1048:
might and power of the United States to the constitutional and lawful seat of my government... The power and authority to determine who is the head of government in exile in
Washington rests exclusively with the President of the United States." In light of noncompliance with Article VII Section 2 of the Commonwealth constitution, Quezon was willing to submit the question of the legality of his status as President to the U.S. Congress. Vice President Osmeña initially demurred, but later agreed and, on November 12, 1943, the U.S. Congress passed Joint Resolution 95 authorizing the Philippine President and Vice President to "continue in their respective offices until the President of the United States shall proclaim that constitutional processes and normal functions of government shall have been restored to the Philippine Islands." The resolution was signed into law by President Roosevelt, ending the issue of presidential succession in the Philippine Commonwealth.
68:
54:
2290:
436:
411:
2199:
871:
2151:
1966:
2004:
1935:
1909:
2081:
2051:
2302:
2278:
2266:
2121:
689:
1035:, the United States considered recognizing the Philippines under the exiled Government as an independent country, including with an exchange of ambassadors. While this was decided against, Roosevelt declared that they would treat the Quezon government "as having the same status as the governments of other independent nations."
1011:. These activities were very successful in sustaining American interest in the Philippine Commonwealth, and had immense impact on the Japanese-occupied Philippines through shortwave news broadcasts which the Japanese were unable to stop. The government in exile also published a news magazine in the United States called
1047:
President Quezon sent a lengthy letter to
President Roosevelt on October 17, 1943, emphasizing that, "Japanese invasion has destroyed all semblance of constitutional government and its institutions in the Philippines and it seems to me that legally I should remain in office until I am returned by the
639:
On
December 16, 1941, President Quezon approved Commonwealth Act No. 671, which had been passed by the Philippine Legislature. This act declared a state of total emergency and invested the President with extraordinary powers in order to meet the emergency. Generally, the act authorized the President,
630:
on
December 26. By then, USAFFE forces had withdrawn to the Bataan peninsula and were under siege there. By the middle of February the lack of food on Corregidor had become acute, and it was decided that the President could be of more help by going to the unoccupied provinces to organize some plan of
1767:
On 16 June 1943, Major
Emigdio Cruz, P.A., arrived in Australia from Washington on the first leg of a secret mission to Manila on instruction of Manuel Quezon, President of the Philippine Government-in-Exile. After conferring with General MacArthur and members of his staff, Major Cruz sailed aboard
1749:
At the urging of the
Americans, Quezon's government-in-exile moved from Australia to the United States. With no need for an official go-between, FDR agreed to suspend the office of the high commissioner, in theory, strengthening Quezon's hand. But with no country to govern, the government-in-exile
1043:
to change the legislature from a unicameral assembly to a bicameral congress and to change the term of office of the
President from six years with no reelection to four years with a possibility of being reelected for a second term. The amended constitution contained a provision saying, "No person
558:
shortly after the invasion, the term of
President Quezon was constitutionally limited to end in November 1943. Shortly before this date, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution extending the term until "constitutional processes and normal functions of government shall have been restored to the
640:
during the existence of the emergency, to promulgate such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary to carry out the national policy. These powers included authority to transfer the seat of the
Government or component parts of the government.
780:
Quezon and party were met in San
Francisco, and military aides were assigned to escort the party on a special train which had been assigned to transport them to Washington D.C. The train arrived in Washington on May 13, and was met by President
1790:
1038:
President Quezon had been elected to a six-year term as the second President of the Philippines and the first President of the Philippine Commonwealth, taking office on November 15, 1935. In 1940, The 1935 Constitution was amended by the
1027:
of January 1, 1942, joining with the group of nations pledged as being "engaged in a common struggle against save and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world," making the Philippines one of nine governments-in-exile to do so.
797:. They spent the night at the White House and were guests of honor the following day at a luncheon hosted by the Roosevelts to formally welcome the exiled Philippine Government to the United States, underscoring its legitimacy.
615:, Chief Justice Santos, Major General Valdes, who had been designated Secretary of National Defense, and some members of the Executive Staff. President Quezon and Vice President Osmeña began their second term on Corregidor on
1074:, New York. Vice President Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth upon Quezon's death. He was sworn in by Associate Justice Robert Jackson in Washington, D.C. He returned to the Philippines the same year with
1231:"Commonwealth Act No. 671 : AN ACT DECLARING A STATE OF TOTAL EMERGENCY AS A RESULT OF WAR INVOLVING THE PHILIPPINES AND AUTHORIZING THE PRESIDENT TO PROMULGATE RULES AND REGULATIONS TO MEET SUCH EMERGENCY"
100:
768:, which had been pressed into service to evacuate U.S. citizens from parts of Asia after the Japanese attacks and converted into a troopship, transported Quezon and his party to the U.S. escorted by the
98:
599:
recuperating from a recurrence of an old illness, and immediately traveled by road the 160 miles to Manila to take charge of the Filipino resistance. In meetings following his arrival, U.S.
67:
1031:
The United States government considered issues relating to the Philippines to be internal affairs due to their claim to sovereignty over the islands. Due to Japanese plans to establish an
1270:
2352:
53:
539:, worked to maintain American interest in the Philippines, and issued shortwave broadcasts to the Philippines. Their legitimacy was supported by the U.S. government led by
2342:
1590:
97:
1845:
1826:
1324:
99:
1855:
1334:
1836:
1425:, in Guy Goodwin-Gill/Stefan Talmon (eds.), The Reality of International Law. Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp.499-537
2332:
677:
524:
2347:
1849:
1830:
1733:
1328:
826:
2357:
2337:
1898:
747:. There, they were reunited with the party of Vice President Osmeña that had been transported in a separate aircraft. The parties flew together to
870:
117:
1460:
1889:
898:
1003:
In the U.S., members of President Quezon's war cabinet were heavily involved in civic and social activities such as endorsing the sale of
973:
1422:
623:
1007:, participating in parades with heroic themes, involvement with commemoration and celebration of Philippine historic events such as
576:
2327:
1044:
shall serve as President for more than eight consecutive years." Quezon's term as President, then, would end on November 15, 1943.
1988:
611:
endorsed MacArthur's suggestion by unanimous decision. On December 24, the President relocated there, accompanied by his family,
1792:
Awaiting the Allies' Return: The Guerrilla Resistance Against the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II (Dissertation)
1256:
2063:
321:
1776:
1815:
1676:
1573:
1565:
1307:
1136:
1109:
917:
819:
1075:
1040:
218:
1056:
879:
2230:
1882:
564:
512:
350:
307:
1646:
957:
932:
851:
580:
248:
1423:
Who is a legitimate government in exile? Towards normative criteria for governmental legitimacy in international law
1939:
1019:, and was asked to sign the United Nations Pact for the Philippines; in doing so, Quezon became a signatory of the
812:
631:
bringing in food for the soldiers at Bataan and Corregidor and to keep up the morale of the civilian population. .
1756:
1610:
2289:
497:
429:
416:
73:
2055:
1490:
2093:
1875:
1024:
548:
1299:
2203:
839:
790:
563:
was sworn in at Washington, D.C. The government returned to the Philippines later that year as part of the
176:
1778:
ORIGINS OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC : Extracts from the Diaries and Records of Francis Burton Harrison
1760:
1913:
1392:"Together and Alone in Allied London: Czechoslovak, Norwegian and Polish Governments-in-Exile, 1940–1945"
1230:
2176:
2164:
2155:
1055:
and spent his last years in hospitals or tuberculosis resorts. For a month early in 1944, he stayed at
1032:
835:
626:(USAFFE) military personnel were removed from the major urban areas. Manila was officially declared an
608:
531:
in March 1942. From Australia they traveled to the United States, where they established themselves in
1771:(Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-60005 : Facsimile Reprint, 1994 : CMH Pub 13-3)
1207:
2270:
2125:
2085:
2008:
1064:
504:. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was self-governing, although under the ultimate control of the
804:
652:
slipped through mine fields, was boarded by President Quezon and his party, and transported them to
607:, and requested the President to join him. President Quezon initially objected, but agreed when his
2105:
1668:
The Exiled Government: The Philippine Commonwealth in the United States During the Second World War
1159:
United States Army in World War II : The War in the Pacific : The Fall of the Philippines
1097:
Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile
2169:
1595:
1468:
656:, which had not yet been occupied by Japanese forces. The following night, they boarded the ship
59:
2282:
2211:
1153:
1071:
703:
MacArthur had sent some of the boats which had evacuated his party back to the southern tip of
649:
588:
555:
1101:
2198:
1801:
1762:
Reports of General MacArthur : THE CAMPAIGNS OF MACARTHUR IN THE PACIFIC : VOLUME I
1636:
782:
764:
696:
540:
2223:
1719:
2133:
1867:
169:
2244:
8:
2035:
2021:
2016:
1555:
1016:
544:
113:
1023:. Representing the Philippine Government, on June 14, 1942, President Quezon signed the
2306:
2237:
2216:
2183:
2138:
2028:
1699:
736:
728:
720:
374:
707:
to pick up President Quezon's party. Major Soriano, President Quezon's aide, met boat
2003:
1978:
1811:
1725:
Report: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the ... Report .
1672:
1642:
1569:
1435:
1303:
1132:
1105:
786:
600:
528:
887:
664:. General MacArthur and his party, meanwhile, had been evacuated from Corregidor by
2098:
1403:
1372:
1020:
992:
979:
842:
759:
692:
592:
536:
532:
489:
481:
195:
165:
161:
157:
135:
34:
1408:
1391:
923:
859:
612:
560:
267:
207:
1953:
1805:
1723:
1666:
1559:
1293:
1126:
1095:
516:
237:
89:
1948:
1157:
1934:
1922:
1807:
MacArthur's Escape: John "Wild Man" Bulkeley and the Rescue of an American Hero
1060:
906:
669:
2321:
2068:
773:
744:
704:
505:
1983:
1717:
1052:
946:
940:
740:
501:
293:
777:, departing Melbourne on April 20 and arriving in San Francisco on May 8.
2080:
1970:
1965:
794:
1703:
739:, 40 miles from Darwin in Northern Australia There, they transferred to
727:, where they remained overnight and were picked up the following day at
535:, on 13 May 1942. While in Washington, the government, led by President
2050:
604:
603:
informed him that MacArthur would be transferring his headquarters to
1008:
899:
Secretary of National Defense, Public Works, Communications and Labor
834:
752:
716:
715:, where it embarked President Quezon's party and transported them to
712:
661:
627:
616:
520:
127:
1687:
559:
Philippine Islands." Quezon died in August 1944, and Vice President
2301:
1004:
748:
724:
688:
673:
462:
143:
1775:"PART II : THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT-IN-EXILE".
1015:. President Quezon was invited by President Roosevelt to join the
2277:
2265:
1908:
769:
665:
591:
of the U.S. base at Pearl Harbor a few hours earlier. President
2150:
2120:
653:
596:
1195:"The Philippine Government : from Manila to Washington".
554:
While the government had been granted emergency powers by the
1591:"Philippine government stayed at Grove Park Inn during WWII?"
793:. Quezon and his family were transported by motorcade to the
762:. The U.S. government agreed and, in the spring of 1942, the
708:
584:
1897:
1520:
918:
Secretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare
732:
723:. From there, they traveled to the Del Monte plantation in
1757:"CHAPTER X : GUERRILLA ACTIVITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES"
478:
Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in exile
23:
Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in exile
1203:(1). The Commonwealth of the Philippines. March 15, 1943.
1067:, which was home to the government in exile at the time.
1638:
A Reckoning: Philippine Trials of Japanese War Criminals
1325:"Red Letter Days in President Manuel Luis Quezon's Life"
751:, spent the night there, and took an overnight train to
2353:
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
1827:"The Philippine Government: From Manila to Washington"
1768:
the submarine Thresher and landed on Negros on 9 July.
500:
after they had been evacuated from the country during
1208:"The Philippine Government from Manila to Washington"
486:
Gobierno de la Commonwealth de Filipinas en el exilio
28:
Gobierno de la Commonwealth de Filipinas en el exilio
1718:
High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands (1945).
1532:
1508:
1353:
1341:
335:
2343:
Former regions and territories of the United States
1173:
1854:. The Philippine Historical Association. pp.
1835:. The Philippine Historical Association. pp.
683:
494:Pámahalaáng Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas sa pagpapatapón
1333:. The Philippine Historical Association. p.
1190:
1188:
575:On the morning of December 8, 1941, the Japanese
2319:
1453:
880:Secretary of Finance, Agriculture, and Commerce
678:Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines
648:At dusk on February 20, the American submarine
1728:U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 3–6.
1185:
496:) was a continuation of the government of the
118:unincorporated and organized U.S. commonwealth
1883:
1825:Garcia, Mauro; Rivera, Juan F., eds. (1978).
1641:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 15.
1323:Garcia, Mauro; Rivera, Juan F., eds. (1978).
1087:
988:Secretary of Information and Public Relations
820:
643:
26:
1848:. In Garcia, Mauro; Rivera, Juan F. (eds.).
1824:
1720:"II Recapitulation—Occupation to Liberation"
1322:
1295:World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1698:(3). Ateneo de Manila University: 301–315.
1634:
1628:
974:Resident Commissioners from the Philippines
758:President Quezon felt that he should be in
634:
543:, and Quezon joined the inter-governmental
1890:
1876:
1788:
1257:"Escape from Corregidor, December 8, 2001"
827:
813:
800:
622:As invading Japanese forces advanced, all
1553:
1407:
1241:
624:United States Army Forces in the Far East
2348:Governments in exile during World War II
1899:Governments in exile during World War II
1795:(PhD thesis). The Ohio State University.
1685:
1635:Chamberlain, Sharon W. (March 5, 2019).
1549:
1547:
1526:
687:
461:National flag displayed inverted as the
2338:Former countries of the interwar period
1989:French Committee of National Liberation
1843:
1389:
1291:
1210:. University of the Philippines Diliman
16:Government-in-exile during World War II
2333:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
2320:
1664:
1538:
1514:
1359:
1347:
1254:
1179:
1124:
1093:
2257:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies
1871:
1799:
1688:"The Presidential Succession of 1943"
1611:"The President's Day, August 1, 1944"
1588:
1544:
808:
1750:primarily handled ceremonial events.
1273:. Naval History and Heritage Command
547:. While in exile, Quezon signed the
2358:Philippines–United States relations
699:in Washington, D.C., while in exile
13:
1711:
1151:
735:aircraft that transported them to
14:
2369:
1802:"Chapter seventeen: A Kidnapping"
719:in what was then the province of
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2197:
2149:
2119:
2079:
2049:
2002:
1964:
1933:
1907:
1864:, July 31, 1955, pp. 10–11)
1396:The International History Review
1154:"Chapter VI: The First Landings"
869:
434:
409:
95:
66:
52:
2328:Commonwealth of the Philippines
1658:
1603:
1589:Boyle, John (August 17, 2022).
1582:
1483:
1428:
1416:
1383:
1365:
1316:
1285:
1076:U.S. military liberation forces
1051:President Quezon suffered from
684:Evacuation from the Philippines
498:Commonwealth of the Philippines
430:Commonwealth of the Philippines
417:Commonwealth of the Philippines
1564:. Arcadia Publishing. p.
1390:Jakubec, Pavol (May 3, 2019).
1263:
1223:
1145:
1118:
1070:He died on August 1, 1944, in
519:, the government evacuated to
455:
1:
1789:Villanueva, James A. (2019).
1686:Gripaldo, Rolando M. (1990).
1409:10.1080/07075332.2019.1600156
1081:
1025:Declaration by United Nations
570:
549:Declaration by United Nations
1734:"The Philippines, 1898–1946"
1033:independent Philippine state
660:, which transported them to
7:
1844:Paredes, Amante F. (1978).
1491:"1935 Constitution amended"
1255:Quezon, Manuel III (2001).
1128:The Fall of the Philippines
1100:. Clarendon Press. p.
965:Jaime Hernandez (1942–1944)
583:, about 125 miles north of
513:conquest of the Philippines
10:
2374:
1665:Pabico, Rufino C. (2006).
1131:. Department of the Army.
1059:Cottage on the grounds of
933:Secretary to the President
743:aircraft for transport to
644:Evacuation from Corregidor
579:. The invasion began with
233:• 1942–1945 (acting)
2256:
2195:
2147:
2117:
2077:
2047:
2000:
1962:
1931:
1905:
1800:Smith, George W. (2005).
1373:"The United Nations Pact"
1292:Sandler, Stanley (2003).
1065:Asheville, North Carolina
987:
972:
956:
931:
916:
897:
878:
867:
850:
587:island, and followed the
450:
388:
384:
371:
361:
351:Return to the Philippines
346:
331:
318:
303:
299:
289:
285:
273:
261:
257:
247:
243:
231:
227:
217:
213:
201:
189:
185:
175:
153:
123:
109:
82:
48:
43:
21:
2106:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
635:The Emergency Powers Act
581:landings at Batan Island
2064:Grand Duchess Charlotte
1846:"A Government in Exile"
1615:officialgazette.gov.ph/
1596:Asheville Citizen-Times
1561:Filipinos in Washington
1495:officialgazette.gov.ph/
1440:officialgazette.gov.ph/
1094:Talmon, Stefan (1998).
801:The government in exile
577:invaded the Philippines
1465:officialgazette.gov.ph
1436:"The Executive Branch"
1235:officialgazette.gov.ph
1125:Morton, Louis (1978).
700:
650:USS Swordfish (SS-193)
556:Philippine Legislature
493:
485:
27:
2177:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
2165:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1298:. Routledge. p.
785:along with his wife,
783:Franklin D. Roosevelt
765:SS President Coolidge
711:and redirected it to
697:Franklin D. Roosevelt
691:
619:, December 30, 1941.
613:Vice President Osmeña
541:Franklin D. Roosevelt
336:Government evacuation
154:Common languages
1851:Quezon in Retrospect
1832:Quezon in Retrospect
1556:Lott, Juanita Tamayo
1330:Quezon in Retrospect
1271:"Swordfish (SS 193)"
1237:. December 16, 1941.
170:Philippine languages
2036:Georgios Papandreou
2022:Emmanouil Tsouderos
1784:. pp. 143–240.
1529:, pp. 314–315.
1017:Pacific War Council
789:and members of his
565:American reconquest
545:Pacific War Council
363:• Restoration
322:Japanese occupation
114:Government-in-Exile
90:The Philippine Hymn
2224:Slobodan Jovanović
2184:Tomasz Arciszewski
2170:Władysław Sikorski
2139:Johan Nygaardsvold
2029:Sofoklis Venizelos
1810:. Zenith Imprint.
1692:Philippine Studies
1671:. Humanity Books.
1461:"Constitution Day"
1379:. January 1, 1942.
737:Batchelor Airfield
729:Del Monte Airfield
701:
658:Princess of Negros
375:Surrender of Japan
2315:
2314:
1979:Charles de Gaulle
1817:978-1-61673-751-1
1738:history.house.gov
1678:978-1-59102-498-9
1575:978-0-7385-6620-7
1309:978-1-135-58199-2
1138:978-0-7581-7385-0
1111:978-0-19-826573-3
1041:National Assembly
1000:
999:
605:Corregidor island
601:General MacArthur
529:Douglas MacArthur
474:
473:
446:
445:
442:
441:
422:
421:
308:Japanese invasion
275:• 1944–1945
263:• 1942–1944
219:High Commissioner
203:• 1944–1945
191:• 1942–1944
149:
141:
133:
101:
2365:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2231:Miloš Trifunović
2228:
2221:
2215:Prime Minister:
2202:
2201:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2168:Prime Minister:
2154:
2153:
2137:Prime Minister:
2124:
2123:
2110:
2103:
2099:Dirk Jan de Geer
2097:Prime Minister:
2094:Queen Wilhelmina
2084:
2083:
2067:Prime Minister:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2020:Prime Minister:
2007:
2006:
1993:
1969:
1968:
1952:Prime Minister:
1938:
1937:
1921:Prime Minister:
1912:
1911:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1860:(Reprinted from
1859:
1840:
1821:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1770:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1707:
1682:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1554:Cacas, Rita M.;
1551:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1467:. Archived from
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1091:
1021:Atlantic Charter
993:Carlos P. Romulo
980:Joaquin Elizalde
873:
843:Manuel L. Quezon
829:
822:
815:
806:
805:
693:Manuel L. Quezon
593:Manuel L. Quezon
567:of the islands.
537:Manuel L. Quezon
533:Washington, D.C.
527:of U.S. General
525:prior evacuation
465:
459:
438:
437:
426:
425:
413:
412:
406:
405:
390:
389:
367:27 February 1945
353:
338:
310:
196:Manuel L. Quezon
147:
139:
136:Washington, D.C.
131:
124:Capital-in-exile
103:
102:
70:
56:
38:
30:
19:
18:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
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342:12 March 1942
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2245:Ivan Šubašić
1984:Henri Giraud
1949:Edvard Beneš
1861:
1850:
1831:
1806:
1791:
1777:
1766:
1761:
1748:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1724:
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1691:
1667:
1659:Bibliography
1637:
1630:
1620:February 24,
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1594:
1584:
1560:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:
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1399:
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1367:
1355:
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1318:
1294:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1265:
1234:
1225:
1212:. Retrieved
1200:
1196:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1158:
1147:
1127:
1120:
1096:
1089:
1072:Saranac Lake
1069:
1053:tuberculosis
1050:
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1037:
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1002:
947:Arturo Rotor
941:Manuel Roxas
779:
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741:Douglas DC-5
702:
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510:
502:World War II
477:
475:
457:
399:Succeeded by
398:
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294:World War II
279:
83:
74:Coat of arms
2295:Philippines
2248:(1944–1945)
2241:(1943–1944)
2227:(1942–1943)
2220:(1941–1942)
2187:(1944–1945)
2180:(1943–1944)
2173:(1939–1943)
2163:President:
2109:(1940–1945)
2086:Netherlands
2039:(1944–1945)
2025:(1941–1944)
1992:(1943–1945)
1947:President:
1539:Pabico 2006
1515:Pabico 2006
1377:ibiblio.org
1360:Pabico 2006
1348:Pabico 2006
1197:Philippines
1180:Pabico 2006
1013:Philippines
995:(1943–1944)
982:(1941–1944)
949:(1942–1944)
943:(1941–1942)
926:(1941–1944)
909:(1941–1944)
890:(1942–1944)
862:(1941-1944)
845:(1941–1944)
795:White House
511:During the
394:Preceded by
148:(1944–1945)
140:(1942–1944)
2322:Categories
2204:Yugoslavia
2056:Luxembourg
1954:Jan Šrámek
1205:(see also
1082:References
760:Washington
571:Background
1862:This Week
1743:March 12,
1500:March 22,
1475:March 22,
1445:March 22,
1277:March 11,
1214:March 13,
1165:March 13,
1009:Rizal Day
1005:war bonds
840:President
753:Melbourne
717:Oroquieta
713:Dumaguete
695:visiting
662:Dumaguete
628:open city
617:Rizal Day
521:Australia
177:President
128:Melbourne
44:1942–1945
2307:Thailand
1704:42633192
1558:(2009).
749:Adelaide
725:Mindanao
674:Mindanao
463:war flag
144:Tacloban
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60:War flag
2283:Denmark
2271:Austria
1914:Belgium
836:Cabinet
791:Cabinet
787:Eleanor
770:cruiser
731:by two
721:Misamis
666:PT boat
609:Cabinet
595:was in
589:bombing
515:by the
490:Tagalog
482:Spanish
373:•
348:•
333:•
320:•
305:•
166:Tagalog
162:Spanish
158:English
84:Anthem:
35:Spanish
2234:(1943)
2156:Poland
2126:Norway
2102:(1940)
2032:(1944)
2009:Greece
1971:France
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597:Baguio
280:Vacant
253:
223:
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132:(1942)
116:of an
110:Status
86:
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1858:-365.
1839:-257.
1782:(PDF)
1700:JSTOR
709:PT-41
676:(see
585:Luzon
1812:ISBN
1745:2020
1673:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1622:2021
1570:ISBN
1502:2020
1477:2020
1447:2020
1304:ISBN
1279:2020
1216:2020
1167:2020
1133:ISBN
1106:ISBN
733:B-17
476:The
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1837:349
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