179:
167:
3736:, is believed to have reborrowed clicks from Bantu languages, which had earlier borrowed them from Khoisan languages, for example. The Knight and Mountain article is the latest in a long line of speculations about the primitive origin of click consonants, which have been largely motivated by the outdated idea that primitive people speak primitive languages, which has no empirical support.
530:, although uncommon, do occur, though not before consonants that have a place of articulation to assimilate to. In such positions, and are allophones, but since VN cannot occur at the end of a word or before a glottal consonant, where only nasal vowels are found, it may be that nasal vowels are allophonic with VN in all positions.
445:, but not in the Khoisan languages of southern Africa. Some of these words are historically derivable from clicks in initial positions (many appear to reflect lexicalized reduplication, for example, and some are due to prefixes), but others are opaque. As in Sandawe, most medial clicks are glottalized, but not all:
3046:
The factors governing the word order within noun phrases are not known. Constituent order tends to be SXVO (where X is an auxiliary) for a new or emphasized subject, with the subject moving further back (XSVO, XVSO, and XVOS), or simply not mentioned (XVO) the better it is established. Where context,
1933:
Gender is used metaphorically, with ordinarily feminine words made masculine if they are notably thin, and ordinarily masculine words made feminine if they are notably round. Gender also distinguishes such things as vines (m) and their tubers (f), or berry trees (f) and their berries (m). Mass nouns
525:
Hadza has five vowels, . Long vowels may occur when intervocalic is elided. For example, or 'to climb', but some words are not attested with , as 'she' vs 'to be ill'. All vowels are nasalized before glottalized nasal and voiced nasal clicks, and speakers vary on whether they hear them as nasal
3731:
There is no evidence that any of these assumptions are correct, or even likely. Linguistic opinion is that click consonants may well be a relatively late development in human language, that they are no more resistant to change or any more likely to be linguistic relics than other speech sounds, and
1845:
Reduplication of the initial syllable of a word, usually with tonic accent and a long vowel, is used to indicate 'just' (meaning either 'merely' or 'solely') and is quite common. It occurs on both nouns and verbs, and reduplication can be used to emphasize other things, such as the habitual suffix
3693:
of any human populations, suggesting that they were the first, or at least among the first, surviving peoples to have split off the family tree. In other words, the three primary genetic divisions of humanity are the Hadza, the Juǀʼhoan and relatives, and everyone else. Because two of the three
1841:
is flexible; the default constituent order is VSO, though VOS and fronting to SVO are both very common. The order of determiner, noun, and attributive also varies, though with morphological consequences. There is number and gender agreement on both attributives (for head nouns) and verbs (for
3038:); only context tells which combination of number and gender is intended. 3rd-singular direct objects also reduce to this form in the imperative singular; 3rd-plural change their vowels but do not conflate with the singular: see 'dead zebra' under nouns above for an example of the forms.
1721:
A practical orthography has been devised by Miller and
Anyawire. As of 2015, this orthography is not being used by any Hadza speakers and is therefore of limited value for communication in Hadza. It is broadly similar to the orthographies of neighboring languages such as Swahili,
3888:
Consonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated
538:
Consonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated
433:
Hadza syllable structure is limited to CV, or CVN if nasal vowels are analyzed as a coda nasal. Vowel-initial syllables do not occur initially, and medially they may be equivalent to /hV/ – at least, no minimal pairs of /h/ vs zero are known.
2659:
The functions of the anterior and posterior differ between auxiliaries; with lexical verbs, they are non-past and past. The potential and veridical conditionals reflect the degree of certainty that something would have occurred. 1sg.npst
1627:
nasal clicks is apparent on preceding vowels, but not during the hold of the click itself, which is silent due to simultaneous glottal closure. The labial (or ) is found in a single mimetic word where it alternates with
406:
finds the hypothesis of a relationship of Hadza with
Afroasiatic theoretically plausible, but that any demonstration of it by lexical comparison remains "almost by definition impossible", due to the reconstruction of
1734:. The apostrophe, which is ubiquitous in transcription in the anthropological literature but causes problems with literacy, is not used: Glottal stop is indicated by vowel sequences (that is,
361:
loan words, whereas the links with southern Africa are so few and so short (usually single consonant–vowel syllables) that they are most likely coincidental. A few words link it with
3145:
Hadza has received some attention for a dozen 'celebratory' or 'triumphal' names for dead animals. These are used to announce a kill or find. They are (in the imperative singular):
2784:
Demonstratives, adjectives, and other attributives may occur before or after a noun, but nouns only take their gender number endings when they occur first in the noun phrase:
3122:. (Other local Bantu languages have an l/r between the vowels.) Sands first recognized the similarity of 'one' and 'two' to Kwʼadza noted above. Militarev notes similar forms to
1652:
varies between a plosive , a central affricate , a lateral affricate , and a fricative . The other central ejective affricates can surface as ejective fricatives as well (i.e.
398:, was criticized by specialists of Hadza and Cushitic as more likely consisting of several layers of loanwords and some chance resemblances, due to insufficient regularity in
414:
There are no dialects, though there is some regional vocabulary, especially Bantu loans, which are more numerous in the southern and western areas of high bilingualism.
3458:
for any running ground bird. 'Lion' and 'eland' use the same root. Blench thinks this may have something to do with the eland being considered magical in the region.
4101:
4378:
Tucker, A.N.; Bryan, M.A; Woodburn, James (1977). "The East
African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison". In Moehlig, J.G.; Rottland, Franz; Heine, Bernd (eds.).
357:
with either
Sandawe or the other putative Khoisan languages, and many of the ones that have been proposed appear doubtful. The links with Sandawe, for example, are
3694:
groups speak languages with clicks, perhaps their common ancestral language, which by implication is the ancestral language for all humankind, had clicks as well.
1693:
appear to be allophones. may be allophones of , and what are often transcribed in the literature as next to a back vowel or next to a front vowel (e.g. the msg
2689:. Various compound tense-aspect-moods occur by doubling up the inflectional endings. There are several additional inflections which have not been worked out.
1965:). This is because these forms are not nouns, but imperative verbs; the morphology is clearer in the imperative plural, when addressing more than one person:
4483:
4287:
Sands, Bonny; Güldemann, Tom (2009). "What Click
Languages Can and Can't Tell us About Language Origins". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.).
6546:
7655:
6411:
2315:
There are some additional 3rd-person pronouns, including some compound forms. Adverbs are formed from the 3rd-person forms by adding locative
383:, an extinct language of hunter-gatherers who may have had recently shifted to Cushitic. (Higher numerals were borrowed in both languages.)
4416:
4186:
4513:
189:
4428:
1566:
3473:'to give', in the imperative singular (when addressing one person) and the feminine imperative plural (when addressing the camp):
1864:
Nouns have grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and number (singular and plural). They are marked by suffixes as follows:
2679:, which tends to reduce to a long vowel, before these endings. In some verbs, the habitual has become lexicalized (marking the
2388:. Their inflections may be irregular or have different inflectional endings from those of lexical verbs, which are as follows:
1949:
The names reported for dead animals do not follow this pattern. Calling attention to a dead zebra, for example, uses the form
4230:
7640:
5926:
5507:
4110:
1517:
6036:
4462:
6539:
1599:
1572:
1294:
211:
5008:
1379:
1370:
2843:
Verbs may take up to two object suffixes, for a direct object (DO) and indirect object (IO). These only differ in the
7330:
6193:
4387:
4296:
3990:
7660:
6169:
5408:
1527:
1284:
5327:
5263:
4506:
201:
3723:
Neither the ancestors of the Juǀʼhoan nor those of the Hadza developed clicks independently, as the creators of
7645:
6532:
5940:
5182:
5691:
3685:
that the original human language may have had clicks. The purported evidence for this is genetic: speakers of
1704:
The NC sequences only occur in word-initial position in loanwords. The voiced obstruents and nasal consonants
6406:
6053:
5188:
5013:
4799:
4793:
4717:
1331:
701:
333:
name for either the Hadza west of the lake, or perhaps a Sukuma clan that traces its ancestry to the Hadza.
6672:
6416:
6401:
6100:
5401:
5388:
5159:
5120:
1507:
1272:
763:
139:
53:, camps south and northwest; Manyara region, Iramba and Mbulu districts; Shinyanga region, Masawa District.
4221:
Sands, Bonny (1998). "The
Linguistic Relationship between Hadza and Khoisan". In Schladt, Matthias (ed.).
2119:
1815:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1774:
1758:
1746:
1735:
1709:
1705:
1683:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1632:
1380:
727:
376:
369:
6979:
6396:
6390:
6175:
5448:
5366:
5339:
5043:
5033:
1358:
3697:
However, besides the genetic interpretation, this conclusion rests on several unsupported assumptions:
7635:
5962:
5623:
5420:
5218:
5078:
5048:
5038:
5028:
4734:
4499:
2696:
and may occur on an adverb before the verb, leaving a bare verb stem (verb root plus object suffixes).
1583:
907:
897:
437:
Hadza is noted for having medial clicks (clicks within morphemes). This distribution is also found in
255:. Despite the small number of speakers, language use is vigorous, with most children learning it, but
7277:
6699:
6649:
6639:
6602:
6374:
6181:
6157:
6132:
6105:
6088:
5098:
5053:
5023:
4996:
4567:
4522:
2393:
1679:
1541:
1319:
7650:
7572:
7347:
7293:
6851:
6747:
6634:
6421:
6228:
5865:
5853:
5685:
4747:
4740:
4556:
3750:
1610:
1390:
3983:
Limits of
Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages
5426:
5351:
4754:
4704:
972:
962:
923:
7552:
4472:(4). Göteborg: Dept of Oriental and African languages, Göteborg University: 3–19. Archived from
7480:
6440:
6288:
6083:
5859:
5812:
5442:
5359:
5018:
5002:
4810:
4711:
4574:
4550:
1472:
1460:
1433:
1421:
1136:
1126:
1110:
1100:
1079:
1063:
1053:
1046:
1019:
833:
810:
800:
788:
572:
6078:
7526:
7499:
7323:
7075:
6823:
6777:
6555:
6486:
6384:
6073:
5876:
5666:
5655:
5617:
5224:
5198:
5103:
5093:
4776:
4692:
4543:
4363:"How we could show that Hadza is Afroasiatic: a response to Militarev's "Hadza as Afrasian?""
3755:, Hadza is presented as the human language most closely related to the ancestral language of
3686:
1558:
1165:
1155:
691:
654:
644:
632:
387:
6187:
5912:
4380:
Zur
Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika: neue Beiträge afrikanistischer Forschungen
7484:
6461:
6218:
6026:
5999:
5982:
5950:
5848:
5562:
5487:
5414:
5193:
5170:
5142:
5073:
4984:
4765:
4325:"Why Hadza is (probably) not Afroasiatic: a discussion of Militarev's "Hadza as Afrasian"?"
3746:
2006:
1694:
1177:
988:
753:
726:
399:
6346:
4432:
8:
7131:
7012:
6951:
6238:
6142:
6042:
6031:
5993:
5972:
5870:
5829:
5604:
5586:
5580:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5454:
5437:
5176:
4842:
4829:
4723:
4673:
4530:
3682:
1769:
may be justified, and ejectives and glottalized clicks by gemination (apart from reduced
1491:
1247:
1237:
1225:
1212:
866:
850:
840:
679:
418:
7577:
7188:
380:
7211:
7155:
7007:
6152:
6147:
6137:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6094:
6063:
6058:
6011:
6005:
5956:
5901:
5824:
5708:
5672:
5633:
5575:
5382:
5377:
5088:
4847:
4816:
4782:
4770:
4729:
4604:
3108:
for 'five'. There is no systematic way to express other numbers without using
Swahili.
2824:
1802:
as in Iraqw. (This is ultimately a French convention.) Nasalized vowels / VN rimes are
1667:
between vowels and occasionally elsewhere, especially in rapid speech. is most common
1189:
1012:
741:
567:
506:
358:
7587:
7457:
6249:
6212:
4173:
Miller, Kirk; Anyawire, Mariamu; Bala, G.G.; Sands, Bonny (2013). Miller, Kirk (ed.).
3733:
2704:
As is common in the area, there are only a few bare-root adjectives in Hadza, such as
131:
7557:
7386:
7339:
7198:
7085:
6927:
6907:
6881:
6709:
6163:
6068:
6048:
5987:
5967:
5678:
5639:
5610:
5598:
5535:
5481:
5459:
5432:
5372:
5345:
5164:
5125:
5115:
5083:
4956:
4882:
4864:
4858:
4760:
4678:
4592:
4393:
4383:
4292:
4226:
4209:
4182:
3986:
3803:
3690:
2013:'they are zebras'. The copular suffixes distinguish gender in all persons as well as
1838:
955:
781:
598:
593:
586:
576:
408:
342:
7448:
7381:
7369:
6254:
6243:
6223:
4561:
3681:
In 2003 the press widely reported suggestions by Alec Knight and Joanna
Mountain of
207:
7609:
7601:
7316:
7267:
7206:
7173:
7126:
7017:
6992:
6987:
6886:
6767:
6722:
6574:
6569:
6471:
6331:
6321:
6316:
6270:
6264:
6233:
6126:
6021:
5945:
5883:
5835:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5731:
5715:
5650:
5645:
5628:
5569:
5463:
5395:
5306:
5273:
5241:
5137:
5109:
5058:
4979:
4963:
4949:
4931:
4924:
4910:
4870:
4852:
4836:
4822:
4644:
4627:
4449:
4349:
4201:
3127:
3116:
3081:
3065:
2708:'big'. Most attributive forms take a suffix with cross-gender number marking:
1731:
890:
563:
558:
438:
403:
395:
391:
346:
309:
is apparently a form of the same from one of the local Bantu languages, presumably
232:
94:
7582:
7562:
7475:
6311:
6259:
5251:
4205:
7465:
7432:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7178:
7163:
7136:
7080:
7070:
7065:
7047:
7022:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6932:
6917:
6912:
6891:
6876:
6866:
6846:
6792:
6782:
6772:
6752:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6593:
6466:
6341:
6326:
6295:
6016:
5977:
5842:
5788:
5660:
5522:
5288:
5283:
5148:
5063:
4944:
4937:
4917:
4899:
4804:
4787:
4586:
3713:
3097:
2664:
and a couple other forms lengthen the preceding vowel. The 1.ex forms apart from
1914:'zebra' (either one or a group). The masculine plural may trigger vowel harmony:
1723:
1149:
619:
581:
442:
362:
350:
330:
310:
252:
248:
86:
7374:
7567:
7427:
7411:
7356:
7272:
7246:
7236:
7183:
7141:
7121:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7055:
7032:
7027:
7002:
6997:
6922:
6871:
6861:
6813:
6797:
6787:
6762:
6757:
6742:
6732:
6727:
6689:
6684:
6677:
6629:
6476:
6336:
6305:
6276:
5907:
5793:
5776:
5726:
5721:
5592:
5529:
5299:
5293:
5213:
5208:
5154:
5131:
4876:
4698:
4655:
4638:
4610:
4598:
4473:
3702:
3131:
2362:
1727:
1664:
1624:
827:
144:
7469:
4340:
Skaanes, Thea (2015). "Notes on Hadza cosmology: Epeme, objects and rituals".
4121:
Elderkin, Edward (1978). "Loans in Hadza: internal evidence from consonants".
1781:, because these are otherwise found mostly in borrowings and thus not common.
7629:
7511:
7406:
7401:
7391:
7364:
7216:
7060:
6937:
6856:
6841:
6831:
6737:
6694:
6624:
6619:
6360:
6300:
6282:
5798:
5782:
5736:
5493:
5313:
5278:
5268:
5246:
5203:
5068:
4649:
4581:
4411:
4157:. 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics. Riezlern.
4049:
These glosses are crude; these words do not translate into Swahili or English
3790:
3717:
2721:
1497:
1400:
1199:
998:
933:
876:
612:
157:
7547:
4491:
4307:
3461:
An IO suffix may be used to reference the person who made the kill. Compare
394:
proposal for Hadza as a member of the family, perhaps particularly close to
7531:
7168:
7037:
6836:
5257:
4397:
4213:
2355:
1907:
1834:
943:
514:
510:
341:
Hadza is a language isolate. It was once classified by many linguists as a
244:
64:
4069:
3865:
115:
6717:
4249:
Sands, Bonny (2013). "Phonetics and phonology". In Vossen, Rainer (ed.).
2382:
719:
527:
151:
6524:
4362:
4353:
4324:
4135:
4904:
3709:
2669:
2668:
begin with a glottal stop. The imp.sg is a glottal stop followed by an
2351:
1690:
1668:
287:
are older German spellings. The language is sometimes distinguished as
236:
50:
4463:"The semantics of Hadza gender assignment: a few notes from the field"
4225:. QKF Research in Khoisan Studies. Vol. 15. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
3955:, for example. In lexical verbs, those endings are used with habitual
1997:
forms of nouns often seen in the anthropological literature (actually
2427:
2418:
2014:
124:
108:
7308:
4163:
4152:
2823:'to say'. This attributive form is used with the copula to form the
178:
7396:
4447:
4426:
4421:
2685:
forms with glottal stop), and so an actual habitual takes a second
1977:
when addressing only men; see below for the verbal object suffixes
301:"people of the marsh grass" (from the large spring in Mangola) and
240:
219:
39:
4323:
Sands, Bonny; Harvey, Andrew; Mous, Maarten; Tosco, Mauro (2023).
3759:, citing the debunked hypothesis that clicks are good for hunting.
3756:
1638:
The palatal affricates may be pronounced with an alveolar onset (
354:
251:
in Africa. It is one of only three languages in East Africa with
215:
7241:
6500:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
6481:
6379:
3834:
2693:
1922:'zebra bucks'. A couple of kin terms and the diminutive suffix
256:
186:
4109:. 3rd International Khoisan Workshop. Riezlern. Archived from
3732:
that they are easily borrowed: at least one Khoisan language,
2716:(f.sg. and m.pl.). These agree with the noun they modify. The
3724:
2344:
4484:
Hadza basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
4306:
Sands, Bonny; Maddieson, Ian; Ladefoged, Peter (June 1993).
4267:
Sands, Bonny (2013). "Morphology". In Vossen, Rainer (ed.).
1902:
The feminine plural is used for mixed natural gender, as in
513:
has been demonstrated for Hadza. There are no known lexical
166:
4223:
Language, Identity, and Conceptulaization among the Khoisan
1906:'the Hadza'. For many animals, the grammatical singular is
1682:
is known from only a single word, where it alternates with
4258:
Sands, Bonny (2013). "Tonology". In Vossen, Rainer (ed.).
3676:
1749:'the Hadza'), which true vowel sequences are separated by
1675:, sp. rabbit). A lateral flap realization can also occur.
218:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
171:
Distribution of the Hadza language (dark grey) in Tanzania
3047:
semantics, and the verbal suffixes fail to disambiguate,
4276:
Sands, Bonny (2013). "Syntax". In Vossen, Rainer (ed.).
3660:
3656:
3614:
3589:
3560:
3556:
3514:
3489:
3115:'two' might have a Bantu source; the closest locally in
2855:
suffixes are also used on nouns to indicate possession (
1818:. A tonic syllable may be written with an acute accent,
4448:
Sands, Bonny; Maddieson, Ian; Ladefoged, Peter (1993).
4427:
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian; Sands, Bonny (1991).
4305:
4172:
3962:
3918:
3064:
The Hadza did not count before the introduction of the
2990:
Two object suffixes are only allowed if the first (the
2354:, occurs after the first syllable of verbs to indicate
1712:(on darker background) also seem to have been borrowed.
402:
and a lack of grammatical evidence for a relationship.
386:
Several parallels have been collected with many of the
2106:) tend to raise preceding mid vowels to high, just as
1777:). The ejectives are based on the voiced consonants,
4382:. Berlin: Dietrich Diener Verlag. pp. 300–323.
4322:
3900:
3846:
3840:
3822:
3705:, since they branched off from the rest of humanity;
4456:. UCLA working papers in phonetics. pp. 67–87.
4377:
4005:
1701:) are nothing more than transitions between vowels.
3804:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
267:The Hadza go by several names in the literature.
247:, who include in their number the last full-time
7627:
3810:
2361:The copula was covered above. Hadza has several
321:) is an obsolete German name of unclear origin.
3701:Both groups have kept their languages, without
2998:reduces to the form of the attributive suffix:
2957:
2947:
2934:
2924:
2908:
2844:
4286:
4058:
3664:
3622:
3564:
3522:
2973:
2848:
2777:ending may be replaced by the copula, but the
1967:hantatate, hantâte, hantayetate, hantayitchate
7324:
6540:
4521:
4507:
365:, which may itself be spurious; the numerals
6510:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4431:. UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Archived from
2110:does. The 3.sg copula tends to sound like a
4240:Sands, Bonny (2013). Vossen, Rainer (ed.).
3708:Neither group borrowed clicks as part of a
3453:
3447:
3436:
3429:
3417:
3410:
3398:
3389:
3375:
3366:
3352:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3300:
3286:
3279:
3267:
3260:
3248:
3241:
3229:
3222:
3210:
3203:
3191:
3184:
3172:
3165:
1930:in the m.sg., which is otherwise unmarked.
1837:language in both clauses and noun phrases.
62:
27:
7331:
7317:
6547:
6533:
4514:
4500:
3784:
2781:cross-number gender marking remains.
177:
165:
16:Language isolate of north-central Tanzania
6554:
4360:
4133:
3968:
3852:
3828:
3775:
3773:
2138:Personal and demonstrative pronouns are:
1934:tend to be grammatically plural, such as
185:Hadza is classified as Vulnerable by the
4120:
3980:
3951:in the 3rd-person posterior rather than
3906:
3689:and Hadza have the most divergent known
3031:
3003:
259:categorizes the language as vulnerable.
190:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4460:
4454:Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
4339:
4181:
4084:
3779:
3677:Speculations about early human language
3626:
3618:
3593:
3526:
3518:
3493:
3035:
3023:
3011:
3007:
2901:
2891:
2874:
2852:
2338:
353:. However, Hadza has very few proposed
212:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7628:
4161:
4150:
4099:
4038:
4027:
4016:
3929:
3770:
2724:, so that, for example, the adjective
526:vowels or as VN sequences. Invariable
7338:
7312:
6528:
4495:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4220:
3816:
3791:Glottopedia article on Hadza language
3739:
3610:
3585:
3510:
3485:
3465:'zebra' with the more mundane verbs,
3027:
3015:
2995:
2991:
2941:
2912:
2896:
2886:
2879:
2146:
1859:
555:
3140:
2811:Verbs may also be made attributive:
4291:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4006:Tucker, Bryan & Woodburn (1977)
3104:'many' is commonly used instead of
2994:) is 3rd person. In such cases the
1918:'zebras' (an individuated number),
1671:and in repeated syllables (e.g. in
517:or grammatical use of stress/tone.
497:'to carry kills under one's belt'.
349:, primarily because they both have
13:
4450:"The phonetic structures of Hadza"
4308:"The Phonetic Structures of Hadza"
2835:'I am speaking' (female speaker).
1779:⟨bb zz jj dl gg ggw⟩
551:Hadza consonants and orthography.
14:
7672:
4405:
3452:may be used for any spotted cat,
2838:
2728:'sweet' has the following forms:
2118:after high and often mid vowels:
1609:
1598:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1540:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1471:
1459:
1432:
1420:
1399:
1389:
1369:
1357:
1330:
1318:
1293:
1283:
1271:
1246:
1236:
1224:
1198:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1154:
1135:
1125:
1109:
1099:
1078:
1062:
1052:
1018:
997:
987:
971:
961:
942:
932:
922:
906:
896:
875:
865:
849:
839:
809:
799:
787:
762:
752:
740:
700:
690:
678:
653:
643:
631:
336:
4367:Journal of Language Relationship
4329:Journal of Language Relationship
4312:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
4280:. Oxford: Routledge. sec. Hadza.
4271:. Oxford: Routledge. sec. Hadza.
4262:. Oxford: Routledge. sec. Hadza.
4253:. Oxford: Routledge. sec. Hadza.
4140:Journal of Language Relationship
3446:The words are somewhat generic:
2831:'I am speaking' (male speaker),
1814:where they are due to an elided
379:"two" suggest a connection with
329:) is the German spelling of the
4444:Hadza wordlist and sound files.
4100:Blench, Roger (7–9 July 2008).
4093:
4078:
4063:
4052:
4043:
4032:
4021:
4010:
3999:
3974:
3934:
3923:
3912:
3670:{"Carry it!} {"Give it to me!"}
3570:{"A zebra!"} {"I got a zebra!"}
2699:
2130:are common in the literature.
1822:, but is generally not marked.
3882:
3858:
3796:
1716:
411:being still poorly developed.
1:
7656:Verb–subject–object languages
4206:10.1126/science.303.5662.1319
4165:Highlights of Hadza fieldwork
4134:Militarev, Alexander (2023).
3985:. Battlebridge Publications.
3763:
3041:
2692:The inflectional endings are
2017:in the 1st person. They are:
1984:
1635:is only found in a few words.
533:
49:Singida region, southeast of
4059:Sands & Güldemann (2009)
2122:≈ , and transcriptions with
1645:), but this is not required.
428:
271:itself means "human being."
7:
7641:Language isolates of Africa
4422:Hadza entries at Wiktionary
3059:
2867:Object/possessive suffixes
2133:
1830:For more information, see
1804:⟨an en in un⟩
1765:), though in some cases an
417:The language is marked as "
345:, along with its neighbour
235:spoken along the shores of
10:
7677:
4361:Starostin, George (2023).
3552:hanta-ta-te hanta-i-kwa-te
3054:
1850:or the pluractional infix
1825:
7600:
7540:
7519:
7510:
7494:
7481:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
7456:
7447:
7420:
7355:
7346:
7286:
7255:
7197:
7154:
7114:
7046:
6978:
6950:
6900:
6822:
6806:
6708:
6663:
6612:
6601:
6592:
6583:
6562:
6495:
6454:
6431:
6370:
6359:
6203:
5936:
5925:
5893:
5820:
5811:
5700:
5517:
5506:
5473:
5335:
5326:
5234:
4992:
4978:
4892:
4687:
4669:
4620:
4538:
4529:
4523:Primary language families
3981:Parkvall, Mikael (2006).
3749:'s science-fiction novel
3329:
3317:
3111:Dorothea Bleek suggested
3051:is understood to be VSO.
2983:
2967:
2951:
2938:
2928:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2819:) who is speaking', from
2560:
2543:
2540:
2232:
2215:
2191:
2188:
2178:
2151:
2148:
2044:
2041:
1979:-ta-, -a-, -eta-, -itcha-
1680:voiceless velar fricative
1564:
1557:
1490:
1211:
826:
724:
618:
585:
580:
571:
562:
557:
520:
198:
176:
164:
150:
138:
122:
106:
101:
83:
73:
57:
45:
35:
26:
21:
5340:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
4461:Edenmyr, Niklas (2004).
4342:Hunter Gatherer Research
3949:-ˆto, -tikwa, -ˆte, -ˆti
3652:qhasha-ta-te kw-i-kwa-te
2788:'sweet cordia berries',
2102:Forms with high vowels (
1659:The lateral approximant
1623:The nasalization of the
7661:Vowel-harmony languages
7466:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
7294:7 school sign languages
6507:have no living members.
3953:-amo, -akwa, -ame, -ami
3716:(Zulu, Xhosa etc.) and
3605:
3602:
3580:
3577:
3505:
3502:
3480:
3477:
3454:
3448:
3437:
3430:
3418:
3411:
3399:
3390:
3376:
3367:
3353:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3301:
3287:
3280:
3268:
3261:
3249:
3242:
3230:
3223:
3211:
3204:
3192:
3185:
3173:
3166:
1744:⟨Hazabee⟩
500:
262:
63:
28:
6487:Unclassified languages
6441:list of sign languages
5409:Northeastern Tasmanian
4289:The Cradle of Language
3549:hanta-i-i hanta-i-ko-o
3068:. Native numerals are
2720:form tends to trigger
1426:⟨nts/ns⟩
1414:Aspirated prenasalized
461:'to lick one's lips',
279:means "they are men."
200:This article contains
7646:Languages of Tanzania
7256:Isolates/unclassified
6556:Languages of Tanzania
6462:Constructed languages
4278:The Khoesan Languages
4269:The Khoesan Languages
4260:The Khoesan Languages
4251:The Khoesan Languages
4242:The Khoesan Languages
4187:"The first language?"
4168:. LSA. San Francisco.
4162:Miller, Kirk (2009).
4151:Miller, Kirk (2008).
2712:(m.sg. and f.pl.) or
2377:'and then', negative
443:Nguni Bantu languages
400:sound correspondences
388:Afroasiatic languages
5009:Binanderean–Goilalan
4412:Hadza at Glottopedia
4244:. Oxford: Routledge.
4136:"Hadza as Afrasian?"
3919:Miller et al. (2013)
3649:qhasha-i-i kw-i-ko-o
3318:other large antelope
2675:Habitual forms take
2339:Verbs and adjectives
1773:instead of *ddl for
1763:⟨piye⟩
1631:The labial ejective
1577:⟨l, r⟩
1204:⟨ngʼw⟩
471:penqhenqhe ~ peqeqhe
6673:Central Kilimanjaro
6291:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
6194:Tequiraca–Canichana
6037:Harákmbut–Katukinan
4800:Northwest Caucasian
4794:Northeast Caucasian
4718:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4354:10.3828/hgr.2015.13
4200:(5662): 1319–1320.
4154:Hadza Grammar Notes
3683:Stanford University
2868:
2736:
2397:
2335:'in/behind there'.
2143:
1812:⟨aha⟩
1795:are as in Sandawe,
1740:⟨bee⟩
1648:The velar ejective
1453:Tenuis prenasalized
1438:⟨ntc⟩
1405:⟨ggw⟩
1252:⟨tlh⟩
1242:⟨tch⟩
1230:⟨tsh⟩
1194:⟨ngʼ⟩
1141:⟨ngw⟩
1095:Tenuis prenasalized
881:⟨khw⟩
735:⟨mcw⟩
552:
465:'to trip someone',
275:is the plural, and
7278:"Serengeti-Dorobo"
6563:Official languages
5913:Tarascan/Purépecha
5402:Northern Tasmanian
5160:South Bougainville
5121:North Bougainville
4417:Hadza bibliography
4183:Pennisi, Elizabeth
4103:Hadza Animal Names
3740:In popular culture
2866:
2825:progressive aspect
2792:'tasty meat', but
2731:
2391:
2348:⟨kV⟩
2141:
1860:Nouns and pronouns
1853:⟨kV⟩
1806:. Long vowels are
1771:⟨dl⟩
1546:⟨hh⟩
1532:⟨sh⟩
1522:⟨sl⟩
1477:⟨nj⟩
1465:⟨nz⟩
1395:⟨gg⟩
1385:⟨dl⟩
1375:⟨jj⟩
1363:⟨zz⟩
1299:⟨tl⟩
1289:⟨tc⟩
1277:⟨ts⟩
1182:⟨ny⟩
1131:⟨ng⟩
1115:⟨nd⟩
1105:⟨mb⟩
1084:⟨nk⟩
1068:⟨nt⟩
1058:⟨mp⟩
1024:⟨bb⟩
1003:⟨gw⟩
938:⟨kw⟩
871:⟨kh⟩
855:⟨th⟩
845:⟨ph⟩
815:⟨xx⟩
805:⟨qq⟩
793:⟨cc⟩
768:⟨nx⟩
758:⟨nq⟩
746:⟨nc⟩
659:⟨xh⟩
649:⟨qh⟩
637:⟨ch⟩
550:
305:(their language).
79:1,000+ (2012)
61:1,200–1,300
7636:Khoisan languages
7623:
7622:
7596:
7595:
7506:
7505:
7443:
7442:
7340:Khoisan languages
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7150:
7149:
6946:
6945:
6522:
6521:
6472:Language isolates
6450:
6449:
6355:
6354:
5921:
5920:
5807:
5806:
5502:
5501:
5449:Western Tasmanian
5367:Eastern Tasmanian
5322:
5321:
5044:East Geelvink Bay
4974:
4973:
4665:
4664:
4470:Africa & Asia
4232:978-3-89645-143-9
4123:Occasional Papers
4075:at Watts' website
3841:Sands et al. 2023
3691:mitochondrial DNA
3444:
3443:
3141:Dead animal names
2988:
2987:
2863:'it is my pot').
2786:Ondoshibii unîbii
2771:
2770:
2657:
2656:
2394:tense–aspect–mood
2313:
2312:
2100:
2099:
1910:, as in English:
1900:
1899:
1820:⟨á⟩
1808:⟨â⟩
1761:'two' is written
1699:-a, -ha, -wa, -ya
1620:
1619:
1615:⟨h⟩
1604:⟨w⟩
1588:⟨y⟩
1512:⟨s⟩
1502:⟨f⟩
1454:
1415:
1352:
1336:⟨j⟩
1324:⟨z⟩
1313:
1266:
1219:
1170:⟨n⟩
1160:⟨m⟩
1096:
1049:
1015:
993:⟨g⟩
977:⟨d⟩
967:⟨b⟩
958:
948:⟨–⟩
928:⟨k⟩
912:⟨t⟩
902:⟨p⟩
893:
836:
784:
782:Glottalized nasal
722:
706:⟨x⟩
696:⟨q⟩
684:⟨c⟩
673:
626:
489:'to be crowded',
409:Proto-Afroasiatic
392:lexicostatistical
226:
225:
208:rendering support
204:phonetic symbols.
7668:
7517:
7516:
7454:
7453:
7353:
7352:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7310:
7309:
6700:West Kilimanjaro
6610:
6609:
6599:
6598:
6590:
6589:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6368:
6367:
6322:Huaorani/Waorani
6206:(extant in 2000)
6170:Esmeralda–Yaruro
5941:Andoque–Urequena
5934:
5933:
5818:
5817:
5624:Plateau Penutian
5515:
5514:
5490:(Northern Daly?)
5333:
5332:
5219:Northwest Papuan
5183:Trans–New Guinea
5049:East New Britain
5024:Central Solomons
4990:
4989:
4735:Great Andamanese
4685:
4684:
4536:
4535:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4478:
4467:
4457:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4401:
4374:
4357:
4336:
4319:
4302:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4217:
4191:
4178:
4169:
4158:
4147:
4130:
4129:. Dar es Salaam.
4117:
4116:on 21 July 2011.
4115:
4108:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4067:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3959:to emphasize it.
3938:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3631:"Give it to me!"
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3531:"I got a zebra!"
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3457:
3451:
3440:
3433:
3421:
3414:
3402:
3395:
3379:
3372:
3356:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3306:
3290:
3283:
3271:
3264:
3252:
3245:
3233:
3226:
3214:
3207:
3195:
3188:
3176:
3169:
3148:
3147:
3128:Chadic languages
3066:Swahili language
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2975:
2959:
2949:
2936:
2926:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2737:
2730:
2684:
2683:
2398:
2390:
2350:, where V is an
2349:
2297:
2278:
2259:
2240:
2205:
2186:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2121:
2020:
2019:
1957:, plural (rare)
1867:
1866:
1854:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1711:
1707:
1685:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1634:
1616:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1478:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1439:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1350:
1337:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1264:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1217:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1025:
1022:
1011:
1004:
1001:
994:
991:
978:
975:
968:
965:
954:
949:
946:
939:
936:
929:
926:
913:
910:
903:
900:
889:
882:
879:
872:
869:
856:
853:
846:
843:
832:
816:
813:
806:
803:
794:
791:
780:
769:
766:
759:
756:
747:
744:
736:
731:
718:
707:
704:
697:
694:
685:
682:
671:
660:
657:
650:
647:
638:
635:
624:
553:
549:
505:Neither lexical
481:'to peer over',
404:George Starostin
378:
371:
351:click consonants
343:Khoisan language
297:is from Swahili
291:"of the Hadza".
253:click consonants
249:hunter-gatherers
243:by around 1,000
233:language isolate
192:
181:
169:
160:
134:
118:
111:
95:Language isolate
89:
68:
31:
19:
18:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7651:Click languages
7626:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7592:
7536:
7502:
7500:ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
7490:
7439:
7416:
7342:
7337:
7307:
7298:
7282:
7251:
7193:
7146:
7110:
7042:
6974:
6942:
6896:
6824:Northeast Coast
6818:
6802:
6704:
6659:
6604:
6585:
6579:
6558:
6553:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6491:
6477:Mixed languages
6446:
6427:
6362:
6351:
6205:
6199:
6054:Katembri–Taruma
5928:
5917:
5889:
5803:
5696:
5509:
5498:
5469:
5318:
5230:
5189:Turama–Kikorian
5099:Lower Mamberamo
5054:East Strickland
4982:
4970:
4888:
4676:
4671:
4661:
4616:
4525:
4520:
4489:
4476:
4465:
4438:
4436:
4408:
4390:
4299:
4233:
4189:
4175:A Hadza Lexicon
4113:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3742:
3714:Nguni languages
3712:, as the Bantu
3679:
3674:
3647:
3633:
3600:
3574:
3547:
3533:
3500:
3469:'to carry' and
3392:
3385:
3369:
3362:
3303:
3296:
3157:Triumphal name
3143:
3062:
3057:
3044:
2841:
2808:'those zebra'.
2702:
2681:
2680:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2363:auxiliary verbs
2356:pluractionality
2347:
2341:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2234:
2203:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2136:
1987:
1862:
1852:
1828:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1743:
1739:
1719:
1614:
1603:
1587:
1576:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1476:
1464:
1437:
1425:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1362:
1335:
1323:
1298:
1288:
1276:
1251:
1241:
1229:
1203:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1159:
1140:
1130:
1114:
1104:
1083:
1067:
1057:
1023:
1002:
992:
976:
966:
947:
937:
927:
911:
901:
880:
870:
854:
844:
814:
804:
792:
767:
757:
745:
734:
733:
729:
705:
695:
683:
658:
648:
636:
536:
523:
503:
431:
339:
265:
206:Without proper
194:
193:
184:
172:
156:
130:
114:
107:
97:
90:
87:Language family
85:
76:
75:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
7674:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7606:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7521:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7478:
7473:
7462:
7460:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7367:
7361:
7359:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7290:
7288:
7287:Sign languages
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7203:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6984:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6669:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6607:
6596:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6529:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6402:Indo-Pakistani
6399:
6394:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6285:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6101:Piaroa–Saliban
6098:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5868:
5866:Tequistlatecan
5863:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5595:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5393:
5389:Marrku–Wurrugu
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5179:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4934:
4929:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4748:Hurro-Urartian
4744:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4479:on 2007-07-06.
4458:
4445:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4407:
4406:External links
4404:
4403:
4402:
4388:
4375:
4373:(21): 110–116.
4358:
4348:(2): 247–267.
4337:
4320:
4303:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4237:
4231:
4218:
4179:
4170:
4159:
4148:
4131:
4118:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4085:Pennisi (2004)
4077:
4062:
4051:
4042:
4031:
4020:
4009:
3998:
3991:
3973:
3969:Militarev 2023
3961:
3933:
3922:
3911:
3899:
3881:
3870:Ethnologue.com
3857:
3853:Starostin 2023
3845:
3833:
3829:Militarev 2023
3821:
3809:
3795:
3783:
3780:Skaanes (2015)
3768:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3741:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3706:
3703:language shift
3678:
3675:
3634:
3601:
3576:
3575:
3559:-IMP zebra-DO.
3534:
3506:hanta-i-kwa-te
3501:
3476:
3475:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3330:small antelope
3327:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3142:
3139:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:verb–noun–noun
3043:
3040:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:-a ~ -ya ~ -na
2960:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2840:
2839:Object marking
2837:
2813:dluzîko akwiti
2794:unîbii ondoshi
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2701:
2698:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2434:(subjunctive)
2430:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2340:
2337:
2331:'over there',
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2135:
2132:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
1986:
1983:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1861:
1858:
1827:
1824:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1687:
1676:
1663:is found as a
1657:
1646:
1636:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1579:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1536:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1005:
995:
985:
983:
981:
979:
969:
959:
951:
950:
940:
930:
920:
918:
916:
914:
904:
894:
886:
885:
883:
873:
863:
861:
859:
857:
847:
837:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
817:
807:
797:
795:
785:
777:
776:
774:
772:
770:
760:
750:
748:
738:
723:
715:
714:
712:
710:
708:
698:
688:
686:
676:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
661:
651:
641:
639:
629:
627:
622:
616:
615:
610:
607:
604:
601:
596:
590:
589:
584:
579:
570:
561:
556:
535:
532:
522:
519:
502:
499:
430:
427:
338:
337:Classification
335:
264:
261:
224:
223:
210:, you may see
196:
195:
183:
182:
174:
173:
170:
162:
161:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
128:
120:
119:
112:
104:
103:
102:Language codes
99:
98:
93:
91:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
59:
55:
54:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7673:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7599:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7486:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7476:Central ǃKung
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7397:Korana/Griqua
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7320:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6980:Rufiji–Ruvuma
6977:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Original Thai
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6358:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6202:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6176:Hibito–Cholón
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5692:Yuman–Cochimí
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5427:Southern Daly
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:Darwin Region
5349:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Demta–Sentani
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4755:Indo-European
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4705:Austroasiatic
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4435:on 2015-10-04
4434:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4389:9783496001003
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4335:(21): 91–109.
4334:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4298:9780199545865
4294:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4046:
4040:
4039:Miller (2009)
4035:
4029:
4028:Blench (2008)
4024:
4018:
4017:Blench (2008)
4013:
4007:
4002:
3994:
3992:9781903292044
3988:
3984:
3977:
3971:, p. 78.
3970:
3965:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3930:Miller (2008)
3926:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3907:Elderkin 1978
3903:
3896:
3895:ngc, ngq, ngx
3892:
3891:nch, nqh, nxh
3885:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3659:-IMP give-DO.
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:'three' is a
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3052:
3050:
3039:
3021:
3001:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2929:-ona ~ -yona
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:. Similarly,
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:-ko/-bee/-bii
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:vowel harmony
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:: sequential
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1946:'a spring').
1945:
1941:
1938:'water' (cf.
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
984:
982:
980:
974:
970:
964:
960:
957:
953:
952:
945:
941:
935:
931:
925:
921:
919:
917:
915:
909:
905:
899:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
878:
874:
868:
864:
862:
860:
858:
852:
848:
842:
838:
835:
831:
829:
825:
822:
820:
818:
812:
808:
802:
798:
796:
790:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
773:
771:
765:
761:
755:
751:
749:
743:
739:
732:
721:
717:
716:
713:
711:
709:
703:
699:
693:
689:
687:
681:
677:
675:
670:
669:
666:
664:
662:
656:
652:
646:
642:
640:
634:
630:
628:
623:
621:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
583:
578:
574:
569:
565:
560:
554:
548:
546:
545:ngc, ngq, ngx
542:
541:nch, nqh, nxh
531:
529:
518:
516:
515:minimal pairs
512:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
485:'to listen',
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
426:
424:
420:
415:
412:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
375:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
203:
197:
191:
188:
180:
175:
168:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
110:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
78:
72:
69:(2012 census)
67:
66:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
7614:
7527:Lower Nossob
7262:
7076:Mambwe-Lungu
6807:Kikuyu–Kamba
6778:Suba-Simbiti
6511:
6504:
6503:Families in
6438:
6389:
6287:
6275:
6125:
6093:
6084:Pano-Tacanan
6041:
6004:
5992:
5963:Arutani–Sape
5955:
5900:
5882:
5875:
5860:Oto-Manguean
5858:
5841:
5834:
5781:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5714:
5707:
5684:
5677:
5665:
5638:
5616:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5528:
5521:
5480:
5447:
5443:Western Daly
5421:Pama–Nyungan
5419:
5407:
5400:
5387:
5365:
5360:Eastern Daly
5358:
5350:
5305:
5181:
5169:
5147:
5130:
5108:
5079:Kaure–Kosare
5039:Doso–Turumsa
5029:Chimbu–Wahgi
5019:Bulaka River
5003:Austronesian
5001:
4962:
4955:
4936:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4811:Sino-Tibetan
4809:
4792:
4775:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4722:
4712:Austronesian
4710:
4703:
4691:
4637:
4632:
4575:Nilo-Saharan
4573:
4566:
4551:Austronesian
4549:
4542:
4488:
4474:the original
4469:
4453:
4437:. Retrieved
4433:the original
4379:
4370:
4366:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4328:
4315:
4311:
4288:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4222:
4197:
4193:
4174:
4164:
4153:
4146:(21): 71–90.
4143:
4139:
4126:
4122:
4111:the original
4102:
4094:Bibliography
4080:
4073:, with notes
4070:
4065:
4054:
4045:
4034:
4023:
4012:
4001:
3982:
3976:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3925:
3914:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3873:. Retrieved
3869:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3798:
3786:
3751:
3730:
3696:
3680:
3672:
3669:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3608:
3597:
3583:
3581:qhasha-ta-te
3572:
3569:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3508:
3503:hanta-i-ko-o
3497:
3483:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3363:hippopotamus
3224:nqe, tcanjai
3154:Generic name
3144:
3134:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3092:'five', and
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3045:
3019:
2999:
2989:
2860:
2856:
2842:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2815:'the woman (
2812:
2810:
2805:
2802:dongoko bôko
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:manako unîko
2789:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2700:Attributives
2691:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2509:-tita ~ -ita
2396:inflections
2385:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2342:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2137:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:(substitute
1966:
1963:hantayitchii
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:transnumeric
1903:
1901:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1835:head-marking
1832:
1829:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1720:
1708:and perhaps
1706:/ɲŋŋʷdɡɡʷdʒ/
1698:
1697:transcribed
1672:
1642:
1047:prenasalized
573:Postalveolar
544:
540:
537:
528:nasal vowels
524:
511:pitch accent
504:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:'to hurry',
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:'a spleen',
446:
436:
432:
422:
416:
413:
385:
373:
366:
340:
326:
325:(pronounced
322:
318:
317:(pronounced
314:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
245:Hadza people
228:
227:
199:
123:
7563:Nǁng (Nǀuu)
7532:Taa (ǃXoon)
7115:Other Bantu
6710:Great Lakes
6397:Germanosign
6301:Mura-Pirahã
6182:Lule–Vilela
6158:Bora-Witoto
6133:Uru–Chipaya
6106:Ticuna–Yuri
6089:Peba–Yaguan
6074:Nambikwaran
5877:Uto-Aztecan
5813:Mesoamerica
5667:Uto-Aztecan
5656:Tsimshianic
5618:Palaihnihan
5488:Malak-Malak
5225:Papuan Gulf
5199:West Papuan
5104:Lower Sepik
5094:Lakes Plain
4997:Arai–Samaia
4985:the Pacific
4693:Afroasiatic
4568:Niger–Congo
4544:Afroasiatic
3893:and tenuis
3747:Peter Watts
3606:kw-i-kwa-te
3481:hanta-ta-te
2753:onê (onehe)
2425:imperative/
2422:conditional
2415:conditional
2383:subjunctive
2381:'not', and
2309:himiggîbii
2306:himiggêbee
2216:2nd person
1953:(masculine
1842:subjects).
1833:Hadza is a
1747:/ɦadzabeʔe/
1738:is written
1717:Orthography
1625:glottalized
1559:Approximant
543:and tenuis
493:'to jump',
477:'a stone',
370:/it͡ʃʰaame/
214:instead of
152:Glottopedia
7630:Categories
7548:Boshof ǃUi
7485:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
7348:Khoe–Kwadi
7132:Mbamba Bay
7013:Ndengereko
6613:Bena–Kinga
6584:Indigenous
6391:Francosign
6239:Chiquitano
6219:Alacalufan
6027:Guaicuruan
6000:Chapacuran
5983:Cahuapanan
5951:Araucanian
5854:Mixe–Zoque
5849:Misumalpan
5563:Comecrudan
5415:Nyulnyulan
5194:Upper Yuat
5171:Torricelli
5143:Senu River
5074:Foja Range
4980:New Guinea
4905:Burushaski
4766:Kartvelian
4741:Hmong–Mien
4557:Khoe–Kwadi
4439:2015-12-14
4071:Blindsight
3875:2017-01-17
3817:Sands 1998
3764:References
3752:Blindsight
3710:sprachbund
3598:"Carry it!
3578:qhasha-i-i
3498:"A zebra!"
3342:rhinoceros
3297:hartebeest
3295:wildebeest
3281:p(h)óphoko
3186:zzókwanako
3130:, such as
3096:'ten' are
3084:loan, and
3072:'one' and
3042:Word order
2861:mako-a-kwa
2859:'my pot',
2806:bôko dongo
2798:unîko mana
2670:echo vowel
2408:posterior/
2352:echo vowel
2303:himiggîko
1985:The copula
1973:for final
1959:hantayetee
1839:Word order
1757:(that is,
1691:zero onset
1669:post-pausa
1045:Aspirated
613:labialized
534:Consonants
457:'a belt',
453:'to aim',
423:Ethnologue
419:threatened
372:"one" and
237:Lake Eyasi
51:Lake Eyasi
7212:Kisankasa
7008:Ndendeule
6952:Kilombero
6603:Northeast
6586:languages
6422:Tanzanian
6363:languages
6260:Hodï/Joti
6204:Isolates
6143:Yanomaman
6079:Otomákoan
6043:Jirajaran
6032:Guajiboan
5994:Catacaoan
5973:Barbacoan
5902:Cuitlatec
5871:Totonacan
5830:Jicaquean
5709:Chimariko
5605:Muskogean
5587:Kalapuyan
5581:Iroquoian
5556:Chumashan
5549:Chinookan
5542:Chimakuan
5460:Yangmanic
5455:Worrorran
5438:Wagaydyic
5328:Australia
5177:Trans-Fly
4843:Yeniseian
4830:Tyrsenian
4724:Dravidian
3655:carry-DO.
3603:kw-i-ko-o
3555:zebra-DO.
3478:hanta-i-i
3419:nqokhówii
3400:hatcháyee
3377:kapuláyii
3370:wezzáyiko
3368:beggáwuko
3335:hingcíyee
3288:dlunkúwii
3262:khomatiko
3205:naggomako
2833:dluzîneko
2498:(use 2pl)
2432:purposive
2428:hortative
2419:veridical
2413:potential
2403:anterior/
2333:himiggêna
2327:'there',
2296:invisible
2204:inclusive
2185:exclusive
2149:singular
2142:Pronouns
2015:clusivity
2011:dongophee
1492:Fricative
1218:Aspirated
1213:Affricate
834:Aspirated
625:Aspirated
429:Phonology
303:kitindiga
299:watindiga
125:Glottolog
109:ISO 639-3
58:Ethnicity
7602:Isolates
7387:Khoekhoe
7156:Cushitic
7086:Nyakyusa
6928:Nyamwezi
6908:Holoholo
6882:Shambala
6455:See also
6432:Isolates
6407:Japanese
6347:Yuracaré
6229:Candoshi
6188:Macro-Jê
6153:Zaparoan
6148:Zamucoan
6138:Witotoan
6121:Tucanoan
6116:Tiniguan
6111:Timotean
6095:Quechuan
6064:Matacoan
6059:Mascoian
6049:Jivaroan
6012:Chibchan
6006:Charruan
5957:Arawakan
5894:Isolates
5825:Chibchan
5701:Isolates
5673:Wakashan
5634:Salishan
5576:Eskaleut
5482:Giimbiyu
5474:Isolates
5383:Jarrakan
5378:Iwaidjan
5235:Isolates
5089:Kutubuan
4957:Sumerian
4893:Isolates
4848:Yukaghir
4817:Tungusic
4783:Mongolic
4771:Koreanic
4730:Eskaleut
4621:Isolates
4605:Ubangian
4318:: 67–88.
4214:14988547
4185:(2004).
3757:vampires
3720:did; and
3687:Juǀʼhoan
3639:(IMP.pl)
3636:(IMP.sg)
3539:(IMP.pl)
3536:(IMP.sg)
3455:hushuwee
3438:hushúwee
3431:khenangu
3361:elephant
3354:hukhúwee
3347:tlhákate
3311:zzonowii
3174:hantáyii
3088:'four',
3060:Numerals
2857:mako-kwa
2829:dlozênee
2817:akwitiko
2742:singular
2735:'sweet'
2552:-(i)tîta
2532:-(e)têta
2405:non-past
2323:'here',
2300:himiggê
2239:proximal
2228:ithibii
2225:ethebee
2134:Pronouns
2051:-'uphii
1955:hantayee
1951:hantayii
1942:'rain',
1920:dungubii
1916:dongobee
1742:, as in
1351:Ejective
1013:Ejective
606:lateral
603:central
568:alveolar
475:haqqa-ko
469:'slow',
467:keqhe-na
441:and the
359:Cushitic
355:cognates
277:Hazaphii
241:Tanzania
220:Help:IPA
132:hadz1240
40:Tanzania
7610:Sandawe
7578:ǂUngkue
7495:ǂʼAmkoe
7433:Zorotua
7268:Sandawe
7207:Datooga
7199:Nilotic
7189:Kwʼadza
7174:Burunge
7127:Makhuwa
6993:Matumbi
6988:Matengo
6887:Vidunda
6768:Ngoreme
6723:Hangaza
6575:English
6570:Swahili
6505:italics
6482:Pidgins
6467:Creoles
6417:Swedish
6385:Chinese
6332:Urarina
6317:Puinave
6271:Itonama
6265:Irantxe
6234:Chimane
6164:Chimuan
6069:Nadahup
5988:Cariban
5968:Aymaran
5929:America
5771:Waikuri
5764:Tonkawa
5757:Timucua
5750:Takelma
5743:Siuslaw
5732:Kutenai
5716:Esselen
5679:Wintuan
5640:Shastan
5611:Na-Dene
5599:Maiduan
5536:Caddoan
5510:America
5464:Wagiman
5462:(incl.
5433:Tangkic
5373:Garawan
5346:Bunuban
5307:Tambora
5274:Maybrat
5242:Abinomn
5165:Teberan
5126:Pauwasi
5116:Mairasi
5084:Kiwaian
4964:Tambora
4950:Shompen
4932:Kusunda
4925:Kenaboi
4911:Elamite
4883:Siangic
4865:Kho-Bwa
4859:Hrusish
4777:Kra–Dai
4761:Japonic
4670:Eurasia
4645:Sandawe
4628:Bangime
4593:Songhay
4429:"Hadza"
4398:5773661
4194:Science
3866:"Hadza"
3426:ostrich
3384:warthog
3304:qqeleko
3269:hubuwii
3250:hubuwee
3219:leopard
3200:buffalo
3193:háwayii
3181:giraffe
3167:dóngoko
3137:'two'.
3117:Nyaturu
3106:bothano
3090:bothano
3082:Datooga
3076:'two'.
3070:itchâme
3055:Lexicon
2968:-itcha
2767:onêbee
2756:unîbii
2745:plural
2706:pakapaa
2694:clitics
2650:-kitcha
2561:-(ˆ)si
2555:-(i)tia
2544:-(ˆ)te
2541:-ˆtîkwi
2535:-(e)tea
2235:person
2211:unibii
2208:onebee
2181:person
2152:plural
2120:/oa,ea/
2116:-wa(ko)
2112:-ya(ko)
2079:-titii
2062:-bibii
2048:-'ophee
2007:copular
1912:dongoko
1904:Hazabee
1826:Grammar
1732:Sandawe
599:lateral
594:central
587:Glottal
577:palatal
483:exekeke
439:Sandawe
381:Kwʼadza
367:itchâme
347:Sandawe
319:Kangeyu
315:Kangeju
307:Kindiga
295:Tindiga
289:Hazane,
273:Hazabee
216:Unicode
65:Hazabee
7588:ǁXegwi
7553:ǃGãǃne
7232:Mosiro
7227:Mediak
7222:Maasai
7179:Gorowa
7164:Alagwa
7137:Mbugwe
7081:Mwanga
7071:Malila
7066:Lambya
7023:Ngindo
7018:Ndonde
6970:Pogolo
6965:Ndamba
6960:Mbunga
6933:Sukuma
6918:Isanzu
6913:Iramba
6901:Takama
6892:Zaramo
6877:Sagara
6867:Luguru
6847:Kagulu
6793:Zanaki
6783:Sumbwa
6773:Nyambo
6753:Kerewe
6655:Vwanji
6645:Pangwa
6380:BANZSL
6342:Yamana
6327:Trumai
6296:Movima
6250:Fulniô
6213:Aikanã
6127:Tupian
6022:Chonan
5946:Arauan
5884:Xincan
5836:Lencan
5789:Yokuts
5686:Yukian
5651:Tanoan
5646:Siouan
5629:Pomoan
5570:Coosan
5396:Mirndi
5289:Porome
5284:Pawaia
5138:Senagi
5110:Madang
5059:Eleman
5014:Border
4945:Nihali
4938:Minoan
4918:Hattic
4900:Basque
4871:Mijiic
4853:Digaro
4837:Uralic
4823:Turkic
4674:Europe
4531:Africa
4396:
4386:
4295:
4229:
4212:
3989:
3734:ǁXegwi
3645:
3642:
3584:carry-
3545:
3542:
3509:zebra-
3484:zebra-
3467:qhasha
3463:hanta-
3449:henqêe
3407:baboon
3323:hephêe
3302:bisoko
3276:impala
3243:séseme
3231:henqêe
3212:tíslii
3151:Animal
3098:Sukuma
3094:ikhumi
3078:Sámaka
2851:. The
2682:3.POST
2647:-kwisi
2638:-iphii
2635:3m.pl
2624:-kwise
2615:-ephee
2612:3f.pl
2601:-kwiko
2589:3f.sg
2578:-kwiso
2566:3m.sg
2549:2m.pl
2529:2f.pl
2518:-tikwi
2495:-bikwi
2473:-'ukwi
2451:-nikwi
2392:Hadza
2379:akhwa-
2321:hamana
2290:nâbii
2287:nâbee
2277:distal
2252:habii
2249:habee
2222:theko
2192:onoko
2096:-phii
2076:-tetee
2059:-bebee
2005:) are
1936:atibii
1924:-nakwe
1775:/c𝼆ʼ/
1736:/beʔe/
1730:, and
1724:Isanzu
1695:copula
1650:/k͜xʼ/
1640:/t͜𝼆/
1312:Voiced
1265:Tenuis
956:voiced
891:Tenuis
672:Tenuis
609:plain
564:Dental
559:Labial
521:Vowels
491:khaxxe
479:shenqe
451:tanche
396:Chadic
363:Oropom
331:Sukuma
311:Isanzu
257:UNESCO
187:UNESCO
46:Region
29:Hazane
7615:Hadza
7573:ǁŨǁʼe
7568:Seroa
7470:Ekoka
7458:ǃKung
7428:Kwadi
7421:Kwadi
7412:Tshwa
7382:ǂHaba
7370:Gǁana
7273:Omaio
7263:Hadza
7247:Ogiek
7237:Ngasa
7217:Kwavi
7184:Iraqw
7142:Rangi
7122:Bemba
7106:Wanda
7101:Safwa
7096:Nyika
7091:Nyiha
7056:Bungu
7048:Rukwa
7033:Nindi
7028:Ngoni
7003:Mwera
6998:Mpoto
6923:Kimbu
6872:Ngulu
6862:Kwere
6814:Sonjo
6798:Zinza
6788:Vinza
6763:Kwaya
6758:Kuria
6743:Kabwa
6733:Ikoma
6728:Ikizu
6690:Rombo
6685:Gweno
6678:Mochi
6665:Chaga
6650:Sangu
6640:Manda
6630:Kinga
6605:Bantu
6594:Bantu
6337:Warao
6306:Nukak
6277:Kunza
6255:Guató
6244:Cofán
6224:Camsá
6017:Choco
5978:Boran
5927:South
5908:Huave
5843:Mayan
5794:Yuchi
5777:Washo
5727:Karuk
5722:Haida
5661:Utian
5593:Keres
5530:Alsea
5523:Algic
5508:North
5300:Taiap
5294:Sulka
5149:Sepik
5064:Engan
4805:Ongan
4788:Nivkh
4656:Shabo
4639:Jalaa
4633:Hadza
4587:Mande
4477:(PDF)
4466:(PDF)
4190:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
4107:(PDF)
3947:take
3725:Damin
3609:give-
3412:neeko
3393:kwa'i
3391:dláha
3257:eland
3162:zebra
3135:bíyúú
3132:Hausa
3018:) or
2984:-eta
2942:-ina
2821:dlozo
2764:unîko
2750:masc
2644:-hisi
2627:-keta
2621:-hese
2604:-kota
2598:-heko
2595:-akwa
2575:-heso
2558:-itii
2538:-etee
2486:-bita
2483:1.in
2464:-'ota
2461:1.ex
2345:infix
2325:beena
2284:nâko
2281:naha
2265:bôko
2262:bami
2258:given
2246:hako
2243:hama
2198:ûbii
2195:ôbee
2093:-phee
2073:-teko
2056:1.in
2045:-neko
2039:1.ex
2034:m.pl
2031:f.pl.
2028:f.sg.
2025:m.sg.
2003:-phii
1999:-phee
1944:atiko
1926:take
1896:-bee
1885:-bii
1810:, or
1793:/tʃʰ/
1759:/pie/
1728:Iraqw
1434:ⁿt͜ʃʰ
1422:ⁿt͜sʰ
1401:k͜xʷʼ
1248:c͜𝼆ʰ
1150:Nasal
730:~ᵑʘ͡ʔ
720:Nasal
620:Click
582:Velar
495:binxo
487:naxhi
459:minca
455:tacce
447:puche
421:" in
377:/pie/
285:Hatsa
281:Hatza
269:Hadza
231:is a
229:Hadza
158:Hadza
145:Hadza
22:Hadza
7583:ǀXam
7541:ǃKwi
7449:Kxʼa
7407:Shua
7402:Naro
7392:Khwe
7375:Gǀwi
7365:Eini
7357:Khoe
7061:Fipa
6938:Turu
6857:Kutu
6852:Kami
6842:Gogo
6832:Digo
6748:Kara
6738:Jita
6695:Rusa
6635:Kisi
6625:Hehe
6620:Bena
6512:bold
6439:See
6375:Arab
6361:Sign
6312:Páez
6289:Maku
6283:Leco
5799:Zuni
5783:Yana
5737:Seri
5494:Tiwi
5314:Wiru
5279:Mpur
5269:Kuot
5252:Anêm
5247:Abun
5214:Yuat
5209:Yawa
5155:Skou
5132:Ramu
4983:and
4877:Miju
4699:Ainu
4679:Asia
4677:and
4650:Laal
4611:Kadu
4599:Ijaw
4562:Kx'a
4394:OCLC
4384:ISBN
4293:ISBN
4227:ISBN
4210:PMID
3987:ISBN
3957:-he-
3943:and
3727:did.
3718:Yeyi
3667:-IMP
3663:-IO.
3567:-IMP
3563:-IO.
3386:boar
3238:lion
3124:piye
3120:-βĩĩ
3113:piye
3086:bone
3074:piye
2952:-na
2939:-ena
2919:-ya
2916:-oba
2913:-kwa
2847:and
2804:but
2796:and
2773:The
2761:fem
2726:one-
2662:-ˆta
2653:-si
2641:-ami
2630:-se
2618:-ame
2607:-ko
2592:-ako
2584:-so
2572:-amo
2569:-eya
2524:-ta
2515:-tee
2512:-taa
2506:2sg
2501:-ba
2492:-bee
2489:-baa
2478:-ya
2470:-'ee
2467:-'aa
2456:-na
2448:-nee
2445:-naa
2442:-ˆta
2439:1sg
2410:past
2371:iya-
2369:and
2329:naná
2271:bii
2268:bee
2219:the
2189:ono
2173:masc
2158:masc
2126:and
2108:-bii
2104:i, u
2090:-ako
2070:-tee
2042:-nee
2001:and
1993:and
1989:The
1961:and
1848:-he-
1788:and
1786:/tʃ/
1710:/dz/
1689:and
1684:/kʰ/
1678:The
1673:lola
1665:flap
1643:etc.
1633:/pʼ/
1473:ⁿt͜ʃ
1461:ⁿt͜s
1391:k͜xʼ
1381:c𝼆ʼ
1371:t͜ʃʼ
1359:t͜sʼ
1238:t͜ʃʰ
1226:t͜sʰ
828:Stop
811:ᵑǁ͡ʔ
801:ᵑǃ͡ʔ
789:ᵑǀ͡ʔ
509:nor
507:tone
501:Tone
463:laqo
390:. A
374:piye
327:Vahi
323:Wahi
283:and
263:Name
7558:ǁKā
7520:Taa
7512:Tuu
7242:Luo
7169:Asa
7038:Yao
6837:Doe
5264:Kol
5258:Ata
5204:Yam
5069:Fas
4582:Tuu
4350:doi
4202:doi
4198:303
3745:In
3665:1sg
3661:3fs
3657:3fs
3627:IMP
3623:1sg
3615:3fs
3594:IMP
3590:3fs
3565:1sg
3561:3fs
3557:3fs
3527:IMP
3523:1sg
3515:3fs
3494:IMP
3490:3fs
3471:kw-
3126:in
3102:Aso
2981:-sa
2978:-ta
2965:-ma
2925:1IN
2909:1EX
2849:3SG
2845:1EX
2779:e/i
2733:one
2687:-he
2677:-he
2666:-ya
2581:-ka
2521:-'V
2375:ya-
2367:ka-
2343:An
2317:-na
2233:3rd
2179:1st
2168:fem
2163:fem
2114:or
1995:-pi
1991:-pe
1981:).
1975:-te
1971:-si
1940:ati
1928:-te
1893:-ko
1875:pl
1872:sg.
1816:/ɦ/
1800:/ɬ/
1790:tch
1753:or
1661:/l/
1332:d͜ʒ
1320:d͜z
1295:c𝼆
1285:t͜ʃ
1273:t͜s
1137:ᵑkʷ
1080:ᵑkʰ
1064:ⁿtʰ
1054:ᵐpʰ
877:kʷʰ
728:ᵑʘʷ
655:ᵏǁʰ
645:ᵏǃʰ
633:ᵏǀʰ
547:.)
239:in
202:IPA
140:ELP
116:hts
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3897:.)
3868:.
3772:^
3619:IO
3611:DO
3586:DO
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3486:DO
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3036:SG
3030:/
3028:PL
3020:-i
3016:PL
3010:/
3008:SG
3000:-e
2996:DO
2992:DO
2974:3F
2958:3M
2948:2F
2935:2F
2902:IO
2897:DO
2892:IO
2887:DO
2880:PL
2875:SG
2853:IO
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2714:-i
2710:-e
2672:.
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2358:.
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1127:ᵑk
1111:ⁿt
1101:ᵐp
1020:pʼ
999:ɡʷ
934:kʷ
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851:tʰ
841:pʰ
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