25:
1151:
1142:
1133:
273:
consonants; implosives may themselves have modal, stiff, or creaky voice. It is not always clear from linguistic descriptions if a language has a series of light ejectives or voiceless consonants with glottal reinforcement, or similarly if it has a series of light implosives or voiced consonants with
702:
also regularly show pre-glottalization. In the
English dialects exhibiting pre-glottalization, the consonants in question are usually glottalized in the coda position: "what" , "fiction" , "milkman" , "opera" . To a certain extent, some varieties of English have
327:
English has a unique form of glottalization involving glottal reinforcement of t, k, and p, for example in "matter", "lucky", and "happy". T, k, p sounds between vowels are pronounced simultaneously with a glottal stop represented in IPA as p͡ʔ, k͡ʔ and t͡ʔ.
1113:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
617:
phonation, there is some allophony involved. In pre-final contexts, a variation occurs (especially before voiced consonants) ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel,
317:) in a post-stress syllable. 'Water' can be pronounced – the glottal stop has superseded the 't' sound. Other examples include "city" , "bottle" , "Britain" , "seniority" . In
274:
glottal reinforcement. The airstream parameter is only known to be relevant to obstruents, but the first two are involved with both obstruents and sonorants, including vowels.
1074:
Sound Change in
Progress: a study of phonological change and lexical diffusion, with reference to glottalization and r-loss in the speech of some Exeter schoolchildren
1282:
665:
318:
210:. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant. The term 'glottalized' is also used for ejective and implosive consonants; see
261:
also varies, from a simultaneous single segment to an onset or coda such as or to a sequence such as or . Full or partial closure of the glottis also allows
851:
1195:
149:
282:
When a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop , one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement. This is, for instance, very common in
1226:
613:) that have phonemic contrasts between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms. While the latter generally consists of
994:
652:
When a phoneme is accompanied (either sequentially or simultaneously) by a or a , a glottal stop modifier, then one speaks of
89:
1261:
61:
1362:
1126:
68:
1276:
1004:
108:
1148:
1139:
1130:
847:
218:
131:
42:
1206:
75:
1184:
46:
57:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
739:
699:
695:
691:
687:
643:
623:
610:
606:
602:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
368:
364:
360:
356:
336:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
166:
145:
141:
352:
1558:
1355:
233:
could be transcribed as either or . (In some typefaces, the apostrophe will occur above the m.)
35:
257:() to full glottal closure (glottal reinforcement or glottal replacement, described below). The
683:
127:
82:
796:
598:
8:
766:
756:
530:
332:
262:
211:
1249:
1563:
1436:
1348:
1060:
978:
953:
751:
348:
266:
222:
1272:
1180:
1064:
1000:
957:
564:
340:
225:, with an apostrophe; or (b) with the under-tilde for creaky voice. For example, the
464:
1498:
1241:
1169:
1114:
1052:
974:
945:
924:
776:
679:
669:
497:
1322:
986:
720:
673:
431:
398:
291:
283:
226:
1302:
1510:
819:
704:
241:
Glottalization varies along three parameters, all of which are continuums. The
1245:
1056:
928:
1552:
1406:
1401:
1122:
1118:
1106:
990:
1426:
723:. It usually denotes syllable reduction, and can be heard before plosives:
619:
614:
344:
306:
word-finally, and when followed by an unstressed vowel (including syllabic
254:
203:
191:
1170:"Glottalization, Preaspiration and Gemination in English and Scandinavian"
1504:
1421:
1416:
1411:
250:
246:
217:
There are two other ways to represent glottalization of sonorants in the
666:
Phonological history of
English consonant clusters § Glottalization
1527:
1371:
716:
270:
207:
195:
1327:
University
College of London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics
24:
1532:
949:
761:
187:
137:
294:
dialects. In these dialects, the glottal stop is an allophone of
1537:
1384:
1262:"Dialect Levelling and Geographical Diffusion in British English"
324:
287:
199:
179:
771:
321:, glottal replacement of /t/ is common even among RP speakers.
1489:
1227:"Descriptive Adequacy in Phonology: a variationist perspective"
1014:
O'Connor, J.D. (1952). "RP and the reinforcing glottal stop".
965:
Higginbottom, E. (1964). "Glottal reinforcement in
English".
183:
1340:
182:
during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of
597:
Glottal replacement is not purely a feature of consonants.
202:; another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that a
915:
Christopherson, P. (1952). "The glottal stop in
English".
829:
827:
1087:
707:
between glottal replacement and glottal reinforcement.
1269:
Social dialectology : in honour of Peter
Trudgill
1096:
818:
See
Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996:74) for the case of
715:
Glottal reinforcement is present in some varieties of
1177:
824:
936:
Fast, Peter W. (1953). "Amuesha (Arawak) Phonemes".
908:
Pre-glottalization in
English Standard Pronunciation
198:
consonants usually involves complete closure of the
136:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
355:consonants. The following table displays the shift
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1013:
985:
914:
878:
866:
1090:Urban Voices: accent studies in the British Isles
1045:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1550:
964:
150:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1303:"Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings"
905:
1356:
1027:Roach, P. (1973). "Glottalization of English
938:International Journal of American Linguistics
724:
1323:"Web documents relating to Estuary English"
738:can in its most extreme form be reduced to
1363:
1349:
1300:
178:is the complete or partial closure of the
1203:North-Western European Language Evolution
1167:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1259:
1224:
1193:
1071:
967:Transactions of the Philological Society
845:
833:
629:
1551:
1196:"How Old is the English Glottal Stop?"
622:, and a slightly rearticulated vowel:
277:
1344:
1105:
1026:
884:
194:(partial closure). Glottalization of
1271:. John Benjamins. pp. 223–243.
935:
872:
854:from the original on 28 October 2020
678:This is common in some varieties of
245:of glottalization varies from none (
206:is made simultaneously with another
140:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
996:The Sounds of the World's Languages
910:. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
229:word for "sick" with a glottalized
13:
1161:
1101:(fourth ed.). London: Arnold.
1088:Foulkes, P.; Docherty, G. (1999).
979:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1964.tb01010.x
846:Robinson, Jonnie (24 April 2019).
339:is produced as a glottal stop. In
14:
1575:
1320:
1097:Hughes, A.; Trudgill, P. (2005).
265:mechanisms to operate, producing
23:
1288:from the original on 8 May 2006
894:
132:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
839:
812:
789:
733:that does it, that is the case
331:Glottal replacement occurs in
1:
1370:
805:
1387:states (from open to closed)
1168:Kortlandt, Frederik (2003).
1099:English Accents and Dialects
710:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
7:
1310:Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
1301:Przedlacka, Joanna (2001).
1194:Kortland, Frederik (1997).
745:
601:has three vowel qualities (
10:
1580:
1076:. Exeter University Press.
848:"Geordie consonant sounds"
694:are the most affected but
663:
659:
656:or glottal reinforcement.
190:is most often realized as
1520:
1488:
1395:
1378:
1246:10.1017/S002222679700649X
1225:Docherty, Gerard (1997).
1179:. Rodopi. pp. 5–10.
1057:10.1017/S0025100300000633
929:10.1080/00138385208596879
641:
636:
164:
159:
1123:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
1119:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
782:
351:to have come from other
236:
1505:Harsh/ventricular voice
1260:Kerswill, Paul (2003).
1205:: 31–32. Archived from
1072:Sullivan, A.E. (1992).
906:Andrésen, B.S. (1968).
725:
335:, where syllable final
319:some consonant clusters
128:phonetic transcriptions
1521:Non-phonemic phonation
1464:(restricted airstream)
1234:Journal of Linguistics
221:: (a) the same way as
125:This article contains
999:. Oxford: Blackwell.
630:Glottal reinforcement
363:as well as the shift
1513:(epiglottal trilled)
1043:: a reexamination".
797:Vietnamese phonology
43:improve this article
1467:(blocked airstream)
1458:(maximum vibration)
767:Implosive consonant
757:Glottalic consonant
278:Glottal replacement
263:glottalic airstream
212:glottalic consonant
1111:Accents of English
752:Ejective consonant
654:pre-glottalization
1546:
1545:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1092:. London: Arnold.
650:
649:
595:
594:
286:dialects such as
173:
172:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1571:
1499:Faucalized voice
1452:
1445:(full airstream)
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1266:
1256:
1255:on 7 April 2008.
1254:
1248:. Archived from
1231:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1200:
1190:
1174:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1102:
1093:
1077:
1068:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1010:
987:Ladefoged, Peter
982:
961:
932:
923:(1–6): 156–163.
911:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
843:
837:
831:
822:
816:
799:
793:
777:T-glottalization
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
701:
697:
693:
689:
670:T-glottalization
646:
645:
634:
633:
625:
612:
608:
604:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
374:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:Proto-Polynesian
338:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
169:
168:
157:
156:
147:
143:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Glottalization"
51:
27:
19:
16:Phonetic process
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1516:
1484:
1475:
1451:whispery voice)
1450:
1449:
1374:
1369:
1331:
1329:
1305:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1264:
1252:
1229:
1215:
1213:
1212:on 7 April 2008
1209:
1198:
1187:
1172:
1164:
1162:Further reading
1152:
1143:
1134:
1082:English accents
1016:English Studies
1007:
917:English Studies
897:
892:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
857:
855:
844:
840:
834:Sullivan (1992)
832:
825:
817:
813:
808:
803:
802:
794:
790:
785:
748:
735:
732:
729:
719:, most notably
713:
676:
674:Unreleased stop
662:
642:
632:
292:Estuary English
284:British English
280:
239:
165:
155:
154:
153:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1559:Glottalization
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1511:Strident voice
1508:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:(intermediate)
1459:
1456:
1455:(intermediate)
1453:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1318:
1298:
1277:
1257:
1240:(2): 275–310.
1222:
1191:
1185:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1107:Wells, John C.
1103:
1094:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1024:
1011:
1005:
991:Maddieson, Ian
983:
962:
950:10.1086/464218
944:(3): 191–194.
933:
912:
900:Glottalization
896:
893:
890:
889:
877:
875:, p. 192.
865:
838:
823:
810:
809:
807:
804:
801:
800:
787:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
747:
744:
712:
709:
705:free variation
661:
658:
648:
647:
639:
638:
631:
628:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
279:
276:
238:
235:
214:for examples.
176:Glottalization
171:
170:
162:
161:
148:⟩, see
124:
123:
122:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:Supra-glottal
1487:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1284:
1280:
1278:9781588114037
1274:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:0-631-19815-6
1002:
998:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
903:
902:
901:
887:, p. 10.
886:
881:
874:
869:
853:
849:
842:
836:, p. 46.
835:
830:
828:
821:
815:
811:
798:
792:
788:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
743:
727:
722:
718:
708:
706:
685:
681:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
640:
635:
627:
626:('deer') → .
621:
616:
600:
566:
562:
561:
532:
528:
527:
499:
495:
494:
466:
462:
461:
433:
429:
428:
400:
396:
395:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
372:
354:
350:
349:reconstructed
346:
342:
334:
329:
326:
322:
320:
293:
289:
285:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
163:
158:
151:
139:
135:
133:
129:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1431:
1427:Creaky voice
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1321:Wells, J.C.
1313:
1309:
1290:. Retrieved
1268:
1250:the original
1237:
1233:
1214:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1202:
1176:
1149:0-52128541-0
1140:0-52128540-2
1131:0-52129719-2
1110:
1098:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1051:(1): 10–21.
1048:
1044:
1019:
1015:
995:
970:
966:
941:
937:
920:
916:
907:
899:
898:
895:Bibliography
885:Roach (1973)
880:
868:
856:. Retrieved
841:
814:
791:
714:
677:
653:
651:
620:glottal stop
596:
345:glottal stop
330:
323:
281:
258:
255:creaky voice
249:, ) through
242:
240:
230:
216:
204:glottal stop
192:creaky voice
175:
174:
144:and ⟨
126:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1507:("pressed")
1432:Glottalized
1422:Stiff voice
1417:Modal voice
1412:Slack voice
1216:30 December
973:: 129–142.
873:Fast (1953)
637:Glottalized
251:stiff voice
247:modal voice
160:Glottalized
99:August 2018
1553:Categories
1501:("hollow")
1186:9042008385
1022:: 214–218.
858:20 October
806:References
726:Dat düt et
686:included;
664:See also:
624:/maˀˈnʲoʐ/
531:Rarotongan
333:Indonesian
186:and other
69:newspapers
1564:Phonetics
1492:phonation
1437:Ballistic
1372:Phonation
1065:145061712
958:145692545
717:Low Saxon
711:Low Saxon
271:implosive
223:ejectives
208:consonant
196:obstruent
188:sonorants
1533:Falsetto
1470:(fortis)
1448:(murmur,
1332:12 March
1283:Archived
1109:(1982).
993:(1996).
852:Archived
762:Guttural
746:See also
740:dʌʔˈdʏʔt
599:Yanesha'
565:Hawaiian
389:octopus
341:Hawaiian
267:ejective
142:/ /
138:Help:IPA
1538:Vibrato
1528:Whisper
1407:Breathy
1385:Glottal
680:English
660:English
533:
498:Rapanui
325:Geordie
288:Cockney
253:() and
200:glottis
180:glottis
130:in the
83:scholar
1402:Breath
1292:4 July
1275:
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672:, and
615:creaky
609:, and
570:kanaka
563:
537:taŋata
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503:taŋata
496:
470:taŋata
463:
437:taŋata
432:Samoan
430:
404:taŋata
399:Tongan
397:
392:canoe
386:taboo
377:Gloss
343:, the
259:timing
243:degree
227:Yapese
184:vowels
146:
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1306:(PDF)
1286:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
1173:(PDF)
1061:S2CID
954:S2CID
820:Siona
783:Notes
465:Māori
237:Types
134:(IPA)
90:JSTOR
76:books
1334:2024
1294:2006
1273:ISBN
1218:2019
1181:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1041:/tʃ/
1039:and
1001:ISBN
860:2023
795:See
772:Stød
698:and
692:/tʃ/
690:and
590:waʔa
585:heʔe
580:kapu
557:vaka
552:ʔeke
547:tapu
523:vaka
518:heke
513:tapu
490:waka
485:ɸeke
480:tapʉ
457:vaʔa
452:feʔe
447:tapu
424:vaka
419:feke
414:tapu
409:tahi
383:sea
380:man
313:and
302:and
290:and
62:news
1242:doi
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361:/ʔ/
357:/k/
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337:/k/
315:/n/
311:/m/
308:/l/
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296:/p/
269:or
219:IPA
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684:RP
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367:→
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