430:
747:
1073:
858:
944:. The Jewish Agency leadership feared the damage this act would do to the Jewish cause, and also believed that holding the hostages would only jeopardize the fates of the three condemned Irgun members. The attempts to free the sergeants failed, and following the executions of the three Irgun members, the two sergeants were killed and hanged in a eucalyptus grove. However, the campaign soon disintegrated into a series of retaliatory abductions and beatings of each other's members by the Haganah and Irgun, and eventually petered out. The campaign was dubbed the "Little Season" by the Irgun.
604:
912:), and the Palmach performed operations against the British to support the illegal immigration program. The Palmach repeatedly bombed British radar stations being used to track illegal immigrant ships, and sabotaged British ships being used to deport illegal immigrants, as well as two British landing and patrol craft. The Palmach performed a single assassination operation in which a British official who had been judged to be excessively cruel to Jewish prisoners was shot dead. The Haganah also organized the
953:
718:
940:
participate, a unit of about 200 men from regular
Haganah units was mobilized, and foiled several operations against the British, including a potentially devastating attack on the British military headquarters at Citrus House in Tel Aviv, in which a Haganah member was killed by an Irgun bomb. The Haganah also joined the search for two British sergeants abducted by the Irgun as hostages against the death sentences of three Irgun members in what became known as the
513:, which was joined by many Haganah fighters. During the 1947â48 civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities in what was still Mandatory Palestine, a reorganized Haganah managed to defend or wrestle most of the territory it was ordered to hold or capture. At the beginning of the ensuing 1948â49 full-scale conventional war against regular Arab armies, the Haganah was reorganized to become the core of the new Israel Defense Forces.
101:
1161:
72:
1169:
119:
746:
841:, not to retaliate in an effort to avoid a full blown civil war. Although many Irgunists objected to these orders, they obeyed Begin and refrained from fighting back. The Saison eventually ended due to perceived British betrayal of the Yishuv becoming more obvious to the public and increased opposition from Haganah members.
774:. While Palestinian Jews had been permitted to enlist in the British army since 1940, this was the first time an exclusively Jewish military unit served in the war under a Jewish flag. The Jewish Brigade Group consisted of 5,000 soldiers and was initially deployed with the 8th Army in North Africa and later in
1003:"From November 1947, the Haganah, (...) began to change from a territorial militia into a regular army. (...) Few of the units had been well trained by December. (...) By MarchâApril, it fielded still under-equipped battalion and brigades. By AprilâMay, the Haganah was conducting brigade size offensive.
939:
to
Palestine and under heavy pressure from the British authorities to resume collaboration, the Jewish Agency reluctantly came into brief conflict with the Irgun and Lehi, and ordered the Haganah to put a stop to the operations of the other two groups for the time being. As Palmach members refused to
793:
invasion of
Palestine. Its members, young men and women, received specialist training in guerilla tactics and sabotage. During 1942 the British gave assistance in the training of Palmach volunteers but in early 1943 they withdrew their support and attempted to disarm them. The Palmach, then numbering
549:
In addition to guarding Jewish communities, the role of the
Haganah was to warn the residents of and repel attacks by Palestinians. In the period between 1920 and 1929, the Haganah lacked a strong central authority or coordination. Haganah "units" were very localized and poorly armed: they consisted
931:
with an effective strength of 30,000. After the
British army, the Haganah was considered the most powerful military force in the Middle East. Research by Amos Perlmutter estimated that the Haganah budget in 1946 was ÂŁ400,000, and by October 1947 its budget had reached ÂŁ3.3 million. The same source
537:
had given a mandate over
Palestine in 1920, had no desire to confront local Arab groups that frequently attacked Palestinian Jews. Believing that they could not rely on the British administration for protection from these gangs, the Jewish leadership created the Haganah to protect Jewish farms and
798:
volunteers, the rest of the month spent training. It was never large – by 1947 it amounted to merely five battalions (about 2,000 men) – but its members had not only received physical and military training, but also acquired leadership skills that would subsequently
664:
received dozens of shipments with military supplies, including 2750 Mauser rifles, 225 RKM machine guns, 10,000 hand grenades, two million bullets for rifles and machine guns, and a large number of pistols with ammunition. The
British exerted heavy pressure on the Polish government to stop these
923:
In addition to its operations, the
Haganah continued to secretly prepare for a war with the Arabs once the British left by building up its arms and munitions stocks. It maintained a secret arms industry, with the most significant facility being an underground bullet factory underneath Ayalon, a
1180:
broke out. The
Haganah played the leading role in the Yishuv's war with the Palestinian Arabs. Initially, it concentrated on defending Jewish areas from Arab raids, but after the danger of British intervention subsided as the British withdrew, the Haganah went on the offensive and seized more
579:(restraint) that Jewish political leaders (who had become increasingly controlling of the Haganah) had imposed on the militia. Fighters had been instructed to only defend communities and not initiate counterattacks against Arab gangs or their communities. This policy appeared
999:
was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25. By end of March 21,000 people had been conscripted. On 30 March the call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later a
General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40.
557:, the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements, as well as thousands of members from the cities. It also acquired foreign arms and began to develop workshops to create
916:. Following the expulsion of the residents of the Jewish settlement of Birya for illegal weapons possession, thousands of Jewish youth organized by the Haganah marched to the site and rebuilt the settlement. They were expelled by British shortly afterward while showing
1196:, merging the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, although the other two groups continued to operate independently in Jerusalem and abroad for some time after. The reorganization led to several conflicts between Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leadership, including what was known as
850:
429:
665:
deliveries. One of the last purchases of Arazi were two airplanes and two gliders. When he fled Poland to France, around 500 rifles were abandoned in a Warsaw warehouse. Members of the Haganah were also trained in a military camp in
627:
units. At that time, the Haganah fielded 10,000 mobilized men along with 40,000 reservists. Although the British administration did not officially recognize the Haganah, the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the
492:
against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuv's leadership saw the need to create a nationwide underground defense organization, and the Haganah was founded in June of the same year. The Haganah became a full-scale defense force after the
836:
Many Jewish youth, who had joined the Haganah in order to defend the Jewish people, were greatly demoralized by operations against their own people. The Irgun, paralyzed by the Saison, were ordered by their commander,
700:
as the Haganah's elite strike force and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. Approximately 100,000 Jews were brought to Palestine in over one hundred ships during the final decade of what became known as
693:, set the policy for the Zionist relationship with the British: "We shall fight the war against Hitler as if there were no White Paper, and we shall fight the White Paper as if there were no war."
476:; "The Watchman") in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization which never had more than 100 members. During
877:, in 1945. Within this new framework, the three groups agreed to operate under a joint command. They had different functions, which served to drive the British out of Palestine and create a
1514:
The Road to September 1939: Polish Jews, Zionists, and the Yishuv on the Eve of World War II (Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry) Brandeis University Press 2018 pp. 57â59
904:
bases. The Haganah withdrew on 1 July 1946, but "remained permanently unco-operative" with the British authorities. It continued to organize illegal Jewish immigration as part of the
964:," Ben-Gurion's second greatest achievement was his having successfully transformed Haganah from being a clandestine paramilitary organization into a true army. Ben-Gurion appointed
815:, the Haganah worked with the British to kidnap, interrogate, and, in some cases, deport Irgun members. This action, which lasted from November 1944 to February 1945, was called the
770:
in 1942, the British stepped back from their all-out support for Haganah. In 1943, after a long series of requests and negotiations, the British Army announced the creation of the
738:, an ocean liner being used by the British to deport 1,800 Jews to Mauritius, with a bomb intended to cripple the ship. However the ship sank, killing 267 people and injuring 172.
908:
program, in which ships carrying illegal immigrants attempted to breach the British blockade of Palestine and land illegal immigrants on the shore (most were intercepted by the
1278:
that the ties of neighbors are as dear as those of relations? Our friendship with the Jews goes back for many years. We felt we could trust them and they learned from us too".
984:, was divided into 3 elite brigades, numbered 10â12, and constituted the mobile force of Haganah. Ben-Gurion's attempts to retain personal control over the newly formed
1872:
673:
members between the years 1931 and 1937; it is estimated that training courses at the camp were attended by around 8,000 to 10,000 participants during their existence.
2372:
1846:
1820:
1732:
1063:â formed in December 1947. During civil war the Givati Brigade was deployed in the central region, and during the conventional war in the south as the 5th Brigade
656:
During the interwar period, as part of its policy of supporting a Jewish state in Palestine in order to facilitate mass Jewish emigration from its territory, the
2387:
284:. It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the region, and was formally disbanded in 1948, when it became the core force integrated into the
2342:
1625:
1274:. Some were part of a Pal-Heib unit of the Haganah. Sheik Hussein Mohammed Ali Abu Yussef of Tuba was quoted in 1948 as saying, "Is it not written in the
2377:
468:, founded in September 1907. It consisted of a small group of Jewish immigrants who guarded settlements for an annual fee. It was converted to Hashomer (
2298:
1408:
1010:
1238:
in Jerusalem commemorates the activity of the underground groups in the pre-state period, recreating the everyday life of those imprisoned there.
608:
405:
209:
2382:
2282:
296:
169:
2392:
778:
in September 1944. The brigade was disbanded in 1946. All in all, some 30,000 Palestinian Jews served in the British army during the war.
2402:
397:
380:
Following the end of World War II, the British refused to lift the restrictions on Jewish immigration that they had imposed with the
1177:
833:
liaison officer working with the British authorities who had passed on information that led to the arrest of many Irgun activists.
789: – strike companies), an elite commando section, in preparation against the possibility of a British withdrawal and
385:
199:
960:
After "having gotten the Jews of Palestine and of elsewhere to do everything that they could, personally and financially, to help
1192:
On May 28, 1948, less than two weeks after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, the provisional government created the
1523:
1176:
After the British announced they would withdraw from Palestine, and the United Nations approved the partition of Palestine, the
2327:
1255:
616:
494:
316:
194:
1778:
437:
The evolution of Jewish defense organizations in Palestine and later Israel went from small self-defense groups active during
2362:
2352:
2347:
2248:
2229:
2192:
2166:
2143:
2121:
2080:
1765:
1698:
1659:
1544:
2006:
2367:
1448:
1189:
on May 15, 1948, the Haganah, now the army of the new state, engaged the invading armies of the surrounding Arab states.
1182:
289:
1824:
1736:
660:
provided military training and weapons to Zionist paramilitary groups, including Haganah. Envoys from Haganah headed by
1487:
584:
2397:
2322:
2099:
1608:
1504:
In 1936, an agreement was reached between the Polish government and the Haganah in the person of its emissary, Arazi,
323:, the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the British era. Until the end of
1072:
1981:
1235:
1635:
1502:
A Marriage of Convenience: The New Zionist Organization and the Polish Government 1936â1939 Laurence Weinbaum
885:
2332:
1412:
445:, leading through the Haganah to the national army of Israel, the IDF. The evolution went step by step from
412:, Haganah was merged with other paramilitary groups and reorganized into the official military force of the
1102:
1087:
888:
than the other two groups, but the Palmach did carry out anti-British operations, including a raid on the
2337:
1151:
633:
874:
273:
603:
1959:
Levin, pp. 32, 117. Pay ÂŁP2 per month. c.f. would buy 2 lbs. of meat in Jerusalem, April 1948. p. 91.
1259:
1186:
1155:
1098:
troops. Almost annihilated at Latrun, then re-formed in the north. It had tanks and mounted infantry.
685:, which severely restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine, deeply angering the Zionist leadership.
645:
409:
223:
218:
794:
over 1,000, continued as an underground organization with its members working half of each month as
2357:
1889:
1287:
629:
465:
388:; the campaign included the paramilitaries' bombing of bridges, railways, and ships used to deport
320:
312:
189:
857:
1197:
989:
1596:
901:
657:
370:
358:
17:
1600:
1590:
1325:
1271:
1193:
1025:
985:
502:
354:
285:
2259:
1006:
The brigades of the Haganah which merged into the IDF once this was created on 26 May 1948:
509:
strike force. During World War II the successor to the Jewish Legion of World War I was the
2211:"Text of the British White Paper Linking Jewish Agency to Zionist Terrorism in Palestine".
980:
who assumed the responsibility on the ground as chief of Operations. Palmach, commanded by
941:
932:
estimated that the membership of the Haganah was 7% of the Jewish population in Palestine.
920:, but after they returned a third time, the British backed off and allowed them to remain.
897:
637:
624:
554:
522:
498:
489:
308:
300:
184:
174:
968:
to the position of head of the High Command counsel of Haganah and divided Haganah into 6
8:
1035:
893:
889:
682:
620:
442:
381:
281:
148:
1013:, located in the Galilee, was split on February 22, 1948 into the 1st and 2nd Brigades.
1885:
1047:
952:
917:
817:
619:, the Haganah worked to protect British interests and to quell the rebellion using the
204:
2044:
542:. The first head of the Haganah was a 28-year-old named Yosef Hecht, a veteran of the
2302:
2244:
2225:
2188:
2162:
2139:
2117:
2095:
2076:
2059:
2051:
1761:
1694:
1655:
1631:
1604:
1540:
1483:
1444:
1212:
821:, or the Hunting Season, and was directed against the Irgun and not the Lehi. Future
758:, the British authorities asked Haganah for cooperation again, due to the fear of an
534:
2317:
1786:
1560:
722:
686:
587:. In 1931, the more militant elements of the Haganah splintered off and formed the
401:
144:
1586:
1477:
1263:
1228:
1132:
1067:
1053:
972:
brigades, numbered 1 to 6, allotting a precise theatre of operation to each one.
733:
550:
mainly of Jewish farmers who took turns guarding their farms or their kibbutzim.
481:
469:
393:
327:, Haganah's activities were moderate, in accordance with the strategic policy of
244:
2014:
1395:
Zionist Rape of the Holy Land!: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State
705:. The Haganah also organized demonstrations against British immigration quotas.
1331:
1095:
1060:
1018:
838:
771:
717:
510:
438:
362:
2206:. Jerusalem: World Zionist Organization: Department for Education and Culture.
2311:
1985:
1462:
1267:
1204:
1138:
1125:
1106:
965:
866:
830:
690:
543:
485:
461:
2299:
From Hashomer to the Israel Defense Forces Armed Jewish Defense in Palestine
2290:
2131:
873:
The Saison officially ended when the Haganah, Irgun and the Lehi formed the
533:, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British, to whom the
400:
in 1947, Haganah came into the open as the biggest fighting force among the
295:
Formed out of previous existing militias, Haganah's original purpose was to
2222:
Blood in Zion, How the Jewish Guerrillas drove the British out of Palestine
2109:
1436:
1208:
1113:
1029:
996:
977:
913:
878:
826:
812:
763:
755:
661:
641:
530:
324:
133:
2063:
1160:
802:
1758:
A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920â1948)
1293:
1224:
1220:
981:
973:
790:
759:
526:
477:
366:
304:
179:
1479:
The Sword And The Olive: A Critical History of the Israeli Defence Force
1266:
formed an alliance with the Haganah defending Jewish communities in the
396:
to Palestine in defiance of British policies. After the adoption of the
2154:
909:
905:
808:
767:
702:
389:
2243:(in German). Vol. 173 Seiten. Hamburg: Konkret Literatur Verlag.
811:(the British Minister of State for the Middle East) by members of the
2039:
1432:
1172:
Haganah High Command on the eve of the creation of the IDF, June 1948
1091:
822:
666:
644:. The battle experience gained during the training was useful in the
580:
446:
42:
1082:
To the initial six brigades, three were added later during the war:
1539:(3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 120.
1043:
1028:â was deployed in the north and took its name after its commander,
969:
575:
450:
329:
41:
For the hand-to-hand combat style known as the Haganah system, see
2277:
1168:
1109:
as the IDF's first armoured brigade, headquartered near Jerusalem.
1070:â formed on December 1, 1947 and dismantled in the summer of 1949
349:), which caused the breakaway of the more radical paramilitaries:
1808:
Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice
1525:
Betar, Hagana i Irgun w polskiej szkole Polska Zbrojna 25.11.2018
1305:
1299:
1247:
1216:
1090:, in Hebrew "Hativat Sheva" â formed in 1948, manned mainly with
1039:
795:
782:
697:
562:
558:
539:
506:
374:
71:
2055:
1938:
Joseph, pp. 23, 38. Gives the date of the call-up as 5 December.
927:
British estimates of the Haganah's strength at this time were a
497:
with an organized structure, consisting of three main unitsâthe
1311:
961:
936:
924:
kibbutz that had been established specifically to cover it up.
457:
413:
357:. Haganah militants received clandestine military support from
277:
122:
106:
35:
561:
and simple military equipment, transforming from an untrained
386:
Jewish insurgency against the British authorities in Palestine
319:, among others. The paramilitary was under the control of the
2292:
The Haganah: History of the Israeli Underground Defense force
1322:, a Zionist paramilitary that broke away from Haganah in 1931
1319:
1275:
775:
670:
592:
350:
31:
516:
441:
rule, to ever larger and more sophisticated ones during the
1592:
The Four-front War: From the Holocaust to the Promised Land
1328:, a Zionist paramilitary that broke away from Irgun in 1940
1251:
799:
enable them to take up command positions in Israel's army.
2030:, "Israel's Bedouin Warriors", Gene Dison, August 12, 1948
849:
651:
1254:
communities. They helped defend these communities in the
696:
In reaction to the White Paper, the Haganah built up the
573:
Many Haganah fighters objected to the official policy of
488:, both of which were part of the British Army. After the
1884:
Middle East International No 5, August 1971, Publishers
1691:
The Defence of the Realm. The Authorized History of MI5.
1076:
The Haganah mobilized Jewish youth for military training
935:
In July 1947, eager to maintain order with the visit of
1847:"How a Fake Kibbutz Was Built to Hide a Bullet Factory"
1537:
The Israel-Palestine conflict: one hundred years of war
460:(the Zionist enterprise in Palestine) started with the
2114:
The Birth Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
865:
carrying illegal Jewish immigrants from Europe at the
2092:
Jerusalem Embattled â A Diary of the City under Siege
1982:"IDF - Israel Defense Forces : Memories of 1948"
598:
708:
251:
591:(National Military Organization), better known as "
404:, successfully overcoming Arab militias during the
2073:The ArabâIsraeli Conflict â The Palestine War 1948
2043:
1441:A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.
595:" (or by its Hebrew acronym, pronounced "Etzel").
2373:Military units and formations established in 1921
750:Marching Jewish troops in the British army (1942)
2309:
1120:The Palmach brigades which merged into the IDF:
464:(1904 to 1914). The first such organization was
2046:The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948
1105:â founded on May 24, 1948, and subordinated to
2159:La guerre de Palestine 1948: derrière le mythe
480:, the forerunners of the Haganah/IDF were the
297:defend Jewish settlements against Arab attacks
2388:1948 disestablishments in Mandatory Palestine
1411:. Thespeedymedia.blogspot.com. Archived from
1241:
956:Theatre of Operation of each Haganah brigade.
803:"The Saison" post-assassination of Lord Moyne
456:The Jewish paramilitary organizations in the
27:Zionist paramilitary organization (1920â1948)
58:
2343:Jewish organizations in Mandatory Palestine
2238:
1475:
1461:Freund, Gabriel; Sahar, Raz (30 May 2013).
1460:
398:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
334:
257:
2378:1921 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
1630:. Columbia University Press. p. 247.
892:that released 208 illegal immigrants, the
1553:
1469:
1375:Johnson, Paul (May 1998). "The Miracle".
781:On May 14, 1941, the Haganah created the
517:1920 Palestine riots and 1921 Jaffa riots
2241:Nakam â JĂźdische Rache an NS-Tätern
1397:. Crown City Publishing Company, p. 169.
1290:, the organization that governed Haganah
1178:1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
1167:
1159:
1145:
1071:
951:
856:
848:
745:
716:
640:, which were trained and led by Colonel
602:
428:
392:, as well as assisting in bringing more
2257:
2182:
1895:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1374:
1203:Famous members of the Haganah included
652:Support from the Second Polish Republic
377:, their elite fighting force, in 1941.
14:
2310:
2239:Tobias, Jim G.; Zinke, Peter (2000) .
1623:
1534:
1406:
1368:
1302:, the elite fighting force of Haganah
929:paper strength of 75,000 men and women
2286:(Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
2219:
1844:
1056:â formed in 1948 in the Tel Aviv area
976:was named Chief of Staff, but it was
408:. Shortly after the beginning of the
384:. This resulted in Haganah leading a
2383:Organizations disestablished in 1948
1873:The birth of Israel: Long, long road
1704:
1585:
1579:
1200:and the dismantling of the Palmach.
1094:survivors and including a number of
844:
807:In 1944, after the assassination of
762:breakthrough in North Africa. After
681:By 1939, the British had issued the
2393:Mandatory Palestine in World War II
2201:
2185:Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947
1627:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
1463:"Defending the nation for 65 years"
1393:Washington Robnett, George (1976).
1183:Israeli Declaration of Independence
1021:â was deployed in the Lower Galilee
884:The Haganah was less active in the
676:
568:
473:
369:-led invasion of Palestine through
290:Israeli Declaration of Independence
248:
170:Intercommunal conflict in Palestine
59:
24:
2403:Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew
2176:
2108:
1256:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1250:had longstanding ties with nearby
853:Haganah members in training (1947)
732:In 1940 the Haganah sabotaged the
617:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
599:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
585:the best defense is a good offense
495:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
317:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
25:
2414:
2271:
1968:
1409:"The Speedy Media: IDF's History"
947:
274:Zionist paramilitary organization
2258:Bergman, Ronen (29 March 2007).
1334:, the chief architect of Haganah
995:On 19 November 1947, obligatory
721:In 1940 a Haganah bomb sank the
373:, prompting the creation of the
361:and sought cooperation with the
117:
99:
70:
2021:
1999:
1974:
1962:
1953:
1941:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1878:
1866:
1857:
1838:
1813:
1800:
1771:
1750:
1725:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1644:
1617:
1528:
1517:
1236:Museum of Underground Prisoners
741:
565:to a capable underground army.
299:; this was the case during the
2136:La guerre de 1948 en Palestine
2116:. Cambridge University Press.
2007:"×תר ×××ת ×Š× ××××ת ××××Ą× ×ר×× ×"
1845:Kamin, Debra (15 April 2013).
1567:. Jewish Magazine. August 2001
1508:
1496:
1482:. Public Affairs. p. 21.
1454:
1426:
1400:
1387:
1345:
1128:â established on 16 April 1948
13:
1:
2328:National liberation movements
2260:"Kollek was British informer"
1561:"The Story of the S/S Patria"
1361:
1116:â headquartered in Jerusalem.
433:Haganah poster from the 1940s
282:British Mandate for Palestine
2363:1940s in Mandatory Palestine
2353:1930s in Mandatory Palestine
2348:1920s in Mandatory Palestine
1476:Van Creveld, Martin (1998).
1308:, the Palmach aerial service
1296:, the Haganah aerial service
1068:Etzioni or Jerusalem Brigade
7:
2284:Lexicon of Zionism: Haganah
2215:. July 25, 1946. p. 8.
2038:
1689:Andrew, Christopher (2009)
1314:, the Palmach naval service
1281:
1141:â established in March 1948
1042:, it covered the area from
829:was later revealed to be a
634:Jewish Supernumerary Police
424:
252:
200:1944â1948 Jewish insurgency
10:
2419:
2368:National liberation armies
2152:
2130:
2089:
2070:
1947:
1926:
1914:
1624:Niewyk, Donald L. (2000).
1242:Pal-Heib Unit for Bedouins
1149:
875:Jewish Resistance Movement
607:Haganah fighters guarding
583:to many who believed that
419:
40:
29:
1535:Gelvin, James L. (2014).
1181:territory. Following the
390:illegal Jewish immigrants
162:
154:
139:
129:
113:
94:
86:
78:
69:
60:
57:
52:
2398:Hebrew words and phrases
2323:Jewish Agency for Israel
2278:Official Haganah website
2220:Zadka, Dr. Saul (1995).
2138:. La fabrique ĂŠditions.
1890:John Richmond (diplomat)
1338:
1288:Jewish Agency for Israel
1164:Haganah fighters in 1947
630:Jewish Settlement Police
30:Not to be confused with
2183:Bregman, Ahron (2002).
1435:(2018â2019 translation
1152:1947â1949 Palestine war
689:, then chairman of the
205:1947â1949 Palestine War
2204:The Irgun Tsva'i Leumi
2157:; et al. (2002).
2050:. Simon and Schuster.
1756:Horne, Edward (1982).
1597:Crown Publishing Group
1173:
1165:
1077:
957:
870:
854:
754:In the first years of
751:
729:
658:Second Polish Republic
612:
453:, to Haganah, to IDF.
434:
276:that operated for the
210:Civil War in Palestine
2224:. London: Brassey's.
2187:. London: Routledge.
2075:. Osprey Publishing.
2071:EfraĂŻm Karsh (2002).
1806:Ben-Yehuda, Nachman:
1407:Speedy (2011-09-12).
1260:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1194:Israel Defense Forces
1187:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1185:and the start of the
1171:
1163:
1156:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1146:1948 Arab-Israeli War
1075:
955:
860:
852:
749:
720:
646:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
606:
432:
410:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
406:Palestinian Civil War
286:Israel Defense Forces
224:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
219:ArabâIsraeli conflict
195:1936â1939 Arab revolt
2333:Resistance movements
2090:Harry Levin (1997).
1760:. The Anchor Press.
1671:Allon, pp. 125, 126.
1198:The Generals' Revolt
990:The Generals' Revolt
898:Night of the Bridges
772:Jewish Brigade Group
728:, killing 267 people
638:Special Night Squads
555:1929 Palestine riots
523:1920 Nebi Musa riots
309:1929 Palestine riots
301:1920 Nebi Musa riots
185:1929 Palestine riots
175:1920 Nebi Musa riots
2202:Niv, David (1980).
2011:www.alexandroni.org
1969:Benny Morris (2003)
1927:EfraĂŻm Karsh (2002)
1863:Horne. p. 288, 289.
1768:. pp. 272, 288, 289
1465:. IDF Spokesperson.
1262:, some Bedouins of
1038:â headquartered in
1036:Alexandroni Brigade
894:Night of the Trains
890:Atlit detainee camp
365:in the event of an
2338:History of Zionism
2213:The New York Times
1903:Anonymous Soldiers
1721:Terror out of Zion
1174:
1166:
1078:
958:
918:passive resistance
871:
855:
752:
730:
613:
589:Irgun Tsva'i-Leumi
435:
288:shortly after the
2250:978-3-89458-194-7
2231:978-1-85753-136-7
2194:978-0-415-28716-6
2168:978-2-7467-0240-0
2145:978-2-264-04036-7
2123:978-0-521-00967-6
2082:978-1-84176-372-9
1948:Ilan PappĂŠ (2000)
1915:Ilan PappĂŠ (2000)
1766:978-0-9508367-0-6
1719:Bell, Bowyer J.:
1699:978-0-7139-9885-6
1660:978-0-297-00133-1
1546:978-1-107-03718-2
942:Sergeants' affair
900:, and attacks on
845:PostâWorld War II
535:League of Nations
235:
234:
226:(first two weeks)
16:(Redirected from
2410:
2267:
2254:
2235:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2172:
2149:
2127:
2105:
2086:
2067:
2049:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2013:. Archived from
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1984:. Archived from
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1901:Hoffman, Bruce:
1899:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1875:, economist.com.
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1823:. Archived from
1817:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1785:. Archived from
1775:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1735:. Archived from
1729:
1723:
1717:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1587:Perl, William R.
1583:
1577:
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1574:
1572:
1557:
1551:
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1532:
1526:
1521:
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1423:
1421:
1420:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1355:
1349:
1011:Levanoni Brigade
988:culminated with
902:Palestine Police
886:Jewish Rebellion
785:(an acronym for
766:was defeated at
687:David Ben-Gurion
677:1939 White Paper
569:1931 Irgun split
475:
402:Palestinian Jews
382:1939 White Paper
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
313:1936 Jaffa riots
305:1921 Jaffa riots
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
255:
250:
190:1936 Jaffa riots
180:1921 Jaffa riots
158:21,000 (average)
145:Palestinian Jews
121:
120:
109:(14â28 May 1948)
105:
103:
102:
74:
65:
64:
62:
50:
49:
21:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2358:1940s in Israel
2308:
2307:
2274:
2251:
2232:
2210:
2195:
2179:
2177:Further reading
2169:
2146:
2124:
2102:
2083:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1705:
1701:. pp. 355, 356.
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:. pp. 116, 117.
1649:
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1611:
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1449:9-781789-544633
1431:
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1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1284:
1244:
1229:Ruth Westheimer
1158:
1150:Main articles:
1148:
1133:Yiftach Brigade
1054:Kiryati Brigade
1048:Zichron Ya'akov
1026:Carmeli Brigade
950:
847:
805:
744:
715:
709:Bombing of the
679:
654:
601:
571:
519:
482:Zion Mule Corps
443:British Mandate
427:
422:
414:State of Israel
346:
343:
340:
337:
272:) was the main
269:
266:
263:
260:
238:
231:
149:British Mandate
147:throughout the
118:
100:
98:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2416:
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2273:
2272:External links
2270:
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2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2217:
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2199:
2193:
2178:
2175:
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2173:
2167:
2153:Eugène Rogan;
2150:
2144:
2128:
2122:
2106:
2100:
2087:
2081:
2068:
2033:
2032:
2028:Palestine Post
2020:
2017:on 2005-05-26.
1998:
1973:
1961:
1952:
1940:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1894:
1877:
1865:
1856:
1837:
1812:
1799:
1783:www.palyam.org
1770:
1749:
1724:
1703:
1682:
1680:Allon, p. 127.
1673:
1664:
1643:
1636:
1616:
1609:
1578:
1552:
1545:
1527:
1516:
1507:
1495:
1489:978-1586481551
1488:
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1336:
1335:
1332:Eliyahu Golomb
1329:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
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1291:
1283:
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1243:
1240:
1213:Rehavam Ze'evi
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1099:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1061:Givati Brigade
1057:
1050:
1032:
1022:
1019:Golani Brigade
949:
948:Reorganization
946:
846:
843:
839:Menachem Begin
804:
801:
743:
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714:
707:
678:
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653:
650:
600:
597:
570:
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553:Following the
518:
515:
511:Jewish Brigade
426:
423:
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363:United Kingdom
344:self-restraint
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2319:
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2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:, by the ZIIC
2293:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2279:
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2180:
2170:
2164:
2161:. Autrement.
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:0-304-33765-X
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1988:on 2016-08-19
1987:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1827:on 2015-05-18
1826:
1822:
1816:
1810:, pp. 227â229
1809:
1803:
1789:on 2011-08-17
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1739:on 2015-05-18
1738:
1734:
1728:
1722:
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1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:Sword of Zion
1650:Yigal Allon,
1647:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1610:0-517-53837-7
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
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1472:
1464:
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1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1415:on 2019-03-27
1414:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1351:Also spelled
1348:
1344:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Upper Galilee
1265:
1261:
1258:. During the
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:Yitzhak Rabin
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1139:Negev Brigade
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:Harel Brigade
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:Yitzhak Sadeh
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:The northern
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Israel Galili
963:
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921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
868:
864:
861:Haganah ship
859:
851:
842:
840:
834:
832:
831:Jewish Agency
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
800:
797:
792:
788:
787:Plugot Mahatz
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
748:
739:
737:
736:
727:
726:
719:
712:
706:
704:
699:
694:
692:
691:Jewish Agency
688:
684:
674:
672:
668:
663:
659:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:and then the
622:
618:
610:
609:Migdal Tzedek
605:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
545:
544:Jewish Legion
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
486:Jewish Legion
483:
479:
471:
467:
463:
462:Second Aliyah
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
431:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:diaspora Jews
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
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352:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:Jewish Agency
318:
314:
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306:
302:
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293:
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283:
279:
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246:
242:
237:Military unit
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77:
73:
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51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2291:
2283:
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2240:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2184:
2158:
2135:
2113:
2110:Benny Morris
2091:
2072:
2045:
2027:
2023:
2015:the original
2010:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1976:
1964:
1955:
1943:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1888:; Quoted by
1880:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1815:
1807:
1802:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1782:
1779:"The Palyam"
1773:
1757:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:the original
1727:
1720:
1693:Allen Lane.
1690:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1651:
1646:
1626:
1619:
1595:. New York:
1591:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1536:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1456:
1440:
1437:Haim Watzman
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1402:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1352:
1347:
1245:
1233:
1209:Ariel Sharon
1202:
1191:
1175:
1137:The 12th or
1131:The 11th or
1124:The 10th or
1119:
1114:Oded Brigade
1081:
1030:Moshe Carmel
1008:
1005:
1002:
997:conscription
994:
978:Yigael Yadin
959:
934:
928:
926:
922:
914:Birya affair
883:
879:Jewish state
872:
863:Jewish State
862:
835:
827:Teddy Kollek
816:
806:
786:
780:
756:World War II
753:
742:World War II
734:
731:
724:
710:
695:
680:
662:Yehuda Arazi
655:
642:Orde Wingate
614:
588:
574:
572:
552:
548:
531:Palestinians
520:
455:
436:
379:
371:North Africa
328:
325:World War II
294:
240:
239:
134:Paramilitary
47:
2303:Me'ir Pa'il
2094:. Cassels.
2040:Joseph, Dov
1971:, pp. 16â17
1886:Lord Mayhew
1571:10 November
1294:Sherut Avir
1225:Yigal Allon
1221:Moshe Dayan
1112:The 9th or
1103:8th Brigade
1088:7th Brigade
1066:The 6th or
1059:The 5th or
1052:The 4th or
1034:The 3rd or
1024:The 2nd or
1017:The 1st or
982:Yigal Allon
974:Yaakov Dori
683:White Paper
669:along with
615:During the
527:Jaffa riots
503:Guard Corps
499:Field Corps
478:World War I
267:The Defense
163:Engagements
143:Defense of
125:(1920â1948)
90:28 May 1948
2312:Categories
2155:Avi Shlaim
2132:Ilan PappĂŠ
1992:2015-07-25
1831:2015-05-13
1793:2015-05-13
1743:2015-05-13
1637:0231112009
1599:. p.
1433:Segev, Tom
1419:2014-08-03
1377:Commentary
1362:References
910:Royal Navy
906:Aliyah Bet
867:Haifa Port
809:Lord Moyne
768:El Alamein
703:Aliyah Bet
521:After the
505:, and the
490:Arab riots
458:New Yishuv
315:, and the
253:ha-Haganah
114:Allegiance
2264:Ynet news
1821:"×ף ×××ת"
1733:"×ף ×××ת"
1092:Holocaust
823:Jerusalem
711:SS Patria
667:Rembertow
581:defeatist
540:kibbutzim
525:and 1921
466:Bar-Giora
447:Bar-Giora
249:×Öˇ×Ö˛×Ö¸× Ö¸×
87:Disbanded
82:1920â1948
61:×Öˇ×Ö˛×Ö¸× Ö¸×
43:Krav Maga
2134:(2000).
2112:(2004).
2056:60-10976
2042:(1960).
1589:(1979).
1565:Eva Feld
1443:Apollo.
1383:: 21â28.
1282:See also
1270:against
1248:Bedouins
1227:and Dr.
1044:Tel Aviv
970:infantry
723:SS
713:in Haifa
576:havlagah
559:grenades
484:and the
451:Hashomer
425:Overview
330:havlagah
2318:Haganah
1950:, p. 80
1929:, p. 31
1917:, p. 79
1851:Haaretz
1306:Palavir
1300:Palmach
1217:Dov Hoz
1040:Netanya
796:kibbutz
783:Palmach
698:Palmach
563:militia
507:Palmach
439:Ottoman
420:History
375:Palmach
338:
280:in the
261:
241:Haganah
95:Country
63:
53:Haganah
2247:
2228:
2191:
2165:
2142:
2120:
2098:
2079:
2064:266413
2062:
2054:
1905:(2015)
1764:
1697:
1658:
1634:
1607:
1543:
1486:
1447:
1353:Hagana
1312:Palyam
1252:Jewish
1096:Machal
962:Yishuv
937:UNSCOP
896:, the
869:(1947)
825:mayor
818:Saison
764:Rommel
735:Patria
725:Patria
611:, 1936
470:Hebrew
359:Poland
311:, the
307:, the
303:, the
278:Yishuv
245:Hebrew
123:Yishuv
107:Israel
104:
79:Active
36:Agunah
18:Hagana
2301:, by
1892:p. 33
1451:p. 96
1339:Notes
1320:Irgun
1276:Koran
1272:Syria
1246:Some
776:Italy
671:Betar
593:Irgun
474:×׊××ר
449:, to
351:Irgun
32:Agana
2245:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2060:OCLC
2052:LCCN
1762:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1573:2017
1541:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1326:Lehi
1264:Tuba
1234:The
1154:and
1101:The
1086:The
813:Lehi
791:Axis
760:Axis
636:and
625:Hish
621:Posh
367:Axis
355:Lehi
353:and
335:lit.
258:lit.
155:Size
140:Role
130:Type
1601:250
1381:105
1046:to
986:IDF
529:by
34:or
2314::
2262:.
2058:.
2009:.
1849:.
1781:.
1706:^
1654:.
1603:.
1563:.
1439:)
1379:.
1231:.
1223:,
1219:,
1215:,
1211:,
1207:,
992:.
881:.
648:.
632:,
546:.
501:,
472::
416:.
292:.
256:,
247::
2266:.
2253:.
2234:.
2197:.
2171:.
2148:.
2126:.
2104:.
2085:.
2066:.
1995:.
1853:.
1834:.
1796:.
1746:.
1640:.
1613:.
1575:.
1549:.
1492:.
1422:.
347:'
341:'
333:(
270:'
264:'
243:(
45:.
38:.
20:)
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