63:. In the infrequent cases of intermarriage between migrant workers and Arabic speakers, the migrant worker tends to favor Arabic rather than PGA when interacting with their spouse. For workers who do permanently settle in the region, the social stigma attached to GPA incentivizes them to learn Gulf Arabic in order to gain social prestige.
71:
Gulf Pidgin Arabic (GPA) is primarily used between south Asian migrant workers, who are non-native speakers of Arabic, and their Arabic-speaking employers. It is also used between migrant workers if they lack another common language. Other languages, such as
English, Arabic dialects from outside of
59:. These workers speak a variety of languages, but are unlikely to speak Arabic. However, because these workers are never naturalized, nor do they marry and start families, there are no native speakers of the language, thereby preventing it from developing into a
150:
GPA borrows from
English as well as Arabic in its lexicon, although these loanwords do usually have already-existing equivalents in Arabic. Personal pronouns are underdeveloped, with the singular first person and singular second-person being most commonly used.
474:
38:. The variety was first published on in 1990, with the author reporting that the variety existed as early as the 1960s. As with other pidgins, Gulf Pidgin Arabic does not have a standard form and will vary in features and vocabulary between communities.
46:
GPA is thought to have first arisen in the 1950s, when the development of the oil industry in the area resulted in the arrival of migrant workers. Other researchers place the emergence of GPA later, in the 1970s or 1980s.
72:
the
Persian Gulf region, Gulf Arabic, and Persian might be used alongside it. Speakers of PGA may also borrow words or simple phrases or sentences from these other languages to better facilitate communication.
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Phonetic shifts are dependent on the speaker's native language. The amount of time workers spend in the region also tends to correspond to pronunciations that more closely resemble Gulf Arabic.
55:
A number of migrant workers hailing from central and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and
Southeast Asia (Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand) work in the
167:
markers are missing, so speakers must glean that information from context. GPA does not utilize the Arabic dual noun form. Instead, speakers preface nouns with the cardinal number two.
475:"The influence of linguistic and non-linguistic factors on the variation of Arabic marked consonants in the speech of Gulf Pidgin Arabic: acoustic analysis"
608:
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Verbs in GPA do not conjugate for person; rather, the third person singular masculine imperfect form is used in all cases.
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35:
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434:, Creole Language Library, vol. 47, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 57–84,
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with both Arabic and
English words is used to emphasize or intensify that word's meaning.
8:
498:
Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Al-Namer, Abdul-Salam; Alnamer, Sulafah (March 2022).
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Social stigma is attached to speaking GPA, and the pidgin is used to invoke humor.
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191:"Debuccalization in Gulf Pidgin Arabic: OT Parallelism or Harmonic Serialism"
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269:
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565:
500:"Degemination in Emirati Pidgin Arabic: A Sociolinguistic Perspective"
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218:"Numeral form selection and accommodation in Gulf Pidgin Arabic"
27:
23:
497:
188:
Alqahtani, Mufleh; Almoaily, Mohammad (28 October 2022).
432:
Pidgins and
Creoles beyond Africa-Europe Encounters
389:"Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic"
216:
189:
174:Another innovation in GPA is the use of "fi" as a
187:
585:
328:"Linguistic Features of Pidgin Arabic in Kuwait"
325:
178:, which Gulf Arabic lacks in the present tense.
538:
270:"Pidginization in Gulf Arabic: A First Report"
428:"Language variation in Gulf Pidgin Arabic"
214:
564:
539:Potsdam, Eric; Alanazi, Mohammad (2014).
515:
472:
346:
215:Alshammari, Wafi Fhaid (24 August 2022).
425:
83:Generally speaking, GPA does not have a
326:Atta M. S. Salem, Ashraf (2013-04-11).
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393:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
609:Languages of the United Arab Emirates
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223:Language, Interaction and Acquisition
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473:Aljutaily, Mohammad Fahad (2018).
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387:Bakir, Murtadha J. (2010-08-16).
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87:distinction, which is present in
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594:Arabic-based pidgins and creoles
36:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
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1:
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16:Arabic-based creole languages
7:
426:Almoaily, Mohammad (2014),
274:Anthropological Linguistics
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30:which is primarily used by
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625:
541:"Fi in Gulf Pidgin Arabic"
196:Journal of Semitic Studies
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41:
599:Languages of Saudi Arabia
335:English Language Teaching
557:10.17161/KWPL.1808.15946
517:10.3390/languages7010008
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405:10.1075/jpcl.25.2.01bak
268:Smart, J. R. (1990).
235:10.1075/lia.21010.als
479:esploro.libs.uga.edu
440:10.1075/cll.47.04alm
348:10.5539/elt.v6n5p105
91:. GPA also does not
604:Languages of Kuwait
208:10.1093/jss/fgac022
117:Gulf Pidgin Arabic
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57:Persian Gulf region
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20:Gulf Pidgin Arabic
449:978-90-272-5270-8
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280:(1/2): 83–119.
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182:Further reading
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32:migrant workers
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482:. Retrieved
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273:
229:(1): 29–62.
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114:Gulf Arabic
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95:consonants.
85:vowel length
82:
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70:
54:
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19:
18:
139:/k/ or /h/
89:Gulf Arabic
588:Categories
566:1808/15946
484:2023-06-03
455:2023-06-03
251:References
146:Vocabulary
575:2378-7600
526:2226-471X
504:Languages
413:0920-9034
357:1916-4750
286:0003-5483
243:251823493
551:: 9–29.
510:(1): 8.
294:30028141
111:Phoneme
93:geminate
79:Features
155:Grammar
42:History
34:in the
26:-based
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446:
411:
355:
292:
284:
241:
176:copula
161:Aspect
133:/ɣ/ غ
122:/x/ خ
61:creole
28:pidgin
24:Arabic
22:is an
341:(5).
331:(PDF)
290:JSTOR
239:S2CID
165:tense
67:Usage
571:ISSN
522:ISSN
444:ISBN
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353:ISSN
282:ISSN
163:and
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561:hdl
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