383:
483:
96:
210:
613:
440:
19:
181:
ambitious plans for a comprehensive redevelopment of the 11-acre site designed to consolidate in a single location facilities for the purchase, production, packing and dispatching of foodstuffs, beverages and other victualling supplies for naval use (while also providing residential and office accommodation for the
Victualling Commissioners themselves). At the time, this plan (costed at almost £74,000) was purely aspirational; but it provided a framework for ongoing development. In the 1740s a mill for producing
317:) was that, in addition to the aforementioned large-scale facilities, Deptford specialised in the production of other foodstuffs on a smaller scale, such as mustard, pepper, oatmeal and chocolate (each prepared in a dedicated milling area). There were also separate storehouses for sugar, tea, rice, raisins, wine and tobacco, all of which were purchased in London and stored in Deptford prior to being distributed for use elsewhere as required.
637:, was built on the site. Some historic buildings, all dating from the 1770-80s, were retained and converted for housing or community uses. These include the gateway on Grove Street and behind it the 'Colonnade' (former houses and office, fronted by a colonnaded passageway), the terrace of former officers' houses on Longshore and the two former Storehouses on the riverbank.
527:, 1.25 million pounds of which was supplied each year from Deptford's chocolate mills. (Chocolate production, which did not take place at the other home yards, is recorded as taking place at Deptford from 1834). In addition, a 'considerable quantity' of lime juice was stored on site (it was mostly consumed in tropical climates and served as an
180:
The
Commissioners took possession the following year; they set about building a large new storehouse (to take items from Tower Hill), re-facing the wharf with bricks and repairing a number of buildings (which had been damaged in a fire a few years beforehand). At the same time, they drew up much more
542:
The biscuit bakery, staffed by just twelve men, could produce 30,000 ship's biscuits a day (though it only normally operated in the winter months). Around 450 tons per year were being manufactured in
Deptford in 1900 (with biscuit-making also undertaken at the other two principal Victualling Yards).
274:
Certain provisions were purchased locally and then stored on site, including butter, cheese, peas and fish, as well as malt and hops for brewing and flour for baking. (Initially, flour was milled by the Board in a pair of nearby windmills in
Deptford and Rotherhithe, but by 1802 these had been sold
551:
Deptford always provided more than just the staple naval provisions of meat, biscuits, rum and cocoa. In the 20th century a whole variety of stores were kept on site, including drugs and medical supplies, soap, lubricating oil and acid, as well as sizeable stocks of tea, sugar, jam, salt, raisins,
534:
After the 1870s live animals were no longer brought into the yard for slaughter, though fresh meat did continue to be salted on site. By 1900 it was estimated that 'in a year, something like 2,000,000 lb. of beef and pork will probably pass through the Yard'; the pork was from
Ireland and Denmark,
547:
and the letter 'D' for
Deptford. After baking, the biscuits were placed for three days in the upper-floor drying rooms, which were heated to 140 °F (60 °C) using surplus heat from the ovens downstairs. It was claimed that Deptford alone could, if needed, 'turn out sufficient biscuits to
624:
By the end of the Second World War the yard had become less and less of a storehouse, the functions of its staff being chiefly confined to inspecting and checking the quality.. of victualling stores.. all of which are today supplied by commercial firms. Certain quantities of dry and refrigerated
217:
It was only, finally, in the 1780s that HM Victualling Yard, Deptford, acquired the layout, scale and complexity of operations that it was to retain for the best part of the next two centuries. A comprehensive rebuilding took place, to designs by James Arrow (Surveyor to the
Victualling Office,
473:
In 1832 the
Victualling Board was disestablished and the civilian Agent Victualler was replaced with a serving naval officer, the Captain Superintendent, assisted by a Master Attendant. In 1869, these offices were abolished and the Yard was instead placed under the management of a civilian
560:; it was also supplied as a 'medical comfort', along with 'beef essence, oxtail soup, chicken broth, calf's foot jelly' and assorted other consumables. Ships were also supplied with tobacco, which was purchased in bulk and compressed into barrels using hydraulic machinery.
522:
in the vats for around two years before being run into casks ready for despatch. By the end of the nineteenth century the vats at
Deptford were 32 in number, providing a total capacity of 230,000 gallons. The other main beverage provided to sailors at this time was
346:
were installed at various points, in case of fires, and attachments on the wharf-side cranes allowed water to be delivered directly to ships moored alongside. A steam-driven flour mill was introduced in the 1820s and biscuit making was semi-mechanised in the 1830s.
498:
in 1869, the
Victualling Yard expanded southwards into the old Dockyard precincts (the boundary wall separating the two Yards had already been removed, in 1852). More store houses were built on the site, and the Dockyard's former mast pond provided additional
218:
1774–1785). Behind a row of riverside storehouses, the yard's various activities were accommodated in a variety of purpose-built manufacturing areas and specialised storage buildings, arranged around a central open space. To the south was the
205:
on the river which were laden with dry stores ('biscuits, pease, &c.'). In 1755 the King's Mill was destroyed, likewise the New Storehouse in 1758; and 1761 the old Red House (which had been rebuilt in 1640) was once again burned down.
599:
was located in the yard, housed within a small wooden hut erected for the purpose on the lawn at the centre of the site. Its Superintendent was housed in the Terrace. Responsible for testing and ensuring the individual accuracy of every
87:). In addition, it routinely supplied the other naval victualling yards, both at home and abroad, with items of stock (to supplement those sourced or produced locally) ranging from rum, food and tobacco to clothing and medical supplies.
543:
Grain was bought on the open market, and stored on site in a three-storey granary before being transferred to the steam-powered flour mill. In the course of manufacture, each hexagonal biscuit was stamped with the Government's
169:, proposed to purchase 11 acres of the Sayes Court estate (including Red House) with the intention of establishing their main depot there. The Privy Council, while approving the new establishment, did not approve the purchase (
196:
Fire remained a serious threat in this period. In 1748 the new Victualling Office burned down (the fire started when a spark set light to some sacks hung up to dry by a hearth; it subsequently spread to 'a great number' of
328:, Deptford's main task was to maintain a steady provision of victuals (either by manufacture or purchase) with which to supply the smaller yards on the south coast and overseas where the fleet was principally based.
625:
provisions continued however to be held in stock, together with materials and uniform clothing, flying clothing and special cold-weather kit. At the final closure these were transferred to.. Portsmouth and Plymouth.
575:
In the early 20th century, if a Royal Navy ship required provisions her officers would order them directly from the nearest appropriate Victualling Yard. From Deptford, supplies were routinely conveyed downriver in
494:. Records show that, in 1868, 50 coopers, 7 millers, 21 bakers, 6 blacksmiths, 4 sawyers and 47 other tradesmen were employed at the Yard, together with 22 storemen and 67 labourers. After the closure of Deptford's
563:
Foodstuffs and other items continued to be stored in barrels: 30,000 a year were being manufactured at Deptford's cooperage in the early 20th century. By the 1870s, machinery for cask-making had been installed by
59:
in 1743 to serve as their main operational facility. Rebuilt in the late 18th century, it soon became 'the largest food-processing operation in Britain, if not in Europe'. After 1858 it was formally known as the
261:
In 1785 the Victualling Board closed the Tower Hill depot and Deptford became its centre of operations (though the commissioners themselves did not move to Deptford, instead transferring their office to
1052:
535:
the beef 'almost entirely from America'. Inside 'huge meat stores', the meat was salted in 100 lb (45 kg) barrels, to which a small amount of brine was added day by day, after which they were
286:. The slaughterhouses only operated in the cooler months of the year (October–April). Fresh meat (and fresh bread) were provided for ships in harbour or at anchor in the Thames, the Medway and
490:
Deptford remained the largest of the home victualling establishments through the 19th century. The establishment was renamed the Royal Victoria Victualling Yard in 1858, following a visit by
67:
Deptford's proximity to the food markets of London made it especially convenient for victualling, and it served the requirements not only of its own neighbouring Dockyard but also those of
588:, which enabled supplies to be delivered to the other home Victualling Yards (or to any other port where they might be required). Provisions for overseas stations were sent as regular
1057:
1047:
568:; but certain types of cask and other items were still hand-crafted, and in addition to barrels, the cooperage supplied 'all the wooden paraphernalia of the ship's kitchen'.
146:). It first required rebuilding, having been damaged by fire in 1639; but in 1673 Gauden began to transfer a number of personnel and operations from Tower Hill to Deptford.
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1042:
1062:
335:
had been installed in the brewhouse; it was used both to grind the malt and to pump beer from the vats. Furthermore, a complex network of pipes carried water from the
350:
Deptford's integrated approach to manufacture and storage provided a model for the new purpose-built victualling yards established by the Navy in the 1820s: the
1003:
633:(which occupied part of the former Dockyard site). The majority of the old Victualling Yard buildings were demolished; a large council estate, the
419:
These officers related directly to their counterparts on the Victualling Board, leading to a lack of co-ordination and accountability in the yard.
1027:
422:
In response to this difficulty, a Board of Revision recommended in 1809 that the number of Principal Officers at Deptford be reduced to three:
518:' and placed in vats where it was reduced by addition of water to the standard Navy strength of 4.5 degrees under proof. The rum was left to
552:
split peas and preserved milk (each kept in their own dedicated storehouse). Oatmeal, pepper and mustard continued to be milled on site.
585:
506:
Brewing ceased in the yard after the beer ration was discontinued in the 1830s; the old brewhouse instead became a clothing store.
426:
Agent Victualler (having overall responsibility for the yard's operation, for negotiating contracts and distribution of victuals)
382:
185:
was built, a cooperage was established for repairing damaged casks, and a perimeter wall was built. In 1747, the Commissioners'
1112:
754:
390:
The senior personnel of the yard varied over time. Up to 1809, the Principal Officers of the yard were listed as follows:
1102:
900:
1032:
584:, where they could more easily be transferred on to ships. The Royal Victoria Yard was also served by a branch of the
226:, in which the great majority of the yard's products were packed for storage and transport). To the west was a large
1023:
Early photograph of the Cooperage entrance, which faced the river gate across the yard at the end of a long avenue.
153:
estate. In the hands of private contractors, it continued to be used for naval victualling for the next 70 years.
651:
351:
629:
The Royal Victoria Victualling Yard closed in June 1961. Some staff (and stores) were relocated to the adjacent
988:
656:
363:
119:. In 1650, to supplement these arrangements, a slaughterhouse was acquired by the Board of Victualling of the
115:
in a complex of offices, residences, storehouses and manufactories which had been established in the reign of
596:
142:. He leased a property known as the Red House (a red brick storehouse which stood on a wharf adjacent to the
1007:
811:
572:
had been available to the Navy since 1813, but for a long time its use was restricted for reasons of cost.
482:
342:
into various parts of the yard, including the brewhouse, the bakehouse, the pickle-yard and the cooperage.
170:
48:
activity on the site for the best part of 300 years from the mid-17th century through to the early 1960s.
878:
510:
then became the main alcoholic provision of the Royal Navy and Deptford managed its supply. Rum from the
135:
503:. By the end of the century the Royal Victoria Victualling Yard covered a total area of some 35 acres.
193:
was destroyed in a fire, and the decision was taken to build a new and larger one on site at Deptford.
661:
321:
162:
56:
309:
One characteristic that distinguished Deptford from the Board's other manufacturing facilities (in
1107:
931:
548:
feed the whole Navy'; enough raw material for 11,000,000 biscuits was kept in stock in the Yard.
332:
120:
37:
1053:
New Clothing Store (left) and entrance to the Wet Dock (formerly the Mast Pond of the Dockyard).
138:. In 1665, with the Navy expanding rapidly, Gauden sought to ease pressure on the facilities at
279:
95:
830:
Pevsner, The Buildings of England - London 2: South (Yale University Press, 1983 & 2002).
565:
227:
209:
131:
612:
367:
84:
439:
8:
536:
359:
219:
173:
had wanted £10,000 for the sale), so instead it was leased to the Commissioners for £500
143:
1022:
616:
The Colonnade (just inside the main gate: housed the Porter and the Inspector of Works).
18:
581:
336:
72:
984:
646:
495:
371:
255:
68:
76:
33:
331:
By 1813 the Victualling Yard at Deptford covered nearly 20 acres. A 10-horsepower
99:
The river gate at the top of 'Drake's Steps', a long-established landing place on
577:
519:
325:
231:
202:
100:
294:
meat was provided (and biscuit rather than bread). Use was made of by-products:
557:
491:
310:
291:
263:
246:. To the north, alongside a terrace of houses for senior officers, was a large
1096:
630:
528:
524:
515:
303:
283:
166:
1028:
View through the main gate towards the tree-lined central area of the yard.
634:
198:
41:
569:
544:
511:
295:
190:
150:
116:
45:
1033:
Elevated view of the main gate with the former livestock area beyond it.
507:
339:
139:
112:
108:
30:
604:
in naval service, it remained based in the yard for almost 50 years.
553:
247:
186:
1068:
Offices (left), Superintendent's house and North Storehouse (right).
500:
477:
443:
The Terrace (built to house the other senior officers of the yard).
343:
314:
287:
278:
Livestock arrived either by boat or else on the hoof, usually from
124:
601:
589:
355:
235:
223:
182:
156:
901:"How The Navy is Fed: A Visit to the Principal Victualling Yard"
55:, the site with its wharf and storehouses was taken over by the
299:
251:
201:
which had been stacked nearby, and went on to set fire to two
1048:
New Stationery Store (left) and New Clothing Store (right).
243:
239:
80:
1038:
Photographs of the river frontage, 1937 (south to north):
716:
Nelson's Navy: the Ships, Men and Organisation, 1793-1815
134:
a private contractor, Sir Denis Gauden, was licensed as
738:. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. pp. 267–269.
250:
providing beer for the fleet, and towards the centre a
486:
Former stable block behind the Superintendent's house.
320:
In the late-18th and early-19th centuries, during the
1073:
North Storehouse (left) and 'Old Storehouse' (right).
983:. London: William Kimber & Co. Ltd. p. 209.
514:
was purchased at a strength of 'forty degrees above
436:with the following listed as Subordinate Officers:
79:, as well as of the fleet and vessels based in the
978:
879:Quotation from "Northern Whig", 28 September 1876.
799:British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole
302:to make soap and candles, shins and bones to make
254:with twelve large ovens, which produced bread and
1094:
968:. London: Cassell and Company. pp. 679–680.
478:Later years: the Royal Victoria Victualling Yard
386:Superintendent's House and riverside storehouse.
1063:Flour mill (left) and South Storehouse (right).
840:
838:
836:
801:. Princeton University Press. pp. 434–435.
213:Riverside storehouse and administrative office.
1078:'Old Storehouse' (left) and Brewhouse (right).
847:The British Navy's Victualling Board 1793-1815
826:
824:
157:Acquisition and expansion: HM Victualling Yard
1083:Brewhouse (centre) and Tobacco Store (right).
1058:Chocolate mill (left) and flour mill (right).
938:. Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878.
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
620:A. Cecil Hampshire wrote in the early 1970s:
833:
781:Pepys's Navy: Ships, Men and Warfare 1649-89
749:
747:
745:
709:
707:
705:
22:The Main Gate to the former Victualling Yard
923:
821:
792:
790:
883:
729:
727:
725:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
123:Navy, across the river and downstream, at
844:
772:
742:
702:
556:was provided in quarter-pint bottles for
90:
787:
611:
586:London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
481:
438:
432:Storekeeper (overseer of items in store)
381:
362:and the south-coast anchorages) and the
208:
94:
17:
722:
674:
429:Clerk of the Cheque (financial officer)
83:(which was one of the Navy's principal
1095:
898:
853:
778:
713:
111:'s victualling operation was based on
1008:HC Deb, 27 April 1960 vol 622 cc198-9
796:
755:"Plans of the 'Red House', Deptford"
733:
693:
929:
222:(for the manufacture and repair of
13:
899:Dolman, Frederick (October 1900).
14:
1124:
1016:
963:
949:"The Deptford Victualling Yard".
905:The English Illustrated Magazine
718:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1004:"Royal Victoria Yard, Deptford"
997:
972:
957:
942:
872:
652:Royal Clarence Victualling Yard
352:Royal Clarence Victualling Yard
62:Royal Victoria Victualling Yard
951:Scientific American Supplement
805:
657:Royal William Victualling Yard
364:Royal William Victualling Yard
290:; but for ships going to sea,
275:as they proved uneconomical.)
149:The Red House was part of the
1:
667:
597:Admiralty Compass Observatory
27:HM Victualling Yard, Deptford
932:"Old and New London: vol. 6"
849:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
698:. Swindon: English Heritage.
377:
269:
7:
1113:Royal Navy bases in England
979:A. Cecil Hampshire (1975).
953:(42): 661. 14 October 1876.
640:
136:Surveyor of Marine Victuals
10:
1129:
1103:Military history of London
607:
403:Clerk of the Cutting House
981:The Royal Navy Since 1945
797:Baugh, Daniel A. (1965).
662:Victualling Commissioners
631:Army Supply Reserve Depot
163:Victualling Commissioners
57:Victualling Commissioners
862:Encyclopaedia Britannica
845:Macdonald, Jane (2010).
107:In the 17th century the
51:Previously known as the
818:, quoted by Dews, 1884.
736:The History of Deptford
694:Coad, Jonathan (2013).
406:Clerk of the Dry Stores
238:and packing houses for
38:Deptford Royal Dockyard
936:British History Online
779:Davies, J. D. (2008).
714:Lavery, Brian (1989).
627:
617:
566:Greenwood & Batley
487:
444:
409:Clerk of the Brewhouse
387:
374:and later Gibraltar).
280:Smithfield Meat Market
214:
104:
91:Origins: the Red House
36:established alongside
23:
759:The National Archives
734:Dews, Nathan (1884).
696:Support for the Fleet
622:
615:
485:
442:
385:
212:
98:
21:
966:The Story of the Sea
539:ready for despatch.
322:French Revolutionary
228:meat processing area
537:hermetically sealed
463:Principal Stevedore
460:Principal Boatswain
415:Clerk of the Issues
400:Clerk of the Cheque
53:Red House, Deptford
618:
558:Communion services
488:
466:Inspector of Works
445:
388:
215:
105:
24:
930:Walford, Edward.
816:History of London
647:Deptford Dockyard
298:to make leather,
1120:
1043:Stationery Store
1010:
1001:
995:
994:
976:
970:
969:
961:
955:
954:
946:
940:
939:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
896:
881:
876:
870:
869:
857:
851:
850:
842:
831:
828:
819:
809:
803:
802:
794:
785:
784:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
751:
740:
739:
731:
720:
719:
711:
700:
699:
691:
230:, with separate
34:Victualling Yard
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1093:
1092:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1002:
998:
991:
977:
973:
964:Q, ed. (1895).
962:
958:
948:
947:
943:
928:
924:
914:
912:
897:
884:
877:
873:
859:
858:
854:
843:
834:
829:
822:
810:
806:
795:
788:
777:
773:
763:
761:
753:
752:
743:
732:
723:
712:
703:
692:
675:
670:
643:
610:
480:
380:
326:Napoleonic Wars
272:
256:ship's biscuits
232:slaughterhouses
171:Sir John Evelyn
165:, supported by
159:
101:Deptford Strand
93:
12:
11:
5:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1108:Port of London
1105:
1091:
1090:
1088:Tobacco Store.
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1017:External links
1015:
1012:
1011:
996:
989:
971:
956:
941:
922:
882:
871:
852:
832:
820:
804:
786:
771:
741:
721:
701:
672:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
642:
639:
609:
606:
595:From 1869 the
496:Royal Dockyard
492:Queen Victoria
479:
476:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:Master Butcher
455:
452:
449:
434:
433:
430:
427:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:Superintendent
379:
376:
370:(which served
358:(which served
271:
268:
264:Somerset House
236:cutting houses
158:
155:
144:Royal Dockyard
92:
89:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1125:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1005:
1000:
992:
986:
982:
975:
967:
960:
952:
945:
937:
933:
926:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
880:
875:
867:
863:
860:"Dockyards".
856:
848:
841:
839:
837:
827:
825:
817:
813:
808:
800:
793:
791:
782:
775:
760:
756:
750:
748:
746:
737:
730:
728:
726:
717:
710:
708:
706:
697:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
673:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
636:
632:
626:
621:
614:
605:
603:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
571:
567:
561:
559:
555:
549:
546:
540:
538:
532:
530:
529:antiscorbutic
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
497:
493:
484:
475:
474:Storekeeper.
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
451:Master Brewer
450:
448:Master Cooper
447:
446:
441:
437:
431:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
414:
412:Master Cooper
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
391:
384:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
304:portable soup
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:London Bridge
281:
276:
267:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
207:
204:
200:
194:
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:the Admiralty
164:
154:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
102:
97:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
58:
54:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:
28:
20:
16:
1037:
999:
980:
974:
965:
959:
950:
944:
935:
925:
913:. Retrieved
908:
904:
874:
868:: 270. 1894.
865:
861:
855:
846:
815:
807:
798:
780:
774:
762:. Retrieved
758:
735:
715:
695:
635:Pepys Estate
628:
623:
619:
594:
574:
562:
550:
541:
533:
505:
489:
472:
454:Master Baker
435:
421:
418:
389:
349:
337:Ravensbourne
333:steam engine
330:
319:
308:
277:
273:
260:
216:
195:
179:
174:
161:In 1742 the
160:
148:
129:
121:Commonwealth
106:
66:
61:
52:
50:
44:. There was
42:River Thames
26:
25:
15:
783:. Seaforth.
764:24 November
570:Tinned food
545:broad arrow
512:West Indies
191:Rotherhithe
151:Sayes Court
132:Restoration
117:Elizabeth I
46:victualling
1097:Categories
990:0718300343
668:References
368:Stonehouse
360:Portsmouth
340:Waterworks
311:Portsmouth
282:by way of
266:in 1787).
140:Tower Hill
130:After the
113:Tower Hill
109:Navy Board
85:anchorages
31:Royal Navy
911:(1): 8–17
582:Sheerness
554:Port wine
525:chocolate
378:Personnel
270:Operation
248:brewhouse
220:cooperage
187:bakehouse
175:per annum
73:Sheerness
812:Maitland
641:See also
578:lighters
501:wharfage
397:Hoytaker
372:Plymouth
315:Plymouth
288:The Nore
242:and for
203:lighters
125:Deptford
69:Woolwich
608:Closure
602:compass
590:freight
356:Gosport
224:barrels
183:oatmeal
77:Chatham
40:on the
987:
915:2 June
469:Porter
300:tallow
292:salted
252:bakery
199:staves
29:was a
516:proof
344:Plugs
296:hides
985:ISBN
917:2021
909:XXIV
766:2017
324:and
313:and
244:pork
240:beef
81:Nore
75:and
814:'s
580:to
531:).
520:age
508:Rum
189:at
1099::
1006:,
934:.
907:.
903:.
885:^
864:.
835:^
823:^
789:^
757:.
744:^
724:^
704:^
676:^
592:.
366:,
354:,
306:.
258:.
234:,
177:.
127:.
71:,
64:.
993:.
919:.
866:7
768:.
103:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
