Skanderbeg - Knowledge

1850:. In late summer 1448, due to a lack of potable water, the Albanian garrison eventually surrendered the castle with the condition of safe passage through the Ottoman besieging forces, a condition which was accepted and respected by Sultan Murad II. Primary sources disagree about the reason why the besieged had problems with the water in the castle: While Barleti and Biemmi maintained that a dead dog was found in the castle well, and the garrison refused to drink the water since it might corrupt their soul, another primary source, an Ottoman chronicler, conjectured that the Ottoman forces found and cut the water sources of the castle. Recent historians mostly concur with the Ottoman chronicler's version. Although his loss of men was minimal, Skanderbeg lost the castle of Sfetigrad, which was an important stronghold that controlled the fields of Macedonia to the east. At the same time, he besieged the towns of Durazzo (modern 2986: 4214:, „Coming to Skanderbeg's origin, he rejects Hopf's and Jireček's view that it was Slav, contending that it was purely Albanian, and that the family name, Castriota, was assumed from the place Kastri, whereas the original surname was Mazreku, taken from a village so called. But Skanderbeg's mother had Slav name, and the epithet "Tripalda" given to her is a corruption of the tribal name Triballi, which the pedantic Byzantine historians applied to the Serbs. Moreover, if he had no connection to Serbia, why should he have given two villages to Chilindar, which the author wrongly asserts (p 43, n 1) to be a convent in Albania, but which the document he cites expressly states to have been the famous Serbian monastery on Mount Athos, immemorially connected with Serbian kings, medieval and modern?” 787:, and trained them to become military officers. 21st-century historians are of the opinion that while Stanisha might have been conscripted at a young age, and had to go through the Devşirme, this was not the case with Skanderbeg, who is assumed to have been sent hostage to the Sultan by his father only at the age of 18. It was customary at the time that a local chieftain, who had been defeated by the Sultan, would send one of his children to the Sultan's court, where the child would be a hostage for an unspecified time; this way, the Sultan was able to exercise control in the area ruled by the hostage's father. The treatment of the hostages was not bad. Far from being held in a prison, the hostages were usually sent to the best military schools and trained to become future military leaders. 3196: 796: 3297: 3446: 1869:. Skanderbeg instructed his troops on what to expect and opened battle by ordering a force of archers to open fire on the Venetian line. The battle continued for hours until large groups of Venetian troops began to flee. Skanderbeg, seeing his fleeing adversaries, ordered a full-scale offensive, routing the entire Venetian army. The Republic's soldiers were chased right to the gates of Scutari, and Venetian prisoners were thereafter paraded outside the fortress. The Albanians managed to inflict 2,500 casualties on the Venetian force, capturing 1,000. Skanderbeg's army suffered 400 casualties, most on the right-wing. The peace treaty, negotiated by 2347: 3114:, Skanderbeg also became a central symbol to the emerging Albanian nationalism of late 19th century, and a symbol of cultural affinity with Europe. For the Albanians, Skanderbeg symbolised the sacrifice of their people in defending Europe from the Ottomans. It strengthened Albanian solidarity, made them more conscious of their identity, and was a source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom, and independence. Contemporary Muslim Albanians deemphasize the (Christian) religious heritage of Skanderbeg by viewing him as a defender of the nation and he is promoted as an Albanian symbol of Europe and the West. 2427: 2609: 1736: 3177: 3625: 281: 1625: 4245:, p. 28:Burimet e kësaj të dhëne dëshmojnë se i ati i saj ka qenë prej një dere “shumë fisnike dhe prijës i tribalëve” (sinonim i bullgarëve). Sipas një hipoteze të fundit, pa mbështetje burimore, Vojsava është konsideruar vajzë e familjes së njohur aristokrate Brankoviçi, që në atë kohë sundonte trevën e Kosovës së sotme e të Maqedonisë dhe Shkupin e kishte kryeqendër të saj. Martesa me Vojsavën, vajzën e prijësit të bullgarëve, dëshmon se në atë kohë Gjoni ka qenë sundimtar i fuqishëm dhe se në zotërim të familjes së tij ka pasur treva të gjera dhe qytete. 2644:, Skanderbeg's nephew Muzaka, and 18 other officers. These were immediately sent to Constantinople where they were skinned alive for fifteen days and later cut to pieces and thrown to the dogs. Skanderbeg's pleas to have them back, by either ransom or prisoner exchange, failed. Later that same year, two other Ottoman armies appeared on the borders. The commander of one of the Ottoman armies was Ballaban Pasha, who, together with Jakup Bey, the commander of the second army, planned a double-flank envelopment. Skanderbeg, however, attacked Ballaban's forces at the 3351: 2970: 3158: 2037: 1756: 64: 7317:"The memory of the Albanian national hero was maintained vividly among the Albanians of Italy, those who emigrated to Calabria and Sicily, following his death.... Living compactly in Christian territory, though in separate communities, the Italo-Albanians have preserved the songs about Skenderbeg and his exploits which their ancestors had brought from the mother country. Today one may even speak of the existence of a Skenderbeg cycle among them if one takes into account also the songs on other Albanian heroes who surrounded him." 3038: 4811:, p. 209. "This happened in 1443 when Gjergj Kastrioti (called Skenderbeg), who had been reared as a Muslim in the sultan's palace, abandoned the Islamic faith and publicly reverted to the creed of his forefathers. But this conversion was not merely a public gesture of defiance. It was the first act in a revolutionary drama. For, after changing his religious allegiance, Skanderbeg demanded that Muslim colonists and converts alike embrace Christianity on pain of death, declaring a kind of holy war against the sultan/caliph." 2682: 7929: 1964: 2708: 2704:

hinged on Skanderbeg's resistance, was more generous with money, armaments, and supplies. However, it is probably better to say that Skanderbeg financed and equipped his troops largely from local resources, richly supplemented by Ottoman booty. It is safe to say that the papacy was generous with praise and encouragement, but its financial subsidies were limited. It is possible that the Curia only provided to Skanderbeg 20,000 ducats in all, which could have paid the wages of 20 men over the whole period of conflict.

2382:. According to historian C. Marinesco, the death of King Alfonso marked the end of the Aragonese dream of a Mediterranean Empire and also the hope for a new crusade in which Skanderbeg was assigned a leading role. The relationship of Skanderbeg with the Kingdom of Naples continued after Alfonso V's death, but the situation had changed. Ferdinand I was not as able as his father and now it was Skanderbeg's turn to help King Ferdinand to regain and maintain his kingdom. In 1459 Skanderbeg captured the fortress of 2951: 2823:

lifetime, his assistance to King Alphonse I by sending troops to quell an uprising and later his expedition to suppress a revolt on behalf of King Ferdinand led to Albanian mercenaries and other soldiers being allowed by the Neapolitan monarchs to settle villages in Southern Italy. With the death of Skanderbeg and the conquest of his domains by the Ottomans, Albanian leaders and other Albanians found refuge in the Kingdom of Naples. These events and migrations contributed to the formation of the

10766: 10030: 2546:). Upon hearing of the defeat, Mehmed II dispatched a second army under Hasan Bey. Skanderbeg and Hasan confronted each other in Mokra where the latter was defeated and lost the majority of his forces as well as being wounded himself, he surrendered to Skanderbeg and was imprisoned. The second army, under the command of Hasan bey, was defeated in Ohrid, where the Ottoman commander was captured. The third Ottoman army, a force of 30,000 under Karaza bey was defeated in the region of 930: 3222: 2784: 1954:, while, with the remainder of the army, which included many Slavs, Germans, Frenchmen and Italians, he harassed the Ottoman camps around Krujë by continuously attacking Sultan Murad II's supply caravans. The garrison repelled three major direct assaults on the city walls by the Ottomans, causing great losses to the besieging forces. Ottoman attempts at finding and cutting the water sources failed, as did a sapped tunnel, which collapsed suddenly. An offer of 300,000 2270: 10609: 10188: 10102: 2163: 11064: 10947: 2562: 2506:"Moreover, you scorn our people, claiming the Albanians as nothing more than sheep, and according to your customs think of us with only insults. It would seem you know nothing of the origins of our race. Our elders were the Epirotes from whence Pyrrhus himself came forth, the might of whom the Romans could barely withstand. Those very Epirotes whom with their weapons set forth and conquered Taranto and much of Italy. 1790: 2245: 2214: 1782: 3339:. Barleti dedicated his work to Don Ferrante Kastrioti, Skanderbeg's grandchild, and to posterity. The book was first published in Latin and was translated into many languages including English in 1596. Barleti is sometimes inaccurate in favour of his hero, for example, according to Gibbon, Barleti claims that the Sultan was killed by disease under the walls of Krujë. He made up spurious correspondence between 1907:, although Brankovic's exact role is disputed. Skanderbeg was outraged at the fact that he had been prevented in participating in a battle which could have changed the fate of his homeland if not the entirety of the Balkan Peninsula. As a result of this he let his armies raid into Kosovo, he then set fire to Serbian villages and slaughtered their inhabitants to punish Brankovic. He then returned to 6919:. "Ivan Strez Balsa, ein Neffe Skanderbegs, verlangte dabei seinen enteigneten Besitz zurück, und zwar die Burg Petrela, das nicht weiter zu lokalisierende Woiwodat von "Terra nuova" um Kruja (kaum gemeint sein kann das ebenfalls als Terra nuova bezeichnete osmanische Elbasan), die Dörfer des Gebietes von "Bonese" (Bushnesh, WNW von Kruja gelegen), schließlich das Land zwischen Kruja und Durazzo." 2577:(1463–79). During this period Venice saw Skanderbeg as an invaluable ally, and on 20 August 1463, the 1448 peace treaty was renewed with other conditions added: the right of asylum in Venice, an article stipulating that any Venetian–Ottoman treaty would include a guarantee of Albanian independence, and allowing the presence of several Venetian ships in the Adriatic around Lezhë. In November 1463, 6599:...Една година подоцна, по неуспешниот обид да ја освои Албанија, Мехмед Втори на враќање, во Охрид, сомневајќи се дека црквата, болјарите и, веројатно, граѓаните, шуруваат со останатите Албанци, го сменил охридскиот архиепископ Доротеј и за нов епископ го наименувал Гркот Марк Ксилокаров. Имотот на оние Македонци што ги депортирал во Анадолија им бил одземен и разделен на новодојдените Турци. 2454:"The Prince of Taranto wrote me a letter, a copy of which, and the reply I made him, I am sending to Your Majesty. I am very surprised that His Lordship should think to turn me from my intention by his brusque words, and I should like to say one thing: may God guard Your Majesty from ill and harm and danger, but however things may turn out I am the friend of virtue and not fortune." 2605:, while another 20,000 would be gathered by Skanderbeg. They would have been marshalled in Durazzo under Skanderbeg's leadership and would have formed the central front against the Ottomans. However, Pius II died in August 1464, at the crucial moment when the crusading armies were gathering and preparing to march in Ancona, and Skanderbeg was again left alone facing the Ottomans. 2745:

to the Albanians. Skanderbeg was prepared to accept, but many nobles refused. The Albanians thus began to annihilate the surrounded Ottoman army before they cut a narrow path through their opponents and fled through Dibra. On 23 April 1467, Skanderbeg entered Krujë. The victory was well-received among the Albanians, and Skanderbeg's recruits increased as documented by Geraldini:

2670:. After several months of siege, destruction and killings all over the country, Mehmed II, like his father, saw that seizing Krujë was impossible for him to accomplish by force of arms. Subsequently, he left the siege to return to Istanbul. However, he left the force of 30,000 men under Ballaban Pasha to maintain the siege by building a castle in central Albania, which he named 4142:: Георги Кастриоти-Скендербег и неговата освободителна борба, В: Г. Кастриоти Скендербег 1468–1968 г. София, сп. "Балкани", БАН, No. 2, 1970, стр. 11: "It is known that his mother, Voisava, was of Slavic-Bulgarian origin, daughter of the lord of Polog, which is part of Macedonia and Bulgaria", says one anonymous Venetian chronicle...", cited by Antonina Zhelyazkova in 4223:(Society of Historians of Montenegro), Društvo istoričara SR Crne Gore (1949), Istorijski zapisi, 2, Yugoslavia: Istorijski institut u Titogradu, стр. 82, „Ђурађ Кастриотић Скендербег...: био је он син арбанашког властелина Ивана Кастриота и једне Српкиње из Полога, ...(George Kastriot Skanderbeg...:he was a son of albanian lord Ivan and one Serb woman from Polog...” 2174:

force, resulting in them fleeing. The same day Skanderbeg attacked Tahip's army and defeated them, with Tahip killed and the Ottomans were thus left without their commander as they fled. Skanderbeg's victory over a ruler even more powerful than Murad came as a great surprise to the Albanians. During this period, skirmishes between Skanderbeg and the

2300:, Skanderbeg's own nephew and his closest collaborator, lost his hope of succession after the birth of Skanderbeg's son and defected to the Ottomans in the same year. In the summer of 1457, an Ottoman army numbering approximately 70,000 men invaded Albania with the hope of destroying Albanian resistance once and for all. This army was led by 1721:

movements were picked up by Skanderbeg's scouts, who moved to meet Firuz. The Ottomans were lured into the Mokra valley, and Skanderbeg with a force of 3,500 attacked and defeated the Ottomans. Firuz was killed along with 1,500 of his men. Skanderbeg defeated the Ottomans two more times the following year, once when Ottoman forces from

5030:Ђурађ Кастриот је био велики борац против Турака, али је ипак с времена на време морао да плаћа харач султану. Додуше он је то чинио само у изузетним приликама: или у време жестоких сукоба са млетачком републиком или када је напуштао родни крај и одлазио у Италију, или можда када притиснут огромном турском силом ни на који други начин 5383:«Indignato per non aver potuto correre in aiuto di Hunyadi, in una guerra che forse poteva mutare il destino dell'Albania e dell'intera penisola balcanica, Scanderbeg corse per la Serbia saccheggiandola e mettendola a ferro e fuoco, per punire il krajl infedele. Se ne tornò poi a Croia, amareggiato, verso la fine di novembre» 1858:. Mustafa Pasha lost 3,000 men and was captured, along with twelve high officers. Skanderbeg learned from these officers that it was the Venetians who pushed the Ottomans to invade Albania. The Venetians, upon hearing of the defeat, urged to establish peace. Mustafa Pasha was soon ransomed for 25,000 ducats to the Ottomans. 2488:, he managed to defeat the Italian and Angevin forces of Orsini of Taranto, secured King Ferdinand's throne, and returned to Albania. King Ferdinand was grateful to Skanderbeg for this intervention for the rest of his life: at Skanderbeg's death, he rewarded his descendants with the castle of Trani, and the properties of 1717:. At a given signal, they descended, encircled the Ottomans, and gave Skanderbeg a much needed victory. About 8,000 Ottomans were killed and 2,000 were captured. Skanderbeg's first victory echoed across Europe because this was one of the few times that an Ottoman army was defeated in a pitched battle on European soil. 777:, a primary source, Skanderbeg and his three older brothers, Reposh, Kostandin, and Stanisha, were taken by the Sultan to his court as hostages; however, according to documents, besides Skanderbeg, only one of the brothers of Skanderbeg, probably Stanisha, was taken hostage and had been conscripted into the 2206:). Along with d'Ortafà, King Alfonso V also sent the clerics Fra Lorenzo da Palerino and Fra Giovanni dell'Aquila to Albania with a flag embroidered with a white cross as a symbol of the Crusade which was about to begin. Even though this crusade never materialized, the Neapolitan troops were used in the 7632:

Taj rukopis je ... postao pre 1500. godine, a po svoj prilici još za vlade Kazimira Jagjelovića (1445–1492) ... Kao što smo već rekli, Konstantin Mihailović je negde između 1497. i 1501. napisao jedino svoje književno delo, koje je sačuvano u raznim prepisima sve do naših dana ... delo

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Scanderbeg, both by voice and countenance, betrayed a wonderful resolution and assurance. And the audience was impressed with his manly perfection. His arms looked as if nothing like them had ever been seen. His neck was strong and somewhat bending, such as possessed by wrestlers. His shoulders were

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Marin Barletius, a contemporary and chief biographer of Skanderbeg, provides one of the earliest descriptions of him. After a Tatar who was envious of a young 21 year old Skanderbeg's growing reputation at the Ottoman court challenged him to a duel to the death, the Albanian stripped to his waist and

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against the opposing armies by using the mountainous terrain to his advantage. During the first 8–10 years, Skanderbeg commanded an army of generally 10,000–15,000 soldiers, but only had absolute control over the men from his own dominions, and had to convince the other princes to follow his policies

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to coordinate the offensive against Mehmed II. The knight Pal Gazulli was travelling frequently to Italy, and another Gazulli, Andrea, was ambassador of the despot of Morea in Ragusa before becoming a member of Skanderbeg's court in 1462. Some adventurers also followed Skanderbeg, such as a man named

1607:. The small court of Skanderbeg consisted of persons of various ethnicities. He was supposedly also the manager of Skanderbeg's bank account in Ragusa. Members of the Gazulli family had important roles in diplomacy, finance, and purchase of arms. John Gazulli, a doctor, was sent to the court of king 6811:

La sua morte, abbiam detto, gettò nel lutto la cristianità poichè i Principi di Europa perdevano con Scanderbeg l'uomo che permetteva loro di guardare con tranquillità alle vicende dell'Europa Orientale. Per Ferdinando invece il dolore fu profondo e disinteressato: egli perdeva l'amico della buona e

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Dans deux de ces notes Skanderbeg est mentionné par le titre bey (Juvan oglu Iskender bey), et elles ont été datées par H. Inalcik en 1437/8, au contraire, dans la troisième note marginale, datée en mai 1438, Skanderbeg figure sans le titre de bey, tout comme sur le document dresse par le sandjakbey

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but also of 15th-century European history. According to archival documents, there is no doubt that Skanderbeg had already achieved a reputation as a hero in his own time. The failure of most European nations, with the exception of Naples, to give him support, along with the failure of Pope Pius II's

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With the death of Ballaban, Ottoman forces were left surrounded and according to Bernandino de Geraldinis, a Neapolitan functionary, 10,000 men remained in the besieging camp. Those inside the encirclement asked to leave freely to Ottoman territory, offering to surrender all that was within the camp

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and lost his territory of Debar to Skanderbeg toward the end of March 1456. On 5 April 1456, Skanderbeg entered Kruja and Moisi fled to him professing his willingness to take up arms against the Ottomans, and Skanderbeg pardoned him, remaining loyal until his death in 1464. From time to time, Venice

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Skanderbeg gathered 14,000 men and marched against the Ottoman army. Skanderbeg planned to first defeat Hamza and then to move around Tahip and encircle him. Skanderbeg did not give Hamza much time to prepare and, on 21 July, he assaulted immediately. The fierce attack made short work of the Ottoman

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who stopped the Venetian merchants from furnishing the Ottomans any longer. Venetian help to the Ottomans notwithstanding, by September 1450, the Ottoman camp was in disarray, as the castle was still not taken, the morale had sunk, and disease was running rampant. Murad II acknowledged that he could

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When the Ottoman army arrived Skanderbeg took refuge in Albanian mountains. Mehmed II sent Mahmud Pasha to the mountains, together with the most experienced part of the army, in order to pursue Skanderbeg, while he himself ravaged the rest of the land ... The Grand Vezier spent fifteen days in

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In Western Europe, the death of Skanderbeg was mourned by princes and other rulers such as Ferdinand I. In a condolence letter written to Skanderbeg's widow dated 24 February 1468, Ferdinand expressed pain of having lost his friend and promised assistance to Skanderbeg's family. During Skanderbeg's

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pursued him but failed to find him because Skanderbeg succeeded in fleeing to the coast. Mehmed II energetically pursued the attacks against the Albanian strongholds while sending detachments to raid the Venetian possessions (especially Durazzo) and to keep them isolated. The Ottomans failed again,

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tried before. Pius II invited all Christian nobility to join, and the Venetians immediately answered the appeal. So did Skanderbeg, who on 27 November 1463 declared war on the Ottomans when a force of 14,000 was sent under the command of Şeremet bey to reinforce fortresses in the area of Ohrid. Due

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Meanwhile, Ragusa bluntly refused to release the funds which had been collected in Dalmatia for the crusade and which, according to the Pope, were to have been distributed in equal parts to Hungary, Bosnia, and Albania. The Ragusans even entered into negotiations with Mehmed. At the end of December

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near Sfetigrad (which had been lost in a 1448 siege) where Ottoman forces had previously slipped through unhindered. The fortress was constructed in the heat of summer within a few months when few Ottoman posts were present. This came as a huge blow to Ottoman efforts whose Albanian operations were

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According to the geopolitical contexts of the time, Gjon Kastrioti changed allegiances and religions when allied to Venice as a Catholic and Serbia as an Orthodox Christian. Gjon Kastrioti later became a vassal of the Sultan since the end of the 14th century, and, as a consequence, paid tribute and

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of his bones, believing that these would confer bravery on the wearer. Indeed, the damage inflicted to the Ottoman Army was such that Skanderbeg is said to have slain three thousand Ottomans with his own hand during his campaigns. Among stories told about him was that he never slept more than five

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Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto. On 14 or 15 September after luring the Ottomans out of the gates of Ohrid and feigning a retreat, Skanderbeg's forces assaulted and defeated the Ottoman garrison. Şeremet lost 10,000 men and his son was captured. The remainder of the Ottoman forces were

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were intensified. The reason was that during this time, Skanderbeg's military undertakings involved considerable expense in which the contribution of Alfonso V of Aragon was not sufficient to defray. In 1457, Skanderbeg requested help from Calixtus III. Being himself in financial difficulties, the

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The Siege of Berat, the first real test between the armies of the new sultan and Skanderbeg, ended up in an Ottoman victory. Skanderbeg besieged the town's castle for months, causing the demoralized Ottoman officer in charge of the castle to promise his surrender. At that point, Skanderbeg relaxed

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Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). „Albania and Albanian Identities” (на језику: енглески). International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Архивирано из оригинала (html) 10. 01. 2011. г. Приступљено 10. 01. 2011. „It is a curious circumstance that Skanderbeg's mother was a Slav

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to give him money. At one point, he was unable to pay for his hotel bill, and he commented bitterly that he should be fighting against the Church rather than the Ottomans. Only when Skanderbeg left for Naples did Pope Paul II give him 2,300 ducats. The court of Naples, whose policy in the Balkans

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In 1594, there was a new attempt to liberate Albania from the Ottoman Empire. Albanian leaders gathered in Lezhë to plan a new revolt with the help of Pope Clement VII. But the Pope never sent his help, and the 40 thousand Albanian soldiers stopped their attempt. After the fall of Albania to the

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tried to dissuade Skanderbeg from this enterprise and even offered him an alliance. This did not affect Skanderbeg, who answered on 31 October 1460, that he owed fealty to the Aragon family, especially in times of hardship. In his response to Orsini, Skanderbeg mentioned that the Albanians never

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was resenting Skanderbeg's alliance with Naples, an old enemy of Venice. Frequently they delayed their tributes to Skanderbeg and this was long a matter of dispute between the parties, with Skanderbeg threatening war on Venice at least three times between 1448 and 1458, and Venice conceding in a

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had full control over his territories: while Naples' archives registered payments and supplies sent to Skanderbeg, they do not mention any kind of payment or tribute by Skanderbeg to Alfonso, except for various Ottoman war prisoners and banners sent by him as a gift to the King. More explicitly,

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Skanderbeg's main legacy was the inspiration he gave to all of those who saw in him a symbol of the struggle of Christendom against the Ottoman Empire. Skanderbeg's struggle against the Ottomans became highly significant to the Albanian people. Among the Arberesh (Italo-Albanians) the memory of

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Rather than challenge or break him, the brutal Janissary training young Skanderbeg was subjected to only complemented what was already in his soul: a penchant for war. Before being taken hostage, in his youth as an adolescent, he used to “vigorously train himself on the crest of Mount Croya or

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himself. Demoralized and severely weakened by hunger and lack of supplies from the year-long siege, the defenders surrendered to Mehmed, who had promised to allow them to leave unharmed in exchange. As the Albanians were walking away with their families, however, the Ottomans killed the men and

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field, halfway between Lezhë and Krujë. After having avoided the enemy for months, calmly giving to the Ottomans and his European neighbours the impression that he was defeated, on 2 September Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces in their encampments and defeated them killing 15,000 Ottomans,

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Yet in spite of this brilliance in the field, Castriota could do no more than hold his own; reference to the map will show that apart from the Uskiip campaign all these victories took place within the very narrow area of North Albania. ... Nor did the constant victories rob the Ottomans of the

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Skanderbeg informed King Alfonso that he had conquered some territories and a castle, and Alfonso replied some days later that soon Ramon d'Ortafà would return to continue the war against the Ottomans and promised more troops and supplies. In the beginning of 1454, Skanderbeg and the Venetians

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Hertzberg, Gustav Friedrich (1883), Geschichte der Byzantiner und des Osmanischen Reiches, G. Grote, стр. 560–561, „nämlich der sogenannte Skanderbeg oder vielmehr Georg Kastriota, persönlich ein Mann halb- slawischen Blutes. ... der Grasschast Mal bestätigt, vermählt mit Voisava, Tochter des

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During the Ottoman incursions, the Albanians suffered a great number of casualties, especially to the civilian population, while the economy of the country was in ruins. The above problems, the loss of many Albanian noblemen, and the new alliance with Lekë Dukagjini, caused Skanderbeg to call

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On 22 April 1453, Mehmed sent another expedition to Albania under Ibrahim Pasha. The same day, despite the storms, Skanderbeg launched a swift cavalry attack which broke into the enemy camp causing disorder and chaos. Ibrahim was killed in action along with 3,000 of his men. Skanderbeg's army

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For 25 years, from 1443 to 1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000-man army marched through Ottoman territory, winning against consistently larger and better-supplied Ottoman forces. Skanderbeg organized a mobile defense army that forced the Ottomans to disperse their troops, leaving them vulnerable to the

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On 10 October 1445, an Ottoman force of 9,000–15,000 men under Firuz Pasha was sent to prevent Skanderbeg from moving into Macedonia. Firuz had heard that the Albanian army had disbanded for the time being, so he planned to move quickly around the Black Drin valley and through Prizren. These

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of the 19th century. He is honored in modern Albania and is commemorated with many monuments and cultural works. Skanderbeg's military skills presented a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion, and many in Western Europe considered him to be a model of Christian resistance against the Ottomans.

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die Skanderbegs Personlichkeit gelassen hatte, nicht zu füllen. Deshalb muste Venedig wie in den Jahrzehnten vor Skanderbeg mit einer Vielzahl von Adligen zusammenarbeiten; neben Leka, Progon und Nikola Dukagjin gehörten zu dieser Schicht auch Comino Araniti, wohl derselbe, der 1466 Durazzo

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succeeded in stirring up Skanderbeg's relatives and weaker neighbors, who set up in opposition to him the elderly Gjergj Arianiti as "captain of all Albania" from Scutari to Durazzo in 1456, but in clan warfare Skanderbeg usually had the upper hand. Skanderbeg took over possessions of the

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Već 1448. posredovao je u sklapanju mira u sukobu između Mletačke Republike i Skenderbega, koji je pustošio okolinu Bara i Ulcinja U ime Skenderbega nudio je 1450. godine Mlečanima Kroju Kako je Pelinović od 1453–1456. bio i apostolski pronotar,171 sastavljao je Skenderbegove

1566:, where he arrived on 28 November, and by the use of a forged letter from Sultan Murad to the Governor of Krujë he became lord of the city that very day. To reinforce his intention of gaining control of the former domains of Zeta, Skanderbeg proclaimed himself the heir of the 1811:, and the assembly met with the approval of Venice. The later affirmation of Skanderbeg and his rise as a strong force on their borders, however, was seen as a menace to the interests of the Republic, leading to a worsening of relations and the dispute over the fortress of 2810:

together in January 1468 all the remaining Albanian noblemen to a conference in the Venetian stronghold of Lezhë to discuss the new war strategy and to restructure what remained from the League of Lezhë. During that period, Skanderbeg fell ill – either with

3134:

issued a resolution "honoring the 600th anniversary of the birth of Gjergj Kastrioti (Scanderbeg), statesman, diplomat, and military genius, for his role in saving Western Europe from Ottoman occupation." Fully understanding the importance of the hero to the Albanians,

2648:, where the Ottomans were defeated. This time, all Ottoman prisoners were slain in an act of revenge for the previous execution of Albanian captains. The other Ottoman army, under the command of Jakup Bey, was also defeated some days later in Kashari field near Tirana. 2073:

Skanderbeg recognized Alfonso's sovereignty over his lands in exchange for help against the Ottomans. King Alfonso pledged to respect the old privileges of Krujë and Albanian territories and to pay Skanderbeg an annual 1,500 ducats, while Skanderbeg pledged to make his

2241:, and almost all the 5,000 Albanian cavalry laying siege to Berat was killed. Most of the forces belonged to Gjergj Arianiti, whose role as Skanderbeg's greatest support diminished after the defeat. The attitude of other Albanian nobility was also somewhat affected. 2051:

Although Skanderbeg had achieved success in resisting Murad II himself, harvests were unproductive and famine was widespread. After being rejected by the Venetians, Skanderbeg established closer connections with King Alfonso V who, in January 1451, appointed him as

2016:, urging for assistance, and the Ragusans informed Pope Nicholas V. Through financial assistance, Skanderbeg managed to hold Krujë and regain much of his territory. Skanderbeg's success brought praise from all over Europe and ambassadors were sent to him from Rome, 1899:'s army in Kosovo and his invitation for Skanderbeg to join the expedition against the sultan. However, the Albanian army under Skanderbeg did not participate in this battle as he was prevented from joining with Hunyadi's army. It is believed that he was delayed by 4197:, „Le nom Voisava est certes d'origine slave, mais on ne peut en conclure, comme le fait JORGA, Brève histoire, ...Jireček, Geschichle der Bulgaren, t. II. стр. 368, affirme aussi l'origine slave des Castriota tout en rejetant pour ce qui concerne Branilo (p. 36)” 884:(land grant) which was near the territories controlled by his father. His father was concerned that the sultan might order Skanderbeg to occupy his territory and informed Venice about this in April 1428. In the same year Gjon had to seek forgiveness from the 1877:, and also that Skanderbeg would enjoy the privilege of buying, tax-free, 200 horse-loads of salt annually from Durazzo. In addition, Venice would pay Skanderbeg 1,400 ducats. During the period of clashes with Venice, Skanderbeg intensified relations with 1705:

and tactics. Skanderbeg occasionally had to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but only in exceptional circumstances, such as during the war with the Venetians or his travel to Italy and perhaps when he was under pressure of Ottoman forces that were too strong.

4413:Повеља није датирана ... Стога ће бити најбоље да се за датум издавања ове повеље задржи временски оквир између 1426. и 1431. године ... This act was not dated ... Therefore it is best to assume that it was issued ... between 1426 and 1431. 6509:, p. 88. "Balaban Aga, qui a accordé des timar à ses propres soldats dans la Basse- Dibra et dans la Çermeniça, ainsi qu'à son neveu à Mati, doit être ce même Balaban Aga, sancakbeyi d'Ohrid, connu pour ses batailles sanglantes contre Skanderbeg." 1919:

believed the battle could been won if Skanderbeg had participated. He appears to have marched to join Hunyadi immediately after making peace with the Venetians, and to have been only 20 miles from Kosovo Polje when the Hungarian army finally broke.

2309:

capturing 15,000 and 24 standards, and all the riches in the camp. This was one of the most famous victories of Skanderbeg over the Ottomans, which led to a five-year peace treaty with Sultan Mehmed II. Hamza was captured and sent to detention in

3025:

big and marvelously spread. The color of his visage was fair and white…. And the cast of his eyes was straight and pleasant, without any blemish or imperfection…. Like Alexander the Great, he was built like a giant. Physically he was invincible.

2131:, which however never took place. Following the treaty, in the end of May 1451, a small detachment of 100 Catalan soldiers, headed by Bernard Vaquer, was established at the castle of Krujë. One year later, in May 1452, another Catalan nobleman, 4160:

Noli 1947, p. 189: "writes: "Uxori Voisavae nomen erat, non indignam eo viro, tum pater nobilissimus Tribalorum princeps ...""; Barletius, l. I, fo 2: "... Triballorum princeps" Serbs were often mentioned as Triballs - Triballians by different

3314:

in 1683 and narratives of the heroic Christian's resistance to the "Moslem hordes" captivated readers' attention in the West. Books on the Albanian prince began to appear in Western Europe in the early 16th century. One of the earliest was the

1712:

who were under direct command of the Ottoman general Ali Pasha, with an army of 25,000 men. Skanderbeg had under his command 7,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry. 3,000 cavalry were hidden behind enemy lines in a nearby forest under the command of

1842:. The Albanian garrison in the castle resisted the frontal assaults of the Ottoman army, while Skanderbeg harassed the besieging forces with the remaining Albanian army under his personal command. On 23 July 1448, Skanderbeg won a battle near 7329:"... transformation of Skanderbeg into national symbol did not just serve national cohesion ... in the national narrative Skanderbeg symbolised the sublime sacrifice of the Albanians in defending Europe from the Asiatic hordes" 6772:... taking much booty and many prisoners ... Mehmed II after ravaging the rest of the land, went to Kruje and besieged it for several days. When he realized that it would not be taken by assault, he decided to return ... 1594:

as its national symbol to this day). Despite his military valor, he was only able to hold his own possessions within the very narrow area in today's northern Albania where almost all of his victories against the Ottomans took place.

2558:'s willingness for peace prevailed. Tanush himself went to Tivoli to explain to the Pope why Skanderbeg had opted for peace with Mehmed II. He pointed out that Skanderbeg would be ready to go back to war should the Pope ask for it. 2325:

pope could do no more than send Skanderbeg a single galley and a modest sum of money, promising more ships and larger amounts of money in the future. On 23 December 1457, Calixtus III declared Skanderbeg a Captain-General of the

984:

After his brother Reposh's death on 25 July 1431 and the later deaths of Kostandin and Skanderbeg's father (who died in 1437), Skanderbeg and his surviving brother Stanisha maintained the relations that their father had with the

3176: 1980:

sold food to the Ottoman army and those of Durazzo supplied Skanderbeg's army. An angry attack by Skanderbeg on the Venetian caravans raised tension between him and the Republic, but the case was resolved with the help of the

6901:überfallen hatte; die Söhne von Juani Stexi, di Johann Balsha, Machthaber zwischen Alessio und Kruja; Gojko Balsha und seine söhne der woiwode Jaran um Kruja (1477), und auch der mit seinem Erbe überforderte Johann Kastriota. 2732:

region, the Ottoman reinforcements commanded by Yonuz, Ballaban's brother. Yonuz himself and his son, Haydar were taken prisoner. Four days later, on 23 April 1467, they attacked the Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë. The

4233:

woman, according to some sources a Bulgarian named Voisava, a fact recorded in an anonymous Venetian chronicle: "Huic uxor fuit Voisava, Pologi Domini filia, est autem Pologum oppidum in Macedoniae et Bulgarie confinibus"”

1598:

Skanderbeg abandoned Islam, reverted to Christianity, and ordered others who had embraced Islam or were Muslim settlers to convert to Christianity or face death. From that time on, the Ottomans referred to Skanderbeg as

2950: 485:

The Kastrioti, in comparison to other Albanian noble families, so far remain absent from historical or archival records until their first historical appearance at the end of the 14th century. The historical figure of

3122:

hours at night and could cut two men asunder with a single stroke of his scimitar, cut through iron helmets, kill a wild boar with a single stroke, and cleave the head of a buffalo with another. In the 18th century,

7007: 3009:

elsewhere. Come blizzard or frozen hell, he would then choose to sleep over improvised beds of snow. In the scorching heat of summer, he would again and again keep hardening himself like an invincible guerilla .”

6569:

deportation of the Archbishop of Ohrid, Dorotei, to Istanbul in 1466, together with other clerks and bolyars who probably were expatriated be-cause of their anti Ottoman acts during the Skender-Bey's rebellion.

2512:

And since you proclaim Albania a part of Macedonia, then you grant also our elders as nobles who went as far as India under Alexander the Great, defeating all the peoples that came before them with great ease.

2476:, and reminded Orsini of Pyrrhus' victories in southern Italy. When the situation became critical, Skanderbeg made a three-year armistice with the Ottomans on 17 April 1461, and in late August 1461, landed in 3081:. While the Albanian resistance certainly played a vital role, it was one of numerous relevant events that played out in the mid-15th century. Much credit must also go to the successful resistance mounted by 2190:

informed King Alfonso and the Pope about a possible Ottoman invasion and asked for help. The Pope sent 3,000 ducats while Alfonso sent 500 infantry and a certain amount of money to Skanderbeg. Meanwhile, the

2848:

After Skanderbeg's death, Venice asked and obtained from his widow the permission to defend Krujë and the other fortresses with Venetian garrisons. Krujë held out during its fourth siege, started in 1477 by

2068:, who claimed that the disproportion in numbers between the Spanish forces (100) and Skanderbeg's (around 10–15 thousand) clearly showed that the city belonged to Skanderbeg. It is presumed that Skanderbeg 5400:

Scanderbeg intended to go "peronalmente" with an army to assist Hunyadi, but was prevented from doing so by Branković, whose lands he ravaged as punishment for the Serbian desertion of the Christian cause.

2537:

After securing Naples, Skanderbeg returned home after being informed of Ottoman movements. There were three Ottoman armies approaching Albania. The first, under the command of Sinan Pasha, was defeated at

1620:

merchant family had a role similar to Gazulli. Correspondence was written in Slavic, Greek, Latin, and Italian. Documents in Latin were written by notaries from Italy or Venetian territories in Albania.

1827:, and Albanians of the area, the Venetians offered rewards for his assassination. The Venetians sought to overthrow or assassinate Skanderbeg by any means, even offering a life pension of 100 golden 1873:

and signed between Skanderbeg and Venice on 4 October 1448, envisioned that Venice would keep Dagnum and its environs, but would cede to Skanderbeg the territory of Buzëgjarpri at the mouth of the

3073:

The Ottoman Empire's expansion ground to a halt during the time that Skanderbeg's forces resisted. He has been credited with being one of the main reasons for the delay of Ottoman expansion into

1045: 2794:

The destruction of Ballaban Pasha's army and the siege of Elbasan forced Mehmed II to march against Skanderbeg again in the summer of 1467. Skanderbeg retreated to the mountains while Ottoman

1831:

annually for the person who would kill him. During the conflict, Venice invited the Ottomans to attack Skanderbeg simultaneously from the east, facing the Albanians with a two-front conflict.

6831:

E che questa sia la data vera lo dimostra la lettera di condoglianze scritta da Re Ferdinando I di Napoli alla vedova dello Scanderbeg, lettera che porta appunto la data del 24 febbraio 1468.

3117:

The trouble Skanderbeg gave the Ottoman Empire's military forces was such that when the Ottomans found the grave of Skanderbeg in the church of St. Nicholas in Lezhë, they opened it and made

2445:

declared that if Ferdinand of Naples received Skanderbeg, Malatesta would go to the Ottomans. In the month of September 1460, Skanderbeg dispatched a company of 500 cavalry under his nephew,

2866:

continued the resistance against the Ottomans, and tried to capture territories from Ottoman rule in 1481–84. In addition, a major revolt in 1492 occurred in southern Albania, mainly in the

2749:

The victory was also well received in Italy with contemporaries hoping for more such news. Meanwhile, the Venetians had taken advantage of Mehmed's absence in Albania and sent a fleet under

7666:

The History of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg, King of Albania: containing his famous acts, his noble deeds of arms, and memorable victories against the Turks, for the faith of Christ

2159:

against Skanderbeg. An expedition was sent under the dual-command of Tahip Pasha, the main commander, and Hamza Pasha, his subordinate, with an army of c. 25,000 men split between the two.

2012:

as he came to save them from the oppression. Even after the sultan's withdrawal, they rejected Skanderbeg's efforts to enforce his authority over their domains. Skanderbeg then traveled to

7712:

Georgius Castriotus Epirensis, vulgo Scanderbegh. Per Franciscum Blancum, De Alumnis Collegij de Propaganda Fide Episcopum Sappatensem etc. Venetiis, Typis Marci Ginammi, MDCXXXVI (1636).

6219: 6850:

Ma in una lettera del 24 febb. 1468 il re promette alla vedova di lui «non solamente li lassaremo quello che ce avemo donato, ma quando bisogno fosse li donaremo delli altri nostri beni»

2186:, which deeply troubled the Christian states of Europe. Mehmed, by then called "the Conqueror", turned his attention to finally defeating the Kingdom of Hungary and crossing into Italy. 2107:

in the East, but it was in his intentions to return to Albania. During this brief period of rest, Skanderbeg took up the rebuilding of Krujë and erected a new fortress in Modrica in the

2060:

on 26 March 1451, according to which Skanderbeg was formally a vassal in exchange for military aid. Authors have disagreed on whether Krujë belonged to Skanderbeg or to Alfonso V; while

1648:

again revolted against the Ottomans in the region of central Albania. Under Venetian patronage, on 2 March 1444, Skanderbeg summoned Albanian noblemen in the Venetian-controlled town of

1539:

only mention the first revolt of the "treacherous Iskander" in 846 H. (1442–43), the campaign of Sultan Murad in 851 H. (1447–48) and the last campaign of Mehmed II in 871 H. (1466–67).

472:

Skanderbeg ranks high in the military history of that time as the most persistent—and ever-victorious—opponent of the Ottoman Empire during its heyday. He became a central figure in the

4463:

The son, raised in the pallace as ic-oglani, was according to the procedure of çıkma,... granted a timar near the territories of had a timar near his fathers' territories (Yuvan-eli)...

3816:

Histoire de Georges Castriot, svrnommé, Scanderbeg, roy d'Albanie. Contenant ses illustres faicts d'armes, & memorables victoires à l'encontre des Turcs, pour la joy de Iesus-Christ

2400:

was dethroned in April 1459, he travelled to Albania and stayed with Skanderbeg and supported his anti-Ottoman activities, forging plans to recapture Serbia from Ottomans and return to

2237:, to reinforce the garrison. The Albanian forces lulled into a false sense of security. The Ottomans caught the Albanian cavalry by surprise while they were resting on the banks of the 2151:

in a meeting in 1453–54. During the five years which followed the first siege of Krujë, Albania was allowed some respite as the new sultan set out to conquer the last vestiges of the

3140: 7403:

The story of Scanderbeg ... rests at the heart of the Albanian nation, because it marks the creation of national identity for the Albanian people and their desire for freedom.

7347:, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova, Indiana University Press, p. 43, 510:. In connection to the Kastrioti family name, it is very likely that the name of one the different Kastriot or Kastrat which were fortified settlements as their etymology shows ( 8240: 4206:

Creighton, Mandell (1938), The English historical review, 53 (209), Justin Winsor, Samuel Rawson Gardiner, Reginald Lane Poole, Sir John Goronwy Edwards, Longman, стр. 129–131,

465:, but the Pope died while the armies were still gathering and the greater European crusade never took place. Together with Venetians, he fought against the Ottomans during the 3519:), whose brother was a warrior in Skanderbeg's personal guard. According to Biemmi, the work had lost pages dealing with Skanderbeg's youth, the events from 1443 to 1449, the 896:, and as a result, his territorial possessions were extremely reduced. Later that year, Skanderbeg continued fighting for Murad II in his expeditions, and gained the title of 6542:, Mitko B. Panov, Dragi Georgiev, Krste Bitovski, Academician Ivan Katardziev, Vanche Stojchev, Novica Veljanovski, Todor Chepreganov, Skopje: Institute of National History, 5428:

But the despot of Serbia, father-in-law of Murad II, refused passage to Scanderbeg's forces and all the latter could do was to punish Serbias despot by raiding his territory.

2292:) to the Ottomans for 30,000 silver ducats. He tried to cover up the act; however, his treason was discovered and he was sent to prison in Naples. In 1456, Skanderbeg's son, 8719:"A handful of documents about Gjon and Gjergj Castriot in Old Slavic (Part two) [Disa dokumente rreth Gjon dhe Gjergj Kastriotit në sllavishten e vjetër (Pjesa II)]" 2773:, the Ottoman commander in Greece, led a relief force to Patras where he was initially repelled before turning on his pursuers, forcing them to flee, ending their campaign. 3310:

Skanderbeg gathered quite a posthumous reputation in Western Europe. In the 16th and 17th centuries, most of the Balkans were under the suzerainty of the Ottomans who were

851:(rights to reside on monastic territory and receive subsidies from monastic resources) to the Saint George tower and to some property within the monastery as stated in the 1038: 3106:

plans to organize a promised crusade against the Ottomans meant that none of Skanderbeg's victories permanently hindered the Ottomans from invading the Western Balkans.

1950:

strategy (thus denying the Ottomans the use of necessary local resources), Skanderbeg left a protective garrison of 1,500 men under one of his most trusted lieutenants,

1616:, who acted as Skanderbeg's ambassador to Milan in 1456; Stjepan Radojevic, who in 1466 provided ships for a trip to Split; Ruscus from Cattaro; and others. The Ragusan 1511:, and the Venetian documents, published by Ljubić in "Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum Meridionalium". The Turkish sources – the chroniclers of the early period ( 4180:

Bryce, James (1907), Hans Ferdinand Helmolt, ур., The World's History: South-eastern and eastern Europe, 5, William Heinemann, стр. 225, „Voisava, the Servian princess”

690:'s placement of the year of his birth in 1405 is now largely agreed upon, after earlier disagreements, and lack of birth documents for him and his siblings. His father 3157: 2178:, which had been dragging on for years, were put to an end by a reconciliatory intervention of the Pope, and in 1454, a peace treaty between them was finally reached. 6537: 2266:

and the Balšić as well. Skanderbeg's followers that ruled over northern Albania and all of the chieftains on both sides of the Tomor mountains remained loyal to him.

3029:

During their match, Skanderbeg struck off his opponent's head with a sword swing and held aloft the severed trophy before Murad, thereby winning the sultan’s favor.

2645: 7598:

Martinus Segonus verfasste eine der frühesten "Landeskunden" des spätmittelalterlichen Balkans und eine kurze, aber sehr wichtige biographische Skizze zu Skanderbeg

2304:

and Hamza Kastrioti, the commander who knew all about Albanian tactics and strategy. After wreaking much damage to the countryside, the Ottoman army set up camp at

7611: 2617: 9234: 3005:

He was described as “tall and slender with a prominent chest, wide shoulders, long neck, and high forehead. He had black hair, fiery eyes, and a powerful voice.”

2204:

Magnifico et strenuo viro Georgio Castrioti, dicto Scandarbech, gentium armorum nostrarum in partibus Albanie generali capitaneo, consiliario fideli nobis dilecto

2198:

In June 1454, Ramon d'Ortafà returned to Krujë, this time with the title of viceroy of Albania, Greece, and Slavonia, with a personal letter to Skanderbeg as the

11460: 3459: 1031: 725:

noble family. Although there are no primary or archival sources linking Voisava to the Branković family. The other view is that she was a member of the Albanian

10569: 1807:

was supportive of Skanderbeg, considering his forces to be a buffer between them and the Ottoman Empire. Lezhë, where the eponymous league was established, was

10348: 2985: 2061: 1993:. The Ottomans suffered 20,000 casualties during the siege, and many more died as Murad escaped Albania. A few months later, on 3 February 1451, Murad died in 2412:. Skanderbeg gave the dethroned Despot Stefan an unknown estate as appanage. With Skanderbeg's recommendations, Despot Stefan moved to Italy in 1461 or 1466. 996:

During the 1438–43 period, he is thought to have been fighting alongside the Ottomans in their European campaigns, mostly against the Christian forces led by

650:. This name was itself used by Skanderbeg even after his re-conversion to Christianity and was later held by his descendants in Italy who became known as the 11495: 8903:

Die venezianischen Jahrbücher des Stefano Magno (ÖNB Codd 6215–6217) als Quelle zur albanischen und epirotischen Geschichte im späten Mittelalter (1433–1477)

3233:

There are two known works of literature written about Skanderbeg which were produced in the 15th century. The first was written at the beginning of 1480 by

1735: 2875: 2526:

In his letter, Skanderbeg clearly asserted his Albanian heritage, stating that the Albanians were descendants of the ancient Epirotes and Pyrrhus himself.

2233:

in order to finalize the surrender. It was a costly error—the Ottomans saw this moment as an opportunity for attack and sent a large cavalry force, led by

3130:, spoke of Skanderbeg as a commander who "excels all the officers, ancient and modern, in the conduct of a small defensive army". On 27 October 2005, the 8043: 7998: 1007:

During his stay in Albania as Ottoman governor, he maintained close relations with the population in his father's former properties and also with other

11465: 5375: 2841:, woivodate of "Terra nuova" of Kruje (unknown position), territory between Kruje and Durrës and villages in the region of Bushnesh (today part of the 1982: 670:

There have been many theories on the place where Skanderbeg was born. One of the main Skanderbeg biographers, Frashëri, has, among others, interpreted

9235:"The memory of George Castriota Scanderbeg among the Arberesh of Italy: a study on the role of diaspora in the creation of Albanian national identity" 2386:

from the Ottoman Empire and ceded it to Venice in order to secure cordial relationship with Signoria. The reconciliation reached the point where Pope

2969: 2257:

defected to the Ottomans and returned to Albania in 1456 as the commander of an Ottoman army of 15,000 men, but he was defeated by Skanderbeg in the

4494:...who, in Radjab 831 April 1428, informed Venice of his growing anxiety that his Muslim son would be ordered by the sultan to occupy his territory. 3343:

and Skanderbeg wrongly assigning it to the year 1443 instead of to the year of 1444, and also invented correspondence between Skanderbeg and Sultan

2226: 910:, because a certain "Iskander bey" is mentioned in a 1430 document holding fiefs there. Although Skanderbeg was summoned home by his relatives when 11410: 3618: 1644:

In Albania, the rebellion against the Ottomans had already been smouldering for years before Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army. In August 1443,

2678:), in order to support the siege. Durazzo would be the next target of the sultan in order to be used as a strong base opposite the Italian coast. 888:

because Skanderbeg participated in Ottoman military campaigns against Christians. In 1430, Gjon was defeated in battle by the Ottoman governor of

9939: 6843: 2065: 9578: 7633:

napisano verovatno između 1490. i 1497, i to zbog toga što se u njemu Matija Korvin spominje kao već mrtav, a poljski kralj Jan Olbraht kao živ.

6226: 2917: 2088:, one of the most influential Albanian noblemen, strengthening the ties between them, a month after the treaty on 21 April 1451 in the Orthodox 1242: 10236: 5945: 1249: 975:. It was because of Skanderbeg's display of military merit in several Ottoman campaigns, that Murad II (r. 1421–51) had given him the title of 951:

before Hizir Bey was again appointed to that position in November 1438. Until May 1438, Skanderbeg controlled a relatively large timar (of the

2833:

was perceived by Venice as Skanderbeg's successor. After Skanderbeg's death Ivan and his brother Gojko Balšić, together with Leke, Progon and

2064:

claimed that Krujë no longer belonged to Skanderbeg, but to Alfonso, who exercised his power through his viceroy, this thesis was rejected by

10226: 7981: 2837:, continued to fight for Venice. In 1469 Ivan requested from the Venetian Senate to return him his confiscated property consisting of Castle 2696:

and his clerks and boyars because of their anti-Ottoman activities and collaboration with rebels from Albania during Skanderbeg's rebellion.

7751:

Adskillige store heltes og beroemmelige maends, saer Orientalske og Indianske sammenlignede historier og bedrifter efter Plutarchi maade/ 2.

7304: 10231: 7892:

Unfortunately Athanase Gegaj ... had not discovered that the "Anonymous of Antivari" was an invention of Biemmi, nor had Noli even by 1947.

7145: 2516:

From those men descend these who you call sheep. But the nature of things is not changed. Why do your men run away in the faces of sheep?"

2636:. However, during an ambush in the same battle, Ballaban managed to capture some important Albanian noblemen, including cavalry commander 1317: 1324: 1310: 17: 11475: 9989: 9521: 7772: 2182:

continued looting before returning to Debar. He returned triumphantly with his army with whom he had split his booty. Five weeks later

1562:

on 2 January 1444. Skanderbeg quit the field along with 300 other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army. He immediately led his men to

8267: 3205:, London where there is a sizeable Albanian community. The bust was unveiled in 2012 on the 100th anniversary of Albanian independence 1960:(Ottoman silver coins) and a promise of a high rank as an officer in the Ottoman army made to Vrana Konti, were both rejected by him. 11282: 11134: 9964: 6812:

della cattiva ventura. La lettera di condoglianze che fece rimettere alla vedova del Castriota non è certo un capolavoro di stile,...

4368:

Kastriota had been sent from Albania as a hostage to the sultan's court and trained at the military academy of Enderum in Adrianople

831:

from 1426, when Gjon (John) Kastrioti and his four sons donated the right to the proceeds from taxes collected from two villages in

9628: 9264: 2574: 466: 4401:

Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji: zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21-22-i-23-juna 1990

2115:

Right after the Treaty of Gaeta, Alfonso V signed other treaties with the rest of the most important Albanian noblemen, including

10940: 10925: 10769: 10704: 10152: 1989:

not capture the castle of Krujë by force of arms before the winter, and in October 1450, he lifted the siege and made his way to

1368: 1361: 561:). In his personal correspondence in Italian and in most biographies produced after his death in Italy, his name was written as 10564: 9324: 8649: 2156: 1238: 9332: 7580: 6935:. "Tatsächlich kam Venedig den Wünschen Ivan Strezs weitgehend entgegen und setzte ihn damit zum Nachfolger Skanderbegs ein. " 4122: 498:(Constantinus Castriotus, surnamed Meserechus, Prince of Aemathia and Castoria). The toponym Castoria has been interpreted as 11405: 11400: 10662: 10602: 10574: 10508: 9295: 9212: 9128: 9100: 9052: 9032: 9012: 8989: 8969: 8925: 8866: 8846: 8787: 8748: 8680: 8602: 8579: 8541: 8497: 8413: 8336: 8318: 8253: 8229: 8154: 8115: 8051: 7846: 7805: 7727: 7480: 7456: 7221: 6710: 6204: 6004: 5985: 5819: 5782: 5731: 5636: 5344: 5221: 4682: 4354: 4248: 4105: 3879: 7919: 7619: 7515: 4642: 11420: 10657: 10341: 10181: 9874: 7979:Γιοχάλας Τίτος (Yohalas Titos), Γεώργιος Καστριώτης ο Σκεντέρμπεης (Georgios Kastriotis ο Skenderbeis), p. 17, footnote 20. 4824: 4475: 4444: 3481:(1747). A number of poets and composers have also drawn inspiration from his military career. The French 16th-century poet 1755: 7903: 6824: 6804: 3846: 11235: 10301: 10286: 10279: 10221: 2509:

There exists no challenge to their might from the likes of the Tarentines, a species of wet men born only to catch fish.

2077:

to King Alfonso only after the expulsion of Ottomans from his lands, a condition never reached in Skanderbeg's lifetime.

1306: 522:

in reference to Skanderbeg and this link to the same name is produced in other sources and reproduced in later ones like

280: 4874: 2888:, went to Lezhë and organized a local uprising, but that too was unsuccessful. The Venetians evacuated Durazzo in 1501. 2699:

Skanderbeg spent the following winter of 1466–67 in Italy, of which several weeks were spent in Rome trying to persuade

836: 10353: 9241: 9072: 8825: 8700: 8659: 8639: 8517: 8441: 7673: 7377: 6592: 6547: 6103:...1456 rođen je princ Gjon Kastrioti, Skenderbegov sin ... Hamza ... pobjegao je kod sultana Mehmeda II 1456 godine... 6098:

Zbornik Odsjeka za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda za Povijesne i Društvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti

3101:

and his Hungarian forces. Skanderbeg is considered today a commanding figure not only in the national consciousness of

2430: 2421: 1421: 795: 447: 7646: 174: 11445: 11220: 11155: 11129: 10587: 10503: 10381: 10164: 9974: 9929: 9914: 9909: 9884: 9808: 9202: 8889: 8559: 8393: 8354: 8201: 7129: 7084: 5449: 5421: 3386: 3110:

Skanderbeg and his exploits was maintained and survived through songs, in the form of a Skanderbeg cycle. During the

2468: 1816: 1523:) are not at all explicit, and regarding the dates, do not agree with the Western sources. The Turkish chronicles of 577:. Skanderbeg's name in Slavic is recorded the first time in the 1426 act of sale of St. George's tower to his father 8278:

Endresen, Cecilie (2015). "The Nation and the Nun: Mother Teresa, Albania's Muslim Majority and the Secular State".

6386: 3830: 1377: 11190: 10854: 10316: 9934: 9762: 9544: 8917:

Südosteuropa : von vormoderner Vielfalt und nationalstaatlicher Vereinheitlichung: Festschrift für Edgar Hösch

3390: 3216: 1854:) and Lezhë which were then under Venetian rule. In August 1448, Skanderbeg defeated Mustafa Pasha in Dibër at the 1182: 923: 530:(1680). These links highlight that the Kastrioti used Mazreku as a name that highlighted their tribal affiliation ( 487: 6789:... Romam deinde cum venisset, mox domum remeauit, vbi paruo post tempore veneno absumptus dicitur. ... 3511:

in 1742. He claimed that he had found a work published in Venice in 1480 and written by an Albanian humanist from

11485: 10935: 4189:

Gegaj, Athanase (1937), L'Albanie et l'Invasion turque au XVe siècle, Universite de Louvain, ISBN 9780598935991,

3752: 3732:

community. In 2006, a statue of Skanderbeg was unveiled on the grounds of St. Paul's Albanian Catholic Church in

3127: 2845:

municipality). Venice largely conceded to the wishes of Ivan Balšić and installed him as Skanderbeg's successor.

1628:

This widely adopted variant of the coat of arms of Skanderbeg is based on an illustration found in the 1904 book

847:. Afterwards, between 1426 and 1431, Gjon Kastrioti and his sons, with the exception of Stanisha, purchased four 9337: 5927:], Monumenta spectantia historiam slavorum meridionalium (in Latin), vol. X, Zagreb, pp. xxv, 18, 3589:

The first poetic work on Skanderbeg in the Albanian language was composed by N. Frasheri and published in 1898.

2712: 2657: 1162: 1130: 11490: 11415: 11175: 11170: 11124: 10729: 10147: 9889: 9514: 7352: 3740: 1478: 1413: 1357: 1290: 1146: 514:) was as their family name. The Kastrioti may have originated from this village or probably had acquired it as 8055: 8006: 3327:; Rome, 1508), published a mere four decades after Skanderbeg's death, written by Albanian-Venetian historian 2056:. Following Skanderbeg's requests, King Alfonso V helped him in this situation and the two parties signed the 11160: 11011: 10669: 10487: 10376: 9969: 9803: 9742: 7923: 7907: 7367: 3568: 3535: 2554:

to agree to a 10-year armistice which was signed in April 1463 in Skopje. Skanderbeg did not want peace, but

2442: 239: 9179: 9092:

The Sultan of vezirs : the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474)

7170: 5368: 3814: 3296: 11180: 10930: 10534: 10269: 10191: 10176: 10057: 10010: 9949: 9621: 3641: 3593: 7568:

Narrazioni di Giorgio Castriotto, da i Turchi nella lingua loro chiamato Scander beg, cioe Alesandro Magno

4929:Искусни вођа Арнит (Арианит) поче у средњој Албанији већ у августу 1443 године поново борбу против турака. 3263:

Narrazioni di Giorgio Castriotto, da i Turchi nella lingua loro chiamato Scander beg, cioe Alesandro Magno

2936:

with one sub-branch. Both branches are patrilineally descended from the sons of Ferrante (–1561), Duke of

2601:

pursued by the Albanian-Venetian ones. Pius II's planned crusade envisioned assembling 20,000 soldiers in

1865:

with 10,000 men, meeting a Venetian force of 15,000 men under the command of Daniele Iurichi, governor of

646:, the combined appellative is assumed to have been a comparison of Skanderbeg's military skill to that of 11470: 11455: 11165: 11139: 10878: 10787: 10742: 10724: 10632: 10544: 10427: 10015: 9944: 9894: 9818: 8124: 3186: 3111: 2666:, as his father had attempted 16 years earlier. The town was defended by a garrison of 4,400 men, led by 1298: 473: 31: 3748: 3664:. A palace in Rome in which Skanderbeg resided during his 1466–67 visits to the Vatican is still called 3401:, a Danish writer and philosopher, claimed that Skanderbeg was one of the greatest generals in history. 2378:

On 27 June 1458, King Alfonso V died at Naples and Skanderbeg sent emissaries to his son and successor,

2363:

and repeated the threat in February 1458. As the captain of the Curia, Skanderbeg appointed the duke of

534:). The name Mazrek(u), which means horse breeder in Albanian, is found throughout all Albanian regions. 11435: 11425: 11308: 10873: 10759: 10714: 10709: 10652: 10647: 10612: 10559: 10110: 10072: 9984: 9979: 4672: 4396: 3486: 7278:

An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century

4791:

An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century

2346: 1154: 959:) composed of nine villages which previously belonged to his father (registered as "Giovanni's land", 11440: 11430: 10902: 10747: 10719: 10642: 10296: 10171: 10105: 10062: 9773: 9507: 8527: 5918: 3733: 3693: 3614: 3340: 3183:

Honoring the Albanian National Hero, Scanderbeg. Albanians at the Tomb of Scanderbeg on His Death Day

2770: 1839: 1776: 1520: 1405: 1214: 1172: 451: 311: 261: 146: 7339:, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, 4343:

Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1990). Kenneth Meyer Setton; Harry Williams Hazard; Norman P. Zacour (eds.).

3445: 2798: 1349: 855:. The area which the Katrioti family had donated to was referred to by the monks in Hilandar as the 11480: 11450: 11318: 10637: 10067: 9954: 9813: 6755:

the mountains, ... However, they did not find Skanderbeg, who had managed to flee to the coast

2862:, reducing Venice's Albanian possessions to only Durazzo, Antivari, and Dulcigno. Skanderbeg's son 2405: 2281: 2004:

After the siege, Skanderbeg was at the end of his resources. He lost all of his possessions except

1567: 1138: 1098: 730: 10950: 8310:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

8028: 7978: 4145:"Albanian Identities, International Centre for Minority Studiesand Intercultural Relations (IMIR)" 3576: 3520: 3278: 2734: 2663: 2433:. The northern route was taken by himself, whereas the southern one was taken by his subordinates. 1967: 1929: 1455: 1385: 1230: 11355: 11260: 11185: 10976: 10863: 10807: 10482: 10363: 10249: 10095: 10005: 9959: 9899: 9848: 9833: 9793: 9737: 9726: 9614: 3090: 2465: 2258: 2248: 1855: 1447: 1274: 1222: 674:'s book of genealogies, sources of Raffaele Maffei ("il Volterrano"; 1451–1522), and the Ottoman 401: 8147:

By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions

7336: 7121:

By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions

4144: 3552: 2803: 2573:

Meanwhile, the position of Venice towards Skanderbeg had changed perceptibly because it entered

1935: 1900: 1820: 1547: 1114: 11277: 11253: 10868: 10524: 10412: 10386: 10196: 10082: 9904: 7742: 6278: 6255: 3774: 3454: 3431: 3131: 2901: 2834: 2830: 2529:

The Prince of Taranto asserted that the Albanians were descended from the ancient Macedonians.

2446: 2183: 2144: 2120: 1198: 875: 9118: 9090: 9042: 9002: 8902: 8836: 8308: 6932: 6916: 6882: 4344: 2827:

community and many of their settlements in southern Italy that still exist in the modern era.

2716:

1466–67 – The Albanian-Venetian force under Skanderbeg successfully repelled the siege led by

2608: 2426: 773:

in 1402). In 1409, he sent his eldest son, Stanisha, to be the Sultan's hostage. According to

11272: 11215: 10986: 10971: 10529: 10407: 10336: 10254: 8959: 7795: 7470: 7328: 4894: 4789: 3729: 3527:("the man from Bar"), however, this was Biemmi's invention (a forgery) that some historians ( 2928:. There are two patrilineal branches of the Kastrioti family that exist today: the branch of 2824: 2780:

but failed to capture it because of the lack of artillery and sufficient number of soldiers.

2438: 2379: 2207: 2124: 1895:

One of the reasons Skanderbeg agreed to sign the peace treaty with Venice was the advance of

1708:

In the summer of 1444, in the Plain of Torvioll, the united Albanian armies under Skanderbeg

1633: 1266: 1106: 436: 377: 9181:

Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia [Skanderbeg between history and historiography]

7780: 7185: 6388:

Pii secvndi pontificis max. Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt

4918: 3832:

Pii secvndi pontificis max. Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt

3744: 2747:

Skanderbeg was in his camp with 16,000 men and every day his camp grows with young warriors.

2441:

and asked for help from Skanderbeg. This invitation worried King Ferdinand's opponents, and

1656:. Among those who joined the military alliance were the powerful Albanian noble families of 11395: 11390: 11001: 10888: 10679: 10331: 10206: 10159: 10038: 9828: 9589: 5539:

While the Venetians of Scutari sold food to the Turks, those of Durazzo aided the Albanians

5456:

Bonfinius thinks that with him the battle of kosovo might have been won for the Christians.

5011: 4898: 3624: 3414: 3250: 2853:, until 16 June 1478, when the city was starved to death and finally surrendered to Sultan 2717: 2493: 2489: 1536: 11097: 11063: 8651:

Language, religion and national identity in Europe and the Middle East: A historical study

8044:"Welcoming Skanderbeg – Cd. Maida, Albanian president unveil statue of Albanian hero" 4264:

Chroniques gréco-romanes: inédites ou peu connues, pub. avec notes et tables généalogiques

3331:, who, after experiencing the Ottoman capture of his native Scutari firsthand, settled in 2132: 1726: 1617: 1512: 1206: 8: 11385: 11265: 10991: 10920: 10627: 10477: 10371: 10311: 10306: 10291: 10128: 9924: 9863: 8955: 8943: 8898: 8875: 7542: 4139: 3547: 3493:, the 18th-century historian, held Skanderbeg in high regard with panegyric expressions. 3373:

considered Skanderbeg to be one of the seven greatest chiefs without a crown, along with

3013: 2814:, or, it was rumored, from poison – and died on 17 January 1468, aged 62. 2806:, to take the city and subjugate the country, but the degree of destruction was immense. 2693: 1878: 1697: 1624: 1587: 754: 742: 647: 364:) for the next twenty years. His rise through the ranks culminated in his appointment as 249: 9268: 5746:

Archive of Crown of Aragon, reg. 2691, 101 recto –102 verso; Zurita: Anales. IV, 29

5595:... и напуљског краља Алфонса, за кога ce, одбијен од Млечана, тесно везао ... 3350: 3265:). Another 15th-century literary work with Skanderbeg as one of the main characters was 2397: 2225:

his grip, split his forces, and departed the siege, leaving behind one of his generals,

2104: 1824: 1692:

of Zeta. This was the first time that much of Albania was united under a single leader.

1689: 718: 11348: 11341: 11313: 10689: 10464: 10445: 10422: 10391: 10090: 9838: 9798: 9752: 9649: 9641: 9594: 9530: 8588: 8295: 7056: 4207: 3779: 3769: 3764: 3665: 3539: 3469: 3394: 3370: 2960: 2842: 2591: 2368: 2317: 2274: 2089: 2041: 2021: 2013: 1804: 1709: 1559: 1282: 1190: 990: 986: 968: 832: 734: 582: 570: 342: 209: 69: 9778: 9481: 9207:(in Italian), translated by Laporta, Alessandro; Giovio, Paolo, Galatina: M. Congedo, 2963:

visible in the forefront are copies of the originals held at the Art Museum of Vienna.

2921: 2858:

enslaved the women and children. In 1479, an Ottoman army, headed again by Mehmed II,

1653: 1637: 956: 574: 393: 268: 11287: 11243: 11225: 10996: 10915: 10896: 10827: 10822: 10812: 9823: 9747: 9574: 9558: 9342: 9319: 9291: 9208: 9138: 9124: 9106: 9096: 9078: 9068: 9048: 9028: 9008: 8985: 8965: 8931: 8921: 8885: 8862: 8842: 8821: 8817:

Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia

8803: 8783: 8765: 8744: 8706: 8696: 8676: 8655: 8635: 8598: 8575: 8555: 8537: 8513: 8493: 8475: 8447: 8437: 8409: 8389: 8371: 8350: 8332: 8314: 8299: 8259: 8249: 8225: 8197: 8179: 8150: 8134: 8111: 8090: 7801: 7754: 7669: 7476: 7373: 7348: 7125: 7080: 6706: 6703:

The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire

6588: 6553: 6543: 5939: 5928: 5838: 5727: 5445: 5417: 5340: 4890: 4678: 4674:

The Balkans: a short history from Greek times to the present day, Volume 1972, Part 2

4404: 4350: 4190: 4101: 3673: 3653: 3645: 3633: 3598: 3579:

wrote and published a play based on Skenderbeg's life in 1828. Poet and president of

3328: 3066: 3054: 2913: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2863: 2850: 2685: 2662:

In 1466, Sultan Mehmed II personally led an army of 30,000 into Albania and laid the

2586: 2473: 2394: 2390:

suggested entrusting Skanderbeg's dominions to Venice during his Italian expedition.

2351: 2321: 2293: 2093: 2025: 2017: 1916: 1701: 1608: 1558:. According to some earlier sources, Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army during the 1065: 1008: 903: 707: 627: 499: 422: 397: 307: 197: 192: 118: 9788: 2725: 2285: 2127:. These efforts show that Alfonso thought about a crusade starting from Albania and 1583: 703: 502:, Kastrat in Has, Kastrat in Dibra or the microtoponym "Kostur" near the village of 389: 11364: 11210: 11067: 11054: 10841: 10832: 10752: 9879: 9853: 9568: 9356: 8613:"Benediktinska opatija svete Marije Ratačke kod Bara, Acta diplomatica et iuridica" 8287: 8221: 5914: 3685: 3606: 3496: 3311: 3270: 3258: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3046: 2992: 2879: 2859: 2681: 2625: 2539: 2409: 2175: 2152: 2081: 2045: 1963: 1661: 1613: 1463: 1341: 1090: 960: 770: 762: 758: 750: 738: 710:, whose origin is disputed. One view holds that she was a Slavic princess from the 229: 185: 162: 9221: 9156:"Hulumtimi i origjinës së Skënderbeut përmes historisë së jetës dhe veprës së tij" 7566:(in Italian). Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo. 1980. pp. 142–145. 6885:. "...Ivan Strez Balsics, des von Venedig anerkannten Nachfolgers Skanderbegs,..." 3613:), a 1953 Albanian-Soviet biographical film, earned an International Prize at the 3583: 3575:

wrote with admiration about Skanderbeg and his warrior nation. Serbian playwright

3435: 3069:

in the form of a swan. The seal is thought to have been used around the year 1459.

3037: 2707: 2036: 1938:

to Krujë with an army numbering approximately 100,000 men and led again by Sultan

1122: 662:("Lord of Albania"), and claimed no other titles but that in surviving documents. 496:

Constantinus Castriotus, cognomento Meserechus, Aemathiae & Castoriae Princeps

461:). In 1463, he was earmarked to be the chief commander of the crusading forces of 11248: 11087: 11034: 10817: 10674: 9783: 9676: 9584: 9420: 9285: 9168: 9062: 9022: 8979: 8915: 8879: 8856: 8815: 8797: 8777: 8738: 8690: 8670: 8629: 8592: 8569: 8531: 8507: 8487: 8469: 8431: 8403: 8383: 8365: 8291: 8215: 8191: 8173: 8128: 8105: 8075: 7985: 7963: 7561: 7390: 7119: 7103: 7074: 6582: 6301: 6282: 6259: 6096: 5334: 5015: 4922: 4902: 4836: 4646: 4597: 4487: 4456: 3701: 3681: 3556: 3512: 3409: 3363:

Georgius Castriotus, Epirensis vulgo Scanderbegh, Epirotarum Princeps Fortissimus

3242: 2750: 2633: 2629: 2582: 2566: 2543: 2335: 2297: 2289: 2263: 2199: 2191: 2167: 2148: 2116: 2085: 2057: 1912: 1870: 1762: 1714: 1681: 1677: 1657: 1645: 1591: 1333: 1258: 1082: 1023: 1001: 911: 885: 840: 503: 408: 373: 319: 97: 8347:

Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr

7616:

Predgovor spisu Konstantina Mihailovića 'Janičarove uspomene ili turska hronika'

4863:

Schmitt Oliver Jens, "Skanderbeg et les Sultans", Turcica, 43 (2011) pp. 68, 69.

3637: 3058: 2269: 2096:, however an elder daughter named Voisava is mentioned in some sources as well. 993:; in 1438 and 1439, they sustained their father's privileges with those states. 511: 63: 10417: 9843: 9554: 8998: 8101: 4832: 4483: 4452: 3725: 3689: 3677: 3649: 3474: 3398: 3378: 3320: 3164: 3074: 2737:

was eventually broken, resulting in the death of Ballaban Pasha by an Albanian

2641: 1947: 1808: 1669: 1579: 1500: 821: 800: 746: 691: 655: 578: 350: 219: 108: 50: 4889: 2692:

In 1466, on his return trip to Istanbul, Mehmed II expatriated Dorotheos, the

11379: 11092: 10981: 10765: 9549: 9082: 9024:

The papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

8807: 8710: 8479: 8451: 8263: 7758: 7340: 6557: 4828: 4479: 4448: 3692:. Monuments or statues of Skanderbeg have also been erected in the cities of 3580: 3523:(1467), and Skanderbeg's death. Biemmi referred to the author of the work as 3490: 3423: 3304: 3098: 3041:

The secret seal of Skanderbeg was likely made of a precious stone, a sort of

2667: 2555: 2485: 2383: 1847: 1673: 1665: 1528: 997: 816: 783:

system, a military institute that enrolled Christian boys, converted them to

774: 726: 683: 678:(census) of 1467, and placed the birth of Skanderbeg in the small village of 346: 9110: 8935: 8094: 5932: 4408: 3657: 2594:

decided to aid Skanderbeg by sending 500 cavalry and 500 infantry under the

1586:, and others) he raised, according to Frashëri, a red standard with a black 1439: 10850: 10469: 9139:"Familje fisnike të Drishtit mesjetar (Noble Families of Medieval Drivasto" 8734: 8375: 8211: 8138: 7650: 7344: 6845:

Escusione storico-etnografica noi passi slavi della Provincia di Campobasso

6266:...Скендербега, који му је уступио неки ближе непознати посед за издржавање 5842: 3736:. It is the first statue of Skanderbeg to be erected in the United States. 3464: 3382: 3358: 3332: 3290: 3254: 3238: 3136: 3097:, among many others, as well as the defeats inflicted upon the Ottomans by 3050: 3042: 2795: 2700: 2637: 2578: 2254: 1896: 1874: 1862: 1685: 1555: 929: 695: 542: 507: 462: 11072: 8769: 8183: 4194: 3531:

and Athanase Gegaj) had not discovered and used as source in their works.

3221: 3012:

Accounts of his legendary strength state that his sword swing could, like

2783: 2728:, and together on 19 April 1467, they first attacked and defeated, in the 2437:

In 1460, King Ferdinand had serious problems with another uprising of the

2375:", a figure known in Southern Epirus, as a lieutenant in his native land. 9260: 8757: 8175:

Scanderbeg; his life, correspondence, orations, victories, and philosophy

7105:

Scanderbeg; His Life, Correspondence, Orations, Victories, and Philosophy

6284:

Istorija srpskog naroda: Doba borbi za očuvanje i obnovu države 1371–1537

6261:

Istorija srpskog naroda: Doba borbi za očuvanje i obnovu države 1371–1537

3564: 3528: 3442:, which premiered in 1968 for the 500th anniversary of the hero's death. 3361:, a Catholic bishop born in Albania, also wrote Scanderbegs's biography, 3336: 3123: 2925: 2738: 2596: 2326: 2108: 1951: 1508: 1074: 714:

region, which has been interpreted as her being a possible member of the

671: 609: 603: 365: 4403:(in Serbian), Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore; Stručna knj., 3077:, giving the Italian principalities more time to better prepare for the 2147:

and the planning of a new crusade which Alfonso would have presented to

1934:

In June 1450, two years after the Ottomans had captured Sfetigrad, they

1652:

and they established a military alliance known in historiography as the

1516: 779: 30:

This article is about the Albanian national figure. For other uses, see

11024: 10955: 9696: 7647:"A Heroic Tale: Edin Barleti's Scanderbeg between orality and literacy" 3640:. Many monuments are dedicated to his memory in the Albanian cities of 3516: 3453:

Skanderbeg is the protagonist of three 18th-century British tragedies:

3374: 2871: 2754: 2612:

One of the oldest illustrations of Skanderbeg: a miniature included in

2238: 2230: 2210:, where they were almost entirely annihilated and were never replaced. 2162: 2100: 1892:, where his dreams for an empire were always opposed by the Venetians. 1797: 1789: 1746: 1504: 902:. Several scholars have assumed that Skanderbeg was given a fiefdom in 722: 331: 9120:

Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference

8458:

Genesin, Monica; Matzinger, Joachim; Vallone, Giancarlo, eds. (2010),

6289:...Већ почетком 1461 отишао је са Скендербеговом препоруком у Италију. 4211: 2867: 2581:

tried to organize a new crusade against the Ottomans, similar to what

2244: 1977: 1866: 1843: 919: 699: 385: 10800: 9919: 9716: 9691: 9658: 9499: 9338:

The story of Skanderbeg, a production of Skanderbeg Media Productions

9311: 8594:

From empire to republic: essays on Ottoman and Turkish social history

7547:. Vol. 54. Zgodovinsko društvo za Slovenijo. 2000. p. 131. 6385: 5507:, p. 60: "including many Slavs, Italians, Frenchmen and Germans" 3543: 3344: 3286: 3226: 3202: 3102: 3086: 2884: 2854: 2551: 2401: 2360: 2305: 1998: 1943: 1835: 1551: 1532: 1497: 1494: 893: 848: 820:

for a maximum of three years, where he received military training at

806:

Skanderbeg was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman court in Adrianople (

425:

over Albania, ensuring a protective alliance, although he remained a

367: 304: 9391: 9160:

610-vjetori i lindjes së Heroit Kombëtar Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu

9155: 8718: 8165:

Fjalor latinisht-epirotisht, 1635 (Botim kritik nga Bardhyl Demiraj)

7472:

Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 18, October 27 to November 7, 2005

5495:, p. 101: "among whom were Slavs, Germans, Italians and others" 2729: 2651: 2480:

with an expeditionary force of 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. At

1851: 981:. At that time, Skanderbeg was leading a cavalry unit of 5,000 men. 11044: 11029: 10259: 9711: 9706: 9686: 9681: 9606: 5920:

Listine o odnošajih izmedju južnoga slaventsva i mletačke republike

5835:

Beiträge zur Kenntnis Südosteuropas und des Nahen Orients, Volume 8

3717: 3705: 3661: 3632:

Skanderbeg's memory has been engraved in many museums, such as the

3617:. The film was re-recorded and updated for high-definition for the 3419: 3366: 3317:

History of the life and deeds of Scanderbeg, Prince of the Epirotes

3062: 2937: 2481: 2372: 2330: 2301: 2234: 2140: 2009: 1939: 1904: 1889: 1834:

On 14 May 1448, an Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son

1785:

Woodcut depicting an engagement between Albanian and Ottoman forces

1543: 943: 907: 844: 811: 687: 523: 429: 354: 9396: 9326:

Marinus Barletius: History of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg

8405:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923

7549:

Martin Segon je eden najvidnejših humanistov s konca 15. stoletja.

5925:

Documents about the relations of South Slavs and Venetian Republic

3168: 2878:, grandson of Skanderbeg and son of Gjon Kastrioti II, along with 2561: 2005: 1908: 1742: 1649: 1575: 1563: 971:, at that time Skanderbeg was referred to in Ottoman documents as 915: 914:

and Andrew Thopia along with other chiefs from the region between

799:

Skanderbeg and other students receiving military education in the

381: 158: 11019: 10910: 10029: 9701: 9671: 9666: 9637: 9333:

Schmitt Jens Oliver (2008) Scanderbeg: an Uprising and its Leader

9004:

A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

8460:

The Living Skanderbeg: The Albanian Hero between Myth and History

7076:

El Cid, God's Own Champion: The True Story of the Knight of Vivar

3534:

Skanderbeg is also mentioned by the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro,

3504: 3482: 3405: 3118: 3020:

warned his boastful contender not to violate the rules of honor:

2941: 2838: 2811: 2777: 2675: 2602: 2565:

Skanderbeg's victory with the Venetians over the Ottomans in the

2387: 2136: 1571: 1542:

In early November 1443, Skanderbeg deserted the forces of Sultan

1490: 952: 733:

a relative of Muzaka house. Skanderbeg had three older brothers:

631: 597: 515: 415: 315: 204: 6806:

Albania rivista mensile di politica, economia, scienze e lettere

6391:. Romae : Ex typographia Dominici Basae. 1584. p. 304. 3835:. Romae : Ex typographia Dominici Basae. 1584. p. 578. 3829: 3369:

held the Albanian hero in very high consideration in his works.

3354:

Portrait of George Castriota Skanderbeg, by Kolë Idromeno (1890)

3045:

molded into a ring. It shows the mythological Aetolian princess

2273:

Engraving of an Albanian assault on the Ottoman camp during the

2213: 1956: 1781: 977: 810:) in 1415, and again in 1423. It is assumed that he remained at 679: 142: 11077: 11039: 7039: 7037: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6369: 6367: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 4901:; Charles William Previté-Orton; Zachary Nugent Brooke (1966). 4346:

A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe

3721: 3713: 3709: 3485:

wrote a poem about him, as did the 19th-century American poet,

3434:(first performed 1735). In the 20th century, Albanian composer 3246: 2976: 2933: 2905: 2874:

was personally involved with crushing the resistance. In 1501,

2766: 2762: 2758: 2547: 2499: 2477: 2364: 2333:) in the war against the Ottomans. The Pope gave him the title 2310: 2074: 1994: 1990: 1812: 1524: 934: 898: 889: 807: 490:

Mazreku is attested in Giovanni Andrea Angelo Flavio Comneno's

335: 327: 323: 8612: 8193:

A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology, and folk culture

7834: 7408: 6943: 6941: 5289: 5287: 4705: 4703: 4701: 11082: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7190:. Paris: Veuve Kerver & Guillaume Chaudiere. p. 304. 6192: 4823: 4474: 4443: 3845: 3697: 3669: 3572: 3508: 3234: 2956: 2929: 2218: 2128: 1976:

During the First Siege of Krujë, the Venetian merchants from

1828: 1722: 880: 784: 715: 711: 244: 77: 9343:

George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468) by Noli, Fan Stylian

7968:(in Serbian). У Српској народној задружној штампарији. 1969. 7034: 6848:. Tip. d. R. Accad. d. Scienze fis. e mat. 1875. p. 7. 6836: 6512: 6364: 6159: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5667: 5612: 5151: 5149: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4378: 4376: 3325:

Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum Principis

3301:

Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum principis

2202:

of the Neapolitan-aligned armed forces in parts of Albania (

2139:. In 1453, Skanderbeg paid a secret visit to Naples and the 10264: 9265:"Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty" 9044:

The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The fifteenth century

8799:

Histoire de Scanderbeg, ou Turks et chrétiens au xve siècle

7284: 6989: 6977: 6965: 6953: 6938: 6684: 6682: 6478: 6476: 6147: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 5885: 5883: 5770: 5284: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5052: 5050: 4698: 3499:, an Italian priest, published a work on Skanderbeg titled 3282: 1819:. After various attacks against Bar and Ulcinj, along with 1570:. After capturing some less important surrounding castles ( 769:

provided military services to the Ottomans (such as in the

73: 7920:

Psudo-Tsar Stephen the Small|False Tsar Stephen the Little

7715: 7252: 7209: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6041: 6039: 3963: 3961: 3586:

wrote an epic poem inspired by battles led by Skenderbeg.

2472:

betray their friends and that they are the descendants of

2008:. The other nobles from the region of Albania allied with 1923: 380:

in 1443, he deserted the Ottomans and became the ruler of

11292: 8961:

Die Albaner: eine Geschichte zwischen Orient und Okzident

8884:(in German), München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München, 7858: 7856: 7240: 6621: 6619: 5973: 5849: 5809: 5807: 5573: 5571: 5146: 4985: 4602:(in French). Vol. 8. L'Institut. 1971. p. 116. 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4373: 4314: 4312: 4275: 4273: 4021: 4009: 3997: 2155:, but in 1452 the newly acceded Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II 6679: 6667: 6643: 6473: 6310: 6180: 6051: 5992: 5895: 5880: 5703: 5679: 5643: 5624: 5600: 5544: 5474: 5304: 5302: 5228: 5185: 5173: 5062: 5047: 4973: 4074: 4052: 4050: 4048: 3797: 3795: 8457: 8248:, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 7868: 7520:(in Serbian). Novi Sad: Matica srpska. 1991. p. 91 7444: 6855: 6322: 6135: 6036: 5161: 5103: 5101: 5074: 4934: 4769: 4610: 3958: 3813: 694:

held territory between Lezhë and Prizren that included

9173:, Apud Claudius Marnium, & haeredes Ioannis Aubrii 8385:

Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468

7853: 7682: 7618:(in Serbian). Projekat Rastko, Poljska. Archived from 7496: 7420: 7228: 7022: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6631: 6616: 6604: 6488: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6430: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6113: 6111: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5804: 5568: 5556: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5336:

Europe and the Turk: a pattern of alliances, 1350–1700

5314: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5197: 5113: 5086: 4951: 4949: 4759: 4757: 4622: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4418: 4397:"Dve povelje u Hilandaru o Ivanu Kastriotu i sinovima" 4309: 4270: 4033: 3934: 3000: 2975:

The original Skanderbeg's helmet at the Art Museum of

2896:

gave land and noble title to Skanderbeg's family, the

299: – 17 January 1468), commonly known as 7694: 7432: 7019:

Revista Leka (1935–1936), Shkodër. Guiseppe Valentini

6809:. Libreria e Rivisteria Ferraguti. 1940. p. 25. 5794: 5792: 5299: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 4961: 4578: 4566: 4499: 4297: 4062: 4045: 3985: 3973: 3792: 3151:

in 1944, composed of 6,491 Kosovo Albanian recruits.

827:

The earliest existing record of George's name is the

8914:

Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Clewing, Konrad, eds. (2005).

8571:

The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar

7991: 7530:Мартина Сегона, по сопственој изјави "српског писца" 7275: 7057:"Official genealogical tree of the Kastrioti family" 6799: 6797: 6655: 5868: 5691: 5655: 5209: 5098: 4845: 4787: 4742: 4730: 4324: 3946: 2614:

De Romanorum magistratibus, sacerdotiisque Romanorum

2354:

highlights the domains under the rule of Skanderbeg.

614:), meaning "Lord Alexander", or "Leader Alexander". 10214: 7644: 7369:

Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power

6817: 6719: 6442: 6395: 6352: 6236: 6123: 6108: 6091: 6089: 6074: 6011: 5961: 5758: 5510: 5267: 4946: 4754: 4554: 4285: 3922: 2431:

Skanderbeg's military expedition to Italy 1460–1462

2415: 2143:, probably to discuss the new conditions after the 1803:At the beginning of the Albanian insurrection, the 682:, one of the two villages owned by his grandfather 549:(1635) provides two first names in Albanian: Gjeç ( 427: 413: 7999:"Festival de Cannes: The Great Warrior Skanderbeg" 7663: 7326: 7098: 7096: 6580: 6536:Shukarova, Aneta (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.), 5789: 5125: 5035: 4171:serbischen Herrn von Polog, stärkte zu Ansang des” 3867: 3855: 3848:Scanderbeg: Commentaire d'aucunes choses des Turcs 3819:. Franche-ville, Iean Arnavld. 1604. p. 1014. 2900:. His family were given control over the Duchy of 1053: 565:. His name on his official seal and signature was 9312:Official website of the Kastrioti family of Italy 8981:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 8552:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero 8133:(in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, 7773:"The Scanderberg Operas by Vivaldi and Francouer" 7582:Unvollständiger Textenwurf zur Diskussion am 2012 6794: 6584:Вчера и денес--Македонија!: практикум по историја 4098:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero 4091: 4089: 3851:. The Bavarian State Library. 1544. p. 1544. 3449:Flag of Skanderbeg by Hieronymus Henninges (1598) 2776:After these events, Skanderbeg's forces besieged 2652:Second Siege of Krujë and its aftermath (1466–67) 2371:, formerly the prince of Arta and "despot of the 926:, he did nothing, remaining loyal to the sultan. 27:Albanian noble and military commander (1405–1468) 11377: 9047:, vol. II, American Philosophical Society, 8331:(in Albanian), Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri", 6086: 5755:Archive of Crown of Aragon, reg. 2697, pp. 98—99 4819: 4817: 4720: 4718: 3684:. Also in Rome, a statue by florentine sculptor 1770: 790: 569:(Latin). His correspondence with Slavic states ( 7093: 5010: 4883: 3430:, was composed by 18th-century French composer 3365:published in Latin in 1636. French philosopher 3335:where he became rector of the parish church of 3093:, who dealt the Ottomans their worst defeat at 2757:. Capello attacked and occupied the islands of 2320:, Skanderbeg's relations with the Papacy under 11461:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam 8913: 8906: 8764:, New York: International Universities Press, 7797:The world encyclopedia of contemporary theatre 4927:. Izdavačka knjižarnica G. Kona. p. 147. 4659:In 1440, he was promoted to sancakbey of Debar 4086: 2350:Nautical chart of medieval Albania in 1455 by 2229:, and half of his cavalry on the banks of the 2166:Skanderbeg's victory over the Ottomans in the 353:and entered the service of the Ottoman sultan 9622: 9515: 8948:Skanderbeg: Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan 8692:The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy 8087:Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime 7845:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLongfellow1880 ( 7664:Barleti, Marin; De Lavardin, Jacques (2024). 7220:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLane–Poole1888 ( 7205:. Tiranë: Botimet Enciklopedike. p. 448. 7146:"Scanderbeg's battle with a Tartar swordsman" 7124:. Random House Publishing. 18 December 2007. 6705:. New York: The Overlook Press. p. 112. 5984:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJorga1908–1913 ( 5958:ASM, Carteggio gen. Sforzasco, ad annum 1454. 4814: 4715: 2765:after which he sailed back and laid siege to 2521:Skanderbeg's letter to the Prince of Taranto. 2459:Skanderbeg's letter to Ferdinand I of Naples. 2099:In 1451, Mehmed was focused on defeating the 1039: 11496:15th-century governors of the Ottoman Empire 9166: 8433:L'Albanie et l'Invasion turque au XVe siècle 8066: 7517:Zbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik 7269: 6783: 6203:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 ( 6003:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 ( 5781:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 ( 5635:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 ( 4247:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBiçoku2007 ( 3628:Skanderbeg monument in Tirana's main square. 3501:Istoria di Giorgio Castrioto Scanderbeg-Begh 2500:Skanderbeg's letter to the Prince of Taranto 435:independent ruler. In 1460–61, he supported 8089:(in Albanian), vol. I, Botimet Toena, 7770: 7740: 6581:Pavlovski, Jovan; Pavlovski, Mišel (2006). 6220:"Борбе за ослобођење Смедерева (1459–1485)" 5913: 4911: 4781: 3668:and currently houses the Italian museum of 3201:A bust of Skanderbeg on Inverness Terrace, 1888:), who was the main rival of Venice in the 937:at the Ottoman court, some time before 1439 9629: 9615: 9522: 9508: 9060: 9007:, vol. III, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 8740:The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 8549: 8526: 7840: 7455:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWillson1909 ( 7290: 7263: 7246: 7215: 6346: 6287:. Srpska knjiiževna zadruga. p. 375. 6264:. Srpska knjiiževna zadruga. p. 375. 5979: 5944:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5191: 5179: 5155: 5056: 4998: 4979: 4095: 3967: 3619:100th anniversary of Albanian independence 3253:, a short but very important biographical 2959:commemorating a battle of Skanderbeg. The 1046: 1032: 878:, the sultan granted him control over one 593:in his later correspondence in the 1450s. 492:Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum 62: 11466:Governors of the Ottoman Empire by sanjak 9088: 8326: 8029:"Palazzo Skanderbeg e la Cultura tradita" 7941: 7726:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTemple1705 ( 6766: 6748: 6535: 6277: 6254: 6198: 5998: 5862: 5818:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFranco1539 ( 5776: 5630: 5550: 5480: 5366: 5243: 5220:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFranco1539 ( 5068: 4616: 4120: 3249:and one of the most notable 15th-century 2404:. In November 1460 Despot Stefan married 2359:1457, Calixtus threatened Venice with an 1725:suffered severe losses, and again in the 706:in north-central Albania. His mother was 10697: 10552: 9220: 8854: 8654:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 8610: 8471:The decline and fall of the Roman empire 8381: 8363: 8277: 8100: 7874: 7862: 7414: 7391:"Creation of Albanian National Identity" 7079:. Catholic Vitality Publications. 2008. 7043: 6688: 6673: 6649: 6523: 6482: 6373: 6316: 6186: 6174: 6141: 6068: 6045: 5901: 5889: 5709: 5685: 5673: 5618: 5606: 5504: 5367:Ciriacono, Salvatore (15 October 2014). 5320: 5293: 5255: 5167: 5092: 5080: 4940: 4797:territory they held in southern Albania. 4775: 4709: 4628: 4529: 4517: 4382: 4349:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 293. 4318: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3623: 3444: 3349: 3347:to match his interpretations of events. 3295: 3220: 3210: 3036: 2932:with two sub-branches and the branch of 2782: 2706: 2680: 2607: 2560: 2425: 2345: 2268: 2243: 2212: 2161: 2035: 1962: 1861:On 23 July 1448, Skanderbeg crossed the 1788: 1780: 1623: 928: 794: 11411:15th-century Ottoman military personnel 9960:Albanian resistance during World War II 9259: 9240:. Texas Tech University. Archived from 9232: 8954: 8942: 8897: 8874: 8795: 8762:George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468) 8587: 8567: 8505: 8171: 8162: 8084: 8041: 7935: 7748: 7450: 7388: 7305:"Skenderbeg and Albanian Consciousness" 6995: 6983: 6971: 6959: 6947: 6928: 6912: 6894: 6878: 6637: 6625: 6506: 6333: 6217: 6153: 5832: 5726:. Tirana: K&B Tiranë. p. 280. 5332: 5203: 5119: 4967: 4917: 4736: 4640: 4584: 4572: 4548: 4431: 4279: 4236: 4080: 4039: 3979: 3940: 3878:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBela2019 ( 3801: 3724:, in England; and other settlements in 2924:and one of the last descendants of the 2054:"captain general of the king of Aragon" 1924:Siege of Krujë (1450) and its aftermath 1493:, other sources on this period are the 88:28 November 1443 – 17 January 1468 14: 11378: 10946: 9529: 9283: 9200: 9167:Volaterranus, Raffaele Maffei (1603), 9040: 9020: 8997: 8977: 8881:Das venezianische Albanien (1392–1479) 8834: 8716: 8668: 8647: 8627: 8485: 8467: 8401: 8367:The history of Albania: a brief survey 8344: 8238: 8210: 7886: 7800:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 41–, 7721: 7700: 7688: 7502: 7426: 7327:Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2002), 7302: 7234: 7200: 7187:Les Vrais Poutraits et Vies des Hommes 7183: 7028: 6700: 6610: 6494: 6467: 6424: 5813: 5577: 5562: 5533: 5492: 5394: 5381:from the original on 17 October 2020. 5369:"Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia" 5308: 5215: 5107: 4872: 4748: 4505: 4394: 4342: 4303: 4242: 4068: 4056: 3991: 3952: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3277:) written in the period of 1490–97 by 3165:Selimie Mosque and St. Nicolas' Church 2724:However, on his return he allied with 2280:In 1456, one of Skanderbeg's nephews, 1700:of the Albanians. Skanderbeg fought a 654:. Skanderbeg always signed himself in 312:a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire 9610: 9503: 9204:La vita di Scanderbeg di Paolo Angelo 9177: 9153: 9136: 9116: 8813: 8733: 8688: 8429: 8189: 8144: 8123: 8073: 8042:Delaney, Robert (29 September 2006). 7793: 7609: 7438: 7333:Albanian identities: myth and history 6866: 6242: 5697: 5661: 5589: 4876:Gli Albanesi e la Questione Balkanica 4851: 4825:Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 4808: 4724: 4670: 4476:Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 4445:Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 4330: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3861: 3688:is dedicated to the Albanian hero in 3567:, whereas in the lengthy poetic tale 3126:, commander of the British forces at 1630:Gli Albanesi e la Questione Balkanica 1027: 9636: 9320:Analysis of literature on Scanderbeg 8775: 8756: 8436:(in French), Universite de Louvain, 8306: 8280:Islam and Christian Muslim Relations 7952:. Harper & Brothers. p. 96. 7947: 7612:"Konstantin Mihailović iz Ostrovice" 6736: 6661: 6455: 6436: 6412: 6358: 6129: 6117: 6080: 6030: 5967: 5874: 5798: 5764: 5721: 5649: 5521: 5278: 5140: 5041: 4955: 4763: 4560: 4291: 4261: 3873: 3065:, while sitting upright next to the 1431:Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra 598: 596:The Ottoman Turks gave him the name 392:. In March 1444, he established the 68:Portrait of Skanderbeg from 1466 in 9061:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1958), 3061:– with her back exposed and gently 3001:Physical appearance and personality 1000:. In 1440 Skanderbeg was appointed 24: 9193: 9027:, American Philosophical Society, 8984:, University of Washington Press, 8838:Historical dictionary of Byzantium 5333:Vaughan, Dorothy Margaret (1954). 2616:of Lucio Fenestella (pseudonym of 2408:, the sister of Skanderbeg's wife 2135:, came to Krujë with the title of 630:form of "Alexander". Latinized in 345:, he was sent as a hostage to the 25: 11507: 11476:People from the Kingdom of Naples 9900:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 9885:Provisional Government of Albania 9305: 9233:Kabashi, Artemida (August 2005). 9162:. Academy of Sciences of Albania. 8820:. Durham: Duke University Press. 8107:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 7475:. Congress. 2005. p. 24057. 7203:Pellazgët: origjina jonë a mohuar 6303:Зборник Матице српске за историју 3739:His name is also commemorated in 3438:composed a third opera, entitled 3225:Sketch portrait of Skanderbeg by 3091:Stephen III the Great of Moldavia 3016:, cleave a man or animal in two. 2628:, Skanderbeg fought and defeated 2184:Mehmed II captured Constantinople 1590:on Krujë (Albania uses a similar 11062: 10945: 10764: 10608: 10607: 10187: 10186: 10101: 10100: 10028: 9287:Unfinished portrait of a country 8920:(in German). Oldenbourg Verlag. 8858:The fall of Constantinople, 1453 8313:, University of Michigan Press, 8242:Historical Dictionary Of Albania 8035: 8021: 7972: 7956: 7913: 7897: 7880: 7829:Scanderbeg, Or, Love and Liberty 7813: 7787: 7764: 7734: 7706: 7657: 7638: 7603: 7573: 7554: 7535: 7508: 7463: 7382: 7360: 7320: 7296: 7194: 7177: 7163: 7138: 7112: 7067: 7049: 7013: 7001: 6922: 6906: 6888: 6872: 6829:. R. Giusti. 1929. p. 252. 6777: 6760: 6742: 6694: 6574: 6539:History of the Macedonian People 6529: 6500: 6379: 6339: 6294: 6271: 6248: 6225:. pp. 13–29. Archived from 6211: 5952: 5907: 5826: 5749: 5740: 5715: 5583: 5527: 5498: 5486: 5461: 5439: 5433: 5411: 5405: 5388: 3479:Scanderbeg, Or, Love and Liberty 3217:Skanderbeg in literature and art 3194: 3175: 3156: 2984: 2968: 2949: 2416:Italian expedition: 1460 to 1462 2031: 1817:Albanian-Venetian War of 1447–48 1794:Skanderbeg addressing the people 1754: 1734: 1688:, and also the Serbian nobleman 863:. Reposh Kastrioti is listed as 622:are the Albanian versions, with 384:and nearby areas extending from 279: 8689:Nasse, George Nicholas (1964), 8536:, Centre for Albanian Studies, 8307:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), 8217:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo 7777:The Frosina Information Network 6345:Translated version provided by 5360: 5326: 5249: 5004: 4879:. Istituto Orientale di Napoli. 4866: 4857: 4802: 4664: 4634: 4590: 4468: 4437: 4388: 4336: 4255: 4226: 4217: 4200: 4183: 4174: 4164: 4154: 4133: 4114: 3611:Великий воин Албании Скандербег 3538:, one of the greatest poets of 3163:Skanderbeg's mausoleum (former 3053:– similar to the one seen in a 2790:– 16th-century German engraving 2422:Skanderbeg's Italian expedition 1883: 1846:against a Venetian army led by 1519:"), and the latter historians ( 638:and translated into English as 573:), was written by scribes like 567:Georgius Castriotus Scanderbego 494:. Angelo mentions Kastrioti as 456: 441: 359: 310:and military commander who led 11283:Orders, decorations and medals 9890:Albania during the Balkan Wars 9187:(Thesis). University of Padua. 9123:, Cambridge University Press, 8950:, Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet 8861:, Cambridge University Press, 8835:Rosser, John Hutchins (2001), 8743:, Cambridge University Press, 8512:. Cambridge University Press. 8408:. Cambridge University Press. 8388:(in Albanian), Botimet Toena, 8163:Demiraj, Bardhyl, ed. (2008). 8110:, Princeton University Press, 7668:. IAPS. pp. xxiii–xxvii. 4904:The Cambridge Medieval History 3839: 3823: 3807: 3741:Skanderbeg Military University 1055:Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars 843:) to the Serbian monastery of 547:Dictionarium latino-epiroticum 13: 1: 9930:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 9804:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 9089:Stavrides, Theoharis (2001), 9001:(1975), Hazard, H. W. (ed.), 8617:Croatica Christiana Periodica 8489:The new encyclopedia of Islam 8349:. Venice: Altobello Salkato. 8196:. New York University Press. 7276:Donald Edgar Pitcher (1968). 5017:Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta 4794:. Brill Archive. p. 88. 4788:Donald Edgar Pitcher (1972). 4677:. Crane, Russak. p. 96. 3553:False Tsar Stephen the Little 2920:, daughter of Serbian despot 2860:besieged and captured Shkodër 2532: 2443:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta 2249:Second Battle of Oranik, 1456 1997:and was succeeded by his son 1911:towards the end of November. 1771:War with Venice: 1447 to 1448 1550:, while fighting against the 791:Ottoman service: 1423 to 1443 665: 469:(1463–1479) until his death. 293: 240:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 134: 11406:15th-century Roman Catholics 11401:15th-century Albanian people 9935:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 9910:Autonomous Province of Korçë 9290:, East European Monographs, 8907:Schmitt & Clewing (2005) 8802:(in French), Paris: Didier, 8631:The unwritten law in Albania 8509:The Unwritten Law in Albania 8492:, Rowman & Littlefield, 8292:10.1080/09596410.2014.961765 8224:: Rowman & Littlefield. 7771:Del Brebner (1 March 1986). 7645:Minna Skafte Jensen (2006). 7171:"Saber Combat: Turkey, 1436" 6306:. Матица. 1995. p. 211. 4100:. I.B. Tauris. p. 240. 3785: 3594:The Great Warrior Skanderbeg 3387:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 3145:Mountain Division of the SS 2817: 2590:to the upcoming crusade the 1838:laid siege to the castle of 1796:, 16th-century engraving by 1064:Early Ottoman invasions and 924:Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 610: 604: 537:Skanderbeg's first name was 366: 266:Chief military commander of 7: 11421:Albanian military personnel 9970:Orthography Congress (1972) 9965:Communist Albania (1946–91) 9945:Italian invasion of Albania 9895:Republic of Central Albania 9875:Declaration of Independence 9819:Albanian National Awakening 9450:Lord of Albania (or Krujë) 9228:(in Albanian), Coinetarevet 9041:Setton, Kenneth M. (1978), 9021:Setton, Kenneth M. (1976), 8779:George Castrioti Scanderbeg 8574:, Oxford University Press, 8474:, P. F. Collier & Son, 8462:, Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač 8402:Frazee, Charles A. (2006). 8329:Skenderbeu: Një hero modern 8327:Francione, Gennaro (2003), 6101:. HAZU. 1999. p. 169. 5442:George Castrioti Scanderbeg 5414:George Castrioti Scanderbeg 4125:[Voisava Tribalda] 3758: 3672:: the palace is located in 3440:Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu 3412:composed an opera entitled 3112:Albanian National Awakening 3055:1584 portrait of Skanderbeg 2640:, chief army quartermaster 2044:, where Skanderbeg married 1915:an Italian courtier of the 518:. Angelo used the cognomen 474:Albanian National Awakening 428: 414: 175:Cathedral of Saint Nicholas 165:(modern day Lezhë, Albania) 32:Skanderbeg (disambiguation) 18:Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg 10: 11512: 9940:Union with Italian kingdom 8735:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray 8550:Hodgkinson, Harry (2005), 8506:Hasluck, Margaret (2015). 8077:Simpoziumi per Skenderbeun 7401:. Slavica Publishers: 63. 7389:Kabashi, Artemida (2007). 7008:Kuvendi i Shënmërisë, 1594 5722:Jens, Oliver Jens (2009). 5020:. Naučno delo. p. 257 4838:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4489:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4458:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4096:Hodgkinson, Harry (2004). 3569:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 3487:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 3426:. Another opera, entitled 3214: 2655: 2419: 2157:ordered his first campaign 1969:First Siege of Krujë, 1450 1927: 1903:, then allied with Sultan 1774: 1358:Ballaban's fourth Campaign 1239:Mehmed II's first Campaign 1014: 467:First Ottoman–Venetian War 29: 11335: 11301: 11234: 11203: 11148: 11117: 11110: 11053: 11010: 10964: 10887: 10849: 10840: 10799: 10795: 10786: 10688: 10620: 10596: 10543: 10517: 10496: 10457: 10453: 10444: 10400: 10362: 10324: 10278: 10205: 10140: 10136: 10127: 10081: 10050: 10046: 10037: 10026: 9998: 9862: 9761: 9725: 9657: 9648: 9537: 9488: 9478: 9470: 9465: 9455: 9448: 9440: 9435: 9427: 9417: 9411: 9403: 9388: 9382: 9377: 9350: 9284:Prifti, Peter R. (2005), 8855:Runciman, Steven (1990), 8796:Paganel, Camille (1855), 8628:Masson, Margaret (1954), 8382:Frashëri, Kristo (2002), 8364:Frashëri, Kristo (1964), 8345:Franco, Demetrio (1480). 8085:Anamali, Skënder (2002), 8080:. Instituti Albanologjik. 8067:General and cited sources 7201:Pilika, Dhimitri (2005). 6826:Archivio storico di Malta 6218:Спремић, Момчило (2011). 5339:. AMS Press. p. 62. 4907:. Macmillan. p. 383. 4873:Schiró, Giuseppe (1904). 4835:; Joseph Schacht (1973). 4486:; Joseph Schacht (1973). 4455:; Joseph Schacht (1973). 4121:Petrovski, Boban (2006). 3734:Rochester Hills, Michigan 3615:1954 Cannes Film Festival 3610: 3341:Vladislav II of Wallachia 3274: 3032: 2620:), first printed in 1475. 1475: 1396:Contemporaneous Campaigns 1061: 446:) in his wars and led an 275: 262:Principality of Kastrioti 256: 235: 225: 215: 203: 191: 181: 169: 156:17 January 1468 (aged 62) 152: 147:Principality of Kastrioti 129: 124: 114: 104: 96:2 March, 1444 (legacy by 92: 84: 61: 46: 41: 11446:Albanian Roman Catholics 9955:The Holocaust in Albania 9814:Uprising of Dervish Cara 9170:Commentariorum Urbanorum 9117:Zilfi, Madeline (2010), 8978:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994), 8964:(in German), C.H. Beck, 8675:, Monthly Review Press, 8597:, Istanbul: Isis Press, 8568:Housley, Norman (1992), 8468:Gibbon, Edward (1901) , 8430:Gegaj, Athanase (1937), 8239:Elsie, Robert (2010a) , 7924:Petar II Petrović-Njegoš 7908:Petar II Petrović-Njegoš 7749:Holberg, Ludwig (1739), 5837:. Trofenik. p. 92. 4129:(in Macedonian). Skopje. 3536:Petar II Petrović-Njegoš 3418:(first performed 1718), 2658:Siege of Krujë (1466–67) 2275:Battle of Albulena, 1457 947:(governor) of the Krujë 941:In 1437–38, he became a 731:Domenico Moncino Musachi 349:. He graduated from the 9794:Islamization of Albania 9784:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 9738:Principality of Arbanon 9486:2 March 1444 – c. 1450 9453:1450 – 17 January 1468 9201:Angelo, Paolo (2004) , 8814:Ramet, Sabrina (1998). 8611:Marković, Savo (2004). 8145:Cohen, Richard (2003), 8130:Nemirno pomorje XV veka 7753:(in Danish), Höpffner, 7743:"Holberg on Scanderbeg" 7366:Shinasi A. Rama (2019) 7303:Skendi, Stavro (1968). 7108:. National Press. 1968. 5833:Schmaus, Alois (1969). 5469:Kosovo: A Short History 4641:Zhelyazkova, Antonina. 2788:The death of Skanderbeg 2646:Second Battle of Vajkal 2575:a war with the Ottomans 2469:Giovanni Antonio Orsini 2464:Ferdinand's main rival 2092:, Their only child was 1972:, woodcut by Jost Amman 1741:Skanderbeg's return to 1019: 1009:Albanian noble families 973:Juvan oglu Iskender bey 480: 421:the sovereignty of the 402:Albanian principalities 11486:15th-century governors 9975:Post-Communist Albania 9950:German Nazi occupation 9905:World War I in Albania 9774:Skanderbeg's rebellion 9154:Muhaj, Ardian (2015). 9137:Malaj, Edmond (2013). 9064:The Balkans since 1453 8717:Ndreca, Arben (2019). 8695:, National Academies, 8486:Glassé, Cyril (2008), 8190:Elsie, Robert (2000). 8172:Drizari, Nelo (1968), 8149:, Random House, Inc., 8052:Archdiocese of Detroit 7950:The life of Lord Byron 7894: 7184:Thevet, André (1584). 7010:, Radio Vatikani, 2009 6903: 6791: 6774: 6757: 5597: 5541: 5402: 5264: 4895:Whitney, James Pounder 4492:. Brill. p. 139. 4461:. Brill. p. 139. 4395:Sindik, Dušan (1990), 3775:Timeline of Skanderbeg 3629: 3602: 3561:Histoire de Scanderbeg 3450: 3355: 3324: 3312:at the gates of Vienna 3307: 3267:Memoirs of a Janissary 3262: 3230: 3132:United States Congress 3070: 3027: 2902:San Pietro in Galatina 2799:Mahmud Pasha Angelović 2791: 2721: 2689: 2632:, an Ottoman Albanian 2624:In April 1465, at the 2621: 2618:Andrea Domenico Fiocco 2570: 2518: 2456: 2434: 2355: 2277: 2251: 2221: 2170: 2145:fall of Constantinople 2048: 1973: 1800: 1786: 1729:on 27 September 1446. 1641: 1479:Wars involving Albania 1173:Skanderbeg's Rebellion 964: 938: 876:graduated from Enderun 853:Second Act of Hilandar 803: 659: 541:(George) in Albanian. 341:A member of the noble 54: 11491:15th-century monarchs 11416:15th-century soldiers 11273:Epitaph of Gllavenica 9425:1440 – November 1443 9401:1437 – November 1438 9178:Omari, Jeton (2014). 8999:Setton, Kenneth Meyer 8776:Noli, Fan S. (2009), 8648:Myhill, John (2006). 8167:. Botime Françeskane. 8074:Ajeti, Idriz (1969). 8048:The Michigan Catholic 7965:Летопис Матице српске 7890: 7821:Scanderbeg, A Tragedy 7417:, pp. 57–58, 69. 7372:Springer, pp. 94-95. 6898: 6787: 6770: 6752: 6701:Freely, John (2009). 6587:. Mi-An. p. 99. 5593: 5537: 5398: 5259: 4899:Tanner, Joseph Robson 4841:. Brill. p. 139. 4671:Hösch, Peter (1972). 4643:"Albanian identities" 3627: 3577:Jovan Sterija Popović 3460:Scanderbeg, A Tragedy 3448: 3353: 3299: 3279:Konstantin Mihailović 3224: 3211:In literature and art 3040: 3022: 2993:Siege of Shkodër 1478 2786: 2741:named George Aleksi. 2735:Second Siege of Krujë 2713:Second Siege of Krujë 2710: 2684: 2664:Second Siege of Krujë 2611: 2564: 2550:. This forced Sultan 2504: 2452: 2429: 2349: 2316:After the victorious 2272: 2247: 2216: 2168:Battle of Polog, 1453 2165: 2125:Demetrios Palaiologos 2039: 1966: 1942:himself and his son, 1930:Siege of Krujë (1450) 1792: 1784: 1777:Albanian–Venetian War 1627: 933:Skanderbeg dueling a 932: 829:First Act of Hilandar 798: 437:Ferdinand I of Naples 407:In 1451, through the 10705:Archaeological sites 10215:Vetting Institutions 9915:Italian protectorate 9829:Congress of Manastir 9809:Revolts of 1833–1839 9590:Costantino Castriota 9271:on 10 September 2010 9226:Istori'e Skenderbeut 8956:Schmitt, Oliver Jens 8944:Schmitt, Oliver Jens 8899:Schmitt, Oliver Jens 8876:Schmitt, Oliver Jens 8669:Myrdal, Jan (1976), 8634:, University Press, 8058:on 1 September 2009. 7984:20 June 2018 at the 7783:on 17 February 2005. 7337:Bernd Jürgen Fischer 7280:. Brill. p. 88. 7061:Castriota-Scanderbeg 2804:third Siege of Krujë 2668:Prince Tanush Thopia 2494:San Giovanni Rotondo 1815:which triggered the 1636:author and linguist 1099:Bayezid I's Campaign 745:, and five sisters: 652:Castriota-Scanderbeg 488:Konstantin Kastrioti 396:, with support from 376:in 1440. During the 10926:Research institutes 10488:State Supreme Audit 9925:Republic of Mirdita 8841:, Scarecrow Press, 8003:festival-cannes.com 7948:Galt, John (1835). 7904:The Mountain Wreath 7843:, pp. 286–296. 7794:Rubin, Don (2001), 7724:, pp. 285–286. 7544:Zgodovinski časopis 7046:, pp. 183–185. 6998:, pp. 417–420. 6986:, pp. 416–417. 6974:, pp. 413–416. 6962:, pp. 411–413. 6950:, pp. 411–412. 6526:, pp. 251–253. 6376:, pp. 370–390. 6232:on 2 February 2016. 6201:, pp. 133–134. 6177:, pp. 152–153. 6156:, pp. 367–368. 5676:, pp. 320–321. 5652:, pp. 558–559. 5621:, pp. 310–316. 5296:, pp. 160–161. 4919:Jireček, Konstantin 4712:, pp. 130–133. 4262:Hopf, Karl (1873). 4140:Strashimir Dimitrov 3753:Order of Skanderbeg 3749:KF Skënderbeu Korçë 3548:The Mountain Wreath 3014:Godfrey of Bouillon 2882:and around 150–200 2694:Archbishop of Ohrid 2318:Battle of Ujëbardha 2282:George Strez Balšić 2195:conciliatory tone. 2121:Despot of the Morea 2080:Skanderbeg married 1879:Alfonso V of Aragon 1745:, 1444 (woodcut by 1698:hit-and-run tactics 1588:double-headed eagle 1414:Dukagjini Civil War 1307:Macedonian Campaign 837:Mavrovo and Rostuša 648:Alexander the Great 250:Eastern Catholicism 11471:House of Kastrioti 11456:Christian monarchs 10743:Adriatic Sea Coast 10670:Telecommunications 10377:Capital punishment 10270:Prosecutor General 9839:Malissori uprising 9799:Albanian Pashaliks 9753:House of Kastrioti 9743:Kingdom of Albania 9595:Kastriot of Kanina 9531:House of Kastrioti 9378:Political offices 8723:Shejzat – Pleiades 8178:, National Press, 8009:on 4 February 2012 7825:The Christian Hero 7610:Živanović, Đorđe. 7309:Südost Forschungen 6751:, pp. 163–164 6349:, pp. 163–164 6279:Samardžić, Radovan 6256:Samardžić, Radovan 4891:Bury, John Bagnell 4123:"Воисава Трибалда" 3780:Year of Skanderbeg 3770:Myth of Skanderbeg 3765:Arms of Skanderbeg 3745:Skënderbeu Stadium 3728:where there is an 3716:, in Switzerland; 3666:Palazzo Skanderbeg 3652:),(in and outside 3630: 3563:, inspired by the 3540:Serbian literature 3470:The Christian Hero 3451: 3395:William the Silent 3371:Sir William Temple 3359:Franciscus Blancus 3356: 3308: 3231: 3189:, 17 January 1908. 3187:R. Caton Woodville 3071: 2961:Arms of Skanderbeg 2912:, Italy. His son, 2904:and the County of 2876:George Castriot II 2835:Nicholas Dukagjini 2792: 2722: 2690: 2634:sanjakbey of Ohrid 2622: 2592:Republic of Venice 2571: 2435: 2369:Leonardo III Tocco 2356: 2341:Champion of Christ 2278: 2252: 2222: 2171: 2090:Ardenica Monastery 2084:, the daughter of 2049: 2042:Ardenica Monastery 1974: 1809:Venetian territory 1805:Republic of Venice 1801: 1787: 1710:faced the Ottomans 1642: 1560:Battle of Kunovica 1517:Tarih-i Al-ı Osman 1422:Italian Expedition 1002:sanjakbey of Dibra 991:Republic of Venice 987:Republic of Ragusa 939: 804: 571:Republic of Ragusa 528:Historia Byzantina 448:Italian expedition 400:, and unified the 210:House of Kastrioti 128:Gjergj Kastrioti ( 70:Palazzo Skanderbeg 11436:Albanian nobility 11426:Albanian monarchs 11373: 11372: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11199: 11198: 11106: 11105: 11098:Cognac Skënderbeu 10905: 10857: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10770:Images of Albania 10738: 10737: 10597:Natural resources 10588:Hydropower plants 10583: 10582: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10245: 10244: 10182:Political parties 10177:Foreign relations 10123: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10024: 10023: 9980:1997 Civil Unrest 9824:League of Prizren 9748:Despotate of Arta 9604: 9603: 9498: 9497: 9489:Succeeded by 9466:Military offices 9456:Succeeded by 9428:Succeeded by 9404:Succeeded by 9297:978-0-88033-558-4 9214:978-88-8086-571-1 9143:Studime Historike 9130:978-0-521-51583-2 9102:978-90-04-12106-5 9095:, Leiden: Brill, 9054:978-0-87169-127-9 9034:978-0-87169-127-9 9014:978-0-299-06670-3 8991:978-0-295-97290-9 8971:978-3-406-63031-6 8927:978-3-486-57888-1 8868:978-0-521-39832-9 8848:978-0-8108-3979-3 8789:978-1-150-74548-5 8782:, General Books, 8750:978-0-521-43991-6 8682:978-0-85345-356-7 8604:978-975-428-080-7 8581:978-0-19-822136-4 8543:978-1-873928-13-4 8528:Hodgkinson, Harry 8499:978-0-7425-6296-7 8415:978-0-521-02700-7 8338:978-99927-38-75-7 8320:978-0-472-08260-5 8273:on 6 October 2014 8255:978-1-282-52192-6 8231:978-0-8108-7483-1 8156:978-0-8129-6966-5 8117:978-0-691-01078-6 7827:; Whincop, 1747, 7807:978-0-415-05928-2 7741:Bjoern Andersen. 7482:978-0-16-084826-1 7173:. 4 October 2011. 6869:, pp. 24–26. 6784:Volaterranus 1603 6712:978-1-59020-248-7 6439:, pp. 35–36. 5779:, pp. 69–79. 5733:978-99956-667-5-0 5346:978-0-404-56332-5 4684:978-0-8448-0072-1 4385:, pp. 86–92. 4356:978-0-299-10744-4 4107:978-1-85043-941-7 4083:, pp. 44–45. 4030:, pp. 72–77. 4018:, pp. 62–66. 4006:, pp. 54–62. 3674:Piazza Scanderbeg 3654:Skanderbeg Museum 3646:Skanderbeg Square 3634:Skanderbeg Museum 3555:(1851). In 1855, 3432:François Francœur 3391:Alexander Farnese 3329:Marinus Barletius 3275:Успомене јаничара 3057:by french author 2914:Gjon Kastrioti II 2910:Province of Lecce 2894:Kingdom of Naples 2864:Gjon Kastrioti II 2851:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 2831:Ivan Strez Balšić 2686:Skanderbeg Museum 2587:Pope Calixtus III 2490:Monte Sant'Angelo 2474:Pyrrhus of Epirus 2466:Prince of Taranto 2447:Ivan Strez Balšić 2406:Angelina Arianiti 2352:Bartolomeo Pareto 2322:Pope Calixtus III 2294:Gjon Kastrioti II 2288:fortress (now in 2094:Gjon Kastrioti II 1761:A woodcut of the 1727:Battle of Otonetë 1609:Matthias Corvinus 1578:, Guri i Bardhë, 1486: 1485: 1468: 1460: 1452: 1444: 1435: 1426: 1418: 1410: 1401: 1390: 1382: 1373: 1366: 1354: 1346: 1338: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1303: 1295: 1287: 1279: 1271: 1263: 1254: 1247: 1235: 1227: 1219: 1211: 1203: 1195: 1187: 1178: 1167: 1159: 1151: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1111: 1103: 1095: 1087: 1079: 1071: 874:After Skanderbeg 423:Kingdom of Naples 314:in what is today 287: 286: 198:Gjon II Kastrioti 119:Gjon II Kastrioti 93:Formal Coronation 16:(Redirected from 11503: 11441:Albanian royalty 11431:Kings of Albania 11358: 11351: 11344: 11115: 11114: 11066: 10949: 10948: 10901: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10797: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10768: 10748:Ionian Sea Coast 10695: 10694: 10611: 10610: 10550: 10549: 10504:Shopping centers 10473: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10428:Border crossings 10302:Cities and towns 10212: 10211: 10190: 10189: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10104: 10103: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10032: 9854:Kimza Government 9655: 9654: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9608: 9607: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9501: 9500: 9471:Preceded by 9441:Preceded by 9412:Preceded by 9383:Preceded by 9373: 9366: 9357:Kastrioti family 9348: 9347: 9316: 9300: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9267:. Archived from 9256: 9254: 9252: 9247:on 29 March 2016 9246: 9239: 9229: 9217: 9188: 9186: 9174: 9163: 9150: 9133: 9113: 9085: 9057: 9037: 9017: 8994: 8974: 8951: 8939: 8910: 8894: 8871: 8851: 8831: 8810: 8792: 8772: 8753: 8730: 8713: 8685: 8665: 8644: 8624: 8607: 8584: 8564: 8546: 8523: 8502: 8482: 8463: 8454: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8398: 8378: 8360: 8341: 8323: 8303: 8274: 8272: 8266:, archived from 8247: 8235: 8222:Lanham, Maryland 8207: 8186: 8168: 8159: 8141: 8120: 8097: 8081: 8060: 8059: 8054:. Archived from 8039: 8033: 8032: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8005:. Archived from 7995: 7989: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7917: 7911: 7901: 7895: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7838: 7832: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7779:. Archived from 7768: 7762: 7761: 7746: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7653:on 19 July 2011. 7649:. Archived from 7642: 7636: 7635: 7629: 7627: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7587: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7525: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7386: 7380: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6936: 6926: 6920: 6910: 6904: 6892: 6886: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6853: 6852: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6801: 6792: 6781: 6775: 6764: 6758: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6717: 6716: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6393: 6392: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6224: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6049: 6043: 6034: 6028: 6009: 6008: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5935: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5847: 5846: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5811: 5802: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5471:, 1998, pp 89–90 5465: 5459: 5458: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5409: 5403: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5297: 5291: 5282: 5276: 5265: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5225: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5144: 5138: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4821: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4645:. Archived from 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4093: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3686:Romano Romanelli 3678:Fontana di Trevi 3612: 3497:Giammaria Biemmi 3276: 3198: 3179: 3160: 3083:Vlad III Dracula 3063:lifting her gown 2988: 2972: 2953: 2918:Jerina Branković 2880:Progon Dukagjini 2626:Battle of Vaikal 2522: 2460: 2398:Stefan Branković 2259:Battle of Oranik 2176:Dukagjini family 2153:Byzantine Empire 2112:thus inhibited. 2001:(r. 1451–1481). 1887: 1886: 1416–1458 1885: 1856:battle of Oranik 1825:Stefan Crnojević 1758: 1738: 1690:Stefan Crnojević 1618:Gondola/Gundulić 1614:Stefan Maramonte 1466: 1458: 1450: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1416: 1408: 1399: 1388: 1380: 1371: 1364: 1352: 1344: 1336: 1327: 1320: 1313: 1301: 1293: 1285: 1277: 1269: 1261: 1252: 1245: 1233: 1225: 1217: 1209: 1201: 1193: 1185: 1176: 1165: 1157: 1149: 1141: 1133: 1125: 1117: 1109: 1101: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1069: 1056: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1025: 1024: 967:). According to 771:Battle of Ankara 719:Branković family 660:Dominus Albaniae 613: 607: 601: 600: 591:Гюрьгь Кастриѡть 460: 459: 1453–1470 458: 452:John II of Anjou 445: 444: 1458–1494 443: 433: 419: 411:, he recognized 371: 363: 362: 1421–1444 361: 343:Kastrioti family 298: 295: 290:Gjergj Kastrioti 283: 271: 230:Voisava Tripalda 163:Venetian Albania 139: 136: 66: 55:Dominus Albaniae 39: 38: 21: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11481:Sanjak of Dibra 11451:Athleta Christi 11376: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11361: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11323: 11309:Public holidays 11297: 11230: 11195: 11144: 11102: 11049: 11006: 10960: 10883: 10836: 10774: 10734: 10684: 10675:Posta Shqiptare 10616: 10592: 10579: 10539: 10513: 10492: 10471: 10432: 10418:Organized crime 10396: 10358: 10320: 10274: 10241: 10201: 10115: 10111:Protected areas 10077: 10033: 10020: 9994: 9985:NATO membership 9868: 9866: 9858: 9779:League of Lezhë 9767: 9765: 9757: 9731: 9729: 9721: 9644: 9635: 9605: 9600: 9533: 9528: 9494: 9485: 9482:League of Lezhë 9476: 9461: 9452: 9446: 9431: 9424: 9421:Sanjak of Dibra 9415: 9407: 9400: 9386: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9353: 9314: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9274: 9272: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9215: 9196: 9194:Further reading 9191: 9184: 9131: 9103: 9075: 9055: 9035: 9015: 8992: 8972: 8928: 8892: 8869: 8849: 8828: 8790: 8751: 8703: 8683: 8672:Albania defiant 8662: 8642: 8605: 8582: 8562: 8554:, I.B. Tauris, 8544: 8520: 8500: 8444: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8396: 8357: 8339: 8321: 8270: 8256: 8245: 8232: 8204: 8157: 8118: 8102:Babinger, Franz 8069: 8064: 8063: 8040: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8010: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7986:Wayback Machine 7977: 7973: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7918: 7914: 7902: 7898: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7854: 7844: 7841:Longfellow 1880 7839: 7835: 7823:; Lillo, 1735, 7818: 7814: 7808: 7792: 7788: 7769: 7765: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7662: 7658: 7643: 7639: 7625: 7623: 7622:on 28 June 2011 7608: 7604: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7523: 7521: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7387: 7383: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7325: 7321: 7301: 7297: 7293:, p. xiii. 7291:Hodgkinson 2005 7289: 7285: 7274: 7270: 7264:Hodgkinson 2005 7262: 7253: 7247:Hodgkinson 2005 7245: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7216:Lane–Poole 1888 7214: 7210: 7199: 7195: 7182: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6939: 6927: 6923: 6911: 6907: 6893: 6889: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6856: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6803: 6802: 6795: 6782: 6778: 6765: 6761: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6720: 6713: 6699: 6695: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6579: 6575: 6562: 6560: 6550: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6396: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6347:Hodgkinson 1999 6344: 6340: 6332: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6276: 6272: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6109: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6052: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6012: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5980:Jorga 1908–1913 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5937: 5936: 5912: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5850: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5467:Malcolm, Noel. 5466: 5462: 5452: 5444:. p. 130. 5438: 5434: 5424: 5416:. p. 130. 5410: 5406: 5393: 5389: 5378: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5268: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5229: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5192:Hodgkinson 1999 5190: 5186: 5180:Hodgkinson 1999 5178: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5156:Hodgkinson 1999 5154: 5147: 5139: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5057:Hodgkinson 1999 5055: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5023: 5021: 5012:Momčilo Spremić 5009: 5005: 4999:Hodgkinson 2005 4997: 4986: 4980:Stavrianos 1958 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4916: 4912: 4888: 4884: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4833:Pellat, Charles 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4650: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4599:Studia Albanica 4596: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4484:Pellat, Charles 4473: 4469: 4453:Pellat, Charles 4442: 4438: 4430: 4419: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4374: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4271: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4205: 4201: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3968:Hodgkinson 2005 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3844: 3840: 3828: 3824: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3761: 3702:North Macedonia 3682:Quirinal Palace 3557:Camille Paganel 3410:Antonio Vivaldi 3257:on Skanderbeg ( 3219: 3213: 3206: 3199: 3190: 3180: 3171: 3161: 3079:Ottoman arrival 3035: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2980: 2973: 2964: 2954: 2922:Lazar Branković 2820: 2751:Vettore Capello 2660: 2654: 2630:Ballaban Badera 2583:Pope Nicholas V 2567:Battle of Ohrid 2544:Makedonski Brod 2535: 2524: 2520: 2502: 2462: 2458: 2424: 2418: 2367:(Santa Maura), 2336:Athleta Christi 2298:Hamza Kastrioti 2290:North Macedonia 2217:The citadel of 2200:Captain-General 2192:Venetian Senate 2149:Pope Nicholas V 2119:, and with the 2117:Gjergj Arianiti 2086:Gjergj Arianiti 2058:Treaty of Gaeta 2034: 1932: 1926: 1913:Antonio Bonfini 1901:Đurađ Branković 1882: 1871:Georgius Pelino 1821:Đurađ Branković 1779: 1773: 1766: 1763:battle of Varna 1759: 1750: 1739: 1715:Hamza Kastrioti 1654:League of Lezhë 1646:Gjergj Arianiti 1638:Giuseppe Schirò 1487: 1482: 1471: 1163:Arianiti Revolt 1147:Albanian Revolt 1057: 1054: 1052: 1022: 1017: 957:Dhimitër Jonima 912:Gjergj Arianiti 886:Venetian Senate 869:Duke of Illyria 857:Arbanashki pirg 841:North Macedonia 793: 668: 589:and appears as 575:Ninac Vukosalić 483: 455: 440: 409:Treaty of Gaeta 394:League of Lezhë 374:Sanjak of Dibra 358: 320:North Macedonia 296: 269:League of Lezhë 267: 265: 248: 243: 186:Donika Arianiti 177: 157: 140: 137: 133: 98:Gjergj Arianiti 80: 49: 48:Lord of Albania 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11509: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11360: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11258: 11246: 11240: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11207: 11205: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11121: 11119: 11112: 11108: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11059: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11016: 11014: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10968: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10907: 10906: 10893: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10860: 10858: 10844: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10823:Noble families 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10803: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10762: 10757: 10745: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10699: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10624: 10622: 10621:Infrastructure 10618: 10617: 10615: 10605: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10590: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10556: 10554: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10521: 10519: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10467: 10461: 10459: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10382:Assassinations 10379: 10374: 10368: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10334: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10297:Municipalities 10294: 10289: 10284: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10172:Prime Minister 10169: 10157: 10144: 10142: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10108: 10098: 10093: 10087: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10054: 10052: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9871: 9869: 9867:(1912–present) 9860: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9849:Revolt of 1912 9846: 9844:Taksim meeting 9841: 9836: 9834:Revolt of 1910 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9789:Arbëni Council 9786: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9763:Ottoman period 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9734: 9732: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9661: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9634: 9633: 9626: 9619: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9597:(hypothetical) 9592: 9587: 9582: 9572: 9562: 9552: 9547: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9504: 9496: 9495: 9492:Post abolished 9490: 9487: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9459:Post abolished 9457: 9454: 9447: 9442: 9438: 9437: 9436:Regnal titles 9433: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9416: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9354: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9322: 9317: 9307: 9306:External links 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9281: 9257: 9230: 9222:Frashëri, Naim 9218: 9213: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9175: 9164: 9151: 9134: 9129: 9114: 9101: 9086: 9074:978-0030096853 9073: 9058: 9053: 9038: 9033: 9018: 9013: 8995: 8990: 8975: 8970: 8952: 8940: 8926: 8911: 8895: 8890: 8872: 8867: 8852: 8847: 8832: 8827:978-0822320708 8826: 8811: 8793: 8788: 8773: 8754: 8749: 8731: 8714: 8702:978-0598204004 8701: 8686: 8681: 8666: 8661:978-9027227119 8660: 8645: 8641:978-0598494740 8640: 8625: 8608: 8603: 8589:İnalcık, Halil 8585: 8580: 8565: 8560: 8547: 8542: 8524: 8519:978-1107586932 8518: 8503: 8498: 8483: 8465: 8455: 8443:978-0598935991 8442: 8427: 8414: 8399: 8394: 8379: 8361: 8355: 8342: 8337: 8324: 8319: 8304: 8275: 8254: 8236: 8230: 8208: 8202: 8187: 8169: 8160: 8155: 8142: 8121: 8116: 8098: 8082: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8034: 8020: 7990: 7971: 7955: 7940: 7928: 7912: 7896: 7879: 7867: 7852: 7833: 7819:Havard, 1733, 7812: 7806: 7786: 7763: 7733: 7714: 7705: 7693: 7691:, p. 465. 7681: 7675:978-1946244406 7674: 7656: 7637: 7602: 7572: 7553: 7534: 7507: 7505:, p. 261. 7495: 7481: 7462: 7453:, p. 296. 7443: 7441:, p. 151. 7431: 7429:, p. 466. 7419: 7407: 7381: 7378:978-3030051921 7359: 7353: 7343:, Nicola Mai, 7319: 7295: 7283: 7268: 7266:, p. xii. 7251: 7239: 7237:, p. 396. 7227: 7218:, p. 135. 7208: 7193: 7176: 7162: 7137: 7130: 7111: 7092: 7085: 7066: 7048: 7033: 7031:, p. 467. 7021: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6976: 6964: 6952: 6937: 6921: 6905: 6887: 6871: 6854: 6835: 6816: 6793: 6776: 6767:Stavrides 2001 6759: 6749:Stavrides 2001 6741: 6718: 6711: 6693: 6691:, p. 456. 6678: 6676:, p. 455. 6666: 6664:, p. 333. 6654: 6652:, p. 451. 6642: 6630: 6615: 6613:, p. 282. 6603: 6594:978-9989613562 6593: 6573: 6549:978-9989159244 6548: 6528: 6511: 6499: 6497:, p. 337. 6487: 6485:, p. 418. 6472: 6470:, p. 335. 6460: 6441: 6429: 6427:, p. 329. 6417: 6394: 6378: 6363: 6351: 6338: 6336:, p. 387. 6321: 6319:, p. 201. 6309: 6293: 6270: 6247: 6235: 6210: 6199:Marinesco 1923 6191: 6189:, p. 359. 6179: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6107: 6085: 6073: 6071:, p. 152. 6050: 6035: 6010: 5999:Marinesco 1923 5991: 5972: 5960: 5951: 5906: 5904:, p. 322. 5894: 5892:, p. 321. 5879: 5877:, p. 558. 5867: 5865:, p. 108. 5863:Francione 2003 5848: 5825: 5816:, p. 317. 5803: 5788: 5777:Marinesco 1923 5769: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5732: 5714: 5712:, p. 320. 5702: 5690: 5688:, p. 181. 5678: 5666: 5654: 5642: 5631:Marinesco 1923 5623: 5611: 5609:, p. 151. 5599: 5582: 5580:, p. 102. 5567: 5565:, p. 272. 5555: 5551:Francione 2003 5543: 5526: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5481:Francione 2003 5473: 5460: 5450: 5432: 5422: 5404: 5387: 5359: 5345: 5325: 5313: 5311:, p. 393. 5298: 5283: 5281:, p. 100. 5266: 5248: 5246:, p. 105. 5244:Francione 2003 5227: 5208: 5206:, p. 490. 5196: 5184: 5172: 5170:, p. 158. 5160: 5158:, p. 102. 5145: 5124: 5122:, p. 302. 5112: 5097: 5085: 5083:, p. 144. 5073: 5071:, p. 310. 5069:Francione 2003 5061: 5046: 5034: 5003: 5001:, p. 240. 4984: 4972: 4960: 4958:, p. 557. 4945: 4943:, p. 135. 4933: 4910: 4882: 4865: 4856: 4854:, p. 226. 4844: 4829:Lewis, Bernard 4813: 4801: 4780: 4778:, p. 212. 4768: 4766:, p. 559. 4753: 4741: 4729: 4714: 4697: 4683: 4663: 4649:on 15 May 2011 4633: 4621: 4617:Francione 2003 4609: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4563:, p. 535. 4553: 4551:, p. 343. 4534: 4522: 4510: 4508:, p. 399. 4498: 4480:Lewis, Bernard 4467: 4449:Lewis, Bernard 4436: 4434:, p. 342. 4417: 4387: 4372: 4355: 4335: 4333:, p. 101. 4323: 4308: 4306:, p. 129. 4296: 4294:, p. 422. 4284: 4282:, p. 341. 4269: 4254: 4235: 4225: 4216: 4199: 4182: 4173: 4163: 4153: 4132: 4113: 4106: 4085: 4073: 4071:, p. 398. 4061: 4059:, p. 232. 4044: 4042:, p. 335. 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3994:, p. 363. 3984: 3972: 3957: 3945: 3943:, p. 491. 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3876:, p. 229. 3866: 3854: 3838: 3822: 3806: 3804:, p. 379. 3790: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3726:southern Italy 3720:, in Belgium; 3690:Piazza Albania 3676:, between the 3650:Odhise Paskali 3542:, in his 1847 3521:Siege of Krujë 3475:Thomas Whincop 3455:William Havard 3399:Ludvig Holberg 3379:Flavius Aetius 3215:Main article: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3181: 3174: 3172: 3162: 3155: 3149:(1st Albanian) 3075:Western Europe 3067:Zeus of Dodona 3034: 3031: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2955: 2948: 2819: 2816: 2726:Lekë Dukagjini 2656:Main article: 2653: 2650: 2642:Vladan Gjurica 2534: 2531: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2451: 2420:Main article: 2417: 2414: 2395:Serbian Despot 2380:King Ferdinand 2208:Siege of Berat 2133:Ramon d'Ortafà 2033: 2030: 1948:scorched earth 1946:. Following a 1928:Main article: 1925: 1922: 1917:Hungarian king 1775:Main article: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1740: 1733: 1612:John Newport; 1603:(treacherous) 1501:Chalcocondylas 1484: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1461: 1453: 1445: 1428: 1427: 1419: 1411: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1375: 1355: 1347: 1339: 1331: 1304: 1296: 1288: 1280: 1272: 1264: 1256: 1236: 1228: 1220: 1212: 1204: 1196: 1188: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1136: 1128: 1120: 1112: 1104: 1096: 1088: 1080: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 922:organized the 861:Albanian tower 822:Enderun School 801:Enderun School 792: 789: 729:, daughter of 692:Gjon Kastrioti 667: 664: 634:'s version as 579:Gjon Kastrioti 482: 479: 398:local noblemen 378:Battle of Nish 351:Enderun School 285: 284: 277: 273: 272: 258: 254: 253: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 220:Gjon Kastrioti 217: 213: 212: 207: 201: 200: 195: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 171: 167: 166: 154: 150: 149: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 109:Gjon Kastrioti 106: 102: 101: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 67: 59: 58: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11508: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11338: 11334: 11320: 11319:Copyright law 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11278:Sign language 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204:Entertainment 11202: 11192: 11191:Indoor arenas 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11156:Weightlifting 11154: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11125:National team 11123: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 11002:Sworn virgins 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10614: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10161: 10160:Head of state 10158: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9627: 9625: 9620: 9618: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9520: 9518: 9513: 9511: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9493: 9484: 9483: 9475: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9434: 9423: 9422: 9410: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9364: 9359: 9358: 9349: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9328:: Chapter XII 9327: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9299: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9282: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9261:Musachi, John 9258: 9243: 9236: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9183: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9132: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9056: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9039: 9036: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9019: 9016: 9010: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8976: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8891:3-486-56569-9 8887: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8794: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8687: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8606: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8566: 8563: 8561:1-85043-941-9 8557: 8553: 8548: 8545: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8504: 8501: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8428: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395:99927-1-627-4 8391: 8387: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8356:99943-1-042-9 8352: 8348: 8343: 8340: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8244: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8212:Elsie, Robert 8209: 8205: 8203:0-8147-2214-8 8199: 8195: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8031:(in Italian). 8030: 8024: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7975: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7893: 7889:, p. 102 7888: 7883: 7877:, p. 10. 7876: 7875:Frashëri 2002 7871: 7864: 7863:Frashëri 2002 7859: 7857: 7848: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7745:. bjoerna.dk. 7744: 7737: 7729: 7723: 7718: 7709: 7703:, p. 73. 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7584: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7563:Studi storici 7557: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7499: 7484: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7458: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7415:Endresen 2015 7411: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7341:Fatos Lubonja 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7287: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7249:, p. ix. 7248: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7212: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7133: 7131:9780307430748 7127: 7123: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7097: 7088: 7086:9780979630101 7082: 7078: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7045: 7044:Runciman 1990 7040: 7038: 7030: 7025: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6902: 6897:, p. 297 6896: 6891: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6786:, p. 295 6785: 6780: 6773: 6769:, p. 163 6768: 6763: 6756: 6750: 6745: 6739:, p. 38. 6738: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6689:Frashëri 2002 6685: 6683: 6675: 6674:Frashëri 2002 6670: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6650:Frashëri 2002 6646: 6640:, p. 85. 6639: 6634: 6628:, p. 91. 6627: 6622: 6620: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6577: 6570: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6532: 6525: 6524:Babinger 1992 6520: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6483:Frashëri 2002 6479: 6477: 6469: 6464: 6458:, p. 36. 6457: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6415:, p. 35. 6414: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6374:Frashëri 2002 6370: 6368: 6361:, p. 32. 6360: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6317:Babinger 1992 6313: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6187:Frashëri 2002 6183: 6176: 6175:Babinger 1992 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6150: 6144:, p. 80. 6143: 6142:Frashëri 1964 6138: 6132:, p. 53. 6131: 6126: 6120:, p. 29. 6119: 6114: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6090: 6083:, p. 52. 6082: 6077: 6070: 6069:Babinger 1992 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6048:, p. 79. 6047: 6046:Frashëri 1964 6042: 6040: 6033:, p. 51. 6032: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6001:, p. 82. 6000: 5995: 5987: 5982:, p. 46. 5981: 5976: 5970:, p. 30. 5969: 5964: 5955: 5947: 5941: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5917:(1868–1891), 5916: 5910: 5903: 5902:Frashëri 2002 5898: 5891: 5890:Frashëri 2002 5886: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5778: 5773: 5767:, p. 27. 5766: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5710:Frashëri 2002 5706: 5700:, p. 14. 5699: 5694: 5687: 5686:Frashëri 2002 5682: 5675: 5674:Frashëri 2002 5670: 5664:, p. 92. 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5638: 5633:, p. 59. 5632: 5627: 5620: 5619:Frashëri 2002 5615: 5608: 5607:Babinger 1992 5603: 5596: 5592:, p. 370 5591: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5553:, p. 94. 5552: 5547: 5540: 5536:, p. 101 5535: 5530: 5524:, p. 25. 5523: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5505:Babinger 1992 5501: 5494: 5489: 5483:, p. 88. 5482: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5451:9789928353726 5447: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5425: 5423:9789928353726 5419: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5397:, p. 100 5396: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5323:, p. 40. 5322: 5321:Babinger 1992 5317: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5294:Frashëri 2002 5290: 5288: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5258:, p. 207 5257: 5256:Marković 2004 5252: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5218:, p. 88. 5217: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5194:, p. 89. 5193: 5188: 5182:, p. 85. 5181: 5176: 5169: 5168:Frashëri 2002 5164: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5143:, p. 40. 5142: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5116: 5110:, p. 48. 5109: 5104: 5102: 5095:, p. 72. 5094: 5093:Frashëri 1964 5089: 5082: 5081:Frashëri 2002 5077: 5070: 5065: 5059:, p. 81. 5058: 5053: 5051: 5044:, p. 21. 5043: 5038: 5031: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4982:, p. 64. 4981: 4976: 4970:, p. 90. 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4942: 4941:Frashëri 2002 4937: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4924:Istorija Srba 4920: 4914: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4777: 4776:Frashëri 2002 4772: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4751:, p. 72. 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4727:, p. 120 4726: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4710:Frashëri 2002 4706: 4704: 4702: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4660: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4631:, p. 92. 4630: 4629:Frashëri 2002 4625: 4619:, p. 15. 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4593: 4587:, p. 77. 4586: 4581: 4575:, p. 76. 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4532:, p. 99. 4531: 4530:Frashëri 2002 4526: 4520:, p. 98. 4519: 4518:Frashëri 2002 4514: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4383:Frashëri 2002 4379: 4377: 4369: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4321:, p. 86. 4320: 4319:Frashëri 2002 4315: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4239: 4229: 4220: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4167: 4157: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4028:Frashëri 2002 4024: 4017: 4016:Frashëri 2002 4012: 4005: 4004:Frashëri 2002 4000: 3993: 3988: 3982:, p. 15. 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3955:, p. 66. 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 45. 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3870: 3864:, p. 46. 3863: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660:) Krujë, and 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584:Jovan Subotić 3582: 3581:Matica Srpska 3578: 3574: 3571:(1812–1819), 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3436:Prenkë Jakova 3433: 3429: 3425: 3424:Antonio Salvi 3421: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3305:Marin Barleti 3302: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2940:and Count of 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892:Ottomans the 2889: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2843:Kodër-Thumanë 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2556:Tanush Thopia 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2032:Consolidation 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Andrea Venier 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1778: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1702:guerrilla war 1699: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1632:by prominent 1631: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Balšić family 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Battle of Niš 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:Idris Bitlisi 1526: 1522: 1521:Müneccim Başı 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1161: 1156: 1155:Muzaka Revolt 1153: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1139:Kastrioti War 1137: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 998:Janos Hunyadi 994: 992: 988: 982: 980: 979: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945: 936: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882: 877: 872: 871:in Hilandar. 870: 866: 865:dux illyricus 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 818: 813: 809: 802: 797: 788: 786: 782: 781: 776: 775:Marin Barleti 772: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Muzaka family 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Pal Kastrioti 681: 677: 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 606: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 478: 475: 470: 468: 464: 453: 449: 438: 434: 432: 431: 424: 420: 418: 417: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 369: 356: 352: 348: 347:Ottoman court 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 306: 302: 291: 282: 278: 274: 270: 263: 259: 255: 251: 246: 241: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 208: 206: 202: 199: 196: 194: 190: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 148: 144: 131: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 65: 60: 57: 56: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11356:Bibliography 11263: 11261:Coat of arms 11251: 11149:Other sports 10972:Folk beliefs 10936:Universities 10864:Architecture 10808:Demographics 10750: 10660: 10509:Supermarkets 10483:Trade unions 10364:Human rights 10339: 10280:Subdivisions 10250:Constitution 10162: 10150: 10096:Biodiversity 9990:EU Accession 9864:Independence 9564: 9491: 9479: 9474:Post created 9473: 9458: 9449: 9444:Post created 9443: 9418: 9390: 9389: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9325: 9315:(in Italian) 9286: 9273:. Retrieved 9269:the original 9249:. Retrieved 9242:the original 9225: 9203: 9180: 9169: 9159: 9146: 9142: 9119: 9091: 9067:, Rinehart, 9063: 9043: 9023: 9003: 8980: 8960: 8947: 8916: 8880: 8857: 8837: 8816: 8798: 8778: 8761: 8758:Noli, Fan S. 8739: 8726: 8722: 8691: 8671: 8650: 8630: 8620: 8616: 8593: 8570: 8551: 8532: 8508: 8488: 8470: 8459: 8432: 8419:. Retrieved 8404: 8384: 8366: 8346: 8328: 8309: 8286:(1): 53–74. 8283: 8279: 8268:the original 8241: 8216: 8192: 8174: 8164: 8146: 8129: 8106: 8086: 8076: 8056:the original 8047: 8037: 8023: 8011:. Retrieved 8007:the original 8002: 7993: 7974: 7964: 7958: 7949: 7943: 7936:Paganel 1855 7931: 7915: 7899: 7891: 7882: 7870: 7865:, p. 9. 7836: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7815: 7796: 7789: 7781:the original 7776: 7766: 7750: 7736: 7717: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7665: 7659: 7651:the original 7640: 7631: 7624:. Retrieved 7620:the original 7615: 7605: 7597: 7590:. Retrieved 7581: 7575: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7529: 7522:. Retrieved 7516: 7510: 7498: 7486:. Retrieved 7471: 7465: 7451:Willson 1909 7446: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7395:Balkanistica 7394: 7384: 7368: 7362: 7345:Noel Malcolm 7332: 7322: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7286: 7277: 7271: 7242: 7230: 7211: 7202: 7196: 7186: 7179: 7165: 7153:. Retrieved 7149: 7140: 7120: 7114: 7104: 7075: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7024: 7015: 7003: 6996:Anamali 2002 6991: 6984:Anamali 2002 6979: 6972:Anamali 2002 6967: 6960:Anamali 2002 6955: 6948:Anamali 2002 6929:Schmitt 2005 6924: 6913:Schmitt 2005 6908: 6899: 6895:Schmitt 2001 6890: 6879:Schmitt 2005 6874: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6810: 6805: 6788: 6779: 6771: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6702: 6696: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6638:Drizari 1968 6633: 6626:Housley 1992 6606: 6598: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6561:, retrieved 6538: 6531: 6507:İnalcık 1995 6502: 6490: 6463: 6432: 6420: 6387: 6381: 6354: 6341: 6334:Anamali 2002 6312: 6302: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6265: 6260: 6250: 6245:, p. 9. 6238: 6227:the original 6213: 6194: 6182: 6154:Anamali 2002 6149: 6137: 6125: 6102: 6097: 6076: 5994: 5975: 5963: 5954: 5924: 5919: 5915:Ljubić, Šime 5909: 5897: 5870: 5834: 5828: 5801:, p. ?. 5772: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5723: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5594: 5585: 5558: 5546: 5538: 5529: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5468: 5463: 5455: 5441: 5435: 5427: 5413: 5407: 5399: 5390: 5382: 5362: 5352:12 September 5350:. 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