612:
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543:
906:, surrounded by many active volcanoes, at around 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) above mean sea level. The valley is home to approximately 80 geysers at present. It became the largest geyser field in the Southern Hemisphere after the destruction of many of the New Zealand geysers, and is the third largest geyser field in the world. The salient feature of these geysers is that the height of their eruptions is very low, the tallest being only six metres (20 ft) high, but with steam columns that can be over 20 metres (66 ft) high. The average geyser eruption height at El Tatio is about 750 millimetres (30 in).
321:
1151:. Many geothermal reserves are found all around the world. The geyser fields in Iceland are some of the most commercially viable geyser locations in the world. Since the 1920s hot water directed from the geysers has been used to heat greenhouses and to grow food that otherwise could not have been cultivated in Iceland's inhospitable climate. Steam and hot water from the geysers has also been used for heating homes since 1943 in Iceland. In 1979 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) actively promoted development of geothermal energy in the "Geysers-Calistoga Known Geothermal Resource Area" (KGRA) near
58:
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999:. By 1896, Geysir was almost dormant before an earthquake that year caused eruptions to begin again, occurring several times a day; but in 1916, eruptions all but ceased. Throughout much of the 20th century, eruptions did happen from time to time, usually following earthquakes. Some man-made improvements were made to the spring and eruptions were forced with soap on special occasions. Earthquakes in June 2000 subsequently reawakened the giant for a time, but it is not currently erupting regularly. The nearby
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477:), is dissolved from the rocks and is deposited on the walls of the geyser's plumbing system and on the surface. The deposits make the channels carrying the water up to the surface pressure-tight. This allows the pressure to be carried all the way to the top and not leak out into the loose gravel or soil that are normally under the geyser fields.
868:
580:, but very few have erupting geysers. The main reason for their rarity is that multiple intense transient forces must occur simultaneously for a geyser to exist. For example, even when other necessary conditions exist, if the rock structure is loose, eruptions will erode the channels and rapidly destroy any nascent geysers.
971:
Due to the high rate of volcanic activity in
Iceland, it is home to some of the most famous geysers in the world. There are around 20–29 active geysers in the country, as well as numerous formerly active geysers. Icelandic geysers are distributed in the zone stretching from south-west to north-east,
461:
Ultimately, the temperatures near the bottom of the geyser rise to a point where boiling begins, forcing steam bubbles to rise to the top of the column. As they burst through the geyser's vent, some water overflows or splashes out, reducing the weight of the column and thus the pressure on the water
959:. Eruptions of Waimangu would typically reach 160 metres (520 ft) and some superbursts are known to have reached 500 metres (1,600 ft). Recent scientific work indicates that the Earth's crust below the zone may be as little as five kilometres (3 mi) thick. Beneath this lies a film of
2535:
Hofgartner, Jason D.; Birch, Samuel P. D.; Castillo, Julie; Grundy, Will M.; Hansen, Candice J.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Howett, Carly J. A.; Hurford, Terry A.; Martin, Emily S.; Mitchell, Karl L.; Nordheim, Tom A.; Poston, Michael J.; Prockter, Louise M.; Quick, Lynnae C.; Schenk, Paul (2022-03-15).
334:
Geysers are nonpermanent geological features. Geysers are generally associated with volcanic areas. As the water boils, the resulting pressure forces a superheated column of steam and water to the surface through the geyser's internal plumbing. The formation of geysers specifically requires the
480:
Eventually the water remaining in the geyser cools back to below the boiling point and the eruption ends; heated groundwater begins seeping back into the reservoir, and the whole cycle begins again. The duration of eruptions and the time between successive eruptions vary greatly from geyser to
1235:
accumulated over winter is warmed by the sun. Although these jets have not yet been directly observed, they leave evidence visible from orbit in the form of dark spots and lighter fans atop the dry ice. These features consist primarily of sand and dust blown out by the outbursts, as well as
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pressure created when water boils below. Geysers also differ from non-eruptive hot springs in their subterranean structure; many consist of a small vent at the surface connected to one or more narrow tubes that lead to underground reservoirs of water and pressure tight rock.
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km downwind, creating long, dark streaks across the otherwise bright south polar ice cap. There are various theories as to what drives the activity on Triton, such as solar heating through transparent ice, cryovolcanism, or basal heating of nitrogen ice sheets.
198:
of the outer solar system. Due to the low ambient pressures, these eruptions consist of vapor without liquid; they are made more easily visible by particles of dust and ice carried aloft by the gas. Water vapor jets have been observed near the south pole of
172:. Surface water works its way down to an average depth of around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) where it contacts hot rocks. The pressurized water boils, and this causes the geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser's surface vent.
869:
805:
2651:
Waite, J. Hunter; Combi, Michael R.; Ip, Wing-Huen; Cravens, Thomas E.; McNutt, Ralph L.; Kasprzak, Wayne; Yelle, Roger; Luhmann, Janet; Niemann, Hasso; Gell, David; Magee, Brian; Fletcher, Greg; Lunine, Jonathan; Tseng, Wei-Ling (2006-03-10).
870:
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activity. The peculiar way of eruptions is an important feature of these geysers. Most of the geysers erupt at angles, and only very few have the geyser cones that exist at many other of the world's geyser fields. On June 3, 2007, a massive
1177:
where eruptions which superficially resemble terrestrial geysers have been observed or are believed to occur. Despite being commonly referred to as geysers, they are driven by fundamentally different processes, consist of a wide range of
980:. Most of the Icelandic geysers are comparatively short-lived. It is also characteristic that many geysers here are reactivated or newly created after earthquakes, becoming dormant or extinct after some years or some decades.
770:
Yellowstone is the largest geyser locale, containing thousands of hot springs, and approximately 300 to 500 geysers. It is home to half of the world's total number of geysers in its nine geyser basins. It is located mostly in
1074:
There are various other types of geysers which are different in nature compared to the normal steam-driven geysers. These geysers differ not only in their style of eruption but also in the cause that makes them erupt.
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This is a natural hot spring that spouts water constantly without stopping for recharge. Some of these are incorrectly called geysers, but because they are not periodic in nature they are not considered true geysers.
649:
In the 1960s, when the research of the biology of geysers first appeared, scientists were generally convinced that no life can survive above around 73 °C maximum (163 °F)—the upper limit for the survival of
854:
influenced two-thirds of the valley. It was then reported that a thermal lake was forming above the valley. A few days later, the water was observed to have receded somewhat, exposing some of the submerged features.
2908:
Soderblom, L. A.; Kieffer, S. W.; Becker, T. L.; Brown, R. H.; Cook, A. F.; Hansen, C. J.; Johnson, T. V.; Kirk, R. L.; Shoemaker, E. M. (1990). "Triton's Geyser-Like Plumes: Discovery and Basic
Characterization".
872:
673:
grow better at temperatures as high as 80 to 110 °C (176 to 230 °F). As they have heat-stable enzymes that retain their activity even at high temperatures, they have been used as a source of thermostable
1087:, wells have been drilled and fitted with impermeable casements that allow them to erupt like geysers. The vents of such geysers are artificial, but are tapped into natural hydrothermal systems. These so-called
462:
below. With this release of pressure, the superheated water flashes into steam, boiling violently throughout the column. The resulting froth of expanding steam and hot water then sprays out of the geyser vent.
1006:
Geysers are known to have existed in at least a dozen other areas on the island. Some former geysers have developed historical farms, which have benefited from the use of the hot water since medieval times.
588:
plants. However, the Geysir in
Iceland has had periods of activity and dormancy. During its long dormant periods, eruptions were sometimes artificially induced—often on special occasions—by the addition of
583:
Geysers are fragile, and if conditions change, they may go dormant or extinct. Many have been destroyed simply by people throwing debris into them, while others have ceased to erupt due to dewatering by
3337:
Hirvonen, Mika; Papageorgiou, Anastassios C. (2003). "Crystal
Structure of a Family 45 Endoglucanase from Melanocarpus albomyces: Mechanistic Implications Based on the Free and Cellobiose-bound Forms".
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230:
In the case of
Enceladus, the plumes are believed to be driven by internal energy. In the cases of the venting on Mars and Triton, the activity may be a result of solar heating via a solid-state
3308:
Crennell, Susan J.; Hreggvidsson, Gudmundur O.; Nordberg
Karlsson, Eva (2002). "The Structure of Rhodothermus marinus Cel12A, A Highly Thermostable Family 12 Endoglucanase, at 1.8Å Resolution".
665:
However, the observations proved that can exist at high temperatures and that some bacteria even prefer temperatures higher than the boiling point of water. Dozens of such bacteria are known.
1034:
Many of New
Zealand's geysers have been destroyed by humans in the last century. Several New Zealand geysers have also become dormant or extinct by natural means. The main remaining field is
1155:
through a variety of research programs and the
Geothermal Loan Guarantee Program. The Department is obligated by law to assess the potential environmental impacts of geothermal development.
804:
871:
1027:—but they were destroyed by the installation of nearby geothermal power plants. At the plants, geothermal drilling reduced the available heat and lowered the local
3420:
Csiszár, Emı́lia; Losonczi, Anita; Szakács, George; Rusznák, István; Bezúr, László; Reicher, Johanna (2001). "Enzymes and chelating agent in cotton pretreatment".
350:, porous spaces, and sometimes cavities) is required. This includes a reservoir to hold the water while it is being heated. Geysers are generally aligned along
234:. In all three cases, there is no evidence of the subsurface hydrological system which differentiates terrestrial geysers from other sorts of venting, such as
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with an intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam. The formation of geysers is fairly rare, and is caused by particular
1800:
Pasvanoglu, S.; Kristmannsdóttir, H.; Björnsson, S.; Torfason, H. (2000). "Geochemical Study of the Geysir
Geothermal Field in Haukadalur, S. Iceland".
2462:
Soderblom, L. A.; Kieffer, S. W.; Becker, T. L.; Brown, R. H.; Cook, A. F.; Hansen, C. J.; Johnson, T. V.; Kirk, R. L.; Shoemaker, E. M. (1990-10-19).
1939:
2976:
Rinehart, John S. (1972). "Fluctuations in geyser activity caused by variations in Earth tidal forces, barometric pressure, and tectonic stresses".
856:
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gas. There are a plethora of theories to explain the eruptions, including heating from sunlight, chemical reactions, or even biological activity.
426:
Geyser activity, like all hot spring activity, is caused by surface water gradually seeping down through the ground until it meets rock heated by
190:
influences, and human intervention. Like many other natural phenomena, geysers are not unique to Earth. Jet-like eruptions, often referred to as
1333:. The mechanism which causes these eruptions are generated remains uncertain, as well as to what extent they are physically linked to Enceladus'
2032:"Seafloor geology and petrology in the oceanic to continental transition zone of the Kermadec-Havre-Taupo Volcanic Zone arc system, New Zealand"
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in 1941. There are about 200 geysers in the area, along with many hot-water springs and perpetual spouters. The area was formed by vigorous
662:(DNA) would be destroyed. The optimal temperature for thermophilic bacteria was placed even lower, around 55 °C average (131 °F).
2193:
1099:, is an example. The geyser erupts from the casing of a well drilled in the late 19th century. According to Dr. John Rinehart in his book
1870:
1110:, the heat powering the geyser (which erupts from an abandoned mine vent) comes not from geothermal power, but from the long-simmering
450:
of the water in the reservoir is impossible. The cooler water above presses down on the hotter water beneath, not unlike the lid of a
4435:
1556:
1345:
flew through these plumes several times, allowing direct analysis of water from inside another solar system body for the first time.
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335:
combination of three geologic conditions that are usually found in volcanic terrain: intense heat, water, and a waterworks system.
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292:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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Diatom-inferred records of paleolimnological variability and continental hydrothermal activity in
Yellowstone National Park, USA
2437:"Probable Evidences of Recent Biological Activity on Mars: Appearance and Growing of Dark Dune Spots in the South Polar Region"
1817:
Lethe E. Morrison, Fred W. Tanner; Studies on Thermophilic Bacteria Botanical Gazette, Vol. 77, No. 2 (Apr., 1924), pp. 171–185
1719:
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that needs to be close to the surface of the Earth. In order for the heated water to form a geyser, a plumbing system (made of
3077:
Silver, P. G.; Valette-Silver, N. J. (1992). "Detection of Hydrothermal Precursors to Large Northern California Earthquakes".
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Some geysers have specific colours, because despite the harsh conditions, life is often found in them (and also in other hot
2596:; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006).
4428:
2031:
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2327:
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Pèlach, M.A; Pastor, F.J; Puig, J.; Vilaseca, F.; Mutjé, P. (2003). "Enzymic deinking of old newspapers with cellulase".
2773:
Paganini, L.; Villanueva, G. L.; Roth, L.; Mandell, A. M.; Hurford, T. A.; Retherford, K. D.; Mumma, M. J. (March 2020).
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2856:, University of California, Santa Barbara. Originally posted January 1995, updated June 4, 2007. Accessed 8 June 2007.
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in Iceland is taller, it is not predictable), also at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a fountain geyser.
307:
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1996:
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1103:(1976 p. 49), a man had drilled into the geyser in search for water. He had "simply opened up a dead geyser".
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data also suggested that it may have flown through a plume during a flyby in 1997. Water was also detected by the
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through porous and fractured rocks, while in geysers, the water instead is explosively forced upwards by the high
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As the geyser fills, the water at the top of the column cools off, but because of the narrowness of the channel,
3268:
Schiraldi, Chiara; De Rosa, Mario (2002). "The production of biocatalysts and biomolecules from extremophiles".
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are jets of sublimated volatiles and dust from shallow sources under icy surfaces. Known examples include the CO
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Tidal interaction: A possible explanation for geysers and other fluid phenomena in the Neptune-Triton system
1947:
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1943:
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Dienes, D.; Egyházi, A.; Réczey, K. (2004). "Treatment of recycled fiber with Trichoderma cellulases".
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859:, one of the field's largest, was not buried in the slide and has recently been observed to be active.
841:, is the second-largest concentration of geysers in the world. The area was discovered and explored by
286:
3620:
2863:, in Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: 789–790.
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might be venting this water vapor into space in a similar manner to the "tiger stripes" of Enceladus.
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Plumes of water vapour, together with ice particles and smaller amounts of other components (such as
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951:, existed in this zone. It began erupting in 1900 and erupted periodically for four years until a
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Geothermal energy and the land resource: conflicts and constraints in The Geysers- Calistoga KGRA
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25:
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1969:
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4998:
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Hreggvidsson, G.O.; Kaiste, E.; Holst, O.; Eggertsson, G.; Palsdottier, A.; Kristjansson, J.K.
1866:
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517:, perhaps the best-known geyser at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a cone geyser.
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Cook, Jia-Rui C.; Gutro, Rob; Brown, Dwayne; Harrington, J.D.; Fohn, Joe (12 December 2013).
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jets are believed to occur in the southern polar region of Mars during spring, as a layer of
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which erupt from pools of water, typically in a series of intense, even violent, bursts; and
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is produced). Among these, the first discovered and the most important for biotechnology is
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An Extremely Thermostable Cellulase from the Thermophilic Eubacterium Rhodothermus marinus.
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Haki, G. (2003). "Developments in industrially important thermostable enzymes: A review".
924:. It is 350 kilometres (217 mi) long by 50 km wide (31 mi) and lies over a
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Jia, Xianzhe; Kivelson, Margaret G.; Khurana, Krishan K.; Kurth, William S. (June 2018).
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article speculating the cause to be a cryovolcanic eruption. It is thought that Europa's
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45:
3225:"Hyperthermophilic Enzymes: Sources, Uses, and Molecular Mechanisms for Thermostability"
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1190:. Generally, there are two broad categories of feature commonly referred to as geysers:
1187:
940:) is considered its northeastern limit. Many geysers in this zone were destroyed due to
458:, i.e. to remain liquid at temperatures well above the standard-pressure boiling point.
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1974:
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Hyperthermophilic Enzymes: Sources, Uses, and Molecular Mechanisms for Thermostability.
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2844:, Geyser Observation and Study Association (GOSA) Transactions, vol 8. pp. 31–78.
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The extraordinary thermal activity of El Tatio Geyser Field, Antofagasta Region, Chile
2654:"Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer: Enceladus Plume Composition and Structure"
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developments and a hydroelectric reservoir, but several dozen geysers still exist.
513:), usually in steady jets that last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes.
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2353:"Geothermal energy and the land resource: conflicts and constraints in The Geysers"
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2728:"Evidence of a plume on Europa from Galileo magnetic and plasma wave signatures"
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The term 'geyser' in English dates back to the late 18th century and comes from
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Horváth, A.; Gánti, T.; Gesztesi, A.; Bérczi, Sz.; Szathmáry, E. (2001-03-01).
1997:"June 2007 Special release – The Natural Disaster at the Valley of the Geysers"
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Quakes, Eruptions, and Other Geologic Cataclysms: Revealing the Earth's Hazards
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2775:"A measurement of water vapour amid a largely quiescent environment on Europa"
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2538:"Hypotheses for Triton's plumes: New analyses and future remote sensing tests"
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spider-like patterns of channels created below the ice by the rapid flow of CO
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geyser erupts every 5–8 minutes to a height of some 30 metres (100 ft).
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in the United States erupts for up to 10 minutes every 8–12 hours.
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3124:"Some principles of geyser activity, mainly from Steamboat Springs, Nevada"
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Rinehart, J. S. (1972). "18.6-Year Earth Tide Regulates Geyser Activity".
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1312:
1273:
1195:
1164:
1144:
1028:
956:
947:
In the beginning of the 20th century, the largest geyser ever known, the
703:
666:
602:
77:
Particular hydrogeological conditions that exist in a few places on Earth
3613:
2304:
1482: – Putative fossilized microorganisms found near hydrothermal vents
5624:
5304:
5188:
5128:
5086:
4958:
4795:
4663:
4604:
4594:
4511:
4060:
3979:
3807:
2082:
Paul Easton, The Dominion Post, 15 September 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-16
1485:
1055:
984:
963:
50 kilometres (30 mi) wide and 160 kilometres (100 mi) long.
925:
687:
669:
prefer temperatures from 50 to 70 °C (122 to 158 °F), whilst
643:
631:
590:
569:
447:
435:
187:
183:
3576:
3563:
3157:
Bhat, M.K. (2000). "Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology".
2372:
1697:
1620:"geyser | Origin and meaning of geyser by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1458:
465:
A key requirement that enables a geyser to erupt is a material called
5594:
5543:
5513:
5482:
5412:
5324:
5081:
4968:
4953:
4893:
4840:
4835:
4735:
4658:
4648:
4546:
4299:
4214:
4105:
4055:
4014:
3924:
3881:
3744:
3723:
3468:
3307:
1940:"Photo in the News: Russia's Valley of the Geysers Lost in Landslide"
1408:
1285:
1249:
952:
695:
635:
510:
466:
204:
2364:
2164:"Yellowstone Supervolcano Could Be an Energy Source. But Should It?"
1182:, and can occur on vastly disparate scales; from the modestly sized
1131:
5264:
5231:
4908:
4750:
4717:
4362:
4352:
4332:
4322:
4174:
4138:
4128:
4019:
3701:
3663:
2554:
2464:"Triton's Geyser-Like Plumes: Discovery and Basic Characterization"
2280:"Getting to the Bottom of This Gushing Geyser in Schuylkill County"
1514:
1316:
1304:
1277:
1213:
1136:
1051:
1000:
885:
877:
745:
707:
679:
577:
482:
403:
343:
235:
208:
165:
83:
62:
3899:
1420:
533:
5574:
5523:
5051:
5046:
5008:
4913:
4785:
4722:
4100:
4040:
3994:
3984:
3919:
3829:
3713:
1970:"Mudslide fully changes terrain in Kamchatka's Valley of Geysers"
1591:"geyser | Definition of geyser in English by Lexico Dictionaries"
1557:"geyser | Definition of geyser in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
1494: – Explosion of superheated ground water converting to steam
1329:
orbiter. These plumes are the source of the material in Saturn's
1308:
1289:
1232:
1217:
1148:
1039:
993:, which first erupted in the 14th century, gave rise to the word
851:
846:
776:
772:
711:
691:
655:
639:
573:
251:
212:
176:
66:
2518:"Thermal Models of Insolation-driven Nitrogen Geysers on Triton"
2126:
1031:
to the point that geyser activity could no longer be sustained.
175:
A geyser's eruptive activity may change or cease due to ongoing
5369:
5241:
5066:
5061:
5013:
5003:
4973:
4898:
4584:
4556:
4455:
4327:
4224:
4209:
4204:
4169:
4143:
4123:
3999:
3989:
3904:
3876:
3866:
3844:
3787:
3759:
3754:
3728:
1508:
1375:
1319:), have been observed erupting from vents associated with the "
1281:
1016:
838:
699:
522:
247:
200:
3553:
2895:
Yellowstone's geysers, hot springs and fumaroles (Field guide)
2586:
182:
within the geyser plumbing, exchange of functions with nearby
145:
139:
113:
5467:
5452:
5407:
5151:
5124:
5071:
4938:
4933:
4903:
4888:
4697:
4467:
4451:
4199:
4189:
4179:
4050:
3969:
3949:
3914:
3909:
3871:
3849:
3834:
3824:
3802:
3782:
3749:
3718:
3686:
3659:
3558:
3419:
2772:
2534:
1253:
when it flew past the moon in 1989. These plumes were up to 8
960:
903:
899:
780:
737:
723:
485:
in Iceland erupts for a few seconds every few minutes, while
439:
427:
418:
Ejected water spouts upward and falls back down into the pipe
339:
169:
1537:"Definition of geyser noun from Cambridge Dictionary Online"
1500: – Wave-driven mound of ice formed on terrestrial lakes
5497:
5462:
5018:
4978:
4943:
4219:
4133:
3839:
3812:
3792:
3696:
2907:
2461:
1427:
1209:
741:
675:
224:
107:
2434:
1337:, but they are believed to be powered at least in part by
1272:
generally refer to large-scale eruptions of predominantly
783:. Yellowstone includes the world's tallest active geyser (
5417:
4858:
4184:
3954:
2592:
659:
136:
104:
3377:
2706:
1158:
1054:
field was lost to a geothermal power plant in 1958. The
168:
areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of
2725:
1095:, are not true geysers. Little Old Faithful Geyser, in
615:
Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of
3624:. Vol. 10 (9th ed.). 1879. pp. 556–558.
3564:
Geysers of Yellowstone: Online Videos and Descriptions
1720:"Instant Egghead: How do geysers erupt over and over?"
1046:
were flooded by the construction of the hydroelectric
164:
Generally, geyser field sites are located near active
161:
conditions that exist only in a few places on Earth.
2709:"Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon"
2598:"Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus"
983:
Two most prominent geysers of Iceland are located in
568:
There are many volcanic areas in the world that have
142:
110:
3336:
3076:
2409:"Gas jet plumes unveil mystery of 'spiders' on Mars"
1793:
1440:
1010:
920:
The Taupō Volcanic Zone is located on New Zealand's
521:, the tallest predictable geyser on Earth (although
3398:
2650:
2030:Gamble, J. A.; Wright, I. C.; Baker, J. A. (1993).
1789:(PhD dissertation). University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
1511: – Hot spring, or fumarole, with limited water
909:
736:Geysers are quite rare, requiring a combination of
469:found in rocks near the geyser. Geyserite, mostly
434:heated water then rises back toward the surface by
133:
101:
1850:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2001,
1426:Artist's impression of the carbon dioxide jets on
751:
558:(cone geyser having mound of siliceous sinter) in
3450:Geothermal Systems: Principles and Case Histories
2957:, Publ. 466. Carnegie Institution of Washington,
2827:. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
2700:
2029:
898:. El Tatio is located in the high valleys of the
748:. The combination exists in few places on Earth.
5682:
3267:
2350:
2224:"The 1886 Eruption of Mt. Tarawera, New Zealand"
1476: – Natural explosive eruption of cold water
1323:" in the south polar region of Enceladus by the
1143:Geysers are used for various activities such as
932:marks its southwestern end, while the submarine
454:, allowing the water in the reservoir to become
365:
338:The heat needed for geyser formation comes from
4450:
3554:Geyser Observation and Study Association (GOSA)
2328:"Geysers - Old Faithful Virtual Visitor Center"
3658:
1837:atropos.as.arizona.edu Retrieved on 2008-04-01
1257:km high, where winds would blow them up to 150
812:Breathing Geyser Double, Valley of Geysers in
562:erupts approximately every 91 minutes (right).
16:This article is about volcanic geysers. For CO
4436:
4281:
4267:
3644:
3222:
2036:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1885:Glennon, J.A. and Pfaff R.M. 2003; Bryan 1995
1276:from active cryovolcanic features on certain
3500:Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century Books,
2955:Hot Springs of the Yellowstone National Park
1015:There used to be two large geyser fields in
794:
3465:Geothermal Resources: An Energy Alternative
1352:detected water vapor plumes potentially 200
732:Distribution of major geysers in the world.
4443:
4429:
4274:
4260:
3651:
3637:
3525:"Geysers and How They are Explained"
3229:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2073:Central North Island sitting on magma film
1802:Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2000
1198:plumes (also referred to as cryogeysers).
1106:In the case of the Big Mine Run Geyser in
724:Major geyser fields and their distribution
710:), and fermentation products (for example
3511:New York: Scholastic Library Publishing,
3250:
3240:
3147:
2553:
1994:
1864:Industrial Uses of Thermophilic Cellulase
492:
308:Learn how and when to remove this message
3601:Geysers and the Earth's Plumbing Systems
3300:Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
3049:
3004:
2975:
2866:
2221:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1661:
1356:km high above the south polar region of
1130:
866:
798:
727:
610:
319:
82:
5042:International scale of river difficulty
3518:
2964:Barth, T.F.W. (1950) Volcanic Geology:
2406:
2400:
2351:O'Banion, K.; Hall, C. (14 July 1980).
1967:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1826:Michael T. Madigan and Barry L. Marrs;
762:List of Yellowstone geothermal features
194:, have been observed on several of the
31:Natural explosive eruption of hot water
5683:
2277:
1813:
1811:
4424:
4255:
3632:
3121:
2510:
1937:
1782:
1717:
1682:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1159:Extraterrestrial geyser-like features
1083:In a number of places where there is
1078:
87:A cross-section of a geyser in action
3593:The Geology of the Icelandic geysers
3370:. April 28, 2003. (accessed May 17,
3185:
3156:
2127:"Whakarewarewa, The Thermal Village"
1888:
1768:. Yahoo!. 2008-04-02. Archived from
1585:
1583:
1392:Dark streaks deposited by plumes on
1126:
1117:
505:which erupt from cones or mounds of
266:
262:
3586:Johnston's Archive Geyser Resources
3223:Vieille, C.; Zeikus, G. J. (2001).
2516:Kirk, R.L., Branch of Astrogeology
2256:"Old Faithful Geyser of California"
2020:Glennon, J.A. and Pfaff. R.M., 2003
1808:
1695:
1069:
890:The name "El Tatio" comes from the
698:(by the use of heat-stable enzymes
654:, as the structure of key cellular
430:. In non-eruptive hot springs, the
406:erupting (clockwise from top left)
254:. Its name means "one who gushes".
223:from the southern polar ice cap of
13:
3471:: Elsevier Scientific Publishing,
2970:Carnegie Institution of Washington
2966:Hot Springs and Geysers of Iceland
2191:
1931:
1636:
862:
554:erupting from the pool (left) and
14:
5717:
3539:
2953:Allen, E.T. and Day, A.L. (1935)
2278:Albert, Jessica (June 17, 2018).
1738:10.1038/scientificamerican0515-27
1580:
1011:Extinct and dormant geyser fields
936:(85 km or 53 mi beyond
3595:by Dr. Helgi Torfason, geologist
3448:Ryback and L.J.P. Muffler, ed.,
2397:osti.gov Retrieved on 2008-04-12
2393:Kerry O’Banion and Charles Hall
1457:
1443:
1419:
1400:
1385:
910:Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
541:
532:
497:There are two types of geysers:
390:
384:
375:
369:
271:
211:eruptions have been observed on
191:
129:
97:
56:
5199:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2978:Journal of Geophysical Research
2766:
2719:
2644:
2528:
2455:
2428:
2387:
2344:
2320:
2297:
2271:
2248:
2215:
2185:
2156:
2132:
2120:
2107:
2085:
2066:
2023:
2014:
1988:
1961:
1928:nps.gov Retrieved on 2008-03-20
1919:
1879:
1857:
1840:
1820:
1776:
1758:
1517: – Volcanic vents in Italy
1042:. Two thirds of the geysers at
972:along the boundary between the
766:Geothermal areas of Yellowstone
752:Yellowstone National Park, U.S.
686:, for example in manufacturing
3489:. New York: Children's Press,
2859:Kelly W.D., Wood C.L. (1993).
2407:Burnham, Robert (2006-08-16).
1995:Shpilenok, Igor (2007-06-09).
1766:"Yellowstone thermal features"
1711:
1655:
1612:
1571:
1549:
1529:
775:, USA, with small portions in
1:
3434:10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00315-7
3413:10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.12.009
3401:Industrial Crops and Products
3392:10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00237-6
3352:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00467-4
3322:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00446-1
3282:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)02073-5
3208:10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00033-6
3171:10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00041-0
3099:10.1126/science.257.5075.1363
3052:Geysers and Geothermal Energy
2869:Geysers and Geothermal Energy
2817:
2305:"Thermal Feature Definitions"
2222:Klemetti, Erik (2011-02-10).
2056:10.1080/00288306.1993.9514588
1700:. Museum of Unnatural Mystery
1698:"Weird Geology: Geysers]"
1595:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1561:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1370:in 2016, announced in a 2019
1173:There are many bodies in the
409:Steam rises from heated water
5365:Universal Soil Loss Equation
5315:Hydrological transport model
5209:Storm Water Management Model
3549:by Yellowstone National Park
3340:Journal of Molecular Biology
3310:Journal of Molecular Biology
3027:10.1126/science.177.4046.346
2931:10.1126/science.250.4979.410
2572:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114835
2488:10.1126/science.250.4979.410
2170:. 2018-08-08. Archived from
1968:Harding, Luke (2007-06-05).
1662:Erickson, Jon (2014-05-14).
1139:in Iceland – a tourist spot.
412:Pulses of water swell upward
357:
241:
7:
3242:10.1128/MMBR.65.1.1-43.2001
3128:American Journal of Science
2441:Lunar and Planetary Science
2194:"1886 Mt Tarawera Eruption"
2192:Valley, Waimangu Volcanic.
1938:Mehta, Aalok (2008-04-16).
1436:
1184:Martian carbon dioxide jets
1058:field was destroyed by the
928:zone in the Earth's crust.
619:, Yellowstone National Park
10:
5722:
4869:Antecedent drainage stream
4237:
3509:Geysers: When Earth Roars.
3050:Rinehart, John S. (1980).
2972:, Washington, D.C., 174 p.
2897:(2nd ed.). Homestead Pub.
2867:Rinehart, John S. (1980).
2825:The geysers of Yellowstone
1869:, Retrieved on 2008-03-29
1162:
966:
913:
883:
818:
755:
600:
596:
257:
219:. There are also signs of
15:
5633:
5605:River valley civilization
5567:
5506:
5488:Riparian-zone restoration
5388:
5250:
5222:
5123:
5095:
5027:
4849:
4716:
4633:
4555:
4466:
4403:Yellowstone National Park
4393:Steamboat Springs, Nevada
4318:
4290:
4233:
4152:
4114:
4033:
3938:
3890:
3768:
3737:
3679:
3670:
3547:Geysers and How They Work
3456:: John Wiley & Sons,
3060:10.1007/978-1-4612-6084-4
2877:10.1007/978-1-4612-6084-4
2799:10.1038/s41550-019-0933-6
2752:10.1038/s41550-018-0450-z
2144:www.waikatoregion.govt.nz
2113:Gardner Servian, Solveig
1873:October 10, 2007, at the
1846:Vielle, C.; Zeikus, G.J.
1480:Earliest known life forms
1243:Triton was found to have
1093:erupting geothermal wells
830:
795:Valley of Geysers, Russia
758:Yellowstone National Park
678:, which are important in
638:can survive over 60
560:Yellowstone National Park
329:Yellowstone National Park
73:
55:
43:
36:
5668:Countries without rivers
5643:Rivers by discharge rate
5355:Runoff model (reservoir)
5320:Infiltration (hydrology)
3422:Journal of Biotechnology
2823:Bryan, T. Scott (1995).
2414:Arizona State University
2198:Waimangu Volcanic Valley
1522:
1247:of nitrogen and dust by
1147:generation, heating and
1101:A Guide to Geyser Gazing
221:carbon dioxide eruptions
5340:River Continuum Concept
5105:Agricultural wastewater
3621:Encyclopædia Britannica
3531:Popular Science Monthly
3270:Trends in Biotechnology
2998:10.1029/JB077i002p00342
2893:Schreier, Carl (2003).
2678:10.1126/science.1121290
2622:10.1126/science.1123013
2317:Retrieved on 2008-04-03
2268:Retrieved on 2008-03-31
2117:Retrieved on 2008-04-16
1916:Retrieved on 2008-04-04
1783:Brown, Sabrina (2019).
1668:. Infobase Publishing.
1280:. Such plumes occur on
1091:, technically known as
938:Whakaari / White Island
825:The Valley of Geysers (
280:Some of this section's
250:, which is a geyser in
26:Geyser (disambiguation)
5663:River name etymologies
5590:Hydraulic civilization
5448:Floodplain restoration
5224:Point source pollution
4999:Sedimentary structures
3482:, 19857 videocassette.
3188:Bioresource Technology
3159:Biotechnology Advances
2840:, Pfaff, R.M. (2003).
2266:WyoJones' Geyser Pages
1867:University of Delaware
1492:Hydrothermal explosion
1350:Hubble Space Telescope
1348:In December 2013, the
1140:
881:
816:
733:
620:
617:Grand Prismatic Spring
493:General categorization
331:
88:
24:. For other uses, see
5275:Discharge (hydrology)
5237:Industrial wastewater
4718:Sedimentary processes
3485:Brimner, Larry Dane.
3149:10.2475/ajs.265.8.641
3122:White, D. E. (1967).
1926:"Yellowstone geysers"
1907:"World Geyser Fields"
1772:on November 16, 2007.
1718:Lewin, Sarah (2015).
1451:Earth sciences portal
1407:Plumes erupting from
1153:Calistoga, California
1134:
1108:Ashland, Pennsylvania
1097:Calistoga, California
876:A geyser bubbling at
875:
811:
731:
660:deoxyribonucleic acid
614:
601:Further information:
323:
86:
20:-driven geysers, see
5380:Volumetric flow rate
4964:Riffle-pool sequence
4240:Geographical feature
4076:Volcanic crater lake
3478:The Earth Explored:
3380:Process Biochemistry
2525:Retrieved 2008-04-08
2129:Retrieved 2008-04-04
2115:"Geysers of Iceland"
2093:"Geysers of Iceland"
1360:. Re-examination of
978:North American Plate
593:soaps to the water.
5701:Springs (hydrology)
5554:Whitewater kayaking
5549:Whitewater canoeing
5350:Runoff curve number
5194:Flood pulse concept
4378:Soda Springs, Idaho
4348:Taupo Volcanic Zone
3608:National Geographic
3498:Earth's Fiery Fury.
3368:EcoEthanol Capacity
3304:, 62(8), 3047–3049.
3200:2003BiTec..89...17H
3140:1967AmJS..265..641W
3091:1992Sci...257.1363S
3085:(5075): 1363–1368.
3019:1972Sci...177..346R
2990:1972JGR....77..342R
2923:1990Sci...250..410S
2791:2020NatAs...4..266P
2744:2018NatAs...2..459J
2670:2006Sci...311.1419W
2664:(5766): 1419–1422.
2614:2006Sci...311.1393P
2608:(5766): 1393–1401.
2564:2022Icar..37514835H
2480:1990Sci...250..410S
2449:2001LPI....32.1543H
2048:1993NZJGG..36..417G
1944:National Geographic
1725:Scientific American
1266:Cryovolcanic plumes
1188:plumes of Enceladus
1112:Centralia mine fire
1085:geothermal activity
916:Taupō Volcanic Zone
835:Kamchatka Peninsula
789:Norris Geyser Basin
556:Old Faithful geyser
5696:Volcanic landforms
5580:Aquatic toxicology
5493:Stream restoration
5458:Infiltration basin
5310:Hydrological model
4826:Sediment transport
4649:Estavelle/Inversac
4527:Subterranean river
4282:Topics related to
2310:2019-07-21 at the
2261:2019-06-07 at the
2078:2009-01-07 at the
1975:Guardian Unlimited
1912:2007-06-30 at the
1833:2008-04-09 at the
1624:www.etymonline.com
1202:Sublimation plumes
1141:
1089:artificial geysers
1079:Artificial geysers
955:changed the local
934:Whakatāne seamount
882:
833:), located in the
817:
734:
621:
448:convective cooling
332:
89:
5676:
5675:
5653:Whitewater rivers
5559:Whitewater slalom
5390:River engineering
5290:Groundwater model
5251:River measurement
5179:Flood forecasting
4994:Sedimentary basin
4851:Fluvial landforms
4756:Bed material load
4532:River bifurcation
4418:
4417:
4388:Black Rock Desert
4373:Valley of Geysers
4249:
4248:
4160:Artificial island
4066:Submarine volcano
3975:Continental shelf
3942:coastal landforms
3738:Continental plain
3673:List of landforms
3522:(February 1878).
3480:Geothermal Energy
3069:978-1-4612-6086-8
3013:(4046): 346–347.
2917:(4979): 410–415.
2886:978-1-4612-6086-8
2474:(4979): 410–415.
2174:on August 8, 2018
2003:on April 12, 2008
1905:Glennon, J Allan
1474:Cold-water geyser
1127:Commercialization
1118:Perpetual spouter
1025:Steamboat Springs
873:
821:Valley of Geysers
809:
744:, and fortuitous
717:Thermus aquaticus
671:hyperthermophiles
627:) in the form of
424:
423:
415:Surface is broken
398:
397:
318:
317:
310:
263:Form and function
232:greenhouse effect
81:
80:
22:Cold-water geyser
5713:
5638:Rivers by length
5473:River morphology
5375:Wetted perimeter
5280:Drainage density
4791:Headward erosion
4620:Perennial stream
4492:Blackwater river
4445:
4438:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4338:Lady Knox Geyser
4305:Hyperthermophile
4276:
4269:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4195:Land reclamation
4091:Volcanic plateau
3653:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3535:
3527:
3507:Gallant, Roy A.
3463:Harsh K. Gupta,
3445:
3428:(2–3): 271–279.
3416:
3395:
3386:(7): 1063–1067.
3363:
3333:
3293:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3219:
3182:
3153:
3151:
3118:
3073:
3046:
3001:
2959:Washington, D.C.
2950:
2890:
2811:
2810:
2779:Nature Astronomy
2770:
2764:
2763:
2732:Nature Astronomy
2723:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2557:
2532:
2526:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2324:
2318:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2200:. Archived from
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2095:. 5 October 2019
2089:
2083:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2058:. Archived from
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1999:. Archived from
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:on June 17, 2007
1946:. Archived from
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1903:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1861:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1650:How geysers form
1647:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1597:. Archived from
1587:
1578:
1577:Bryan, T.S. 1995
1575:
1569:
1568:
1567:on June 9, 2013.
1563:. Archived from
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1423:
1413:
1404:
1389:
1368:Keck Observatory
1355:
1335:subsurface ocean
1260:
1256:
1245:active eruptions
1070:Misnamed geysers
990:The Great Geysir
874:
843:Tatyana Ustinova
832:
810:
785:Steamboat Geyser
607:Hyperthermophile
586:geothermal power
545:
536:
507:siliceous sinter
499:fountain geysers
394:
388:
379:
373:
366:
362:
361:
325:Steamboat Geyser
313:
306:
302:
299:
293:
275:
267:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
128:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
60:
34:
33:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5706:Bodies of water
5681:
5680:
5677:
5672:
5648:Drainage basins
5629:
5563:
5502:
5478:Retention basin
5438:Erosion control
5433:Detention basin
5384:
5300:Hjulström curve
5252:
5246:
5218:
5162:Non-water flood
5119:
5091:
5037:Helicoidal flow
5023:
4924:Fluvial terrace
4919:Floating island
4845:
4720:
4712:
4703:Rhythmic spring
4637:
4629:
4610:Stream gradient
4551:
4537:River ecosystem
4502:Channel pattern
4470:
4462:
4449:
4419:
4414:
4383:Beowawe, Nevada
4358:Waimangu Geyser
4314:
4295:List of geysers
4286:
4280:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4229:
4165:Artificial reef
4148:
4110:
4086:Volcanic island
4071:Volcanic crater
4029:
4025:Volcanic island
4005:Mid-ocean ridge
3941:
3934:
3886:
3764:
3733:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3615:"Geysers"
3612:
3603:by Meg Streepey
3572:by Alan Glennon
3559:GeyserTimes.org
3542:
3534:. Vol. 12.
3520:LeConte, Joseph
3496:Downs, Sandra.
3276:(12): 515–521.
3070:
2887:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2771:
2767:
2724:
2720:
2705:
2701:
2649:
2645:
2591:
2587:
2533:
2529:
2515:
2511:
2460:
2456:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2365:10.2172/6817678
2359:. DOE–SciTech.
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2312:Wayback Machine
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2276:
2272:
2263:Wayback Machine
2254:Jones, Wyoming
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2080:Wayback Machine
2071:
2067:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1914:Wayback Machine
1904:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:Wayback Machine
1862:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1835:Wayback Machine
1825:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1601:on July 5, 2019
1589:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1504:List of geysers
1463:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1353:
1258:
1254:
1239:
1207:
1186:to the immense
1171:
1169:Geysers on Mars
1161:
1137:geyser Strokkur
1129:
1120:
1081:
1072:
1013:
969:
949:Waimangu Geyser
918:
912:
888:
867:
865:
863:El Tatio, Chile
831:Долина гейзеров
823:
799:
797:
768:
756:Main articles:
754:
726:
609:
599:
566:
565:
564:
563:
552:Fountain Geyser
548:
547:
546:
538:
537:
495:
476:
471:silicon dioxide
452:pressure cooker
404:Strokkur geyser
360:
314:
303:
297:
294:
291:
276:
265:
260:
244:
159:hydrogeological
132:
123:
122:
100:
96:
69:
51:
39:
32:
29:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5719:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5539:Stone skipping
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5423:Drop structure
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:Balancing lake
5400:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5330:Playfair's law
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5285:Exner equation
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:Bradshaw model
5267:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5157:Urban flooding
5149:
5144:
5142:Crevasse splay
5139:
5137:100-year flood
5133:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5097:Surface runoff
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5077:Stream capture
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Rock-cut basin
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Suspended load
4828:
4823:
4821:Secondary flow
4818:
4813:
4811:Retrogradation
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4776:Dissolved load
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4708:Spring horizon
4705:
4700:
4695:
4693:Mineral spring
4690:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4674:list in the US
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4600:Stream channel
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Drainage basin
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Alluvial river
4478:
4476:
4464:
4463:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4398:Crystal Geyser
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Oceanic trench
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3580:, The UnMuseum
3574:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3540:External links
3538:
3537:
3536:
3516:
3505:
3494:
3483:
3476:
3461:
3446:
3417:
3396:
3375:
3366:Iogen doubles
3364:
3346:(3): 403–410.
3334:
3316:(4): 883–897.
3305:
3294:
3265:
3220:
3183:
3165:(5): 355–383.
3154:
3134:(8): 641–684.
3119:
3074:
3068:
3047:
3002:
2984:(2): 342–350.
2973:
2962:
2951:
2905:
2891:
2885:
2864:
2857:
2845:
2835:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2785:(3): 266–272.
2765:
2738:(6): 459–464.
2718:
2699:
2643:
2585:
2527:
2509:
2454:
2427:
2399:
2386:
2357:Calistoga KGRA
2343:
2319:
2296:
2270:
2247:
2214:
2184:
2155:
2140:"Orakeikorako"
2131:
2119:
2106:
2084:
2065:
2062:on 2008-11-22.
2042:(4): 417–435.
2022:
2013:
1987:
1960:
1930:
1918:
1887:
1878:
1856:
1839:
1819:
1807:
1792:
1775:
1757:
1710:
1696:Krystek, Lee.
1681:
1674:
1654:
1635:
1611:
1579:
1570:
1548:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:Geology portal
1454:
1438:
1435:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1301:carbon dioxide
1237:
1229:carbon dioxide
1205:
1160:
1157:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1064:Mount Tarawera
1012:
1009:
974:Eurasian Plate
968:
965:
914:Main article:
911:
908:
884:Main article:
864:
861:
857:Velikan Geyser
819:Main article:
814:Kamchatka Krai
796:
793:
753:
750:
725:
722:
598:
595:
550:
549:
540:
539:
531:
530:
529:
528:
527:
494:
491:
474:
422:
421:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
400:
399:
396:
395:
381:
380:
359:
356:
316:
315:
282:listed sources
279:
277:
270:
264:
261:
259:
256:
243:
240:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
61:
53:
52:
44:
41:
40:
37:
30:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5718:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5679:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Surface water
5618:
5616:
5615:Sacred waters
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:Riparian zone
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Body of water
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5534:Riverboarding
5532:
5530:
5529:River surfing
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:and modelling
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5214:Return period
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:Flood control
5172:
5170:
5169:Flood barrier
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Palaeochannel
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Granular flow
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Channel types
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Braided river
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Whakarewarewa
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Orakei Korako
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Volcanic plug
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3930:Tunnel valley
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3570:About Geysers
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2968:, Publ. 587.
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2903:0-943972-09-4
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:About Geysers
2849:
2848:Glennon, J.A.
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:Glennon, J.A.
2836:
2834:
2833:0-87081-365-X
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2204:on 2020-05-15
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:Extremophiles
1823:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1675:9781438109695
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1441:
1429:
1422:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:tidal heating
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:tiger stripes
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:eruptions on
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:1886 eruption
1057:
1053:
1050:in 1961. The
1049:
1045:
1044:Orakei Korako
1041:
1037:
1036:Whakarewarewa
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
981:
979:
975:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:Mount Ruapehu
927:
923:
917:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
879:
860:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
822:
815:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
763:
759:
749:
747:
743:
739:
730:
721:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:biotechnology
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
652:cyanobacteria
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
618:
613:
608:
604:
594:
592:
587:
581:
579:
575:
571:
561:
557:
553:
544:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
478:
472:
468:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
417:
414:
411:
408:
407:
405:
402:
401:
393:
387:
383:
382:
378:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
330:
326:
322:
312:
309:
301:
298:November 2023
289:
288:
283:
278:
274:
269:
268:
255:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
173:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
150:
126:
118:
94:
85:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
47:
42:
35:
27:
23:
5678:
5658:Flash floods
5610:River cruise
5507:River sports
5360:Stream gauge
5345:Rouse number
5335:Relief ratio
5184:Flood-meadow
5115:Urban runoff
5029:Fluvial flow
5014:River valley
4984:River island
4949:Meander scar
4864:Alluvial fan
4806:Progradation
4681:Karst spring
4653:
4625:Winterbourne
4580:Chalk stream
4542:River source
4517:Distributary
4407:
4283:
4081:Volcanic dam
4045:
3778:Alluvial fan
3619:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3546:
3529:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3425:
3421:
3404:
3400:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3343:
3339:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3273:
3269:
3232:
3228:
3194:(1): 17–34.
3191:
3187:
3162:
3158:
3131:
3127:
3082:
3078:
3051:
3010:
3006:
2981:
2977:
2965:
2954:
2914:
2910:
2894:
2868:
2860:
2851:
2841:
2824:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2712:
2702:
2661:
2657:
2646:
2605:
2601:
2594:Porco, C. C.
2588:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2520:
2512:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2440:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2412:
2402:
2389:
2356:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
2314:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:
2273:
2265:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2227:
2217:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2197:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2167:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2122:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2087:
2068:
2060:the original
2039:
2035:
2025:
2016:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1933:
1921:
1881:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1822:
1801:
1795:
1785:
1778:
1770:the original
1760:
1749:. Retrieved
1729:
1723:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1664:
1657:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1594:
1573:
1565:the original
1560:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1531:
1361:
1347:
1342:
1324:
1313:hydrocarbons
1298:
1274:water vapour
1269:
1265:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1201:
1200:
1196:cryovolcanic
1194:plumes, and
1175:Solar System
1172:
1142:
1121:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1033:
1014:
1005:
994:
988:
982:
970:
946:
922:North Island
919:
895:
889:
880:geyser field
824:
769:
735:
715:
704:pullulanases
667:Thermophiles
664:
648:
629:thermophilic
622:
582:
567:
519:Grand Geyser
515:Old Faithful
503:cone geysers
502:
498:
496:
487:Grand Geyser
479:
464:
460:
445:
432:geothermally
425:
337:
333:
304:
295:
284:
245:
229:
174:
163:
92:
90:
5519:Fly fishing
5443:Fish ladder
5428:Daylighting
5147:Flash flood
5110:First flush
5057:Plunge pool
4781:Downcutting
4766:Debris flow
4741:Aggradation
4615:Stream pool
4310:Thermophile
3940:Oceanic and
3680:Mountainous
3235:(1): 1–43.
2332:www.nps.gov
2289:December 7,
1498:Ice volcano
1270:cryogeysers
1192:sublimation
1165:Cryovolcano
1145:electricity
1048:Ohakuri dam
1029:water table
957:water table
688:antibiotics
634:. No known
632:prokaryotes
603:Thermophile
570:hot springs
509:(including
456:superheated
285:may not be
192:cryogeysers
184:hot springs
5685:Categories
5625:Wild river
5305:Hydrograph
5295:Hack's law
5260:Baer's law
5204:Inundation
5189:Floodplain
5129:stormwater
5087:Whitewater
4959:Oxbow lake
4796:Knickpoint
4771:Deposition
4664:Hot spring
4605:Streamflow
4595:Stream bed
4512:Confluence
4238:See also:
4153:Artificial
4061:Lava field
3980:Coral reef
3808:Floodplain
2818:References
2555:2112.04627
2548:: 114835.
2421:2009-08-29
2337:2024-04-21
2241:2020-05-23
2208:2020-05-23
2178:2020-05-23
2149:2020-05-23
2007:2008-04-16
1981:2008-04-16
1954:2007-06-07
1751:2015-05-17
1704:2008-03-28
1652:Gregory L.
1629:2020-07-17
1605:2019-07-05
1542:2011-07-09
1486:Hot spring
1414:subsurface
1212:, and the
1163:See also:
1056:Rotomahana
985:Haukadalur
942:geothermal
926:subduction
696:detergents
642:(140
591:surfactant
436:convection
188:earthquake
180:deposition
46:Geothermal
5595:Limnology
5544:Triathlon
5514:Canyoning
5483:Revetment
5413:Check dam
5325:Main stem
5082:Waterfall
4969:Point bar
4954:Mouth bar
4894:Billabong
4841:Water gap
4836:Wash load
4816:Saltation
4736:Anabranch
4659:Holy well
4547:Tributary
4409:(more...)
4300:Geyserite
4215:Reservoir
4106:Wall rock
4056:Lava dome
4015:Peninsula
3925:Ice field
3882:Waterfall
3745:Ice sheet
3724:Tableland
3664:landforms
3469:Amsterdam
3407:: 11–21.
2807:2397-3366
2760:2397-3366
2686:0036-8075
2580:0019-1035
2496:0036-8075
2381:129626036
2303:WyoJones
2236:1059-1028
2099:8 October
1732:(5): 27.
1409:Enceladus
1317:silicates
1290:Jupiter's
1286:Enceladus
1278:icy moons
1250:Voyager 2
1218:Neptune's
1180:volatiles
953:landslide
894:word for
708:proteases
636:eukaryote
578:fumaroles
511:geyserite
467:geyserite
358:Eruptions
344:fractures
242:Etymology
236:fumaroles
205:Enceladus
74:Formed by
5398:Aqueduct
5265:Baseflow
5232:Effluent
4909:Cut bank
4874:Avulsion
4751:Bed load
4731:Abrasion
4363:Wairakei
4353:Waiotapu
4333:Strokkur
4323:El Tatio
4175:Building
4139:Sandhill
4129:Dry lake
4034:Volcanic
4020:Seamount
3702:Mountain
3454:New York
3442:11500222
3360:12767825
3330:12095262
3290:12443873
3261:11238984
3216:12676497
3179:14538100
3107:17738277
3043:33025115
3035:17813197
2961:, 525 p.
2939:17793016
2850:(2007).
2694:16527970
2630:16527964
2504:17793016
2443:: 1543.
2416:web site
2315:WyoJones
2308:Archived
2259:Archived
2076:Archived
1910:Archived
1871:Archived
1831:Archived
1746:26336706
1515:Soffioni
1437:See also
1305:nitrogen
1282:Saturn's
1227:On Mars
1214:nitrogen
1208:jets on
1052:Wairakei
1001:Strokkur
976:and the
886:El Tatio
878:El Tatio
847:volcanic
746:plumbing
692:plastics
680:medicine
656:proteins
625:habitats
574:mud pots
483:Strokkur
481:geyser;
348:fissures
287:reliable
215:'s moon
209:nitrogen
207:, while
203:'s moon
166:volcanic
65:geyser,
63:Strokkur
5691:Geysers
5575:Aquifer
5568:Related
5524:Rafting
5052:Meander
5047:Log jam
5009:Thalweg
4914:Estuary
4786:Erosion
4723:erosion
4635:Springs
4590:Current
4557:Streams
4497:Channel
4460:springs
4456:streams
4284:Geysers
4116:Aeolian
4101:Volcano
4041:Caldera
3995:Isthmus
3985:Estuary
3965:Channel
3920:Glacier
3892:Glacial
3830:Meander
3798:Channel
3770:Fluvial
3714:Plateau
3578:Geysers
3487:Geysers
3475:), 186.
3196:Bibcode
3136:Bibcode
3115:3718672
3087:Bibcode
3079:Science
3015:Bibcode
3007:Science
2986:Bibcode
2947:1948948
2919:Bibcode
2911:Science
2787:Bibcode
2740:Bibcode
2666:Bibcode
2658:Science
2638:6976648
2610:Bibcode
2602:Science
2560:Bibcode
2522:Harvard
2476:Bibcode
2468:Science
2445:Bibcode
2373:6817678
2284:WNEP-TV
2168:Science
2044:Bibcode
1854:, 1–34.
1363:Galileo
1343:Cassini
1326:Cassini
1309:ammonia
1233:dry ice
1149:tourism
1040:Rotorua
1021:Beowawe
967:Iceland
892:Quechua
852:mudflow
827:Russian
777:Montana
773:Wyoming
712:ethanol
700:lipases
597:Biology
389:
374:
258:Geology
252:Iceland
213:Neptune
177:mineral
153:) is a
67:Iceland
5370:WAFLEX
5242:Sewage
5125:Floods
5067:Riffle
5062:Rapids
5004:Strath
4974:Ravine
4899:Canyon
4654:Geyser
4585:Coulee
4570:Bourne
4565:Arroyo
4468:Rivers
4452:Rivers
4328:Geysir
4225:Tunnel
4210:Quarry
4205:Polder
4170:Bridge
4144:Tundra
4124:Desert
4046:Geyser
4000:Lagoon
3990:Island
3905:Cirque
3877:Valley
3867:Strait
3845:Rapids
3818:island
3788:Canyon
3760:Tundra
3755:Steppe
3729:Valley
3460:), 26.
3440:
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2805:
2758:
2692:
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2636:
2628:
2578:
2542:Icarus
2502:
2494:
2379:
2371:
2234:
1744:
1672:
1509:Mudpot
1394:Triton
1376:lineae
1372:Nature
1358:Europa
1354:
1331:E ring
1294:Europa
1259:
1255:
1222:Triton
1017:Nevada
996:geyser
839:Russia
764:, and
523:Geysir
352:faults
248:Geysir
217:Triton
201:Saturn
155:spring
93:geyser
49:spring
38:Geyser
5468:Levee
5453:Flume
5408:Canal
5152:Flood
5072:Shoal
4939:Gully
4934:Gulch
4904:Chine
4889:Bayou
4746:Armor
4698:Ponor
4473:lists
4200:Levee
4190:Ditch
4180:Canal
4051:Guyot
3970:Coast
3950:Atoll
3915:Fjord
3910:Esker
3900:Arête
3872:Swamp
3860:mouth
3855:delta
3850:River
3835:Oasis
3825:Levee
3803:Cliff
3783:Beach
3750:Plain
3719:Ridge
3707:range
3687:Butte
3660:Earth
3252:99017
3111:S2CID
3039:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2634:S2CID
2550:arXiv
2377:S2CID
2228:Wired
1852:65(1)
1523:Notes
1412:'
1292:moon
1284:moon
1220:moon
961:magma
904:Chile
900:Andes
781:Idaho
738:water
676:tools
440:steam
428:magma
340:magma
196:moons
170:magma
5498:Weir
5463:Leat
5127:and
5019:Wadi
4979:Rill
4944:Glen
4929:Gill
4879:Bank
4721:and
4686:list
4669:list
4640:list
4575:Burn
4458:and
4220:Road
4134:Dune
3960:Cape
3840:Pond
3813:Lake
3793:Cave
3697:Hill
3692:Flat
3513:1997
3502:2000
3491:2000
3473:1980
3458:1981
3438:PMID
3372:2003
3356:PMID
3326:PMID
3302:1996
3286:PMID
3257:PMID
3212:PMID
3175:PMID
3103:PMID
3064:ISBN
3031:PMID
2935:PMID
2899:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2803:ISSN
2756:ISSN
2713:NASA
2690:PMID
2682:ISSN
2626:PMID
2576:ISSN
2500:PMID
2492:ISSN
2369:OSTI
2291:2021
2232:ISSN
2101:2019
1742:PMID
1670:ISBN
1428:Mars
1315:and
1288:and
1210:Mars
1167:and
1135:The
1023:and
896:oven
779:and
742:heat
706:and
682:and
658:and
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576:and
473:(SiO
225:Mars
5418:Dam
4884:Bar
4859:Ait
4185:Dam
3955:Bay
3662:'s
3430:doi
3409:doi
3388:doi
3348:doi
3344:329
3318:doi
3314:320
3278:doi
3247:PMC
3237:doi
3204:doi
3167:doi
3144:doi
3132:265
3095:doi
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3023:doi
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2994:doi
2927:doi
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2873:doi
2795:doi
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2618:doi
2606:311
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