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495:, not only refused to join Tughluq, but also sent his letter to Khusrau Khan and himself marched to Dipalpur against him. Yak Lakkhi was originally a Hindu slave, and may have been favoured by Khusrau Khan, which may explain his actions. After Tughluq's forces repelled his invasion of Dipalpur, he retreated to Samana. He was planning to join the Sultan at Delhi, but was killed by the angry citizens before he could do that.
463:(who later ascended the throne as Muhammad bin Tughluq), who was a high-ranking officer in Delhi, took the initiative to dethrone Khusrau Khan. He convened a secret meeting of his friends in Delhi, and then sent his messenger Ali Yaghdi to Dipalpur, asking his father for assistance in the matter. In response, Tughluq asked him to come to Dipalpur with the son of the
529:
by this time. Multani was surrounded by
Khusrau Khan's men when he received the letter, so he took the letter to the Sultan and expressed his loyalty. However, when Tughluq sent a second message to him, he expressed sympathy with Tughluq's cause. Multani stated that he was surrounded by Khusrau's
253:
Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that
Tughluq was the Sultan's personal name, and not an ancestral designation. His ancestry is debated among modern historians, because the earlier sources differ widely regarding it. Tughluq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a
487:
Mughlati, the governor of Multan, refused to rebel against the new Sultan. Tughluq's friend Bahram Siraj incited
Mughlati's army against him. Facing a rebellion himself, Mughlati tried to flee but fell into a canal built during Tughluq's governorship of Multan. He was beheaded by a son of Bahram
415:
then took control of the administration, and sent
Tughluq to Chittor with a message asking Multani to continue his march to Gujarat. Multani welcomed Tughluq at Chittor, but refused to continue the march, as his officers had not seen the new Sultan in person. Tughluq then returned to Delhi, and
476:
At
Dipalpur, Tughluq and his son discussed the situation, and decided to put up a fight against Khusrau Khan. Tughluq declared that he wanted to dethrone Khusrau Khan for "the glory of Islam", because he was loyal to Alauddin's family, and because he wanted to punish the criminals in Delhi.
456:, who became the ruler of Delhi. Tughluq was one of the governors who refused to recognize Khusrau Khan as the new Sultan. However, he did not take any action against Khusrau Khan because the force commanded by him at Dipalpur was not strong enough to take on the imperial army at Delhi.
355:, both in present-day Pakistan. Ghazi Malik's armies mainly consisted of Jat tribesmen recruited from Dipalpur, who fought for him in all his battles. These provinces were located in the frontier region of the Delhi Sultanate, and included the routes used by the
467:
governor Bahram Aiba, who was also opposed to
Khusrau Khan. Accordingly, Fakhruddin and his companions - which included some slaves and servants - left Delhi for Dipalpur on horses one afternoon. Tughluq sent his officer Muhammad Sartiah to take control of the
502:, was facing a rebellion by his officers when he received Tughluq's letter. He later came to terms with his officers, and agreed to support Tughluq, but reached Delhi only after Tughluq ascended the throne. Tughluq later appointed him as the governor of
472:
fort on the Delhi-Dipalpur route to secure a safe passageway for his son. When
Khusrau Khan learned of the conspiracy, he dispatched his minister of war Shaista Khan in pursuit of Fakhruddin, but Shaista Khan could not catch the rebels.
530:
allies, and therefore, would not take sides in the upcoming battle. He told
Tughluq that he would withdraw on the approach of Tughluq's forces to Delhi, and that Tughluq could choose to retain him or kill him upon becoming the Sultan.
43:
420:(royal mandates) confirming his position to Multani's officers. The new Sultan agreed, and as a result, Multani's force resumed its march to Gujarat. Tughluq accompanied this force, although Multani retained its supreme command.
575:." According to Khusrau, these soldiers were "people of pure birth and not racial mixtures". However, with the exception of a Mongol officer, Khusrau does not mention any soldiers from these ethnicities. According to historian
851:
Another illustrated manuscript that is most probably from the time of Ahmad
Jalayir. It is an unfinished copy of a work in Persian entitled Basatin al-Uns. The written sources emphasize the artistic patronage of Sultan Ahmad
1385:
428:
601:
Meanwhile, in Delhi, to discourage any further conspiracies, Khusrau Khan consulted his counsellors, and ordered killings of
Alauddin's three sons - Bahauddin, Ali, and Usman - who had earlier been blinded and imprisoned.
517:, also promised to support Tughluq. However, he deliberately reached Delhi only after the battle between the forces of Tughluq and Khusrau Khan was over. Tughluq retained him as the governor of Jalor.
480:
At Dipalpur, Tughluq and his son discussed the situation, and decided to put up a fight against Khusrau Khan. Tughluq declareidentical letters to five neighbouring governors, seeking their support:
914:
579:, Khusrau's enumeration of these ethnicities is "an official disguise" for the Hindu communities that fought for Tughluq, who claimed to be fighting for the "glory of Islam". The
317:, in which the Khalji forces were led by Ulugh Khan. Khusrau suggests that Tughluq was reduced to obscurity for a brief period after Jalaluddin was killed by his nephew
2016:
1654:
2021:
359:. The fact that Alauddin trusted Tughluq with such challenging assignments suggests that Tughluq must have gained reputation for his martial skills by this time.
262:, which seems to be the official position of the Delhi Sultanate. However this can be dismissed as flattery. This is clear from the fact that another courtier
324:
Nevertheless, it was during Alauddin's reign that Tughluq rose to prominence. He entered the Khalji service as a personal attendant of Alauddin's brother
392:). None of the authors provide a list of Tughluq's victories against the Mongols, but these victories probably included successes in border skirmishes.
448:, a member of the Tughluq court and an ambassador to Iran. Ca.1410 copy of 1326 lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.
613:. Khusrau Khan fled from the battlefield, but was captured and killed a few days later. Tughluq was proclaimed the new ruler on 6 September 1320.
2001:
1922:
289:
Tughlaq began his career as a menial servant in the service of a merchant where he served as a keeper of horses before entering Khalji service.
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1904:
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1939:
1851:
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After Alauddin's death in 1316, Malik Kafur controlled the Sultanate's administration for a brief period with Alauddin's minor son
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According to Amir Khusrau, Tughluq's relatively small army consisted of warriors from a variety of ethnicities, including "Ghizz,
1881:
1845:
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as his heir and successor and took a written promise or agreement to the arrangement from the ministers and nobles of the state.
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in February 1325, the wooden pavilion used for his reception collapsed, killing him and his second son Prince Mahmud Khan.
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and punished Mongol prisoners harshly. He had fought various campaigns against the Mongols defeating them in 1305 at the
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321:. This probably happened because, unlike many other nobles, Tughluq did not quickly change his loyalty to Alauddin.
234:. His reign ending upon his death in 1325 when a pavilion built in his honour collapsed. The 14th century historian
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were one of these communities: their ruler was Sahij Rai, and their chiefs included Gul Chandra and Niju. The
314:
1725:
1589:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
1516:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
1863:
1794:
533:
309:, Tughluq spent a considerable time searching for a job in Delhi, before he joined the imperial guard of
1621:
by Isami, edited by Agha Mahdi Husain and was also published from Aligarh in three volumes (1967–77 CE)
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by Aziz Bano, Head of the Persian Department, Moulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India
637:
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as a puppet ruler. There is no record of Tughluq opposing Kafur during this period. Kafur dispatched
1510:(1992) . "The Tughluqs: Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
671:
In 1323, Tughluq sent his son Fakhruddin Jauna (later Muhammad bin Tughluq) on an expedition to the
598:
to Delhi, along with a number of horses. Tughuq distributed the seized treasure among his soldiers.
274:") in his early career. Tughlaq Nama declares Tughlaq to have been a minor chief of humble origins.
56:
manuscript, depicting ruler Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq leading his troops in the capture of the city of
2070:
2049:
1945:
1910:
1718:
1530:
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222:; died 1 February 1325) was the Sultan of Delhi from 1320 to 1325. He was the first sultan of the
1810:
680:
1583:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Nasiruddin Khusrau Khan". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
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1507:
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1538:
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660:. Tughluq appointed Tajuddin Malik as governor of Multan and Khwájah Khatír as governor of
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8:
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727:, then in the midst of a civil war. After victory, he placed Nasiruddin on the throne of
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336:, Tughluq was among the chief subordinates of the Khalji general Malik Nayak. During the
313:. Khusrau states that Tughluq first distinguished himself in the early 1290s, during the
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587:, also known as Meos, were another community of Hindu origin that supported Tughluq.
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72:. Ca.1410 copy of 1326 original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.
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Bahram, the governor of Uchch, joined Tughluq's cause and provided military support.
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In July 1320, Mubarak Shah was murdered as a result of a conspiracy by his general
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claimed that the death of the sultan was the result of a conspiracy against him.
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340:, Tughluq led the vanguard of the Khalji army, which was commanded by general
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resulted in the annexation of Warangal, and the end of the Kakatiya dynasty.
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Siraj, but the Multan army did not join Tughluq's forces against the Sultan.
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Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq leading his troops in the capture of the city of
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547:) with imaginery depiction of the court of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq.
332:(1305), in which the Khalji army defeated a Mongol force from the
277:
There are numerous views on the ancestry of Tughluq. Ranging from
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230:. During his reign, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq founded the city of
1252:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul"
1069:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul"
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988:
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820:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul"
778:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul"
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1543:. Vol. Supplement (New ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
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Khusrau states that Tughluq defeated the Mongols 18 times;
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Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf An Indian Scholar And Revolutionary
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of Multan, which recorded Tughluq's 29 victories over the
1437:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Delhi Sultanate: Tughluqs"
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origins, mentioned by Ibn Battuta and Shams-i Siraj Afi
241:
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was succeeded by his eldest son,
1740:
629:
from 1320 to 1325. Tughluq's policy was harsh against
916:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
863:
605:
Tughluq's army defeated Khusrau Khan's forces at the
68:, a member of the Tughluq court and an ambassador to
1386:
See translation of the Persian title of the painting
1221:
History of Multan:From the Early Period to 1849 A.D.
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Silver Tanka of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq Dated AH 724
407:, but was killed soon after, while Multani was in
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1103:and his successors were contemporaries of the
723:In 1324, Tughluq turned his attention towards
347:Alauddin appointed Tughluq as the governor of
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1249:
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1193:
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1038:. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 67.
994:
979:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 8.
960:
817:
775:
440:. A 1410 Jalayrid Mongol illustration of the
755:claimed it was a conspiracy, hatched by his
411:on his way to Gujarat. Alauddin's elder son
1155:
1118:
919:. Cambridge University Press. p. 330.
1733:
1719:
1456:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
1144:The founder of this new Turkish dynasty...
212:
203:
42:
1453:A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761
1107:sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol
1476:
704:
664:and he left Malik Ali Sher in charge of
532:
427:
296:
912:
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1250:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011).
1067:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011).
1006:
883:
881:
879:
877:
818:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011).
776:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011).
1714:
1612:, General Editor Prof. Jeremy Black,
1481:. London: Picador. pp. 165–166.
1112:
1031:
890:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
1632:Delhi – A thousand years of building
1625:A Critical Study of Futuh-us-Salatin
1218:Ashiq Muhammad Khān Durrani (1991).
1125:Islam in South Asia: A Short History
709:Mausoleum of Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in
292:
940:Tughlaq Shahi Kings of Delhi: Chart
887:
874:
498:Muhammad Shah Lur, the governor of
202:
13:
2022:Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha
1603:
1564:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
913:Jackson, Peter (16 October 2003).
491:Malik Yak Lakkhi, the governor of
89:8 September 1320 – 1 February 1325
14:
2097:
1645:
2045:
2044:
1586:A Comprehensive History of India
1513:A Comprehensive History of India
933:
892:. Primus Books. pp. 89–92.
747:) and annexed his territory. At
735:was annexed. On his way back to
693:He also started construction of
656:revolted and took possession of
423:
1567:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
1499:
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1443:
1379:
1243:
1211:
1149:
1060:
1025:
1000:
943:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
521:Tughluq sent another letter to
380:mentions an inscription at the
1162:. Akademie-Verlag. p. 77.
966:
906:
864:William Charles Brice (1981).
857:
811:
769:
759:, Jauna Khan (Khwajah Jahan).
644:. When Tughluq proceeded from
633:. He had killed envoys of the
590:Tughluq's officers captured a
509:Hushang Shah, the governor of
258:genealogy for his family from
1:
762:
739:, he fought and defeated the
719:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb
686:In 1323 he appointed his son
541:
416:advised Mubarak Shah to send
344:, and defeated the invaders.
248:
2086:14th-century Indian monarchs
1035:Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi
973:Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (1997).
867:An Historical Atlas of Islam
370:, states this number as 20.
7:
2081:14th-century Indian Muslims
1987:Rebellions against Alauddin
1479:The Travels of Ibn Battutah
10:
2102:
1540:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
716:
436:(1324), then ruled by the
2040:
1979:
1932:
1891:
1832:
1803:
1752:
1698:
1683:
1674:
1666:
1450:Richard M. Eaton (2005).
976:Royalty in Medieval India
446:Akhsatan Dehlavi al-Hindi
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158:
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135:
127:
123:
113:
103:
93:
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28:
23:
1032:Habib, Mohammad (2004).
700:
616:
403:to crush a rebellion in
1657:27 January 2022 at the
1529:I. H. Siddiqui (1980).
888:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
731:as a vassal state, and
305:According to Khusrau's
1933:Conflicts with Mongols
1770:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
1610:Atlas of World History
1477:Battutah, Ibn (2002).
1206:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
1007:Husain, Mahdi (1976).
714:
638:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
594:carrying tribute from
577:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
548:
449:
413:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
302:
195:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
24:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
1753:Generals and officers
1013:. Chand. p. 31.
870:. Brill. p. 409.
708:
625:and reigned over the
536:
525:, who had become the
431:
300:
2017:Chanderi inscription
1913:(1302-1303 and 1310)
1687:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1156:Host Kruger (1966).
688:Muhammad bin Tughluq
621:Tughluq founded the
444:, a book written by
368:Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi
338:1306 Mongol invasion
315:Siege of Ranthambore
243:Muhammad bin Tughluq
165:Muhammad bin Tughluq
118:Muhammad bin Tughluq
2002:Massacre of Mongols
1765:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
1426:, pp. 456–459.
1414:, pp. 453–456.
1400:Mohammad Habib 1992
1374:I. H. Siddiqui 1980
1362:Mohammad Habib 1992
1337:Mohammad Habib 1992
1310:Mohammad Habib 1992
1295:Mohammad Habib 1992
1265:: 230, 258 Fig.56.
1196:, pp. 461–462.
833:: 230, 258 Fig.56.
791:: 230, 258 Fig.56.
607:Battle of Saraswati
545: 17th century
523:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
401:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
351:, and then that of
66:Muhammad Sadr Ala-i
1892:Southern campaigns
1833:Northern campaigns
1614:Dorling Kindersley
1424:B. P. Saksena 1992
1412:B. P. Saksena 1992
1238:B. P. Saksena 1992
1194:B. P. Saksena 1992
1182:B. P. Saksena 1992
995:B. P. Saksena 1992
961:B. P. Saksena 1992
715:
627:Sultanate of Delhi
611:Battle of Lahrawat
549:
450:
438:Karnats of Mithila
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1775:Kamal al-Din Gurg
1709:
1708:
1684:Succeeded by
1559:Kishori Saran Lal
1533:; E. van Donzel;
1045:978-81-7755-901-9
926:978-0-521-54329-3
899:978-9-38060-734-4
681:Siege of Warangal
515:Kamal al-Din Gurg
311:Jalaluddin Khalji
293:In Khalji service
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1742:Alauddin Khalji
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1132:. p. 104.
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364:Ziauddin Barani
357:Mongol invaders
319:Alauddin Khalji
295:
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228:Delhi Sultanate
224:Tughluq dynasty
204:غیاث الدین تغلق
177:Tughluq dynasty
154:
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139:1 February 1325
80:Sultan of Delhi
73:
60:, based on the
54:Delhi Sultanate
36:Narpati-e-Dilli
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18:Sultan of Delhi
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1646:External links
1644:
1643:
1642:
1634:, Roli Books,
1628:
1622:
1616:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1581:Mohammad Habib
1577:
1555:
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1535:Charles Pellat
1531:C. E. Bosworth
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1341:
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1314:
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1980:Miscellaneous
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70:Ilkhanid Iran
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55:
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40:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2027:Amir Khusrow
2012:Alai Darwaza
2007:Rani Padmini
1940:Jaran-Manjur
1917:Dwarasamudra
1769:
1699:
1695:New dynasty
1694:
1675:
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1609:
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1500:Bibliography
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346:
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307:Tughluq Nama
306:
304:
287:
279:Turko-Mongol
276:
271:
268:Tughluq Nama
267:
264:Amir Khusrau
252:
240:
217:fighter for
216:
208:
194:
193:
153:Delhi, India
61:
29:
15:
2076:1325 deaths
1858:Ranthambore
1823:Ballala III
1811:Ramachandra
1804:Tributaries
1785:Nusrat Khan
1780:Malik Kafur
1670:Khusro Khan
1652:Tughlaqabad
1630:Lucy Peck.
1224:p. 34.
1120:Jamal Malik
753:Ibn Battuta
733:East Bengal
729:West Bengal
711:Tughluqabad
573:Khurasainis
382:Jama masjid
372:Ibn Battuta
342:Malik Kafur
236:Ibn Battuta
232:Tughluqabad
209:Ghazi Malik
187:Sunni Islam
108:Khusro Khan
104:Predecessor
32:Ghazi Malik
2065:Categories
1819:(Kakatiya)
1795:Zafar Khan
1790:Ulugh Khan
1705:1320–1325
1681:1320–1325
763:References
717:See also:
563:(Greeks),
326:Ulugh Khan
272:awara mard
260:Bahram Gor
249:Early life
95:Coronation
52:copy of a
1825:(Hoysala)
1573:685167335
1271:0732-2992
1105:Jalayirid
1088:0732-2992
1054:265982257
1019:918427946
839:0732-2992
797:0732-2992
366:, in his
328:. At the
266:, in his
114:Successor
50:Jalayirid
2050:Category
1946:Sivistan
1911:Warangal
1905:Devagiri
1899:Devagiri
1813:(Yadava)
1760:Alp Khan
1655:Archived
1595:31870180
1561:(1950).
1537:(eds.).
1522:31870180
1279:23350289
1259:Muqarnas
1122:(2008).
1096:23350289
1076:Muqarnas
852:Jalayir.
847:23350289
827:Muqarnas
805:23350289
785:Muqarnas
677:Warangal
675:capital
673:Kakatiya
609:and the
581:Khokhars
567:(Rus'),
353:Dipalpur
256:Sassanid
213:غازی ملک
183:Religion
1864:Chittor
1852:Gujarat
1082:: 231.
947:p. 369.
743:(north
662:Bhakkar
631:Mongols
592:caravan
585:Mewatis
557:Mongols
418:firmans
409:Chittor
405:Gujarat
226:of the
199:Persian
144:, India
131:unknown
1972:(1306)
1966:(1305)
1964:Amroha
1960:(1303)
1954:(1299)
1948:(1298)
1942:(1298)
1925:(1311)
1919:(1311)
1907:(1308)
1901:(1296)
1884:(1311)
1882:Jalore
1878:(1308)
1876:Siwana
1872:(1305)
1866:(1303)
1860:(1301)
1848:(1296)
1846:Multan
1842:(1293)
1840:Bhilsa
1638:
1593:
1571:
1547:
1520:
1485:
1460:
1277:
1269:
1136:
1094:
1086:
1052:
1042:
1017:
923:
896:
845:
837:
803:
795:
757:vizier
725:Bengal
666:Sehwan
658:Thatta
654:Soomro
646:Multan
635:Ilkhan
571:, and
569:Tajiks
493:Samana
434:Tirhut
386:Tatars
349:Multan
283:Turkic
207:), or
149:Burial
58:Tirhut
1958:Delhi
1870:Malwa
1275:JSTOR
1255:(PDF)
1092:JSTOR
1072:(PDF)
843:JSTOR
823:(PDF)
801:JSTOR
781:(PDF)
745:Bihar
737:Delhi
701:Death
650:Delhi
617:Reign
596:Sindh
561:Rumis
553:Turks
527:wazir
511:Jalor
504:Ajmer
500:Sindh
470:Sirsa
465:Uchch
377:Rihla
281:, to
219:Islam
172:House
160:Issue
86:Reign
78:17th
1952:Kili
1636:ISBN
1591:OCLC
1569:OCLC
1545:ISBN
1518:OCLC
1483:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1267:ISSN
1134:ISBN
1084:ISSN
1050:OCLC
1040:ISBN
1015:OCLC
921:ISBN
894:ISBN
835:ISSN
793:ISSN
565:Rusi
136:Died
128:Born
1744:of
648:to
374:'s
64:by
2067::
1392:^
1344:^
1317:^
1302:^
1287:^
1273:.
1263:28
1261:.
1257:.
1230:^
1168:^
1142:.
1128:.
1098:.
1090:.
1080:28
1078:.
1074:.
1048:.
985:^
953:^
876:^
849:.
841:.
831:28
829:.
825:.
799:.
789:28
787:.
783:.
697:.
668:.
559:,
555:,
542:c.
245:.
201::
48:A
1734:e
1727:t
1720:v
1597:.
1575:.
1553:.
1524:.
1491:.
1466:.
1439:.
1281:.
1056:.
1021:.
929:.
902:.
807:.
713:.
540:(
506:.
388:(
211:(
197:(
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