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Tolerance of high salt conditions can be obtained through several routes. High levels of salt entering the plant can trigger ionic imbalances which cause complications in respiration and photosynthesis, leading to reduced rates of growth, injury and death in severe cases. To be considered tolerant of
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from habitats with high concentration of salt are mostly halotolerant (i.e. they do not require salt for growth) and not halophilic. Halophilic fungi are a rare exception. Halotolerant fungi constitute a relatively large and constant part of hypersaline environment communities, such as those in the
187:
to protect such delicate areas. If high salt concentrations are seen within the vacuole, a high concentration gradient will be established between the vacuole and the cytoplasm, leading to high levels of energy investment to maintain this state. Therefore, the accumulation of compatible cytoplasmic
182:
To exist in such conditions, halophytes tend to be subject to the uptake of high levels of salt into their cells, and this is often required to maintain an osmotic potential lower than that of the soil to ensure water uptake. High salt concentrations within the cell can be damaging to sensitive
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show the buildup of cyclites and soluble sugars. The buildup of these compounds allow for the balancing of the osmotic effect while preventing the establishment of toxic concentrations of salt or requiring the maintenance of high concentration gradients.
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of salt-affected soils. In addition, many environmental stressors involve or induce osmotic changes, so knowledge gained about halotolerance can also be relevant to understanding tolerance to extremes in moisture or temperature.
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effects of the increased salt concentrations. Halophytic vascular plants can survive on soils with salt concentrations around 6%, or up to 20% in extreme cases. Tolerance of such conditions is reached through the use of
149:) or by applying treatments developed from an understanding of the mechanisms of halotolerance. In addition, naturally halotolerant plants or microorganisms could be developed into useful
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or where only saline water is available. Conventional agricultural species could be made more halotolerant by gene transfer from naturally halotolerant species (by conventional
176:
304: – Crop tolerance to seawater is the ability of an agricultural crop to withstand the high salinity induced by irrigation with seawater.
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species, quaternary ammonium bases such as
Glycine Betaine and sugars have been shown to act in this role within halophytic members of
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organelles such as the chloroplast, so sequestration of salt is seen. Under this action, salt is stored within the
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Margesin, R.; Schinner, F. (2001). "Potential of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms for biotechnology".
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are salt-tolerant higher plants. Halotolerant microorganisms are of considerable biotechnological interest.
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of life) can grow under saline conditions, but do not require elevated concentrations of salt for growth.
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421:"Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization"
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Goals of studying halotolerance include increasing the agricultural productivity of lands affected by
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Zajc, J.; Zalar, P.; Plemenitaš, A.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2012). "The
Mycobiota of the Salterns".
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The extent of halotolerance varies widely amongst different species of bacteria. A number of
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Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Ramos, J.; Plemenitaš, A. (2009). "Halotolerant and halophilic fungi".
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are halotolerant; an example location of occurrence for such cyanobacteria is in the
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552:. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Vol. 53. pp. 133–158.
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GostinÄŤar, C.; Grube, M.; De Hoog, S.; Zalar, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2010).
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Gostinčar, C.; Lenassi, M.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitaš, A. (2011).
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are organisms that live in highly saline environments, and require the
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osmotic solutes can be seen to prevent this situation from occurring.
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An understanding of halotolerance can be applicable to areas such as
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628:. Advances in Applied Microbiology. Vol. 77. pp. 71–96.
121:(of fish or algae), bioproduction of desirable compounds (such as
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to survive, while halotolerant organisms (belonging to different
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Fields of scientific research relevant to halotolerance include
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Fungal
Adaptation to Extremely High Salt Concentrations
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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34:. Halotolerant species tend to live in areas such as
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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509:"Extremotolerance in fungi: Evolution on the edge"
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339: – Controlling the problem of soil salinity
313: – Controlling the problem of soil salinity
419:Gupta, Bhaskar; Huang, Bingru (3 April 2014).
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170:must show methods of balancing the toxic and
378:Extremophiles: Life Under Extreme Conditions
270:solutions. To emphasize this unusually wide
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245:. Well studied examples include the yeast
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179:and compatible cytoplasm osmotic solutes.
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471:Dieter Häussinger and Helmut Sies (2007)
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298: – Use of salty water for irrigation
192:such as proline accumulate in halophytic
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129:) using seawater to support growth, or
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634:10.1016/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0
327: – Use of sodium by organisms
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426:International Journal of Genomics
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278:as "extremely halotolerant".
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16:Adaptation to high salinity
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799:Environmental microbiology
302:Crop tolerance to seawater
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513:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
491:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
274:, some authors describe
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320:Salt tolerance of crops
257:Aureobasidium pullulans
209:Bacterial halotolerance
166:saline conditions, the
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30:to conditions of high
390:10.1007/s007920100184
337:Soil salinity control
291:responses to salinity
248:Debaryomyces hansenii
111:arid-zone agriculture
591:Mycological Research
289:Arabidopsis thaliana
233:Fungal halotolerance
440:10.1155/2014/701596
147:genetic engineering
764:Supraorbital gland
50:, and inland salt
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597:(11): 1231–1241.
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325:Sodium in biology
263:Hortaea werneckii
219:Makgadikgadi Pans
123:phycobiliproteins
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151:agricultural
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92:cell biology
84:biochemistry
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78:Applications
48:salt marshes
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18:
754:Stenohaline
729:Homeostasis
714:Isotonicity
519:(1): 2–11.
296:Biosalinity
190:Amino acids
157:organisms.
131:remediation
127:carotenoids
119:aquaculture
115:xeriscaping
793:Categories
759:Salt gland
749:Euryhaline
433:: 701596.
344:References
221:, a large
202:Asteraceae
168:protoplast
96:physiology
72:Halophytes
60:Halophiles
26:of living
24:adaptation
738:Halophile
692:Salt and
153:crops or
42:, saline
28:organisms
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282:See also
227:Botswana
194:Brassica
143:breeding
104:genetics
64:salinity
32:salinity
698:animals
450:3996477
185:vacuole
172:osmotic
100:ecology
68:domains
56:springs
44:deserts
22:is the
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431:2014
394:PMID
361:ISBN
268:NaCl
260:and
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54:and
52:seas
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