Constitution - Knowledge

43: 2619: 4855:, IV, Berlin: Reimer, 1889, pp. 82ff who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra. Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad's residence in Medina, before the battle of Badr in 2/624. Wellhausen bases this judgement on three considerations; first Muhammad is very diffident about his own position, he accepts the Pagan tribes within the Umma, and maintains the Jewish clans as clients of the Ansars see Wellhausen, Excursus, p. 158. Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within 5 months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina. Moshe Gil. "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration." 332:, that is, from inception, not from the date of the finding. It was never "law", even though, if it had been a statute or statutory provision, it might have been adopted according to the procedures for adopting legislation. Sometimes the problem is not that a statute is unconstitutional, but that the application of it is, on a particular occasion, and a court may decide that while there are ways it could be applied that are constitutional, that instance was not allowed or legitimate. In such a case, only that application may be ruled unconstitutional. Historically, the remedies for such violations have been petitions for common law 1393: 58: 2202:

that the constitution guarantees. An alternative view considers that constitutions are not enforced by the citizens at-large, but rather by the administrative powers of the state. Because rulers cannot themselves implement their policies, they need to rely on a set of organizations (armies, courts, police agencies, tax collectors) to implement it. In this position, they can directly sanction the government by refusing to cooperate, disabling the authority of the rulers. Therefore, constitutions could be characterized by a self-enforcing equilibria between the rulers and powerful administrators.

2774: 4843:. pp. 227–228 Watt argues that the initial agreement was shortly after the hijra and the document was amended at a later date specifically after the battle of Badr (AH 2, = AD 624). Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina with the first treaty being written shortly after Muhammad's arrival. R. B. Serjeant. "The Sunnah Jâmi'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrîm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'." in 1405: 2390: 572: 2186:

their provisions tend to become very similar as they are amended after experience with their use. Provisions that give rise to certain kinds of questions are seen to need additional provisions for how to resolve those questions, and provisions that offer no course of action may best be omitted and left to policy decisions. Provisions that conflict with what Brownson and others can discern are the underlying "constitutions" of nature and society tend to be difficult or impossible to execute, or to lead to unresolvable disputes.

2146:, also examined how the functions of government, such as legislative, executive, and judicial, might appropriately be separated into branches. The prevailing theme among these writers was that the design of constitutions was not completely arbitrary or a matter of taste. They generally held that there are underlying principles of design that constrain all constitutions for every polity or organization. Each built on the ideas of those before concerning what those principles might be. 10457: 10471: 9237: 8721: 8710: 1638: 6972: 1209: 2319: 2257: 2216: 9249: 1384:, or tribal chiefs, of the Iroquois League's member nations made decisions on the basis of universal consensus of all chiefs following discussions that were initiated by a single nation. The position of Sachem descends through families and are allocated by the senior female clan heads, though, prior to the filling of the position, candidacy is ultimately democratically decided by the community itself. 427: 3868:, etc.) which compose the territory of the whole state. Sovereignty is divided between the centre and the constituent regions. The constitutions of Canada and the United States establish federal states, with power divided between the federal government and the provinces or states. Each of the regions may in turn have its own constitution (of unitary nature). 615:. He classified both what he regarded as good and what he regarded as bad constitutions, and came to the conclusion that the best constitution was a mixed system including monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic elements. He also distinguished between citizens, who had the right to participate in the state, and non-citizens and slaves, who did not. 2527:. The process by which a country adopts a constitution is closely tied to the historical and political context driving this fundamental change. The legitimacy (and often the longevity) of codified constitutions has often been tied to the process by which they are initially adopted and some scholars have pointed out that high constitutional 2681:, most of its fundamental political principles and regulations concerning the relationship between branches of government, and concerning the government and the individual are codified in a single document, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. However, the presence of statutes with constitutional significance, namely the 3948:. The example demonstrates that the protections and benefits of a constitution are ultimately provided not through its written terms but through deference by government and society to its principles. A constitution may change from being real to a facade and back again as democratic and autocratic governments succeed each other. 2138:. What arose from the latter was a concept of government being erected on the foundations of first, a state of nature governed by natural laws, then a state of society, established by a social contract or compact, which bring underlying natural or social laws, before governments are formally established on them as foundations. 5936:, Article 110 §1, p. 124, source: Hellenic Parliament, "The provisions of the Constitution shall be subject to revision with the exception of those which determine the form of government as a Parliamentary Republic and those of articles 2 paragraph 1, 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 , 5 paragraphs 1 and 3, 13 paragraph 1, and 26." 2412:/administration. Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state, and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens. It is thus the most basic law of a territory from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived; in some territories it is in fact called " 5102: 3905:

Many constitutions allow the declaration under exceptional circumstances of some form of state of emergency during which some rights and guarantees are suspended. This provision can be and has been abused to allow a government to suppress dissent without regard for human rights – see the article

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A fundamental classification is codification or lack of codification. A codified constitution is one that is contained in a single document, which is the single source of constitutional law in a state. An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, consisting of several

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concept and its application to the relations among nations, and they sought to establish customary "laws of war and peace" to ameliorate wars and make them less likely. This led to considerations of what authority monarchs or other officials have and don't have, from where that authority derives, and

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to be contrary to the constitution, that is, unconstitutional. An example of constitutional violation by the executive could be a public office holder who acts outside the powers granted to that office by a constitution. An example of constitutional violation by the legislature is an attempt to pass

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Afghanistan, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Djibouti, Ecuador, Honduras, Laos, Libya, Malawi, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Palestine, Portugal, Qatar, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, United

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Political economy theory regards constitutions as coordination devices that help citizens to prevent rulers from abusing power. If the citizenry can coordinate a response to police government officials in the face of a constitutional fault, then the government have the incentives to honor the rights

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is a society with effective dominion over a well-defined territory, that consent to a well-designed constitution of government arises from presence on that territory, and that it is possible for provisions of a written constitution of government to be "unconstitutional" if they are inconsistent with

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The most common reasons for these frequent changes are the political desire for an immediate outcome and the short time devoted to the constitutional drafting process. A study in 2009 showed that the average time taken to draft a constitution is around 16 months, however there were also some extreme

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and, if found to be beyond power, must cease. Legislation that is found to be beyond power will be "invalid" and of no force; this applies to primary legislation, requiring constitutional authorization, and secondary legislation, ordinarily requiring statutory authorization. In this context, "within

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Other writers have argued that such considerations apply not only to all national constitutions of government, but also to the constitutions of private organizations, that it is not an accident that the constitutions that tend to satisfy their members contain certain elements, as a minimum, or that

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was written in Latin and consists of six books. The first book, with 62 articles, establishes councils, courts, various executive officers, and the powers assigned to them. The remaining books cover criminal and civil law and judicial procedures and remedies. Written in 1600, the document was based

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predicted that a period of 20 years would be the optimal time for any constitution to be still in force, since "the earth belongs to the living, and not to the dead". Indeed, according to recent studies, the average life of any new written constitution is around 19 years. However, a great number of

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who appoints and dismisses them. In the case of the United Kingdom and other countries with a monarchy, it is the monarch who appoints and dismisses ministers, on the advice of the prime minister. In turn the prime minister will resign if the government loses the confidence of the parliament (or a

1489:. This formed the basis of government for the short-lived republic from 1653 to 1657 by providing a legal rationale for the increasing power of Cromwell after Parliament consistently failed to govern effectively. Most of the concepts and ideas embedded into modern constitutional theory, especially 2640:

have since 1950 been intended to be the basis for a constitution, but as of 2017 it had not been drafted. The various Laws are considered to have precedence over other laws, and give the procedure by which they can be amended, typically by a simple majority of members of the Knesset (parliament).

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refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government. Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state, in a basic sense the relationship between the executive, legislature and the judiciary, but also the relationship of

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Generally, every modern written constitution confers specific powers on an organization or institutional entity, established upon the primary condition that it abides by the constitution's limitations. According to Scott Gordon, a political organization is constitutional to the extent that it

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Along the way, several writers examined how the design of government was important, even if the government were headed by a monarch. They also classified various historical examples of governmental designs, typically into democracies, aristocracies, or monarchies, and considered how just and

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The Spanish pattern of conspiracy and revolt by liberal army officers ... was emulated in both Portugal and Italy. In the wake of Riego's successful rebellion, the first and only pronunciamiento in Italian history was carried out by liberal officers in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The

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or, depending on the country, loses a particularly important vote in parliament, such as vote on the budget. When a government loses confidence, it stays in office until a new government is formed; something which normally but not necessarily required the holding of a general election.

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brought a series of political philosophers who wrote implied criticisms of the practices of monarchs and sought to identify principles of constitutional design that would be likely to yield more effective and just governance from their viewpoints. This began with revival of the Roman

1600:, provided an independent council to advise the king and safeguarded "Triennial" meetings of Parliament. A modified version of the Humble Petition with the clause on kingship removed was ratified on 25 May. This finally met its demise in conjunction with the death of Cromwell and the 3871:

A confederal state comprises again several regions, but the central structure has only limited coordinating power, and sovereignty is located in the regions. Confederal constitutions are rare, and there is often dispute to whether so-called "confederal" states are actually federal.

143:, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as 2743:, although this usage is technically inaccurate. A codified constitution is a single document; states that do not have such a document have uncodified, but not entirely unwritten, constitutions, since much of an uncodified constitution is usually written in laws such as the 480:. Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government, this document itself has not yet been discovered; however it is known that it allowed some rights to his citizens. For example, it is known that it relieved tax for widows and orphans, and protected the poor from the 2193:

in which play consists of finding the best design and provisions for a written constitution that will be the rules for the game of government, and that will be most likely to optimize a balance of the utilities of justice, liberty, and security. An example is the metagame

389:'s 1946 Constitution, the bureaucrats drafted everything in no more than a week. Japan has the oldest unamended constitution in the world. The record for the shortest overall process of drafting, adoption, and ratification of a national constitution belongs to the 3828:

In a unitary state, sovereignty resides in the state itself, and the constitution determines this. The territory of the state may be divided into regions, but they are not sovereign and are subordinate to the state. In the UK, the constitutional doctrine of

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in 1780, the oldest still-functioning constitution of any U.S. state; while Connecticut and Rhode Island officially continued to operate under their old colonial charters, until they adopted their first state constitutions in 1818 and 1843, respectively.

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Constitutions are often, but by no means always, protected by a legal body whose job it is to interpret those constitutions and, where applicable, declare void executive and legislative acts which infringe the constitution. In some countries, such as

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Constitutions also establish where sovereignty is located in the state. There are three basic types of distribution of sovereignty according to the degree of centralisation of power: unitary, federal, and confederal. The distinction is not absolute.

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No free man shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go against him or send against him, unless by the legal judgement of his peers, or by the law of the

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initially led to a proclamation of a proto-constitution in 1811; the full-fledged Constitution of Serbia followed few decades later, in 1835. The first Serbian constitution (Sretenjski ustav) was adopted at the national assembly in

393:'s 1938 constitution, which installed a royal dictatorship in less than a month. Studies showed that typically extreme cases where the constitution-making process either takes too long or is extremely short were non-democracies. 4590: 2055:, or mere personal whim. Such rule led some thinkers to take the position that what mattered was not the design of governmental institutions and operations, as much as the character of the rulers. This view can be seen in 408:

are said to have eclipsed the constitution in importance as a frame of government in practice. Developing a legal and political tradition of strict adherence to constitutional provisions is considered foundational to the

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sources but completed and reformed by St. Sava to function properly in Serbia. Besides decrees that organized the life of the church, there are various norms regarding civil life; most of these were taken from Prohiron.

589:, and attempting to classify different forms of constitutional government. The most basic definition he used to describe a constitution in general terms was "the arrangement of the offices in a state". In his works 6689:

A synchronic comparative perspective were before the founding fathers of Italian Constitution, when they were faced with the question of bicameralism and related issues of confidence and the legislative procedure,

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in 1825. Italian liberalism in 1820–1821 relied on junior officers and the provincial middle classes, essentially the same social base as in Spain. It even used a Hispanized political vocabulary, for it was led by

2584:, which sets forth the goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution, and several articles containing the substantive provisions. The preamble, which is omitted in some constitutions, may contain a 2182:

the constitutions of nature or society. Brownson argued that it is not ratification alone that makes a written constitution of government legitimate, but that it must also be competently designed and applied.

1734:. It is notable in that it established a democratic standard for the separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of Montesquieu's 2177:. Each constitution must be consistent with, and derive its authority from, the ones before it, as well as from a historical act of society formation or constitutional ratification. Brownson argued that a 1244:, the medieval antecedent of the modern Parliaments. These laws, like other modern constitutions, had preeminence over other laws, and they could not be contradicted by mere decrees or edicts of the king. 2648:

that developed in Britain). By contrast to codified constitutions, uncodified constitutions include both written sources – e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the Parliament – and unwritten sources –

365:(U.S. Constitution), which is the oldest and shortest written constitution still in force, close to 800 constitutions have been adopted and subsequently amended around the world by independent states. 1966:, the elder son of the king of Portugal. Pedro was crowned in 1822 as the first emperor of Brazil. The country was ruled by a Constitutional Monarchy until 1889 when it adopted the Republican model. 1612:

All of the British colonies in North America that were to become the 13 original United States, adopted their own constitutions in 1776 and 1777, during the American Revolution (and before the later

2795:. Amendments are often interwoven into the relevant sections of an existing constitution, directly altering the text. Conversely, they can be appended to the constitution as supplemental additions ( 2035:

came into force on 1 July 1867, as the British North America Act, an act of the British Parliament. Over a century later, the BNA Act was patriated to the Canadian Parliament and augmented with the

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within Medina. To this effect it instituted a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish, and pagan communities of Medina bringing them within the fold of one community – the

2712:, the act that formally severed British Parliament's ability to amend the Canadian constitution. The Canadian constitution includes specific legislative acts as mentioned in section 52(2) of the 4254:

King, Brett W. "The Use of Supermajority Provisions in the Constitution: The Framers, The Federalist Papers and the Reinforcement of a Fundamental Principle." Seton Hall Const. LJ 8 (1997): 363.

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effective each tended to be and why, and how the advantages of each might be obtained by combining elements of each into a more complex design that balanced competing tendencies. Some, such as

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After tribal people first began to live in cities and establish nations, many of these functioned according to unwritten customs, while some developed autocratic, even tyrannical monarchs, who

405: 8178: 2759:; until then the ruling party could call a general election at any convenient time up to the maximum term of five years. This change would require a constitutional amendment in most nations. 1164: 3507: 3498:

or constitution is a provision that makes certain amendments either more difficult or impossible to pass, making such amendments inadmissible. Overriding an entrenched clause may require a

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declared "that the people are, under God, the original of all just power; that the Commons of England, being chosen by and representing the people, have the supreme power in this nation".

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may be prohibited as an organization from engaging in activities not concerning students; if the union becomes involved in non-student activities, these activities are considered to be

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trying to legislate in an area that the constitution allocates exclusively to the federal parliament, such as ratifying a treaty. Action that appears to be beyond power may be

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Activities of officials within an organization or polity that fall within the constitutional or statutory authority of those officials are termed "within power" (or, in Latin,

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Most constitutions require that amendments cannot be enacted unless they have passed a special procedure that is more stringent than that required of ordinary legislation.

832:) to Yathrib where he became political leader. It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (later known as 3860:

A federal state has a central structure with at most a small amount of territory mainly containing the institutions of the federal government, and several regions (called

377:. By contrast, some constitutions, notably that of the United States, have remained in force for several centuries, often without major revision for long periods of time. 5350: 4828:

The Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: Analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called "Constitution of Medina."

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institutions within those branches. For example, executive branches can be divided into a head of government, government departments/ministries, executive agencies and a

2161:, an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it establishes the third, a 8171: 4731: 4695: 4629: 928:

in 1100 bound the king for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility. This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced

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said "A constitution...is the work of centuries; it is the idea, the consciousness of rationality so far as that consciousness is developed in a particular nation."

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expressed the option for the monarchy as a political system after Brazilian Independence. The leader of the national emancipation process was the Portuguese prince

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means that Australia's constitution is not contained in a single constitutional document. It means the Constitution of Australia is uncodified, it also contains

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would try to explain what constitutional designers were trying to do. According to Brownson there are, in a sense, three "constitutions" involved: The first the

8097: 2716:. However, some documents not explicitly listed in section 52(2) are also considered constitutional documents in Canada, entrenched via reference; such as the 5099: 5087: 806:

teachings, the document focuses more on social morality than on institutions of government, and remains a notable early attempt at a government constitution.

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nation also known as the Great Law of Peace, established a system of governance as far back as 1190 AD (though perhaps more recently at 1451) in which the

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or establish an independent judiciary, they may be ignored when the government feels threatened, or never put into practice. An extreme example was the

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also lacks explicit entrenched clauses, but has a similar substantive limit on amending its fundamental principles through judicial interpretations.

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In principle, constitutional rights are not a specific characteristic of democratic countries. Autocratic states have constitutions, such as that of

1700:. The model proposed that constitutional governments should be stable, adaptable, accountable, open and should represent the people (i.e., support 322:

below); in such states when an official act is unconstitutional, i.e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution, that act is

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noted the existence of national constitutions which are a facade for authoritarian sources of power. While such documents may express respect for

5658: 5423: 2573:. In case a formally valid amendment of a constitution infringes these principles protected against any amendment, it may constitute a so-called 5328: 1112:. It regulated all social spheres, so it was the second Serbian constitution, after St. Sava's Nomocanon (Zakonopravilo). The Code was based on 8344: 2751:

of the United Kingdom. Uncodified constitutions largely lack protection against amendment by the government of the time. For example, the U.K.

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on the following day. The constitution set up a state council consisting of 21 members while executive authority was vested in the office of "

8615: 8605: 4557: 4152: 3971:, this function is carried out by a dedicated constitutional court which performs this (and only this) function. In other countries, such as 6898: 6640: 6540: 6515: 6440: 6340: 6212: 6937: 6665: 6565: 6490: 6415: 6290: 6265: 6240: 6187: 6062: 5141: 3535: 2694: 2650: 2509: 2480: 585:(c. 350 BC) was the first to make a formal distinction between ordinary law and constitutional law, establishing ideas of constitution and 362: 6943: 6873: 6848: 6615: 6465: 6365: 6315: 6112: 1240:. These Constitutions were usually made formally as a royal initiative, but required for its approval or repeal the favorable vote of the 848:. The document was drawn up with the explicit concern of bringing to an end the bitter intertribal fighting between the clans of the Aws ( 6590: 6390: 6162: 6137: 6037: 4874: 2538:

law. That is, if there is any conflict between a legal statute and the codified constitution, all or part of the statute can be declared

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within articles 171 and 172 of Dušan's Code, which regulated juridical independence, is notable. They were taken from the Byzantine code

6773: 6723: 6087: 5926: 5503:. For both Portuguese and Italian liberals of these years, the Spanish constitution of 1812 remained the standard document of reference. 3857:

is an example) devolve more and more power to sub-national governments until the state functions in practice much like a federal state.

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might be the world's oldest active written constitution, since some of its core documents have been in operation since 1600, while the

6823: 6798: 6748: 6005: 1744:, and established a democratically elected Cossack parliament called the General Council. However, Orlyk's project for an independent 232:

used the term for significant and egregious violations of public trust, of a nature and extent that the transgression would justify a

8757: 8680: 7145: 3724: 2721: 2486: 1817: 1409: 591: 5753:

González de Lara, Yadira; Greif, Avner; Jha, Saumitra (May 2008). "The Administrative Foundations of Self-Enforcing Constitutions".

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Spanish-style military conspiracy also helped to inspire the beginning of the Russian revolutionary movement with the revolt of the

4847:: Volume iv. Ed. Uri Rubin. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998, p. 151 and see the same article in BSOAS 41 (1978): 18 ff. See also Caetani. 959:

in the original case was between the king and the nobility but was gradually extended to all of the people. It led to the system of

10438: 8241: 8042: 4406: 2686: 860:. The precise dating of the Constitution of Medina remains debated, but generally, scholars agree it was written shortly after the 178:

is the oldest active codified constitution. The historical life expectancy of a constitution since 1789 is approximately 19 years.

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and is considered the first constitution of its kind in Europe and the world's second oldest one after the American Constitution.

8974: 6693: 4663: 2036: 404:. However, the extent to which governments abide by their own constitutional provisions varies. In North Korea, for example, the 100:

When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a

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of the union's charter, and nobody would be compelled by the charter to follow them. An example from the constitutional law of

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have agreed to abide by some Union-wide measures which restrict their absolute sovereignty in some ways, e.g., the use of the

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Estonia, Gabon, Kazakhstan, Malawi, Palau, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia (in some cases), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

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response. The term as used by Blackstone was not for a legal text, nor did he intend to include the later American concept of

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Weak Constitutionalism: Democratic Legitimacy and the Question of Constituent Power (Routledge Research in Constitutional Law

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in 1814, adopting many facets from the American constitution and the revolutionary French ones, but maintaining a hereditary

5601: 5499:(emulating the Spanish word serviles applied to supporters of absolutism), and in the end talked of resisting by means of a 8655: 8640: 4742: 4706: 4640: 3723:

Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government. The standard model, described by the

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The Constitutional Law Group, Canadian Constitutional Law. 3rd ed. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications Ltd., 2003, p. 5

4946: 3975:, the ordinary courts may perform this function in addition to their other responsibilities. While elsewhere, like in the 385:

2008 Constitution was being secretly drafted for more than 17 years, whereas at the other extreme, during the drafting of

8635: 8571: 6960: 5696: 4910: 4318: 3813: 7373: 4930: 4893: 3763:, who has patronage powers to appoint and dismiss ministers. The president is accountable to the people in an election. 240:: "for that were to set the judicial power above that of the legislature, which would be subversive of all government". 42: 8690: 8339: 5989: 5962: 5911: 4036: 3511: 2494: 1828: 1558: 17: 9864: 9422: 9321: 8670: 8665: 8645: 8470: 5708: 5682: 5636: 5411: 5371: 5337: 5026: 4416: 4217: 4178: 2450: 2376: 2358: 2300: 2243: 1443: 1276:

that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the

1268: 942:", provided that the king was not permitted to imprison, outlaw, exile or kill anyone at a whim – there must be 175: 31: 2724:, some constitutional rules that exist in Canada are derived from unwritten sources and constitutional conventions. 2282: 556:. It eased the burden of the workers, and determined that membership of the ruling class was to be based on wealth ( 373:

constitutions do not last more than 10 years, and around 10% do not last more than one year, as was the case of the

9978: 9847: 9253: 8724: 8660: 8192: 7629: 7018: 4124: 4071: 3933: 3797: 2585: 1297:(first published in 1375, revised twice more before he died in 1398). These rules served as a constitution for the 880: 2644:

Uncodified constitutions are the product of an "evolution" of laws and conventions over centuries (such as in the

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SAH/D(2006)563 The Kurukan Fuga Charter: An example of an Endogenous Governance Mechanism for Conflict Prevention

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Albania, Andorra, Armenia (some amendments), Egypt, Slovenia, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen (some amendments), Zambia

2340: 2267: 1959: 1877: 1581: 1425: 1273: 794: 9293: 9034: 8888: 8750: 8541: 8009: 5047: 4953:, Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa organized by Sahel and West Africa Club / 2748: 2566:

process, and/or other procedures that make amending a constitution more difficult than passing a simple law.

2336: 2229: 1625: 35: 1061:'s Novellae). The Nomocanon was a completely new compilation of civil and canonical regulations, taken from 780:

combined this and two other earlier Saxon codes, with various Mosaic and Christian precepts, to produce the

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 41, No. 1. (1978), p. 4.

4116: 3888: 3760: 1904: 1839: 1011: 46: 2618: 10095: 9117: 8675: 8556: 8437: 8317: 8136: 8031: 7140: 3994:

Some countries, mainly those with uncodified constitutions, have no such courts at all. For example, the

3698: 3506:, or the consent of the minority party. For example, the U.S. Constitution has an entrenched clause that 2682: 2490: 1948: 1940: 1870: 1831: 1708: 1673: 1397: 374: 346: 62: 6976: 10070: 9569: 8589: 8551: 8382: 8141: 8020: 2777: 2705: 2666: 2464: 2016:

was put in force in September 1848 (with official revisions in 1878, 1891, 1949, 1971, 1982 and 1999).

2013: 1928: 1805: 1617: 1577: 1450:

constitution. It is the basis for every new Connecticut constitution since, and is also the reason for

1310: 1177:. 'Ibn al-Assal took his laws partly from apostolic writings and Mosaic law and partly from the former 1037:, and Ecumenical Council documents, which he modified with the canonical commentaries of Aristinos and 171: 136: 8156: 5653: 1189:. Even so, its first recorded use in the function of a constitution (supreme law of the land) is with 491:

ruled by special codes of written laws. The oldest such document still known to exist seems to be the

10153: 9142: 9094: 8684: 8108: 7300: 7089: 4003: 3999: 3830: 3554:

makes it impossible for certain basic features of the Constitution to be altered or destroyed by the

2678: 2472: 2115: 1881: 1613: 1352: 1217: 5767: 1517:

in 1647, as a set of propositions intended to be a basis for a constitutional settlement after King

9948: 9930: 9241: 9137: 8946: 8893: 8743: 8536: 8086: 7519: 7325: 5790: 5619: 5323: 4565: 4066: 4056: 4041: 3988: 3551: 2768: 2547: 1684:

What is sometimes called the "enlightened constitution" model was developed by philosophers of the

1677: 1526: 1486: 1198: 995: 964: 10282: 5818: 5351:"The Polish Constitution of May 3rd – a milestone in the history of law and the rise of democracy" 4467: 3743:. Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers between these branches. 116:; it is instead written in numerous fundamental acts of a legislature, court cases, and treaties. 10516: 10323: 10110: 9599: 9584: 8838: 8427: 8367: 8292: 7584: 7109: 6982: 5138: 4031: 3805: 3531: 3515: 2613: 2604:, the mission of the state can be defined as preserving a specific nation, language and culture. 2329: 2278: 2174: 2095: 2006: 1851: 1835: 1538: 1522: 1485:

promulgated the first detailed written constitution adopted by a modern state; it was called the

1054: 991: 960: 4989:

Tooker E (1990). "The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League". In Clifton JA (ed.).

4253: 3479:

Some countries are listed under more than one method because alternative procedures may be used.

546:

for many offenses (thus creating the modern term "draconian" for very strict rules). In 594 BC,

10511: 10378: 10363: 8873: 7378: 7315: 7310: 5762: 4165: 4142: 4021: 3656: 3608: 3543: 3539: 3523: 3519: 2713: 2701: 2534:

States that have codified constitutions normally give the constitution supremacy over ordinary

2528: 2397: 2127: 2123: 2032: 2002: 1944: 1786: 1502: 1015: 810: 222: 167: 139:

is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within

5979: 5901: 5458: 5452: 5029: 4994: 4868: 4775: 2531:

within a given country may itself be detrimental to separation of powers and the rule of law.

10482: 10075: 9753: 9564: 8986: 8929: 8823: 8808: 8432: 8392: 8256: 8221: 8188: 7991: 7489: 7225: 5952: 5296: 4344: 4051: 3780: 3662: 3547: 3527: 2799:), thus changing the frame of government without altering the existing text of the document. 1755: 1751: 1731: 1693: 1601: 1593: 1439: 1221: 565: 552: 401: 159: 50: 4459: 2773: 1893: 1859: 1404: 773: 742:

together with assorted earlier Roman laws. Systems that appeared somewhat later include the

57: 10203: 9549: 8969: 8487: 8422: 8322: 7624: 7285: 6015: 5515:

Lewin, Leif (May 1, 2007). "Majoritarian and Consensus Democracy: the Swedish Experience".

4293: 4046: 3983: 3957: 3718: 3703: 3668: 3628: 3575: 2744: 2717: 2637: 2551: 2468: 2166: 1782: 1774: 1685: 1525:. Charles had rejected the propositions, but before the start of the Second Civil War, the 1518: 1494: 1474: 1337: 1233: 1225: 1132: 1079: 963:, with further reforms shifting the balance of power from the monarchy and nobility to the 925: 900: 769: 694: 686: 645: 636: 597: 500: 162:

is the longest written constitution of any country in the world, with 146,385 words in its

5807:

Article gives information on the procedures for amending each of the Basic Laws of Israel.

3112:

Bahrain, Germany, India, Italy, Jordan, Namibia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Somalia, Zimbabwe

2665:

and traditions, such as holding general elections on Thursdays; together these constitute

2523:

Codified constitutions are often the product of some dramatic political change, such as a

1889: 1843: 1748:

State never materialized, and his constitution, written in exile, never went into effect.

1359:

history. It was an organic, coherent, and systematic work of legislation encompassing the

1181:

codes. There are a few historical records claiming that this law code was translated into

8: 10358: 9498: 9415: 9222: 8991: 8979: 8936: 8546: 8504: 8458: 8372: 8312: 8053: 7669: 7494: 7368: 7305: 7290: 5903:

Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe (Studies in Modern Law and Policy)

5832: 5213: 5190: 5167: 4460: 3972: 3937: 3880: 3801: 3752: 3684: 3633: 3618: 3603: 3555: 3508:

prohibits abolishing equal suffrage of the States within the Senate without their consent

3193:>50% + >50% + >50% (electors in majority of states/cantons)+ >50% (electors) 2756: 2393: 1669: 1514: 1392: 1263: 1136: 1007: 488: 148: 128: 6987: 4766:

Chilton, Adam S.; Versteeg, Mila (2014). "Do Constitutional Rights Make a Difference?".

2043:, Canada's constitution also has unwritten elements based in common law and convention. 1919:. The Spanish Constitution served as a model for other liberal constitutions of several 1078:

became the basis of the Serbian medieval law. The essence of Zakonopravilo was based on

10173: 9832: 9686: 9671: 9649: 9393: 9373: 9326: 9316: 9187: 8526: 8514: 8509: 8465: 8415: 8272: 8251: 8246: 7780: 7599: 7524: 7295: 7084: 7074: 5528: 5428:

War and Nation: identity and the process of state-building in South America (1800-1840)

4600:. Draft for presentation at NYU Workshop on Law, Economics and Politics. Archived from 4096: 3945: 3907: 3900: 3833:

dictates that sovereignty is ultimately contained at the centre. Some powers have been

3623: 2690: 2645: 2389: 2020: 1759: 1736: 1510: 1455: 1372: 1344: 1050: 921: 726: 630: 608: 603: 568:

again reformed the Athenian constitution and set it on a democratic footing in 508 BC.

279: 229: 144: 6701: 5927:

The official English language translation of the Greek Constitution as of May 27, 2008

5857: 5071: 2274: 1089: 571: 10158: 10080: 9918: 9661: 9656: 9609: 9534: 9528: 9368: 9286: 9089: 9069: 9014: 8566: 8521: 8497: 8480: 8377: 8362: 8332: 8327: 8277: 7945: 7908: 7839: 7790: 7664: 7393: 7104: 5985: 5958: 5907: 5704: 5678: 5598: 5532: 5475: 5462: 5407: 5333: 5300: 5289: 5259: 5022: 4998: 4771: 4497: 4471: 4438: 4412: 4386: 4270: 4213: 4106: 4091: 4081: 4061: 3987:

a law that would contradict the constitution, without first going through the proper

3961: 3941: 3919: 3875:

To some extent a group of states which do not constitute a federation as such may by

3756: 3644: 3613: 3489: 2662: 2658: 2570: 2543: 2235: 2103: 2088: 1994: 1978: 1963: 1847: 1794: 1727: 1482: 1432: 1417: 1293: 1277: 1229: 1182: 1121: 1067: 1033: 896: 690: 640:(534) was highly influential throughout Europe. This was followed in the east by the 586: 508: 191: 104:; if they are encompassed in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a 4123:

Judicial philosophies of constitutional interpretation (note: generally specific to

10163: 10130: 9629: 9493: 9488: 9453: 9149: 8996: 8964: 8941: 8777: 8531: 8492: 8453: 7955: 7810: 7499: 7479: 7413: 7383: 7358: 7320: 7099: 5772: 5733: 5524: 5448: 5249: 4378: 4157: 3925: 3838: 3728: 3689: 3650: 3510:. The term eternity clause is used in a similar manner in the constitutions of the 2150: 2071:, would examine designs for the government from a legal and historical standpoint. 1908: 1723: 1576:

was replaced in May 1657 by England's second, and last, codified constitution, the

1428: 1360: 1178: 1093: 1062: 979: 879:

c. 942–950. It served as the main law code in Wales until it was superseded by the

777: 754: 706: 670: 661: 531: 524: 492: 455: 369: 5189:(in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 283–284. 4370: 4234: 2165:. The second would include such elements as the making of decisions by the public 802:, is an early example of a constitution in Asian political history. Influenced by 10412: 10385: 10373: 10353: 10287: 10265: 10245: 10240: 10220: 10085: 10065: 10060: 9963: 9923: 9634: 9559: 9483: 9468: 9388: 9212: 9202: 9159: 9109: 9059: 9054: 9049: 8919: 8914: 8858: 8848: 8787: 8782: 8475: 8410: 8282: 7795: 7549: 7529: 7484: 7270: 5933: 5700: 5662: 5640: 5605: 5145: 5106: 5053: 5036: 4950: 4897: 4878: 4491: 4432: 4382: 4241: 4101: 4025: 2709: 2131: 2092: 1974: 1589: 1550: 1498: 1478: 1467: 1248: 1174: 1147: 1038: 956: 929: 909: 822: 814: 744: 712: 459: 299: 287: 237: 120: 5886: 1789:) and repealed torture, liberated agricultural trade, diminished the use of the 1435:. This can be seen as the first written constitution adopted by a modern state. 1304:

The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today is that of

1085: 10489: 10297: 10215: 9804: 9770: 9721: 9706: 9478: 9383: 9363: 9353: 9197: 9166: 9154: 9122: 9064: 9029: 9024: 8956: 8818: 8813: 8766: 8287: 8226: 8216: 8211: 7965: 7960: 7844: 7614: 7539: 7443: 7408: 7059: 5738: 5721: 4943: 3995: 3982:

A constitutional violation is an action or legislative act that is judged by a

3976: 3884: 3792:

Other independent institutions which some constitutions have set out include a

3775: 3759:

systems of government, department secretaries/ministers are accountable to the

2633: 2178: 2122:, arguing for the divine right of monarchs, on the one side, and on the other, 2080: 2052: 1916: 1855: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1288: 1241: 1202: 1152: 955:

This provision became the cornerstone of English liberty after that point. The

914: 904: 872: 799: 314:

In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary

262: 195: 163: 140: 5693: 4322: 3580:

Constitutions include various rights and duties. These include the following:

2677:

Some constitutions are largely, but not wholly, codified. For example, in the

2001:. However the Norwegians managed to infuse a radically democratic and liberal 1834:

was passed on 3 May 1791. Its draft was developed by the leading minds of the

821:, Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīna), also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted by the 624:. They operated under a series of laws that were added from time to time, but 10505: 10343: 10302: 10188: 10168: 10140: 10090: 10055: 10029: 10024: 10017: 9968: 9908: 9748: 9738: 9696: 9619: 9614: 9544: 9503: 9427: 9207: 9132: 9084: 8909: 8868: 8863: 8843: 8833: 7986: 7594: 7453: 7245: 7175: 7079: 5536: 5284: 3767: 3499: 2819: 2555: 2409: 2170: 2119: 2099: 1924: 1821: 1790: 1689: 1651: 1621: 1447: 1377: 1328: 1117: 1075: 1018:. Saint Sava began the work on the Serbian Nomocanon in 1208 while he was at 938: 861: 764: 666: 620: 607:, he explores different constitutions of his day, including those of Athens, 543: 315: 295: 233: 152: 5322:"The first European country to follow the U.S. example was Poland in 1791." 4890: 4741:. Chicago, IL: Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci.5:201–23. p. 203. Archived from 10475: 10225: 10193: 10148: 9886: 9881: 9852: 9765: 9711: 9644: 9624: 9518: 9458: 9448: 9400: 9358: 9336: 9279: 9192: 9127: 9079: 9074: 9006: 8883: 8878: 7996: 7805: 7710: 7403: 7388: 7114: 5378: 3929: 3793: 3590: 2792: 2788: 2597: 1920: 1770: 1620:), with the exceptions of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. The 1490: 1298: 1190: 1169: 1042: 674: 520: 516: 338: 212:: edicta, mandata, decreta, rescripta). Later, the term was widely used in 205: 94: 90: 7010: 5633: 4917: 4870:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century

4705:. Chicago, IL: Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci.5. pp. 201–23 . Archived from 4639:. Chicago, IL: Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci.5. pp. 201–23 . Archived from 2796: 1561:." This position was designated as a non-hereditary life appointment. The 1224:

were promulgated by the Court from 1283 (or even two centuries before, if

10397: 10338: 10328: 10125: 10120: 9958: 9859: 9775: 9734: 9701: 9666: 9589: 9513: 9463: 9378: 9044: 9019: 8853: 8803: 7970: 7903: 7720: 7639: 7423: 7398: 7348: 7260: 7220: 7215: 7195: 7190: 7180: 7165: 7160: 6964: 5776: 4813:

Watt. Muhammad at Medina and R.B. Serjeant "The Constitution of Medina."

4209: 4137: 4111: 3979:, the concept of declaring an act to be unconstitutional does not exist. 3732: 2629: 2622: 2143: 2111: 2075: 1778: 1713: 1647: 1451: 1252: 1228:

is considered part of the compilation of Constitutions) until 1716, when

1156:, which became the supreme law used in parts of Germany as late as 1900. 1019: 943: 933: 561: 410: 397: 274: 250: 5899: 4770:. Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Working Paper No. 694. 4522:(8th ed.). Naperville, IL: Oak Hill Publishing Company. p. 25. 1709:

Agreements and Constitutions of Laws and Freedoms of the Zaporizian Host

307:, "authorized" and "valid" have the same meaning; as do "beyond power", 10461: 10390: 10270: 10208: 9953: 9874: 9869: 9827: 9809: 9797: 9758: 9604: 9594: 9554: 9539: 9523: 9473: 9410: 9405: 9217: 9099: 9039: 8828: 8186: 7725: 7654: 7544: 7463: 7448: 7428: 7240: 7210: 7200: 7170: 7045: 5212:(in Swedish) (4th ed.). Stockholm: AV Carlsons. pp. 412–413. 5122: 4147: 3834: 3771: 3503: 2563: 2559: 2524: 2343: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2135: 2087:

A seminal juncture in this line of discourse arose in England from the

2025: 1900:. It established a federal government but was repealed one year later. 1863: 1813: 1697: 1566: 1333: 1305: 1186: 975: 936:

in 1215. The most important single article of Magna Carta, related to "

557: 535: 406:

Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System

291: 6983:

constitution | Theories, Features, Practices, & Facts | Britannica

5424:"1811 Miranda Declares Independence in Venezuela and Civil War Begins" 2783:

A constitutional amendment is a modification of the constitution of a

2157:

that includes all of what was called "natural law". The second is the

685:

Many of the Germanic peoples that filled the power vacuum left by the

10368: 10333: 10275: 10250: 10115: 10012: 10000: 9985: 9973: 9901: 9819: 9792: 9676: 7929: 7849: 7768: 7743: 7705: 7634: 7509: 7418: 7353: 7278: 7265: 7250: 7235: 7205: 7185: 6010: 4462:

Controlling the State: Constitutionalism from Ancient Athens to Today

4015: 3944:; however, citizens who transgressed unwritten limits were summarily 3809: 3736: 3495: 2654: 2593: 2413: 2107: 2060: 2059:, who called for rule by "philosopher-kings". Later writers, such as 1998: 1936: 1885: 1701: 1637: 1364: 1237: 1197:

remained the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931, when a modern-style

1113: 1071: 1058: 1003: 999: 971: 876: 782: 735: 717: 625: 582: 576: 512: 467: 443: 431: 328: 258: 213: 78: 74: 10456: 5890:. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Retrieved 28 August 2023. 5217: 5171: 2318: 2285:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1208: 768:(c. 785). These continental codes were all composed in Latin, while 253:

mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and

10417: 10402: 10105: 9990: 9787: 9331: 7893: 7649: 7504: 7438: 7363: 7330: 7230: 7119: 7041: 5194: 3842: 3598: 3550:

does not contain specific provisions on entrenched clauses but the

2927:

Estonia, Portugal (in the five years following the last amendment)

2581: 2190: 2068: 1809: 1798: 1597: 1585: 1501:, can be traced back to the experiments of that period. Drafted by 1356: 1348: 1125: 849: 825: 803: 749: 612: 8735: 6971: 6951: 6929:, an indexed and searchable database of all constitutions in force 6241:"Read about "Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience" on Constitute" 5232:"Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution" 5166:(in Swedish) (4th ed.). Stockholm: AV Carlsons. p. 410. 4845:

The Life of Muhammad: The Formation of the Classical Islamic World

4018:, equivalent in some countries, often for a temporary constitution 673:. For constitutional principles almost lost to antiquity, see the 618:

The Romans initially codified their constitution in 450 BC as the

216:

for an important determination, especially a decree issued by the

10307: 10255: 10235: 10183: 9995: 9913: 9729: 9691: 9639: 9182: 8236: 7935: 7700: 7659: 7604: 7579: 7433: 7255: 7155: 6932: 5187:

Historia för gymnasiet: allmän och nordisk historia efter år 1000

4321:. Ministry of Law and Justice of India. July 2008. Archived from 4086: 3968: 3850: 2601: 2589: 2535: 1970: 1897: 1745: 1010:. Its basic purpose was to organize the functioning of the young 853: 653: 499:(c. 2050 BC). Some of the better-known ancient law codes are the 439: 400:, which officially grants every citizen, among other things, the 390: 382: 272:); if they do not, they are termed "beyond power" (or, in Latin, 254: 124: 6899:"Read about "Truth and reconciliation commission" on Constitute" 6441:"Read about "Right to development of personality" on Constitute" 5655:

The American Republic: its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny

5574:

The Doubter's Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense

5457:. Vol. 2. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 1740:. This Constitution also limited the executive authority of the 1541:

presented by the Agitators and their civilian supporters at the

1212:

Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585

10407: 10260: 10005: 9896: 9891: 9837: 9508: 7940: 7775: 7730: 7069: 7064: 6926: 5881:"Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia". 3876: 2784: 2571:

most basic principles can never be abolished, even by amendment

2064: 1986: 1982: 1955: 1718: 1381: 1143: 1109: 1105: 1101: 987: 837: 833: 829: 721: 539: 471: 132: 86: 6799:"Read about "Establishment of judicial council" on Constitute" 6591:"Read about "Right to protect one's reputation" on Constitute" 5634:

Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos (Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants)

5208:

Borg, Ivan; Nordell, Erik; Rodhe, Sten; Nordell, Erik (1967).

5162:

Borg, Ivan; Nordell, Erik; Rodhe, Sten; Nordell, Erik (1967).

4991:

The Invented Indian: cultural fictions and government policies

4231:

R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport

3779:

part of it). Confidence can be lost if the government loses a

119:

Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from

10348: 10292: 10198: 10039: 9842: 9341: 6997: 6391:"Read about "Right to conscientious objection" on Constitute" 5454:

A History of Spain and Portugal: Eighteenth Century to Franco

4957:, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), June 26 to 28, 2006. pp. 71–82. 3854: 3846: 3740: 3739:. Some constitutions include additional branches, such as an 2195: 2056: 1932: 1912: 1658: 1284: 1046: 946:

of law first. This article, Article 39, of Magna Carta read:

868: 857: 845: 789: 700: 665:

established constitutional principles for the 3rd century BC

547: 481: 463: 435: 386: 350: 97:, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. 82: 4968:"The United States has "the longest surviving constitution"" 2830:

Legislature (unicameral, joint session or lower house only)

2546:. In addition, exceptional procedures are often required to 575:

Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by

426: 10230: 10178: 10034: 9432: 9348: 8924: 4954: 1808:, ratified 21 June 1788, was influenced by the writings of 1666: 1355:

in April 1827. The Carta was a work of great importance in

1160: 504: 451: 345:

Scholars debate whether a constitution must necessarily be

333: 217: 170:

is the shortest written constitution with 3,814 words. The

6749:"Read about "Counter corruption commission" on Constitute" 6616:"Read about "Right to renounce citizenship" on Constitute" 6541:"Read about "Right to overthrow government" on Constitute" 6063:"Read about "Duty to serve in the military" on Constitute" 2722:

a number of different statutes, amendments, and references

2508:

different sources, which may be written or unwritten; see

917:. It survived only in later editions of the 15th century. 772:

was used for those of England, beginning with the Code of

710:, applying separate codes for Germans and for Romans; the 9302: 7736: 6316:"Read about "Provision for civil marriage" on Constitute" 4377:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–64, 4076: 3585: 2550:. These procedures may include: convocation of a special 1632: 1509:

included elements incorporated from an earlier document "

841: 6113:"Read about "Claim of universal suffrage" on Constitute" 5752: 2580:

Codified constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial

1915:, the only Spanish continental city which was safe from 6988:

Constitutionalism | Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

6963:, on the relationship between constitution-making, the 5644:, "Junius Brutus" (Orig. Fr. 1581, Eng. tr. 1622, 1688) 5609:, Franciscus de Victoria (lect. 1532, first pub. 1557). 5396: 5207: 5161: 4730:

Ginsburg, Tom; Zachary, Elkins; Blount, Justin (2009).

4694:

Ginsburg, Tom; Zachary, Elkins; Blount, Justin (2009).

4628:

Ginsburg, Tom; Zachary, Elkins; Blount, Justin (2009).

496: 9271: 6993:

Constitutions and Constitutionalism | Encyclopedia.com

6957:

English translations of various national constitutions

6366:"Read about "Right to academic freedom" on Constitute" 4993:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 4656: 4540:

Zachary, Elkins; Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James (2009).

4369:

Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James (2009),

4160:(adopts same changes, but without constitutional name) 3304:

Lower house + upper house + sub-national legislatures

2520:

Most states in the world have codified constitutions.

2046: 738:, king of the Visigoths, adopted and consolidated the 4729: 4693: 4627: 4539: 4437:. Oxford University Press. May 17, 2012. p. 17. 4408:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

6824:"Read about "Human rights commission" on Constitute" 6466:"Read about "Right to found a family" on Constitute" 5017:

Fritze, Ronald H. & Robison, William B. (1996).

4564:. September 6, 1789. pp. 392–97. Archived from 4520:

The U.S. Constitution and Fascinating Facts About It

4368: 3883:

entity. For example, the countries constituting the

3879:

and accords give up parts of their sovereignty to a

2189:

Constitutional design has been treated as a kind of

1607: 6163:"Read about "Freedom of association" on Constitute" 4851:. Milano: Hoepli, 1905, p. 393. Julius Wellhausen. 4212:(editor), 2051 pp., 2005, Oxford University Press, 3569: 2877:Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen 2009:limited by the constitution, like the Spanish one. 1549:was adopted by Parliament on 15 December 1653, and 907:around 1017, and in 1054 was incorporated into the 6188:"Read about "Freedom of expression" on Constitute" 5402:Briceño Perozo, Mario. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de" in 5288: 5069: 5019:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 3998:has traditionally operated under the principle of 2588:and/or to fundamental values of the state such as 1820:, and others. The document became a benchmark for 8247:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister 6774:"Read about "Electoral commission" on Constitute" 6491:"Read about "Right to information" on Constitute" 5900:Kyriaki Topidi and Alexander H.E. Morawa (2010). 4732:"Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?" 4696:"Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?" 4664:"The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution" 4630:"Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?" 4493:Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law 4434:Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law 3787: 3494:An entrenched clause or entrenchment clause of a 1319:(Town Statute) of 1300, itself influenced by the 1185:and entered Ethiopia around 1450 in the reign of 628:was not reorganized into a single code until the 10503: 6416:"Read about "Right to fair trial" on Constitute" 6266:"Read about "Freedom of religion" on Constitute" 6213:"Read about "Freedom of movement" on Constitute" 6138:"Read about "Freedom of assembly" on Constitute" 5722:"The Constitutional Dilemma of Economic Liberty" 2558:of legislators' votes, approval in two terms of 6961:United Nations Rule of Law: Constitution-making 6641:"Read about "Rights of children" on Constitute" 5977: 5950: 4765: 2943:>50% before and after an election + >50% 2811:Procedures for amending national constitutions 1824:and codified constitutions written thereafter. 1680:, where the Constitution has just been adopted. 1255:, reconstructed from oral tradition in 1988 by 693:codified their laws. One of the first of these 204:, used for regulations and orders, such as the 6666:"Read about "Rights of debtors" on Constitute" 6341:"Read about "Right of petition" on Constitute" 6038:"Read about "Duty to pay taxes" on Constitute" 4768:Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics 3770:systems, Cabinet Ministers are accountable to 2084:the remedies for the abuse of such authority. 1993:, which saw the division of power between the 1888:and Latin America, promulgated and drafted by 1569:, with each sitting for at least five months. 1408:A painting depicting George Washington at the 147:. Changes to constitutions frequently require 9287: 8751: 8172: 8098:Autonomous types of first-tier administration 7026: 6849:"Read about "Media commission" on Constitute" 6566:"Read about "Right to privacy" on Constitute" 4179:What Can We Learn from Written Constitutions? 458:in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known 5984:. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 626. 5833:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" 3153:Either house of legislature + joint session 2636:, have wholly uncodified constitutions. The 634:(438 AD); later, in the Eastern Empire, the 363:Constitution of the United States of America 319: 7040: 6516:"Read about "Right to marry" on Constitute" 4933:. Dusanov Zakonik. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 4404: 3891:instead of national units previously used. 2755:legislated by simple majority for strictly 2244:Learn how and when to remove these messages 416: 199: 9294: 9280: 8758: 8744: 8293:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary 8179: 8165: 7033: 7019: 6694:"Il bicameralismo tra due modelli mancati" 6291:"Read about "Human dignity" on Constitute" 5946: 5944: 5942: 5816:"The Spanish Constitution and its reform" 5406:, Vol. 3. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1999. 4588: 4451: 4311: 3133:Lower house + upper house + joint session 2919:Bulgaria, Solomon Islands (in some cases) 2720:. Although Canada's constitution includes 2607: 2569:Constitutions may also provide that their 2562:, the consent of regional legislatures, a 2554:or constitutional convention, requiring a 724:, all written soon after 500. In 506, the 356: 27:Fundamental principles that govern a state 6724:"Read about "Central bank" on Constitute" 6088:"Read about "Duty to work" on Constitute" 5783: 5766: 5737: 5248: 5125:(1903), Dictionary of National Biography 4496:. Oxford University Press. May 17, 2012. 4405:Mousourakis, George (December 12, 2003). 3727:, involves three branches of government: 2377:Learn how and when to remove this message 2359:Learn how and when to remove this message 2301:Learn how and when to remove this message 1537:as their alternative to the more radical 1291:created and refined a document he called 886: 10439:History of the American legal profession 6235: 6233: 5719: 4988: 4881:. Google Books. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 4534: 4532: 4530: 4177:Zachary Elkins and Tom Ginsburg. 2021. " 3951: 3025:Legislature + sub-national legislatures 2772: 2687:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 2685:, as adopted by the Commonwealth in the 2617: 2515: 2388: 1636: 1461: 1412:of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution 1403: 1391: 1236:, finishing with the historical laws of 1207: 570: 425: 56: 41: 6691: 5939: 5858:"Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" 5316: 5283: 5201: 5184: 5073:The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism 4544:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4542:The Endurance of National Constitutions 4375:The Endurance of National Constitutions 4006:could not be questioned by the courts. 3913: 3712: 3255:before and after an election + >50% 3182:Lower house + upper house + referendum 2735:are often used interchangeably, as are 2037:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1565:also required the calling of triennial 1387: 1351:until it was superseded by the code of 1311:Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini 1088:, emperor of Serbs and Greeks, enacted 1049:, the translation of Prohiron, and the 550:, the ruler of Athens, created the new 349:, resulting from the nations "spirit". 14: 10504: 6948:, "Constitutions, bibliography, links" 6874:"Read about "Ombudsman" on Constitute" 5011: 4982: 4900:. Search.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 4794:Jihād: the origin of holy war in Islam 4517: 4457: 4258: 3231:Japan, Romania, Zimbabwe (some cases) 2805: 2672: 2628:As of 2017 only two sovereign states, 1633:Democratic constitutions: 18th century 1104:, in two state congresses: in 1349 in 1041:, local church meetings, rules of the 110:The Constitution of the United Kingdom 9275: 8739: 8160: 7014: 7001: 6230: 5893: 5514: 5447: 5224: 5056:Instrument of Government (England ). 4622: 4620: 4591:"Innovation in Constitutional Rights" 4527: 4264: 3894: 3483: 2704:resulted from the passage of several 1726:. It was written to establish a free 261:, including those that may be in the 9248: 6014:. September 26, 2004. Archived from 5404:Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela 5155: 4674:from the original on August 11, 2019 4581: 4562:Popular Basis of Political Authority 4466:. Harvard University Press. p. 4288: 4286: 4153:Proposed European Union constitution 2833:>50% + >50% after an election 2341:adding citations to reliable sources 2312: 2250: 2209: 1797:. The constitution was commended by 680: 8765: 8252:Speaker / President of the assembly 5981:Encyclopedia of World Constitutions 5971: 5906:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 105. 5675:Principles of Constitutional Design 4558:"Thomas Jefferson to James Madison" 3814:truth and reconciliation commission 2575:unconstitutional constitutional law 2424: 2047:Principles of constitutional design 1513:", which had been agreed to by the 818: 704:(471 AD). This was followed by the 381:cases registered. For example, the 243: 24: 8340:International development minister 6938:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 5720:Weingast, Barry R. (Summer 2005). 5529:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1998.tb00012.x 5372:"The Constitution of May 3 (1791)" 4617: 4183:Annual Review of Political Science 4171: 4067:Corporate constitutional documents 4037:Constitution of the Roman Republic 3819: 2600:. In ethnic nation-states such as 1945:the Norwegian constitution of 1814 1869:Another landmark document was the 1754:of 1755 and 1794 were inspired by 1584:. The Petition offered hereditary 1559:Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 1251:was a 13th-century charter of the 311:, "not authorized" and "invalid". 25: 10528: 9423:Restitution and unjust enrichment 8715:Government ministers by portfolio 8471:Ministry of Education and Culture 6920: 5258:. Fred B. Rothman & Company. 5210:Historia för gymnasiet. Årskurs 1 5178: 5164:Historia för gymnasiet. Årskurs 1 4298:Comparative Constitutions Project 4283: 3746: 3694:Right to protect one's reputation 2983:3/4 + >50% of eligible voters 2419: 2225:This article has multiple issues. 1989:. Sweden had already enacted its 1608:British colonies in North America 1323:, and it remains in force today. 697:to be written was the Visigothic 176:Constitution of the United States 32:Constitution of the United States 10470: 10469: 10455: 9247: 9236: 9235: 8720: 8719: 8709: 8708: 6970: 6953:International Constitutional Law 6891: 6866: 6841: 6816: 6791: 6766: 6741: 6716: 6683: 6658: 5726:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4739:University of Chicago Law School 4703:University of Chicago Law School 4637:University of Chicago Law School 4269:. S. Chand & Co. p. 3. 4125:United States constitutional law 4072:International constitutional law 3934:Constitution of the Soviet Union 3570:Constitutional rights and duties 3188:Algeria, France, Ireland, Italy 2849:60% + >50% after an election 2841:>50% + 60% after an election 2461:Fully written (in few documents) 2317: 2255: 2214: 2118:, leading to the debate between 1981:lost its personal possession of 1781:. The king also cherished other 1497:, the written constitution, and 1024:The Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles 881:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 438:shows him receiving the laws of 73:is the aggregate of fundamental 10434:History of the legal profession 8043:Social and political philosophy 6698:L'Ago e Il Filo Edizione Online 6633: 6608: 6583: 6558: 6533: 6508: 6483: 6458: 6433: 6408: 6383: 6358: 6333: 6308: 6283: 6258: 6205: 6180: 6155: 6130: 6105: 6080: 6055: 6030: 5998: 5920: 5875: 5850: 5825: 5810: 5746: 5713: 5687: 5668: 5647: 5626: 5612: 5591: 5579: 5566: 5557: 5551:"Constitution Act, 1982, s. 60" 5543: 5508: 5441: 5416: 5364: 5343: 5311:May second oldest constitution. 5272: 5242: 5139:constitution (politics and law) 5132: 5116: 5092: 5080: 5063: 5041: 4960: 4936: 4924: 4903: 4884: 4862: 4833: 4820: 4807: 4783: 4758: 4722: 4686: 4549: 4510: 4484: 4425: 4371:"Conceptualizing Constitutions" 4002:under which the laws passed by 3804:, a judicial oversight body, a 3201:60% + 60% + >50% (optional) 3086:Poland, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2753:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 2697:, thus is partially unwritten. 2542:by a court, and struck down as 2502: 2328:needs additional citations for 2233:or discuss these issues on the 2205: 2041:Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982 1929:Portuguese Constitution of 1822 1376:, the oral constitution of the 1272:in Nuremberg headed by Emperor 1098:Душанов Законик/Dušanov Zakonik 913:; it became the law for all of 875:(Law of Hywel) was codified by 8388:Ministry of trade and industry 7879:Political history of the world 7002: 5517:Scandinavian Political Studies 5021:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 4589:Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James. 4398: 4362: 4337: 4247: 4223: 4205:New Oxford American Dictionary 4196: 4133:List of national constitutions 3788:Other independent institutions 1878:1811 Constitution of Venezuela 1829:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1728:Zaporozhian-Ukrainian Republic 1426:Lord High Chancellor of Sweden 1028:Synopsis of Stefan the Efesian 798:written in 604, reportedly by 795:Seventeen-article constitution 534:codified the oral laws of the 13: 1: 9035:Needle and syringe programmes 8889:Universal access to education 8542:Ministry of religious affairs 5694:The Paradox of Self-Amendment 5185:Bäcklin, Martin, ed. (1965). 5111:Declaration of Representation 4189: 3591:Duty to serve in the military 2938:Djibouti, Ecuador, Venezuela 2762: 2173:and conducted by established 1991:1809 Instrument of Government 1622:Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1422:1634 Instrument of Government 1201:was first granted by Emperor 474: 36:Constitution (disambiguation) 30:For the US constitution, see 7884:History of political thought 5755:The American Economic Review 5295:. Penguin Classics. p. 4801:Encyclopedia of Islam Online 4383:10.1017/cbo9780511817595.004 4117:Rule according to higher law 3889:metric system of measurement 3536:the Islamic Republic of Iran 3185:>50% + >50% + >50% 1949:Mexican Constitution of 1824 1905:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1840:Stanislaw August Poniatowski 1767:Swedish constitution of 1772 1596:'s control over issuing new 181: 47:Constitution of the Year XII 7: 9118:Publicly funded health care 8557:Ministry of social security 8438:Ministry of water resources 8318:Ministry of foreign affairs 8187:Common types of government 6692:Buonomo, Giampiero (2013). 5822:. Retrieved 28 August 2023. 5791:"Basic Laws – Introduction" 5070:Francis D. Wormuth (1949). 4849:Annali dell'Islam, Volume I 4009: 3924:Italian political theorist 3472:Bulgaria (some amendments) 2281:the claims made and adding 1941:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1931:, constitutions of various 1871:French Constitution of 1791 1398:Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk 1165:'Abul Fada'il Ibn al-'Assal 1163:Egyptian Christian writer, 984:Законоправило/Zakonopravilo 637:Codex repetitæ prælectionis 542:; this code prescribed the 375:French Constitution of 1791 361:Since 1789, along with the 326:, and the nullification is 112:is a notable example of an 63:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 10: 10533: 10101:International legal theory 9580:International slavery laws 9575:International human rights 9570:International criminal law 8590:Minister without portfolio 8552:Ministry of social affairs 8383:Ministry of infrastructure 5932:November 14, 2017, at the 5739:10.1257/089533005774357815 5699:September 4, 2006, at the 5604:December 21, 2016, at the 5483:(juntas), appointed local 5255:Constitutions of the World 5152:. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 5105:December 27, 2022, at the 5060:. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 5035:December 27, 2022, at the 4877:December 27, 2022, at the 3955: 3917: 3898: 3798:anti-corruption commission 3716: 3573: 3487: 3451:Constitutional convention 3424:Sub-national legislatures 3071:Lower house + upper house 2860:France, Senegal, Slovakia 2778:United States Constitution 2766: 2706:British North America Acts 2695:constitutional conventions 2667:British constitutional law 2651:constitutional conventions 2611: 2449:Most of the world (first: 2163:constitution of government 2014:Swiss Federal Constitution 1927:nations, for example, the 1806:United States Constitution 1643:Constitution of 3 May 1791 1618:United States Constitution 1578:Humble Petition and Advice 1503:Major-General John Lambert 786:code of laws for England. 530:In 621 BC, a scribe named 450:Excavations in modern-day 421: 368:In the late 18th century, 172:Constitution of San Marino 137:international organization 29: 10449: 10426: 10316: 10154:Administration of justice 10139: 10048: 9939: 9818: 9720: 9441: 9309: 9231: 9175: 9143:National health insurance 9108: 9095:Supervised injection site 9005: 8955: 8902: 8796: 8773: 8704: 8641:Communications ministries 8598: 8582: 8446: 8401: 8353: 8301: 8265: 8199: 8127: 8120: 7979: 7921: 7869: 7862: 7830: 7823: 7763: 7756: 7691: 7682: 7565: 7558: 7472: 7341: 7128: 7090:National unity government 7052: 7008: 6903:www.constituteproject.org 6878:www.constituteproject.org 6853:www.constituteproject.org 6828:www.constituteproject.org 6803:www.constituteproject.org 6778:www.constituteproject.org 6753:www.constituteproject.org 6728:www.constituteproject.org 6670:www.constituteproject.org 6645:www.constituteproject.org 6620:www.constituteproject.org 6595:www.constituteproject.org 6570:www.constituteproject.org 6545:www.constituteproject.org 6520:www.constituteproject.org 6495:www.constituteproject.org 6470:www.constituteproject.org 6445:www.constituteproject.org 6420:www.constituteproject.org 6395:www.constituteproject.org 6370:www.constituteproject.org 6345:www.constituteproject.org 6320:www.constituteproject.org 6295:www.constituteproject.org 6270:www.constituteproject.org 6245:www.constituteproject.org 6217:www.constituteproject.org 6192:www.constituteproject.org 6167:www.constituteproject.org 6142:www.constituteproject.org 6117:www.constituteproject.org 6092:www.constituteproject.org 6067:www.constituteproject.org 6042:www.constituteproject.org 5957:. Routledge. p. 67. 5661:October 10, 2017, at the 5639:February 2, 2017, at the 5576:. Toronto: Penguin, 1995. 4949:October 10, 2017, at the 4896:October 10, 2017, at the 4518:Jordan, Terry L. (2013). 4421:– via Google Books. 4349:www.constituteproject.org 4345:"Monaco 1962 (rev. 2002)" 4004:United Kingdom Parliament 4000:parliamentary sovereignty 3831:Parliamentary sovereignty 3808:, a media commission, an 3450: 3423: 3303: 3181: 3070: 3024: 2932:Legislature + referendum 2931: 2829: 2679:Constitution of Australia 2510:constitutional convention 2481:constitutional convention 2479:Partially unwritten (see 2457: 1793:and instituted a form of 1614:Articles of Confederation 1410:Constitutional Convention 1266:was a decree issued by a 1218:Principality of Catalonia 1142:Between 1220 and 1230, a 1097: 983: 895:, originally combined by 560:), rather than on birth ( 9931:Basic structure doctrine 9781:Natural and legal rights 9662:Public international law 9138:Single-payer health care 8947:Universal basic services 8894:Universal basic services 8636:Climate change ministers 8537:Ministry of home affairs 7520:Environmental regulation 7326:Representative democracy 5978:Gerhard Robbers (2006). 5951:Joel Colón-Ríos (2012). 5703:, by Peter Suber (1990) 5677:, Donald S. Lutz (2006) 5620:The Law of War and Peace 5476:Decembrist army officers 5127:Index and Epitome p. 991 5076:. Harper & Brothers. 4891:Metasearch Search Engine 4057:Constitutional economics 4042:Constitutional amendment 3989:constitutional amendment 3936:that on paper supported 3853:). Some unitary states ( 3564:Constitution of Colombia 3552:basic structure doctrine 2769:Constitutional amendment 2446:In single act (document) 2403:Most commonly, the term 1862:. It was adopted by the 1773:and was inspired by the 1758:. The latter introduced 1661:-trimmed cloak), enters 1574:Instrument of Government 1547:Instrument of Government 1507:Instrument of Government 1487:Instrument of Government 1431:after the death of king 1301:for the next 250 years. 1131:In 1222, Hungarian King 990:constitution from 1219. 417:Pre-modern constitutions 220:, now referred to as an 210:constitutiones principis 10111:Principle of typicality 9585:International trade law 9301: 8839:Public good (economics) 8725:Ministries by portfolio 8696:Public works ministries 8428:Ministry of electricity 8368:Ministry of the economy 8242:Office of the president 7585:Uncodified constitution 7110:Administrative division 6967:and the United Nations. 5150:Encyclopædia Britannica 5144:April 17, 2015, at the 5058:Encyclopædia Britannica 4857:Israel Oriental Studies 4319:"Constitution of India" 4294:"Constitution Rankings" 4032:Consent of the governed 3806:human rights commission 3673:Right to start a family 3657:conscientious objection 3641:Right to civil marriage 3327:Canada (in most cases) 3310:Canada (in some cases) 3196:Australia, Switzerland 3120:Brazil, Czech Republic 2741:uncodified constitution 2614:Uncodified constitution 2608:Uncodified constitution 2159:constitution of society 1852:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 1836:Enlightenment in Poland 1769:was enacted under King 1712:was written in 1710 by 1539:Agreement of the People 1523:First English Civil War 1466:On 4 January 1649, the 1193:beginning in 1563. The 994:was the compilation of 961:Constitutional Monarchy 357:History and development 320:Uncodified constitution 114:uncodified constitution 8661:Environment ministries 8631:Agriculture ministries 8626:Presidents of assembly 8621:Deputy prime ministers 5665:, O.A. Brownson (1866) 4872:John Van Antwerp Fine 4853:Skizzen und Vorabeiten 4458:Gordon, Scott (1999). 4240:March 5, 2017, at the 4166:United Nations Charter 4143:Strict constructionism 4022:Apostolic constitution 3609:Freedom of association 3354:India (in some cases) 3258:Spain (in some cases) 3204:Spain (in most cases) 3012:Namibia, Sierra Leone 2780: 2757:fixed-term parliaments 2737:unwritten constitution 2714:Constitution Act, 1982 2702:Constitution of Canada 2683:Statute of Westminster 2625: 2400: 2155:constitution of nature 2149:The later writings of 2033:Constitution of Canada 1939:revolts (i.e., in the 1903:On 19 March 1812, the 1752:Corsican Constitutions 1730:, with the support of 1681: 1446:, which was the first 1413: 1401: 1213: 1128:(book VII, 1, 16–17). 1057:(most were taken from 953: 887:Middle Ages after 1000 811:Constitution of Medina 592:Constitution of Athens 579: 447: 290:would be a provincial 223:apostolic constitution 200: 168:Constitution of Monaco 66: 54: 34:. For other uses, see 10106:Principle of legality 9865:Delegated legislation 9565:Intellectual property 8987:Public infrastructure 8824:Public administration 8809:Free-culture movement 8656:Environment ministers 8562:Minister for Veterans 8433:Ministry of Petroleum 8393:Ministry of transport 8232:Deputy First Minister 8222:Deputy prime minister 8076:aspects of capitalism 7992:History of philosophy 7490:Unemployment benefits 7226:Military dictatorship 5623:, Hugo Grotius (1625) 5491:), used the terms of 5291:The Federalist Papers 5052:May 22, 2015, at the 4920:on November 25, 2011. 4052:Constitutional crisis 3956:Further information: 3952:Constitutional courts 3781:vote of no confidence 3614:Freedom of expression 2776: 2733:codified constitution 2621: 2516:Codified constitution 2392: 2028:on 15 February 1835. 1973:, as a result of the 1762:for property owners. 1756:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1732:Charles XII of Sweden 1694:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1678:Warsaw's Royal Castle 1676:; in the background, 1672:will swear to uphold 1655:King Stanisław August 1640: 1462:English civil war era 1440:Colony of Connecticut 1424:, drawn up under the 1407: 1395: 1347:. It was in force in 1294:Ancestral Injunctions 1222:Catalan constitutions 1211: 948: 574: 553:Solonian Constitution 429: 402:freedom of expression 160:Constitution of India 106:codified constitution 60: 51:First French Republic 45: 10324:Barristers' chambers 10266:Legal representation 10204:Justice of the peace 9550:Financial regulation 8651:Education ministries 8488:Information minister 8423:Environment minister 8323:Immigration minister 8010:Political ideologies 7286:Parliamentary system 6006:"The basic features" 5777:10.1257/aer.98.2.105 5588:, by Francesco Hayez 5572:Saul, John Ralston. 5384:on November 16, 2017 4325:on February 23, 2015 4267:India's Constitution 4265:Pylee, M.V. (1997). 4047:Constitutional court 3984:constitutional court 3958:Constitutional court 3914:Facade constitutions 3802:electoral commission 3725:Baron de Montesquieu 3719:Separation of powers 3713:Separation of powers 3699:renounce citizenship 3677:Right to information 3669:personal development 3629:Freedom of the press 3576:Constitutional right 3548:India's constitution 3315:>50% + >50% + 3296:75% + 75% + >50% 3291:Poland (some cases) 3288:+ >50% + >50% 3274:Antigua and Barbuda 3136:>50% + >50% + 2745:Basic Laws of Israel 2729:written constitution 2718:Proclamation of 1763 2638:Basic Laws of Israel 2552:constituent assembly 2548:amend a constitution 2398:Russian Constitution 2337:improve this article 1960:Constitution of 1824 1775:separation of powers 1686:Age of Enlightenment 1674:the new Constitution 1663:St. John's Cathedral 1521:was defeated in the 1495:separation of powers 1475:English Protectorate 1388:Modern constitutions 1338:Giudicato of Arborea 1234:Nueva Planta decrees 1226:Usatges of Barcelona 1080:Corpus Iuris Civilis 992:St. Sava's Nomocanon 926:Charter of Liberties 924:proclamation of the 901:Grand Prince of Kiev 687:Western Roman Empire 646:Leo III the Isaurian 501:code of Lipit-Ishtar 135:that establishes an 102:written constitution 81:that constitute the 61:Constitution of the 10359:Election commission 10071:Expressive function 9600:Landlord–tenant law 9499:Consumer protection 9223:Public viewing area 8992:Public water system 8980:Municipal broadband 8937:Public broadcasting 8547:Ministry of science 8505:Ministry of justice 8498:Ministry of housing 8459:Ministry of culture 8373:Ministry of finance 8313:Ministry of defence 8132:Forms of government 8065:Conservatism navbox 7670:Legislative council 7495:National healthcare 7369:Christian democracy 7291:Presidential system 7146:Countries by system 6977:Portal:Constitution 4670:. August 15, 2017. 4568:on October 14, 2018 3938:freedom of assembly 3685:Right of revolution 3634:Freedom of religion 3619:Freedom of movement 3604:Freedom of assembly 3556:Parliament of India 2812: 2806:Methods of amending 2673:Mixed constitutions 1997:, the king and the 1340:promulgated by the 1264:Golden Bull of 1356 1137:Golden Bull of 1222 1008:Ecumenical Councils 776:(602). Around 893, 300:judicially reviewed 166:version, while the 127:and unincorporated 121:sovereign countries 10317:Legal institutions 10184:Lawsuit/Litigation 10174:Dispute resolution 9979:Catholic canon law 9687:State of emergency 9650:Will and testament 9374:Law of obligations 9327:Constitutional law 9317:Administrative law 9188:Government auction 8874:Public procurement 8691:Interior ministers 8572:Minister for women 8527:Ministry of sports 8515:Ministry of labour 8510:Minister of labour 8481:Ministry of health 8466:Education minister 8416:Ministry of energy 8273:Secretary of state 8137:Types of democracy 8032:Political spectrum 7645:Legislative bodies 7600:Head of government 7525:Banking regulation 7085:Federal government 7075:Central government 6945:Constitutional Law 6933:Amendments Project 5329:Waves of Democracy 4911:"Short Term Loans" 4841:Muhammad at Medina 4792:Reuven Firestone, 4097:Judicial restraint 4082:International law 3908:state of emergency 3901:State of emergency 3895:State of emergency 3704:Rights of children 3624:Freedom of thought 3484:Entrenched clauses 2935:>50% + >50% 2908:after an election 2891:after an election 2810: 2781: 2691:Australia Act 1986 2659:royal prerogatives 2646:Westminster System 2626: 2401: 2266:possibly contains 2175:rules of procedure 2098:, the writings of 2021:Serbian revolution 1907:was ratified by a 1894:Juan Germán Roscio 1760:universal suffrage 1737:Spirit of the Laws 1682: 1580:, proposed by Sir 1535:Heads of Proposals 1533:had presented the 1511:Heads of Proposals 1456:Constitution State 1454:'s nickname, "the 1444:Fundamental Orders 1414: 1402: 1214: 1051:Byzantine emperors 828:after his flight ( 774:Æthelberht of Kent 740:Codex Theodosianus 713:Pactus Alamannorum 695:Germanic law codes 631:Codex Theodosianus 604:Nicomachean Ethics 580: 448: 278:). For example, a 230:William Blackstone 145:fundamental rights 67: 55: 18:Governing Document 10499: 10498: 10159:Constitutionalism 10081:Law and economics 9919:Act of parliament 9657:Product liability 9610:Legal archaeology 9535:Environmental law 9529:Entertainment law 9369:International law 9269: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9090:Public university 9070:Public open space 9015:Drinking fountain 8975:Telecommunication 8733: 8732: 8681:Health ministries 8676:Forest ministries 8671:Foreign ministers 8666:Finance ministers 8646:Defence ministers 8567:Ministry of women 8522:Regional minister 8404:natural resources 8378:Industry minister 8363:Commerce minister 8333:Interior ministry 8328:Interior minister 8304:foreign affairs / 8278:Minister of state 8154: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8142:Political parties 8021:Political culture 7946:International law 7917: 7916: 7909:U.S. Constitution 7858: 7857: 7840:Political science 7819: 7818: 7791:Political parties 7752: 7751: 7678: 7677: 7394:Constitutionalism 7105:County government 6975:Works related to 6940:Constitutionalism 6704:on March 24, 2016 5468:978-0-299-06270-5 5449:Payne, Stanley G. 5306:978-0-14-044495-7 5265:978-0-8377-0362-6 5250:Blaustein, Albert 5004:978-1-56000-745-6 4815:Islamic Quarterly 4745:on April 17, 2018 4709:on April 17, 2018 4643:on April 17, 2018 4503:978-0-19-957861-0 4477:978-0-674-16987-6 4444:978-0-19-957861-0 4392:978-0-511-81759-5 4276:978-81-219-0403-2 4107:Philosophy of law 4092:Judicial activism 4062:Constitutionalism 3962:Constitutionality 3942:freedom of speech 3920:Constitutionalism 3757:semi-presidential 3708:Rights of debtors 3681:Right to marriage 3645:Right to petition 3490:Entrenched clause 3476: 3475: 2791:or other type of 2708:from 1867 to the 2653:, observation of 2500: 2499: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2369: 2368: 2361: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2268:original research 2248: 2104:Samuel Rutherford 2039:. Apart from the 1979:absolute monarchy 1917:French occupation 1890:Cristóbal Mendoza 1848:Scipione Piattoli 1844:Stanisław Staszic 1795:religious freedom 1604:of the monarchy. 1582:Christopher Packe 1553:was installed as 1483:English Civil War 1433:Gustavus Adolphus 1418:Kingdom of Sweden 1321:Codex Justinianus 1278:Holy Roman Empire 1230:Philip V of Spain 1159:Around 1240, the 1068:Legal transplants 1034:John Scholasticus 903:, was granted to 897:Yaroslav the Wise 691:Early Middle Ages 681:Early Middle Ages 587:constitutionalism 509:code of Hammurabi 487:After that, many 251:institutionalized 93:or other type of 16:(Redirected from 10524: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10460: 10459: 10283:Question of fact 10164:Criminal justice 9494:Construction law 9489:Conflict of laws 9454:Agricultural law 9296: 9289: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9251: 9250: 9239: 9238: 9150:Social insurance 8997:Waste management 8965:Electric utility 8942:Public transport 8859:Public ownership 8778:Municipalization 8760: 8753: 8746: 8737: 8736: 8723: 8722: 8712: 8711: 8532:Tourism minister 8493:Housing minister 8454:Culture minister 8181: 8174: 8167: 8158: 8157: 8125: 8124: 8113: 8109:World government 8107: 8102: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8014: 8008: 7956:World government 7867: 7866: 7828: 7827: 7811:Environmentalism 7761: 7760: 7689: 7688: 7563: 7562: 7500:Public education 7480:Social insurance 7414:Environmentalism 7384:Communitarianism 7359:Authoritarianism 7321:Direct democracy 7100:Local government 7035: 7028: 7021: 7012: 7011: 6999: 6998: 6974: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6700:. Archived from 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6018:on July 25, 2012 6002: 5996: 5995: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5948: 5937: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5897: 5891: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5829: 5823: 5819:blog.congreso.es 5814: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5717: 5711: 5691: 5685: 5672: 5666: 5651: 5645: 5630: 5624: 5616: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5420: 5414: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5377:. Archived from 5376: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5347: 5341: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5294: 5278:Isaac Kramnick, 5276: 5270: 5269: 5252:(January 1993). 5246: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5159: 5153: 5136: 5130: 5120: 5114: 5113:of June 14, 1647 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5061: 5045: 5039: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4970:. PolitiFact.com 4964: 4958: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4916:. Archived from 4915: 4907: 4901: 4888: 4882: 4866: 4860: 4859:4 (1974): p. 45. 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4736: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4700: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4634: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4604:on July 17, 2014 4595: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4465: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4262: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4227: 4221: 4200: 4158:Treaty of Lisbon 3926:Giovanni Sartori 3839:Northern Ireland 3774:, but it is the 3690:Right to privacy 3651:academic freedom 3638:Right to dignity 3469: 3468: 3464: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3254: 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Sarzec 442:from the seated 370:Thomas Jefferson 288:sovereign states 244:General features 203: 164:English-language 21: 10532: 10531: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10495: 10468: 10454: 10445: 10422: 10413:Political party 10386:Legal education 10374:Law enforcement 10354:Court of equity 10312: 10288:Question of law 10241:Practice of law 10221:Judicial review 10135: 10086:Legal formalism 10066:Comparative law 10061:Contract theory 10044: 9964:Legal pluralism 9935: 9924:Act of Congress 9848:Executive order 9814: 9716: 9635:Nationality law 9560:Immigration law 9484:Competition law 9437: 9305: 9300: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9227: 9213:Public security 9203:Public offering 9171: 9160:Social security 9110:Social services 9104: 9060:Public hospital 9055:Public computer 9050:Public bookcase 9001: 8951: 8920:Law enforcement 8915:Fire department 8898: 8849:Public interest 8792: 8788:Progressive tax 8783:Nationalization 8769: 8767:Public services 8764: 8734: 8729: 8700: 8616:Prime ministers 8611:Vice presidents 8594: 8578: 8476:Health minister 8442: 8411:Energy minister 8403: 8397: 8355: 8349: 8305: 8303: 8297: 8283:Deputy minister 8261: 8195: 8185: 8155: 8146: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8100: 8094: 8089: 8087:Western culture 8083: 8078: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8056: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8023: 8017: 8012: 8006: 7975: 7913: 7854: 7835:Fields of study 7815: 7796:Advocacy groups 7748: 7684: 7674: 7554: 7550:Street cleaning 7530:Food inspection 7485:Law enforcement 7468: 7337: 7271:Totalitarianism 7124: 7048: 7039: 7004: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6549: 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Serjeant, 4825: 4821: 4812: 4808: 4788: 4784: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4746: 4734: 4727: 4723: 4712: 4710: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4646: 4644: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4607: 4605: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4571: 4569: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4537: 4528: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4248: 4242:Wayback Machine 4228: 4224: 4208:, Second Edn., 4201: 4197: 4192: 4174: 4172:Further reading 4102:Judicial review 4026:Catholic Church 4012: 3964: 3954: 3922: 3916: 3903: 3897: 3822: 3820:Power structure 3790: 3749: 3741:auditory branch 3721: 3715: 3578: 3572: 3492: 3486: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3236: 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669:king's rule in 477: 460:code of justice 424: 419: 359: 280:students' union 246: 238:judicial review 184: 77:or established 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10530: 10520: 10519: 10517:Sources of law 10514: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10465: 10462:Law portal 10450: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10430: 10428: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10298:Trial advocacy 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10145: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 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9391: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9306: 9299: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9245: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9198:Public holiday 9195: 9190: 9185: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9167:Youth services 9164: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9155:Social pension 9147: 9146: 9145: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9123:Public housing 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9065:Public library 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9030:Infrastructure 9027: 9025:Free education 9022: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8972: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8957:Public utility 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8930:Savings system 8925:Postal service 8922: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8903:Basic services 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8819:Product sample 8816: 8814:Free newspaper 8811: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8740: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8717: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8507: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8490: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8407: 8405: 8402:Environment / 8399: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8356:infrastructure 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8288:Undersecretary 8285: 8280: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8227:First minister 8224: 8219: 8217:Prime minister 8214: 8212:Vice president 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8184: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8103: 8092: 8081: 8070: 8059: 8048: 8037: 8026: 8015: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7966:European Union 7963: 7961:United Nations 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7845:Urban planning 7842: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7615:Prime minister 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7540:Traffic lights 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7459:Theoreticians: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7444:Fundamentalism 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7409:Egalitarianism 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7288: 7283: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7038: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6968: 6958: 6949: 6941: 6935: 6930: 6922: 6921:External links 6919: 6916: 6915: 6890: 6865: 6840: 6815: 6790: 6765: 6740: 6715: 6682: 6657: 6632: 6607: 6582: 6557: 6532: 6507: 6482: 6457: 6432: 6407: 6382: 6357: 6332: 6307: 6282: 6257: 6229: 6204: 6179: 6154: 6129: 6104: 6079: 6054: 6029: 5997: 5991:978-0816060788 5990: 5970: 5964:978-0415671903 5963: 5938: 5919: 5913:978-1409403272 5912: 5892: 5887:21 August 1995 5874: 5849: 5824: 5809: 5782: 5761:(2): 105–109. 5745: 5712: 5686: 5667: 5646: 5625: 5611: 5590: 5578: 5565: 5556: 5542: 5523:(3): 195–206. 5507: 5467: 5440: 5415: 5395: 5363: 5342: 5315: 5305: 5285:Madison, James 5271: 5264: 5241: 5223: 5200: 5177: 5154: 5131: 5115: 5091: 5079: 5062: 5040: 5010: 5003: 4981: 4959: 4935: 4923: 4902: 4883: 4861: 4832: 4819: 4817:8 (1964) p. 4. 4806: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4796:(1999) p. 118; 4782: 4757: 4721: 4685: 4655: 4616: 4580: 4548: 4526: 4509: 4502: 4483: 4476: 4450: 4443: 4424: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4361: 4336: 4310: 4282: 4275: 4257: 4246: 4222: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4019: 4011: 4008: 3996:United Kingdom 3977:United Kingdom 3953: 3950: 3915: 3912: 3899:Main article: 3896: 3893: 3885:European Union 3821: 3818: 3789: 3786: 3776:prime minister 3748: 3747:Accountability 3745: 3717:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3574:Main article: 3571: 3568: 3512:Czech Republic 3488:Main article: 3485: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3446:United States 3444: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3383: 3382: 3381:United States 3379: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3010: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975:3/4 + >50% 2972: 2971: 2968: 2967:2/3 + >60% 2964: 2963: 2960: 2959:2/3 + >50% 2956: 2955: 2952: 2951:3/5 + >50% 2948: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2767:Main article: 2764: 2761: 2674: 2671: 2634:United Kingdom 2612:Main article: 2609: 2606: 2517: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2495:United Kingdom 2484: 2476: 2475: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2426: 2425:Classification 2423: 2421: 2420:Classification 2418: 2385: 2384: 2367: 2366: 2349:September 2016 2325: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2308: 2291:September 2016 2263: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2081:law of nations 2048: 2045: 1935:states during 1925:Latin American 1921:South European 1880:was the first 1856:Ignacy Potocki 1634: 1631: 1609: 1606: 1555:Lord Protector 1543:Putney Debates 1531:New Model Army 1463: 1460: 1448:North American 1389: 1386: 1289:Hongwu Emperor 1242:Catalan Courts 1203:Haile Selassie 1153:Sachsenspiegel 1016:Serbian church 905:Great Novgorod 888: 885: 873:Cyfraith Hywel 800:Prince Shōtoku 682: 679: 648:(740) and the 478: 2300 BC 423: 420: 418: 415: 358: 355: 245: 242: 190:comes through 183: 180: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10529: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10512:Constitutions 10510: 10509: 10507: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10344:Civil society 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10303:Trier of fact 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10189:Legal opinion 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10169:Court-martial 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10141:Jurisprudence 10138: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10030:Statutory law 10028: 10026: 10025:Socialist law 10023: 10019: 10018:Byzantine law 10016: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9969:Religious law 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9941:Legal systems 9938: 9932: 9929: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9909:Statutory law 9907: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9739:Statutory law 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9697:Transport law 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9615:Legal fiction 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9545:Financial law 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504:Corporate law 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9428:Statutory law 9426: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310:Core subjects 9308: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9290: 9285: 9283: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9256: 9255: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9208:Public sector 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9133:Job guarantee 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9085:Public toilet 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9075:Public school 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9004: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8970:Oil & gas 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8910:Civil service 8908: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8869:Public rights 8867: 8865: 8864:Public policy 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8844:Public health 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8834:Public domain 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8754: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8726: 8718: 8716: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8685:mental health 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306:public safety 8300: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8110: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8088: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8066: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8044: 8038: 8033: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8011: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987:Human history 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922:International 7920: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7681: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7595:Head of state 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454:Progressivism 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301:Collaborative 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7246:Republicanism 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176:Confederation 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080:Unitary state 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7031: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979:at Wikisource 6978: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6686: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5740: 5735: 5732:(3): 89–108. 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5709:0-8204-1212-0 5706: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5683:0-521-86168-3 5680: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5560: 5552: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5485:capi politici 5482: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5412:980-6397-37-1 5409: 5405: 5399: 5388:September 14, 5380: 5373: 5367: 5356:September 14, 5352: 5346: 5339: 5338:0-8039-9019-7 5335: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5075: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5027:0-313-28391-5 5024: 5020: 5014: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4621: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4543: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4418:9780754621140 4414: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4219: 4218:0-19-517077-6 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4195: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881:supranational 3878: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768:parliamentary 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599:Right to vote 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500:supermajority 3497: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3471: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2820:Supermajority 2818: 2815: 2814: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:supermajority 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2511: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451:United States 2448: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2410:civil service 2406: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2378: 2363: 2360: 2352: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2326:This section 2324: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2305: 2302: 2294: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2264:This section 2262: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:public notice 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128:James Tyrrell 2125: 2124:Henry Neville 2121: 2120:Robert Filmer 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:Thomas Hobbes 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860:Hugo Kołłątaj 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838:such as King 1837: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1822:republicanism 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:death penalty 1788: 1785:ideas (as an 1784: 1783:enlightenment 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Thomas Hobbes 1687: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1646:(painting by 1645: 1644: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505:in 1653, the 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:In 1639, the 1436: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378:Haudenosaunee 1375: 1374: 1373:Gayanashagowa 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:Charles Felix 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1329:Carta de Logu 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1122:transplanting 1119: 1118:Byzantine law 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1076:Byzantine law 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045:, the law of 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1032:Nomocanon of 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 952: 947: 945: 941: 940: 939:habeas corpus 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836:), including 835: 831: 827: 824: 819:صحیفة المدینه 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 796: 791: 787: 785: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 766: 765:Lex Frisionum 761: 757: 756: 751: 747: 746: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728: 723: 719: 715: 714: 709: 708: 703: 702: 696: 692: 688: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638: 633: 632: 627: 623: 622: 621:Twelve Tables 616: 614: 610: 606: 605: 600: 599: 594: 593: 588: 584: 578: 573: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554: 549: 545: 544:death penalty 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 521:Assyrian code 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 484:of the rich. 483: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 414: 412: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 378: 376: 371: 366: 364: 354: 352: 348: 347:autochthonous 343: 341: 340: 335: 331: 330: 325: 324:null and void 321: 317: 316:statutory law 312: 310: 306: 301: 297: 296:federal state 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 241: 239: 235: 234:revolutionary 231: 227: 225: 224: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 197: 193: 189: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 153:supermajority 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 64: 59: 52: 48: 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10488: 10481: 10467: 10453: 10226:Jurisdiction 10194:Legal remedy 10149:Adjudication 10049:Legal theory 9887:Ratification 9882:Promulgation 9853:Proclamation 9833:Codification 9766:Human rights 9754:Divine right 9744:Constitution 9743: 9712:Women in law 9630:Military law 9625:Marriage law 9620:Maritime law 9519:Election law 9459:Aviation law 9449:Abortion law 9401:Property law 9337:Criminal law 9252: 9240: 9193:Public float 9128:Job creation 9080:Public space 9007:Public works 8884:Public value 8879:Public trust 8112:}} 8106:{{ 8101:}} 8095:{{ 8090:}} 8084:{{ 8079:}} 8073:{{ 8068:}} 8062:{{ 8057:}} 8051:{{ 8046:}} 8040:{{ 8035:}} 8029:{{ 8024:}} 8018:{{ 8013:}} 8007:{{ 8001: 7997:Civilization 7950: 7928: 7898: 7888: 7873: 7834: 7806:Civil rights 7800: 7785: 7767: 7735: 7715: 7711:Town meeting 7695: 7644: 7619: 7589: 7575:Constitution 7574: 7569: 7534: 7514: 7458: 7404:Distributism 7389:Conservatism 7374:Collectivism 7342:Philosophies 7316:Cosmopolitan 7311:Conservative 7277: 7150: 7141:Govt systems 7135: 7115:Municipality 7094: 6952: 6944: 6906:. Retrieved 6902: 6893: 6881:. Retrieved 6877: 6868: 6856:. Retrieved 6852: 6843: 6831:. Retrieved 6827: 6818: 6806:. Retrieved 6802: 6793: 6781:. Retrieved 6777: 6768: 6756:. Retrieved 6752: 6743: 6731:. Retrieved 6727: 6718: 6706:. Retrieved 6702:the original 6697: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6669: 6660: 6648:. Retrieved 6644: 6635: 6623:. Retrieved 6619: 6610: 6598:. Retrieved 6594: 6585: 6573:. Retrieved 6569: 6560: 6548:. Retrieved 6544: 6535: 6523:. Retrieved 6519: 6510: 6498:. Retrieved 6494: 6485: 6473:. Retrieved 6469: 6460: 6448:. Retrieved 6444: 6435: 6423:. Retrieved 6419: 6410: 6398:. Retrieved 6394: 6385: 6373:. Retrieved 6369: 6360: 6348:. Retrieved 6344: 6335: 6323:. Retrieved 6319: 6310: 6298:. Retrieved 6294: 6285: 6273:. Retrieved 6269: 6260: 6248:. Retrieved 6244: 6220:. Retrieved 6216: 6207: 6195:. Retrieved 6191: 6182: 6170:. Retrieved 6166: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6141: 6132: 6120:. Retrieved 6116: 6107: 6095:. Retrieved 6091: 6082: 6070:. Retrieved 6066: 6057: 6045:. Retrieved 6041: 6032: 6020:. Retrieved 6016:the original 6009: 6000: 5980: 5973: 5953: 5922: 5902: 5895: 5885: 5883:Article 105, 5882: 5877: 5865:. Retrieved 5861: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5836: 5827: 5817: 5812: 5799:. Retrieved 5794: 5785: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5689: 5674: 5670: 5654: 5649: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5614: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5559: 5545: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5453: 5443: 5431:. Retrieved 5427: 5418: 5403: 5398: 5386:. Retrieved 5379:the original 5366: 5354:. Retrieved 5345: 5327: 5324:John Markoff 5318: 5310: 5290: 5280:Introduction 5279: 5274: 5254: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5209: 5203: 5186: 5180: 5163: 5157: 5149: 5134: 5118: 5110: 5094: 5082: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5043: 5018: 5013: 4990: 4984: 4974:November 10, 4972:. Retrieved 4962: 4938: 4926: 4918:the original 4905: 4886: 4869: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4814: 4809: 4800: 4799:"Muhammad", 4793: 4785: 4767: 4760: 4747:. Retrieved 4743:the original 4738: 4724: 4711:. Retrieved 4707:the original 4702: 4688: 4676:. Retrieved 4667: 4658: 4645:. Retrieved 4641:the original 4636: 4606:. Retrieved 4602:the original 4597: 4583: 4570:. Retrieved 4566:the original 4561: 4551: 4541: 4519: 4512: 4492: 4486: 4461: 4453: 4433: 4427: 4407: 4400: 4374: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4348: 4339: 4329:December 17, 4327:. Retrieved 4323:the original 4313: 4301:. Retrieved 4297: 4266: 4260: 4249: 4229: 4225: 4202: 4198: 4182: 4122: 4121: 4024:(a class of 3993: 3981: 3965: 3930:human rights 3923: 3904: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3827: 3823: 3794:central bank 3791: 3765: 3753:presidential 3750: 3722: 3595:Duty to work 3584:Duty to pay 3579: 3493: 3478: 3477: 2816:Approval by 2801: 2789:organization 2782: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2699: 2676: 2643: 2627: 2598:human rights 2579: 2574: 2568: 2539: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2506: 2503:Codification 2473:Saudi Arabia 2405:constitution 2404: 2402: 2396:copy of the 2394:Presidential 2373: 2355: 2346: 2335:Please help 2330:verification 2327: 2297: 2288: 2265: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2227:Please help 2224: 2206:Key features 2200: 2188: 2184: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2140: 2096:Protectorate 2086: 2073: 2050: 2040: 2030: 2018: 2011: 2003:constitution 1968: 1953: 1911:gathered in 1902: 1882:Constitution 1875: 1868: 1832:Constitution 1826: 1803: 1771:Gustavus III 1764: 1750: 1741: 1735: 1717: 1707: 1706: 1683: 1641: 1611: 1573: 1571: 1562: 1546: 1534: 1515:Army Council 1506: 1491:bicameralism 1472: 1465: 1442:adopted the 1437: 1420:adopted the 1416:In 1634 the 1415: 1396:The Cossack 1371: 1369: 1341: 1327: 1326:In 1392 the 1325: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1299:Ming dynasty 1292: 1282: 1267: 1261: 1246: 1215: 1199:Constitution 1195:Fetha Negest 1194: 1191:Sarsa Dengel 1170:Fetha Negest 1168: 1167:, wrote the 1158: 1151: 1141: 1130: 1120:. The legal 1090:Dušan's Code 1086:Stefan Dušan 1084: 1043:Holy Fathers 1031: 1027: 1023: 969: 954: 949: 937: 920:In England, 919: 908: 892: 890: 866: 808: 793: 788: 781: 763: 759: 753: 743: 739: 732:"Lex Romana" 731: 725: 711: 705: 698: 684: 675:code of Manu 660: 658: 649: 641: 635: 629: 619: 617: 602: 596: 590: 581: 551: 529: 517:Hittite code 486: 449: 430:Detail from 395: 379: 367: 360: 344: 339:quo warranto 337: 327: 323: 313: 308: 304: 283: 273: 269: 267: 247: 228: 221: 209: 208:enactments ( 188:constitution 187: 185: 157: 129:associations 118: 113: 105: 101: 99: 91:organization 71:constitution 70: 68: 39: 10398:Legislature 10329:Bureaucracy 10126:Rule of man 10121:Rule of law 10096:Libertarian 9959:Chinese law 9860:Legislation 9810:Regulations 9798:Law reports 9776:Natural law 9672:Reparations 9667:Refugee law 9590:Jurimetrics 9531:(Media law) 9469:Banking law 9464:Amnesty law 9442:Disciplines 9379:Private law 9045:Public bank 9020:Free clinic 8854:Public land 8804:Common good 8354:Economics / 7971:World Court 7904:Magna Carta 7721:Legislation 7683:Governance 7640:Legislature 7515:Regulation: 7424:Familialism 7399:Corporatism 7379:Communalism 7349:Agrarianism 7261:Technocracy 7221:Meritocracy 7216:Kleptocracy 7196:Ergatocracy 7191:Electocracy 7181:Colonialism 7166:Bureaucracy 7161:Aristocracy 6965:rule of law 6425:October 21, 5795:The Knesset 5599:Relectiones 5433:February 1, 5123:Lee, Sidney 4411:. Ashgate. 4210:Erin McKean 4138:Originalism 4112:Rule of law 3733:legislative 3661:Right to a 3558:through an 3413:Referendum 3299:Madagascar 3128:Kazakhstan 2970:Seychelles 2630:New Zealand 2623:Magna Carta 2540:ultra vires 2491:New Zealand 2167:conventions 2144:Montesquieu 2112:John Milton 2093:Cromwellian 2076:Renaissance 1818:Montesquieu 1779:Montesquieu 1714:Pylyp Orlyk 1648:Jan Matejko 1602:Restoration 1592:, asserted 1567:Parliaments 1452:Connecticut 1253:Mali Empire 1135:issued the 1020:Mount Athos 1006:, based on 998:, based on 944:due process 934:Magna Carta 915:Kievan Rus' 770:Anglo-Saxon 758:(654), the 752:(643), the 566:Cleisthenes 562:aristocracy 489:governments 411:rule of law 398:North Korea 309:ultra vires 305:intra vires 284:ultra vires 275:ultra vires 270:intra vires 201:constitutio 85:basis of a 10506:Categories 10391:Law school 10271:Prosecutor 10209:Magistrate 9996:Jewish law 9954:Common law 9875:Rulemaking 9870:Regulation 9820:Law making 9759:Divine law 9735:Legal 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