:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:Peter Heather
3697:
3693:
3692:Henry Bradley
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3614:Henry Bradley
3608:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:Istrian stone
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3179:
3175:
3174:Code of Euric
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:votive crowns
2943:
2942:archeological
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:short phrases
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:Crimean Goths
2662:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2643:Crimean Goths
2637:Crimean Goths
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:gens Gothorum
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2307:Hispano-Roman
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:(the port of
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:Crimean Goths
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:Amali dynasty
2002:
1998:
1997:Balti dynasty
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1881:Eastern Roman
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:In the 360s,
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:According to
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:Peter Heather
1708:
1707:forest steppe
1704:
1700:
1697:and probably
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1647:on the Danube
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1573:Germanization
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1505:Elder Futhark
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Marcianopolis
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Apamea Myrlea
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Pontic steppe
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
914:
909:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
857:
856:Peter Heather
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
757:
755:
747:
743:
738:
734:
732:
728:
727:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
610:
595:
591:
582:
577:
573:
566:Early history
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:stone circles
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
470:
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
430:
420:
410:
401:
392:
383:
378:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:East Germanic
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Vistula River
285:
284:
279:
275:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:
187:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
154:Crimean Goths
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:was destroyed
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
50:
49:Roman cavalry
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
13733:
13433:Anglo-Saxons
13423:Adrabaecampi
13406:Bucinobantes
13148:Architecture
13030:
13021:
13006:. Retrieved
12990:
12984:
12974:Wood, Ian N.
12962:. Retrieved
12938:
12925:. Retrieved
12905:
12880:
12867:. Retrieved
12843:
12818:
12814:
12769:
12763:
12714:
12708:
12665:
12659:
12655:
12645:18 September
12643:. Retrieved
12639:the original
12632:
12617:the original
12594:
12583:17 September
12581:. Retrieved
12570:
12554:. Retrieved
12530:
12491:
12485:
12471:17 September
12469:. Retrieved
12449:
12424:
12411:. Retrieved
12392:
12376:. Retrieved
12352:
12339:. Retrieved
12303:
12286:. Retrieved
12272:
12256:. Retrieved
12232:
12228:Green, D. H.
12216:. Retrieved
12185:
12169:. Retrieved
12145:
12135:
12130:
12102:
12084:17 September
12082:. Retrieved
12073:
12067:
12042:. Retrieved
12018:
12005:. Retrieved
11981:
11968:. Retrieved
11944:
11924:
11911:19 September
11909:. Retrieved
11898:
11877:17 September
11875:. Retrieved
11851:
11813:
11807:
11793:
11777:. Retrieved
11753:
11737:. Retrieved
11713:
11695:
11691:
11681:19 September
11679:. Retrieved
11668:
11650:the original
11627:
11604:
11592:. Retrieved
11574:
11561:. Retrieved
11552:
11546:
11527:. Retrieved
11508:
11492:. Retrieved
11472:
11444:
11428:. Retrieved
11404:
11390:17 September
11388:. Retrieved
11364:
11356:Pohl, Walter
11344:. Retrieved
11320:
11309:17 September
11307:. Retrieved
11294:
11289:
11261:
11248:. Retrieved
11223:
11205:, retrieved
11186:Die Germanen
11185:
11174:17 September
11172:. Retrieved
11161:
11140:17 September
11138:. Retrieved
11127:
11111:. Retrieved
11087:
11057:
11045:. Retrieved
11021:
11005:. Retrieved
10981:
10970:18 September
10968:. Retrieved
10957:
10954:"The Steppe"
10927:
10911:. Retrieved
10887:
10871:. Retrieved
10847:
10833:17 September
10831:. Retrieved
10807:
10780:
10773:
10769:
10757:. Retrieved
10733:
10717:. Retrieved
10697:
10686:17 September
10684:. Retrieved
10652:
10646:
10625:the original
10602:
10585:. Retrieved
10561:
10550:17 September
10548:. Retrieved
10529:
10524:
10508:. Retrieved
10484:
10471:. Retrieved
10448:
10443:
10418:
10414:
10403:the original
10380:
10370:. Westholme.
10367:
10355:. Retrieved
10330:
10314:. Retrieved
10290:
10286:James, Simon
10274:. Retrieved
10250:
10222:. Retrieved
10198:
10181:. Retrieved
10157:
10132:. Retrieved
10108:
10095:. Retrieved
10071:
10058:. Retrieved
10034:
10023:17 September
10021:. Retrieved
9997:
9984:. Retrieved
9956:
9945:17 September
9943:. Retrieved
9919:
9899:. Retrieved
9878:
9872:
9865:Halsall, Guy
9853:. Retrieved
9833:
9818:(1): 53â74.
9815:
9812:Archaeometry
9811:
9799:. Retrieved
9775:
9749:
9743:
9739:
9715:
9702:. Retrieved
9678:
9662:. Retrieved
9638:
9618:. Retrieved
9593:
9573:. Retrieved
9549:
9536:
9524:. Retrieved
9500:
9482:
9467:
9451:. Retrieved
9427:
9394:
9376:18 September
9374:. Retrieved
9350:
9332:
9318:17 September
9316:. Retrieved
9292:
9280:Bowman, Alan
9270:17 September
9268:. Retrieved
9255:
9240:BĂłna, IstvĂĄn
9228:. Retrieved
9203:
9182:17 September
9180:. Retrieved
9170:
9157:. Retrieved
9137:
9124:. Retrieved
9115:
9109:
9093:. Retrieved
9069:
9055:17 September
9053:. Retrieved
9042:
9023:. Retrieved
8999:
8982:. Retrieved
8958:
8919:17 September
8917:. Retrieved
8907:
8891:. Retrieved
8881:
8870:17 September
8868:. Retrieved
8854:
8833:
8814:. Retrieved
8800:
8784:. Retrieved
8770:
8756:17 September
8754:. Retrieved
8740:
8724:. Retrieved
8710:
8696:17 September
8694:. Retrieved
8680:
8666:17 September
8664:. Retrieved
8646:
8625:
8609:. Retrieved
8595:
8579:. Retrieved
8565:
8554:17 September
8552:. Retrieved
8534:
8520:17 September
8518:. Retrieved
8494:
8472:Orosius 1773
8467:
8455:
8443:
8431:
8419:
8407:. Retrieved
8393:the original
8383:
8371:
8359:
8354:, p. 2.
8352:Wolfram 1990
8347:
8342:, p. 3.
8340:Bradley 1888
8335:
8328:Luttwak 2009
8323:
8311:
8304:Wolfram 1990
8299:
8287:. Retrieved
8283:
8273:
8261:. Retrieved
8231:
8225:
8212:
8167:
8163:
8152:
8119:
8107:. Retrieved
8102:
8093:
8087:Book III, II
8055:, p. 6.
8053:Wolfram 1990
8048:
8041:Bradley 1888
8036:
8029:Lacarra 1958
8024:
8012:. Retrieved
8008:the original
8003:
7993:
7985:the original
7980:
7971:
7959:
7947:
7935:
7926:
7920:
7911:
7905:
7898:Wolfram 1990
7893:
7871:Wolfram 1990
7854:Heather 2010
7849:
7822:. Retrieved
7813:
7804:
7792:. Retrieved
7783:
7774:
7762:
7738:Simpson 2010
7733:
7721:
7699:Heather 2010
7694:
7687:Heather 2007
7682:
7675:Bennett 1965
7670:
7641:
7634:Wolfram 1988
7629:
7622:Wolfram 1988
7617:
7605:
7593:
7586:Wolfram 1997
7581:
7557:Wolfram 1990
7537:. Retrieved
7523:
7516:Wolfram 1990
7511:
7504:Wolfram 1990
7499:
7487:
7460:. Retrieved
7440:
7433:
7426:Wolfram 1990
7421:
7414:Wolfram 1990
7409:
7399:17 September
7397:. Retrieved
7379:
7337:Wolfram 1990
7332:
7325:Wolfram 1990
7320:
7310:19 September
7308:. Retrieved
7297:
7272:Wolfram 1990
7267:
7260:Wolfram 1990
7255:
7243:
7231:
7224:Heather 1999
7219:
7209:25 September
7207:. Retrieved
7203:
7194:
7187:Wolfram 1990
7182:
7175:Wolfram 1990
7170:
7163:Heather 2018
7144:Wolfram 1990
7139:
7127:
7115:
7105:17 September
7103:. Retrieved
7092:
7083:
7073:19 September
7071:. Retrieved
7060:
7051:
7022:
7015:Wolfram 1990
6995:
6988:Bennett 2004
6983:
6959:Wolfram 1990
6940:
6936:"Goth"
6929:
6922:Heather 2010
6917:
6888:
6881:Ambrose 2019
6866:Wolfram 1990
6861:
6834:
6827:Book XXI, II
6803:
6791:
6784:. Retrieved
6774:
6764:
6757:Wolfram 1990
6744:, p. 8.
6742:Wolfram 1990
6737:
6730:Schramm 2002
6725:
6713:
6706:Heather 1994
6701:
6696:, p. 7.
6694:Wolfram 1990
6689:
6682:Wolfram 1997
6677:
6655:Wolfram 1990
6589:Wolfram 1990
6584:
6572:
6565:Wolfram 1990
6560:
6535:Wolfram 1990
6530:
6523:Wolfram 1990
6518:
6506:
6494:
6487:Wolfram 1990
6472:Wolfram 1990
6467:
6440:
6433:Wolfram 1990
6428:
6390:
6352:
6342:Zosimus 1814
6292:
6263:
6251:
6244:Wolfram 1990
6239:
6227:
6215:
6206:
6200:
6193:Wolfram 1990
6188:
6176:
6169:Wolfram 1990
6130:Kershaw 2013
6125:
6118:Wolfram 1990
6113:
6086:
6079:Heather 2010
6074:
6067:Wolfram 1990
6062:
6055:Wolfram 1990
6050:
6043:Wolfram 1990
6038:
6031:Bennett 2004
6006:Heather 2010
6001:
5994:Heather 1994
5974:
5962:
5955:Heather 2010
5950:
5943:Heather 1994
5938:
5931:Heather 2010
5926:
5919:Heather 2010
5883:
5876:Wolfram 1990
5871:
5859:
5852:Wolfram 1990
5837:Heather 2010
5832:
5825:Heather 2010
5796:Ptolemy 1932
5766:Wolfram 1990
5739:Ptolemy 1932
5734:
5707:
5692:
5680:
5655:Wolfram 1990
5633:
5596:
5574:
5567:Wolfram 1990
5562:
5555:Wolfram 1990
5529:
5522:Wolfram 1990
5517:
5485:Halsall 2007
5480:
5468:
5446:Goffart 1980
5441:
5429:
5422:Wolfram 1990
5417:
5410:Wolfram 1990
5405:
5393:
5386:Heather 1998
5371:Heather 2010
5366:
5359:Heather 2010
5354:
5347:Wolfram 1990
5342:
5330:
5323:Heather 2010
5318:
5306:
5294:
5287:Wolfram 1990
5282:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5209:Wolfram 1990
5204:
5192:
5180:
5168:
5161:Heather 1998
5156:
5149:Wolfram 1990
5144:
5122:
5103:Ăstergötland
5094:
5087:Heather 1998
5072:OlÄdzki 2004
5067:
5055:
5043:
5035:
5032:Goffart 2005
5027:
5020:Heather 1994
5015:
5003:
4991:
4984:Goffart 2010
4979:
4967:
4930:Gillett 2000
4925:
4913:
4908:, p. 5.
4906:Heather 1994
4901:
4894:Heather 1998
4889:
4882:Heather 1994
4877:
4865:
4858:Heather 2007
4853:
4846:Heather 2010
4841:
4834:Goffart 2010
4829:
4822:Goffart 1989
4817:
4810:Halsall 2014
4805:
4798:Wolfram 2005
4793:
4784:
4777:. Retrieved
4758:
4749:
4737:
4725:
4717:
4710:. Retrieved
4702:Random House
4695:
4685:
4678:. Retrieved
4659:
4648:
4641:. Retrieved
4637:the original
4626:
4616:
4609:. Retrieved
4586:
4579:. Retrieved
4571:Random House
4560:
4550:
4543:. Retrieved
4525:
4513:
4506:Pritsak 2005
4501:
4474:
4467:Wolfram 1990
4462:
4450:
4438:
4431:Lehmann 1986
4426:
4416:25 September
4414:. Retrieved
4410:
4401:
4394:Pritsak 2005
4371:Heather 2018
4353:25 September
4351:. Retrieved
4347:
4338:
4331:Heather 2012
4326:
4302:Heather 2018
4283:Heather 2012
4244:
4236:
4220:
4216:
4215:, and (iii)
4204:
4196:
4187:
4152:
4139:
4129:
4124:
4115:
4083:
4066:
3970:
3964:
3955:
3951:
3940:
3924:
3908:
3880:
3870:
3847:
3838:
3814:
3774:
3723:In the sagas
3695:
3689:
3685:conservative
3678:
3670:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3643:Westrogothia
3642:
3620:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3569:
3553:
3506:
3498:
3486:writes of."
3464:
3418:
3413:
3355:
3343:
3301:
3284:
3274:
3266:Architecture
3259:
3243:
3239:
3222:
3218:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3121:Gothic Bible
3098:
3092:
3057:
3034:
3019:lapis lazuli
3013:
2997:necropolises
2990:
2966:
2919:
2906:votive crown
2873:
2857:
2797:
2785:
2750:
2712:
2685:
2675:through the
2658:
2600:
2570:
2543:
2532:
2527:in parts of
2522:
2513:had deposed
2492:
2440:
2395:
2391:
2361:
2342:
2311:
2279:Theodoric II
2276:
2231:
2190:
2177:North Africa
2161:
2108:
2094:Thessalonica
2086:
2026:
2022:18th century
2012:
2008:
1986:
1972:Theodosius I
1969:
1945:
1925:
1878:
1863:
1858:
1840:
1829:
1816:
1784:defeated him
1775:against the
1766:
1762:Reidgotaland
1747:
1656:
1639:
1629:Roman consul
1614:
1602:
1560:
1537:
1513:
1449:
1430:
1403:
1387:Roman Empire
1380:
1376:Roman Empire
1368:Thessalonika
1360:
1341:Thessalonica
1316:
1265:
1262:
1219:
1173:) including
1132:
1053:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
957:horsemanship
950:
942:Philologists
929:
925:
919:
861:
831:
817:
805:Roman Empire
798:
760:
758:
754:Gothiscandza
753:
751:
724:
719:
705:
704:In his work
703:
698:
694:
667:Burgundiones
656:
625:
620:
614:
551:stone circle
536:Gothiscandza
535:
508:Gothiscandza
507:
505:
478:
469:Gothiscandza
467:
461:
459:
446:
436:
434:
429:Roman Empire
359:
355:
333:
324:Christianity
281:
260:
246:
239:
235:
223:
222:. The form *
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
189:
183:
158:
123:
117:in Italy at
101:in Spain at
76:
59:
57:
40:
13873:Nahanarvali
13796:Hilleviones
13709:Frisiavones
13577:Cananefates
13567:Burgundians
13478:Banochaemae
13328:Anglo-Saxon
13279:Anglo-Saxon
13245:Anglo-Saxon
13228:Anglo-Saxon
13211:Anglo-Saxon
13008:27 February
12772:(1). 6737.
12717:(1). 2455.
12567:"The Goths"
12341:22 February
12288:22 February
12007:14 November
11820:: 160â192.
11779:14 November
11665:"Theodoric"
11563:13 December
11150:Paul, Petit
10913:24 February
10719:14 November
10490:Hachette UK
10134:24 February
10097:24 February
9986:24 February
9586:"Optimatoi"
9575:24 February
9463:Bury, J. H.
9159:24 February
9118:: 479â500.
8908:New History
8893:25 February
8816:20 February
8786:19 February
8726:20 February
8611:14 November
8581:19 February
8289:25 December
8263:25 December
7952:NĂ€sman 2008
7886:Cassia 2019
7539:19 November
7385:"Ataulphus"
7372:O'Callaghan
7089:"Ostrogoth"
6786:10 December
6421:Tucker 2009
5500:Strabo 1903
5311:Kaliff 2008
5275:Kaliff 2008
5239:Kaliff 2008
5173:Kaliff 2008
5115:Kaliff 2008
5036:Scandinavia
4197:Victoriacum
4007:Gothic Wars
3942:Geographica
3788:Cassiodorus
3675:ethnic slur
3647:Ostrogothia
3561:Gothicismus
3546:Reconquista
3534:Reconquista
3195:Gothic Wars
3128:persecution
2958:Recceswinth
2539:Gothograeci
2428:Reconquista
2326:Narbonensis
2234:Theodoric I
1963:settled in
1743:Daco-Romans
1731:Kievan Rus'
1516:Constantine
1497:Pietroasele
1480:Reidgotland
1397:beyond the
1383:Cannabaudes
1345:Cassandreia
1293:Chrysopolis
1248:provinces.
1003:in 244. An
640:Marcomannic
617:Greco-Roman
485:place names
451:Cassiodorus
340:Burgundians
290:in current
278:Scandinavia
14168:Categories
14092:Vinoviloth
13880:Marcomanni
13863:Helveconae
13841:HeaĂ°obards
13811:Istvaeones
13801:Ingaevones
13786:Hermunduri
13754:Ostrogoths
13744:Greuthungi
13622:Chattuarii
13448:Angrivarii
13443:Ampsivarii
13411:Lentienses
13240:Literature
13130:Viking Age
12997:: 465â84.
12953:157113199X
12825:: 443â52.
12687:8772897104
12672:: 306â08.
12545:9150614827
12402:9004125248
12247:0521794234
12218:25 January
11970:17 January
11959:0520069838
11891:Foot, John
11866:1438129181
11739:25 January
11728:0852291736
11483:3793092682
11419:0415081696
11379:9004108467
11299:J.A. Barth
11250:25 January
11007:17 January
10822:9004081763
10759:17 January
10539:8390734184
10510:17 January
10462:2877720624
10357:25 January
10265:9004109021
10224:25 January
10183:25 January
10012:0631209328
9934:0853234264
9901:17 January
9885:: 515â32.
9801:25 January
9620:25 January
9526:17 January
9515:0520065506
9365:1862543372
9230:25 January
9014:311016227X
9005:De Gruyter
8973:311016227X
8964:De Gruyter
8882:The Annals
8601:E.J. Brill
8170:(1): 173.
8128:(Report).
8109:5 November
7057:"Visigoth"
5616:Pliny 1855
5579:Pliny 1855
5197:Strid 2011
5185:Brink 2008
5136:J. Kolendo
4479:Brink 2008
4443:Brink 2002
4158:necropolis
3980:: Speeches
3978:Themistius
3867:Lactantius
3740:Hlöðskviða
3665:, and the
3510:Viminacium
3467:light skin
3455:Carpetania
3451:Celtiberia
3417:(Spanish:
3415:Reccopolis
3393:Visigothic
3382:Visigothic
3271:Ostrogoths
3254:Roman Gaul
3053:inhumation
2870:Ostrogoths
2860:polychrome
2832:See also:
2607:Gothic War
2529:Asia Minor
2495:Ostrogoths
2459:Ostrogoths
2453:Ostrogoths
2353:Reccared I
2168:Radagaisus
2081:Bronze Age
2039:historian
2029:West Saxon
1993:Ostrogoths
1956:Asia Minor
1937:Vithimiris
1929:Gothic War
1894:Moesogoths
1890:Durostorum
1866:Hlöðskviða
1808:Hlöðskviða
1802:See also:
1695:Sarmatians
1533:Sarmatians
1468:Greuthungi
1441:Greuthungi
1414:Cappadocia
1412:, Pontus,
1406:Asia Minor
1301:Aegean Sea
1215:Naulobatus
1155:Aegean Sea
1151:Roman navy
1056:Asia Minor
993:Roman Army
977:J. B. Bury
848:Sarmatians
813:Roman army
679:Istvaeones
675:Ingvaeones
657:In 77 AD,
644:Maroboduus
516:Pomeranian
375:See also:
371:Prehistory
318:began the
312:Greuthungi
270: 551
107:Ostrogoths
14087:Vidivarii
14082:Victohali
14072:Vangiones
14005:Thuringii
13910:Nuithones
13806:Irminones
13769:Visigoths
13759:Thervingi
13719:Gambrivii
13672:Dulgubnii
13667:Dauciones
13617:Chasuarii
13557:Brondings
13483:Bastarnae
13473:Baiuvarii
13453:Armalausi
13416:Raetovari
13350:Languages
13318:Symbology
13178:Folklore
13173:Festivals
12964:26 August
12927:26 August
12869:26 August
12696:162534744
12556:26 August
12378:26 August
12258:26 August
12171:26 August
12108:Routledge
12044:26 August
11923:(1988) .
11842:247442895
11834:1942-1273
11584:941007640
11494:26 August
11326:Routledge
11207:26 August
11047:26 August
10789:cite book
10776:: 319â58.
10673:160585229
10659:: 21â25.
10449:The Goths
10444:Les Goths
10425:: 33â51.
10060:26 August
9998:The Goths
9855:26 August
9766:163064058
9704:26 August
9453:26 August
9025:26 August
8984:26 August
8940:(1998a).
8852:(1876a).
8771:Geography
8746:Heinemann
8736:Procopius
8409:8 January
8376:Bell 1993
8186:1474-760X
7842:BĂłna 2001
7492:Foss 2005
7462:13 August
6794:Jornandes
6772:(1880) .
6357:Bray 1997
6297:Bury 1911
6181:Bury 1913
5263:Peel 2015
4945:Fulk 2018
4730:Fulk 2018
4257:Footnotes
4229:Suinthila
4219:(perhaps
4109:translit.
4032:Gothicism
3926:Geography
3916:Procopius
3855:, in his
3848:Chronicle
3811:Eutropius
3696:The Goths
3663:Argentina
3627:cardinals
3578:(compare
3565:Old Norse
3550:Gothicism
3488:Procopius
3484:Aristotle
3475:blue eyes
3473:hair and
3443:Leovigild
3435:Visigoths
3419:RecĂłpolis
3362:cruciform
3358:basilical
3352:Visigoths
3336:Christian
3332:Byzantine
3324:liturgies
3308:decagonal
3304:mausoleum
3049:cremation
2948:and gold
2890:Visigoths
2864:gemstones
2704:canonized
2603:Alaric II
2573:Theodoric
2558:Bassianae
2554:Theodemir
2534:Optimatoi
2524:foederati
2511:Eutropius
2499:Tribigild
2449:in 1492.
2443:Romanized
2438:evolved.
2404:Galicians
2388:Cantabria
2364:conquered
2345:Liuvigild
2238:Aquitania
2211:and then
2205:Barcelona
2151:Illyricum
2090:massacred
2075:entering
2057:Visigoths
2051:Visigoths
2013:Ostrogoth
2001:foederati
1989:Visigoths
1977:foederati
1851:Caucaland
1788:Fritigern
1773:Procopius
1769:Athanaric
1659:Ermanaric
1641:Athanaric
1594:Mardonius
1582:Tribigild
1563:Romanized
1472:Thervingi
1437:Thervingi
1420:and even
1356:Black Sea
1297:Propontis
1289:Byzantium
1273:Black Sea
1222:Gallienus
1207:Macedonia
1199:Gallienus
1147:Byzantium
1092:Nicomedia
1088:Chalcedon
1084:Propontis
1028:Germanic
973:seafarers
946:linguists
926:Scythians
852:Bastarnae
801:Black Sea
762:Geography
683:Irminones
542:(Rugii).
308:Thervingi
300:Black Sea
191:Gut-ĂŸiuda
134:conquered
91:Visigoths
14153:Category
14060:Hasdingi
14045:Usipetes
14025:Tubantes
14010:Toxandri
13990:Tencteri
13965:Suarines
13950:Sicambri
13945:Semnones
13925:Reudigni
13895:Mattiaci
13885:Marsacii
13836:Lombards
13826:Lacringi
13821:Juthungi
13652:Corconti
13637:Cherusci
13612:Charudes
13592:Chaedini
13562:Bructeri
13547:Bateinoi
13518:Eburones
13513:Condrusi
13508:Caeroesi
13503:Atuatuci
13438:Ambrones
13401:Brisgavi
13396:Alemanni
13274:Paganism
13163:Clothing
13158:Calendar
13105:Germania
12999:Archived
12976:(2003).
12958:Archived
12921:Archived
12863:Archived
12806:31043639
12751:29410482
12577:Archived
12550:Archived
12528:(2001).
12518:31303491
12465:Archived
12413:6 August
12407:Archived
12372:Archived
12335:Archived
12282:Archived
12252:Archived
12212:Archived
12165:Archived
12128:(1912).
12078:Archived
12076:: 5â21.
12038:Archived
12001:Archived
11964:Archived
11905:Archived
11871:Archived
11791:(1936).
11773:Archived
11759:ABC-CLIO
11751:(2009).
11733:Archived
11698:: 3â33.
11675:Archived
11588:Archived
11557:Archived
11548:Samlaren
11541:(1896).
11529:5 August
11523:Archived
11505:"Gothic"
11488:Archived
11470:(2002).
11430:21 March
11424:Archived
11384:Archived
11362:(1998).
11346:21 March
11340:Archived
11303:Archived
11287:(1948).
11244:Archived
11218:(2005).
11201:archived
11168:Archived
11134:Archived
11113:21 March
11107:Archived
11078:(2004).
11041:Archived
11001:Archived
10964:Archived
10925:(1973).
10907:Archived
10885:(2009).
10873:18 April
10867:Archived
10845:(2015).
10827:Archived
10805:(1986).
10753:Archived
10731:(2006).
10713:Archived
10677:Archived
10638:(2001).
10587:29 April
10581:Archived
10544:Archived
10522:(1999).
10504:Archived
10467:Archived
10441:(1991).
10351:Archived
10316:21 March
10310:Archived
10276:21 March
10270:Archived
10248:(eds.).
10236:(2000).
10218:Archived
10177:Archived
10155:(eds.).
10128:Archived
10091:Archived
10054:Archived
10017:Archived
9980:Archived
9939:Archived
9917:(1991).
9895:Archived
9849:Archived
9795:Archived
9745:Speculum
9698:Archived
9676:(1980).
9664:21 March
9658:Archived
9632:(2018).
9614:Archived
9569:Archived
9547:(2002).
9520:Archived
9465:(1911).
9447:Archived
9425:(eds.).
9370:Archived
9348:(1997).
9330:(1888).
9312:Archived
9290:(2005).
9264:Archived
9254:(eds.).
9242:(2001).
9224:Archived
9194:(2004).
9176:Archived
9153:Archived
9120:Archived
9089:Archived
9067:(2009).
9049:Archived
9019:Archived
8978:Archived
8956:(eds.).
8913:Archived
8905:(1814).
8887:Archived
8864:Archived
8855:Germania
8828:(1829).
8810:Archived
8798:(1903).
8780:Archived
8768:(1932).
8750:Archived
8738:(1914).
8720:Archived
8708:(1855).
8690:Archived
8678:(1773).
8660:Archived
8644:(1862).
8623:(1915).
8621:Jordanes
8605:Archived
8593:(1970).
8575:Archived
8548:Archived
8532:(1900).
8530:Eusebius
8514:Archived
8492:(2019).
8403:Archived
8258:38065079
8249:10752003
8204:37488661
8195:10364380
8014:19 April
7824:5 August
7818:Archived
7788:Archived
7574:Thompson
7533:Archived
7456:Archived
7393:Archived
7304:Archived
7294:"Alaric"
7099:Archived
7067:Archived
6780:Archived
6402:Archived
6379:Archived
6319:Archived
5803:Archived
5746:Archived
5623:Archived
5586:Archived
5507:Archived
5107:Hachmann
4786:century.
4779:22 March
4773:Archived
4712:22 March
4706:Archived
4704:. 2016.
4680:22 March
4674:Archived
4672:. 2016.
4643:22 March
4611:22 March
4605:Archived
4603:. 2010.
4581:22 March
4575:Archived
4573:. 2021.
4545:22 March
4539:Archived
4221:Ologitis
4217:Ologicus
4209:Asturias
4176:Archived
4147:, Paris.
4084:GutĂŸiuda
4001:See also
3966:Germania
3952:De regno
3948:Synesius
3853:Jordanes
3820:Eusebius
3815:Breviary
3805:Eunapius
3794:Claudian
3779:Augustus
3729:Gutasaga
3680:criollos
3580:Gobineau
3572:medieval
3495:Genetics
3479:Eunapius
3447:Reccared
3431:Hispania
3328:porphyry
3226:Fransica
3105:Arianism
3070:Religion
3060:freedmen
3041:peasants
2999:such as
2962:Suintila
2930:Guadamur
2799:Frankish
2793:Portugal
2737:Language
2633:in 567.
2627:Lombards
2566:Pannonia
2519:Fravitta
2503:Nakoleia
2436:Portugal
2408:Cantabri
2384:Pyrenees
2380:Asturias
2330:Provence
2318:Clovis I
2314:Frankish
2217:Toulouse
2164:Stilicho
2153:in 397.
2115:Arbogast
2111:Eugenius
2098:Butheric
2031:monarch
2009:Visigoth
1922:invasion
1883:emperor
1758:Ărheimar
1687:Rosomoni
1665:and the
1609:Synesius
1586:Fravitta
1552:Hasdingi
1544:Vidigoia
1529:Eusebius
1514:In 332,
1484:Arheimar
1439:and the
1391:Aurelian
1372:Aurelian
1275:and the
1234:Alamanni
1230:Claudius
1195:Dexippus
1116:Bosporus
1114:and the
1082:and the
1080:Bithynia
1026:and the
1009:Parthian
965:falconry
773:and the
731:Catualda
707:Germania
663:Germania
636:Semnones
540:Ulmerugi
530:and the
493:Götaland
455:Ablabius
443:Jordanes
391:Götaland
274:Jordanes
220:gutniskr
146:Pelagius
95:Alaric I
14077:Varisci
14065:Silingi
14055:Vandals
14030:Tulingi
14020:Triboci
14015:Treveri
13995:Teutons
13985:Taifals
13960:Sitones
13900:Nemetes
13858:Helisii
13831:Lemovii
13749:Gutones
13682:Firaesi
13677:Favonae
13657:Cugerni
13647:Cobandi
13602:Chamavi
13597:Chaemae
13587:Casuari
13582:Caritni
13552:Betasii
13523:Paemani
13458:Auiones
13323:Warfare
13301:Scripts
13269:Numbers
13093:History
12797:6494872
12774:Bibcode
12742:5802798
12719:Bibcode
12668:(3â4).
12496:Bibcode
12182:"Goths"
11220:"Goths"
10473:6 April
10423:Brepols
10327:"Goths"
10194:"Goths"
10145:"Goths"
9592:(ed.).
9392:(ed.).
9196:"Goths"
9126:3 April
8995:"GĂžtar"
8903:Zosimus
8850:Tacitus
8832:(ed.).
8766:Ptolemy
8490:Ambrose
6346:I.42â43
6106:McNeill
4241:Montoro
4237:Baiyara
4207:in the
4201:Vitoria
4162:Segovia
4116:GĂłtthoi
3994:Zosimus
3961:Tacitus
3932:Sozomen
3921:Ptolemy
3837:in his
3796:: Poems
3775:Caesars
3754:Ambrose
3687:views.
3673:was an
3559:called
3536:at the
3433:by the
3425:in the
3339:oratory
3289:Ravenna
3281:Italian
3250:Salvian
3236:Economy
3183:Warfare
3158:Kindins
3113:Ulfilas
3025:Society
3009:Segovia
3005:Madrona
3001:Duraton
2993:fibulae
2960:and of
2950:crosses
2818:Culture
2801:author
2781:Ulfilas
2777:Uppsala
2688:Khazars
2621:at the
2592:Odoacer
2589:Scirian
2550:Valamir
2515:Rufinus
2479:Ravenna
2412:Basques
2400:Astures
2396:Hispani
2394:or the
2374:at the
2372:Roderic
2366:by the
2320:at the
2303:Galicia
2221:Silingi
2209:Sigeric
2193:Athaulf
2188:river.
2186:Busento
2127:Corinth
2119:Piraeus
1965:Phrygia
1950:of the
1855:Ambrose
1832:Iranian
1739:Dacians
1735:Taifali
1617:chlamys
1556:Visimar
1548:Geberic
1525:Ariaric
1452:Fastida
1422:Cilicia
1418:Galatia
1410:Colchis
1363:engaged
1329:Ephesus
1187:Olympia
1179:Corinth
1143:Cyzicus
1072:Trabzon
1060:Zosimus
1013:Persian
985:Mongols
961:archery
951:On the
922:Histria
880:Iranian
824:Filimer
779:Scandia
767:Ptolemy
759:In his
746:Vistula
742:Hadrian
720:Germani
716:Lemovii
712:Tacitus
699:Guiones
695:Guiones
691:Pytheas
687:Peucini
648:Vandals
621:Gutones
572:Gutones
501:Gutnish
489:Gotland
463:Scandza
400:Gotland
366:History
360:Germani
356:Germani
344:Vandals
316:Wulfila
283:Gutones
212:Gutones
208:Gutaniz
184:In the
136:by the
128:by the
119:Ravenna
14097:Warini
14050:Vagoth
14035:Tungri
14000:Thelir
13980:Swedes
13975:Sunici
13940:Saxons
13935:Rugini
13868:Manimi
13853:Diduni
13791:Heruli
13729:Gepids
13714:Frisii
13692:Franks
13642:Cimbri
13632:Chauci
13627:Chatti
13540:Nervii
13535:Morini
13493:Belgae
13488:Batavi
13463:Avarpi
13428:Angles
13388:Groups
13338:Viking
13284:Gothic
13262:Gothic
13168:Family
12950:
12913:
12892:
12855:
12821:(59).
12804:
12794:
12749:
12739:
12694:
12684:
12609:
12542:
12516:
12457:
12436:
12399:
12364:
12327:
12244:
12204:
12157:
12114:
12030:
11993:
11956:
11931:
11863:
11840:
11832:
11765:
11725:
11642:
11611:
11594:15 May
11582:
11515:
11480:
11456:
11416:
11376:
11332:
11273:
11267:Rodopi
11236:
11193:
11099:
11064:
11033:
10993:
10939:
10899:
10859:
10819:
10745:
10705:
10671:
10657:Rodopi
10617:
10573:
10536:
10496:
10459:
10395:
10343:
10302:
10262:
10210:
10169:
10120:
10083:
10046:
10009:
9972:
9931:
9841:
9787:
9764:
9740:Getica
9727:
9690:
9650:
9606:
9561:
9512:
9439:
9406:
9362:
9304:
9216:
9145:
9095:16 May
9081:
9011:
8970:
8796:Strabo
8506:
8256:
8246:
8202:
8192:
8184:
7794:27 May
7448:
4755:"Goth"
4692:"Goth"
4656:"Goth"
4650:Spain.
4628:Lexico
4623:"Goth"
4593:"Goth"
4557:"Goth"
4531:"Goth"
4225:Basque
4112:
4103:ÎÏÏΞοÎč
4071:Gothic
3972:Annals
3937:Strabo
3857:Getica
3844:Jerome
3773:: The
3516:Legacy
3471:blonde
3320:frieze
3312:Istria
3205:, and
3176:, and
3095:, 1900
3082:, and
2876:fibula
2852:fibula
2840:, and
2807:Danube
2706:as an
2694:, the
2661:Crimea
2611:Totila
2507:Gainas
2487:frieze
2485:. The
2343:Under
2338:Toledo
2283:Attila
2277:Under
2273:in 523
2259:, and
2213:Wallia
2181:sacked
2139:Sparta
2137:, and
2131:Megara
2123:Athens
2077:Athens
2073:Alaric
2045:Osburh
2035:, the
1920:Hunnic
1898:Moesia
1885:Valens
1847:Europe
1826:, 1886
1780:Valens
1727:Viking
1699:Aestii
1653:, 1860
1645:Valens
1598:Julian
1578:Gainas
1482:, and
1445:Gepids
1443:. The
1435:: the
1399:Danube
1313:Cyprus
1309:Rhodes
1277:Danube
1246:Balkan
1238:Raetia
1220:After
1211:Thrace
1203:Nestos
1191:Sparta
1175:Athens
1163:Scyros
1159:Lemnos
1135:Heruli
1120:Euxine
1112:Crimea
1096:Nicaea
1076:Pontus
1068:Pityus
1049:Decius
906:, and
888:Slavic
884:Dacian
876:Heruli
868:Danube
836:Slavic
771:Veneti
726:Annals
685:, and
671:Varini
634:, and
628:Strabo
607:
605:
599:
588:
586:
555:Poland
447:Getica
438:Getica
427:
425:
417:
415:
407:
405:
396:
389:
387:
292:Poland
262:Getica
241:geuta-
236:GautĆz
216:gutani
196:Gutans
150:Crimea
103:Toledo
83:Danube
14174:Goths
13970:Suebi
13955:Sciri
13930:Rugii
13920:Quadi
13905:Njars
13890:Marsi
13848:Lugii
13816:Jutes
13781:Harii
13776:Gutes
13734:Goths
13724:Geats
13662:Danes
13607:Chali
13528:Segni
13468:Baemi
13311:Runes
13296:Rings
13289:Norse
13257:Names
13250:Norse
13233:Norse
13216:Norse
13002:(PDF)
12993:(2).
12981:(PDF)
12849:Wiley
12692:S2CID
12620:(PDF)
12599:(PDF)
12425:Goths
12134:[
11838:S2CID
11816:(1).
11653:(PDF)
11632:(PDF)
11370:Brill
11293:[
11083:(PDF)
10853:Brill
10813:Brill
10680:(PDF)
10669:S2CID
10655:(1).
10643:(PDF)
10628:(PDF)
10607:(PDF)
10528:[
10447:[
10421:(2).
10406:(PDF)
10385:(PDF)
10256:Brill
10240:. In
10147:. In
9881:(4).
9762:S2CID
9588:. In
9246:. In
9198:. In
8944:. In
8706:Pliny
8222:(PDF)
6619:Aubin
4233:Olite
4179:(PDF)
4172:(PDF)
4098:Greek
4094:Gothi
4090:Latin
4058:Notes
4042:Jutes
4027:Geats
4022:Gutes
4017:Getae
3659:Chile
3555:as a
3397:Wamba
3391:is a
3385:crypt
3293:Italy
3246:taxes
3230:angon
3162:Reiks
2940:, an
2922:Spain
2828:Early
2789:Spain
2700:Doros
2653:Doros
2483:Italy
2432:Spain
2316:king
2299:Suebi
2291:Euric
2242:Arles
2135:Argos
2041:Asser
2037:Welsh
1960:Syria
1874:Geats
1870:Gizur
1818:Gizur
1715:Volga
1703:Balts
1683:Antes
1663:Aesti
1605:skins
1590:Aspar
1540:Tisza
1521:Aoric
1456:Carpi
1395:Dacia
1305:Crete
1226:Milan
1183:Argos
1128:Tyras
1124:Olbia
1108:Bursa
1038:Cniva
1030:limes
1023:limes
938:Gothi
934:Latin
930:Goths
840:Slavs
832:Spali
828:Spali
783:Gauti
775:Fenni
718:were
642:king
632:Lugii
474:Berig
257:Jutes
253:Geats
249:Gutes
232:Geats
228:Gutes
224:GutĆz
218:, or
204:GutĆz
62:were
60:Goths
14040:Ubii
13687:Fosi
13572:Buri
13010:2020
12966:2020
12948:ISBN
12929:2020
12911:ISBN
12890:ISBN
12871:2020
12853:ISBN
12802:PMID
12747:PMID
12682:ISBN
12647:2019
12607:ISBN
12585:2019
12558:2020
12540:ISBN
12514:PMID
12473:2019
12455:ISBN
12434:ISBN
12415:2020
12397:ISBN
12380:2020
12362:ISBN
12343:2020
12325:ISBN
12290:2020
12260:2020
12242:ISBN
12220:2020
12202:ISBN
12173:2020
12155:ISBN
12112:ISBN
12086:2019
12046:2020
12028:ISBN
12009:2015
11991:ISBN
11972:2015
11954:ISBN
11929:ISBN
11913:2019
11879:2019
11861:ISBN
11830:ISSN
11781:2015
11763:ISBN
11741:2020
11723:ISBN
11683:2019
11640:ISBN
11609:ISBN
11596:2020
11580:OCLC
11565:2006
11531:2020
11513:ISBN
11496:2020
11478:ISBN
11454:ISBN
11432:2021
11414:ISBN
11392:2019
11374:ISBN
11348:2021
11330:ISBN
11311:2019
11271:ISBN
11252:2020
11234:ISBN
11209:2020
11191:ISBN
11176:2019
11142:2019
11115:2021
11097:ISBN
11062:ISBN
11049:2020
11031:ISBN
11009:2015
10991:ISBN
10972:2019
10937:ISBN
10915:2020
10897:ISBN
10875:2020
10857:ISBN
10835:2019
10817:ISBN
10795:link
10761:2015
10743:ISBN
10721:2015
10703:ISBN
10688:2019
10615:ISBN
10589:2020
10571:ISBN
10552:2019
10534:ISBN
10512:2015
10494:ISBN
10475:2021
10457:ISBN
10393:ISBN
10359:2020
10341:ISBN
10318:2021
10300:ISBN
10278:2021
10260:ISBN
10226:2020
10208:ISBN
10185:2020
10167:ISBN
10136:2020
10118:ISBN
10099:2020
10081:ISBN
10062:2020
10044:ISBN
10025:2019
10007:ISBN
9988:2020
9970:ISBN
9947:2019
9929:ISBN
9903:2020
9857:2020
9839:ISBN
9803:2020
9785:ISBN
9725:ISBN
9706:2020
9688:ISBN
9666:2021
9648:ISBN
9622:2020
9604:ISBN
9577:2020
9559:ISBN
9528:2015
9510:ISBN
9455:2020
9437:ISBN
9404:ISBN
9378:2019
9360:ISBN
9320:2019
9302:ISBN
9272:2019
9232:2020
9214:ISBN
9184:2019
9161:2020
9143:ISBN
9128:2021
9097:2016
9079:ISBN
9057:2019
9027:2020
9009:ISBN
8986:2020
8968:ISBN
8921:2019
8895:2020
8872:2019
8818:2021
8788:2021
8758:2019
8728:2021
8698:2019
8668:2019
8656:Bohn
8613:2015
8583:2021
8556:2019
8522:2019
8504:ISBN
8411:2021
8291:2023
8265:2023
8254:PMID
8227:Cell
8200:PMID
8182:ISSN
8111:2023
8016:2020
7826:2020
7796:2020
7541:2021
7464:2020
7446:ISBN
7401:2019
7312:2019
7211:2024
7107:2019
7075:2019
6788:2022
6408:, 12
6325:, 13
5800:2.10
5674:XLIV
5113:and
4781:2021
4714:2021
4682:2021
4645:2021
4613:2021
4583:2021
4547:2021
4418:2024
4355:2024
4128:The
4012:Gaut
3969:and
3954:and
3671:godo
3631:Pope
3548:and
3344:The
3275:The
3051:and
2791:and
2745:and
2619:Teia
2585:Zeno
2473:The
2434:and
2386:and
2328:and
2201:Gaul
2113:and
1991:and
1806:and
1691:Huns
1643:and
1621:toga
1588:and
1476:Oium
1343:and
1327:and
1325:Troy
1311:and
1291:and
1281:Tomi
1209:and
1189:and
1161:and
1145:and
1126:and
1106:and
1104:Cius
971:and
963:and
944:and
820:Oium
795:Oium
574:and
310:and
174:Name
79:Huns
58:The
13915:Osi
13223:Law
13153:Art
13080:of
12991:103
12827:doi
12792:PMC
12782:doi
12737:PMC
12727:doi
12674:doi
12504:doi
12317:doi
12194:doi
11822:doi
11700:doi
10661:doi
10427:doi
9962:doi
9887:doi
9820:doi
9754:doi
9433:ISD
8244:PMC
8236:doi
8232:186
8190:PMC
8172:doi
8138:hdl
8130:doi
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